463:) also conducted experiments for their pilots. In schedules involving night shifts and fragmentation of duty periods through the entire day, a sort of polyphasic sleeping schedule was studied. Subjects were to perform two hours of activity followed by four hours of rest (sleep allowed), this was repeated four times throughout the 24-hour day. Subjects adopted a schedule of sleeping only during the final three rest periods in linearly increasing duration. The AMI published findings that "total sleep time was substantially reduced as compared to the usual 7–8 hour monophasic nocturnal sleep" while "maintaining good levels of vigilance as shown by the virtual absence of
528:
strongly suggests that shorter, polyphasically-placed sleep is the rule, rather than the exception, across the entire animal kingdom (Campbell and Tobler, 1984; Tobler, 1989). There is little reason to believe that the human sleep/wake system would evolve in a fundamentally different manner. That people often do not exhibit such sleep organization in daily life merely suggests that humans have the capacity (often with the aid of stimulants such as caffeine or increased physical activity) to overcome the propensity for sleep when it is desirable, or is required, to do so.
399:, concluding that "polyphasic sleep strategies improve prolonged sustained performance" under continuous work situations. In addition, other long-distance solo sailors have documented their techniques for maximizing wake time on the open seas. One account documents the process by which a solo sailor broke his sleep into between six and seven naps per day. The naps would not be placed equiphasically, instead occurring more densely during night hours.
541:
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Under extreme circumstances where sleep cannot be achieved continuously, research on napping shows that 10- to 20-minute naps at regular intervals during the day can help relieve some of the sleep deprivation and thus maintain ... performance for several days. However, researchers caution that
527:
Whether such patterns are simply a response to the relatively static experimental conditions, or whether they more accurately reflect the natural organization of the human sleep/wake system, compared with that which is exhibited in daily life, is open to debate. However, the comparative literature
358:
Ekirch's research into the commonality of biphasic sleep in the preindustrial West has led some to conclude he believes that the human body has a "natural preference for segmented sleep." However, when directly asked if he espoused the idea that biphasic sleep was preferable, he responded: "Not at
443:
led research in a laboratory setting on sleep schedules which combined various amounts of "anchor sleep", ranging from about four to eight hours in length, with no nap or daily naps of up to 2.5 hours. Longer naps were found to be better, with some cognitive functions benefiting more from napping
189:
was a prominent example of this sleeping pattern. Interrupted sleep is a primarily biphasic sleep pattern where two periods of nighttime sleep are punctuated by a period of wakefulness. Along with a nap in the day, it has been argued that this is the natural pattern of human sleep in long winter
344:
Because members of modern industrialised societies, with later evening hours facilitated by electric lighting, mostly do not practice interrupted sleep, Ekirch suggests that they may have misinterpreted and mistranslated references to it in literature. Common modern interpretations of the term
1208:
Watson, Nathaniel F.; Badr, M. Safwan; Belenky, Gregory; Bliwise, Donald L.; Buxton, Orfeu M.; Buysse, Daniel; Dinges, David F.; Gangwisch, James; Grandner, Michael A.; Kushida, Clete; Malhotra, Raman K.; Martin, Jennifer L.; Patel, Sanjay R.; Quan, Stuart F.; Tasali, Esra (1 June 2015).
410:
Each individual nap should be long enough to provide at least 45 continuous minutes of sleep, although longer naps (2 hours) are better. In general, the shorter each individual nap is, the more frequent the naps should be (the objective remains to acquire a daily total of 8 hours of
76:, which is a short period of sleep, typically taken between the hours of 9 am and 9 pm as an adjunct to the usual nocturnal sleep period. Napping behaviour during daytime hours is the simplest form of polyphasic sleep, especially when the naps are taken on a daily basis.
501:. After this the subjects began to sleep much as people in pre-industrial times were claimed to have done. They would sleep for about four hours, wake up for two to three hours, then go back to bed for another four hours. They also took about two hours to fall asleep.
1137:
In today's world, balancing school, work, kids and more, most of us can only hope for the recommended eight hours of sleep. Examining the science behind our body's internal clock, Jessa Gamble reveals the surprising and substantial program of rest we should be
711:
Weaver, Matthew D.; Sletten, Tracey L.; Foster, Russell G.; Gozal, David; Klerman, Elizabeth B.; Rajaratnam, Shantha M. W.; Roenneberg, Till; Takahashi, Joseph S.; Turek, Fred W.; Vitiello, Michael V.; Young, Michael W.; Czeisler, Charles A. (June 2021).
624:
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in 1943, which referred to the schedule as "intermittent sleeping", says that he maintained it for two years, and notes that "he had to quit because his schedule conflicted with that of his business associates, who insisted on sleeping like other men."
359:
all. At no time in history have conditions for human slumber been better than today. If the purpose of sleep is mental and physical well-being, there is very good reason to believe that uninterrupted sleep at night best achieves that outcome."
180:
A separate biphasic sleep pattern is sometimes described as segmented sleep, often consisting of going to sleep early at night, awakening in the post-midnight hours, and then returning to bed for a second period of sleep into the morning. In a
246:, which were more vivid at that hour than upon waking in the morning. This was also a favourite time for scholars and poets to write uninterrupted, whereas still others visited neighbours, engaged in sexual activity, or committed petty crime.
471:
are measurable and usually unnoticeable bursts of sleep in the brain while a subject appears to be awake. Nocturnal sleepers who sleep poorly may be heavily bombarded with microsleeps during waking hours, limiting focus and attention.
257:
that most modern humans do not practice interrupted sleep, which is a concern for some writers. Superimposed on this basic rhythm is a secondary one of light sleep in the early afternoon. The brain exhibits high levels of the
387:) has reported on Stampi's 49-day experiment where a young man napped for a total of three hours per day. It purportedly shows that all stages of sleep were included. Stampi has written about his research in his book
238:. He draws evidence from more than 500 references to a segmented sleeping pattern in documents from the ancient, medieval, and modern world. Other historians, such as Craig Koslofsky, have endorsed Ekirch's analysis.
377:, has studied the systematic timing of short naps as a means of ensuring optimal performance in situations where extreme sleep deprivation is inevitable, but he does not advocate ultrashort napping as a lifestyle.
241:
According to Ekirch's argument, adults typically slept in two distinct phases, bridged by an intervening period of wakefulness of approximately one hour. This time was used to pray and reflect, and to interpret
102:
is also used by an online community that experiments with alternative sleeping schedules in an attempt to increase productivity. There is no scientific evidence that this practice is effective or beneficial.
367:
In crises and other extreme conditions, people may not be able to achieve the recommended seven to nine hours of sleep per day. Systematic napping may be considered necessary in such situations.
435:
sleep eight hours a day when in space, they usually have trouble sleeping eight hours at a stretch, so the agency needs to know about the optimal length, timing and effect of naps. Professor
519:
In their 2006 paper "The Nature of
Spontaneous Sleep Across Adulthood", Campbell and Murphy studied sleep timing and quality in young, middle-aged, and older adults. They found that, in
83:
was first used in the early 20th century by psychologist J. S. Szymanski, who observed daily fluctuations in activity patterns. It does not imply any particular sleep schedule. The
497:
had seven healthy men confined to a room for fourteen hours of darkness daily for a month. At first the participants slept for about eleven hours, presumably making up for their
137:. Such a period of sleep is a common tradition in some countries, particularly those where the weather is warm. The siesta is historically common throughout the
440:
1463:
Porcu, S.; Casagrande, M.; Ferrara, M.; Bellatreccia, A. (July 1998). "Sleep and
Alertness During Alternating Monophasic and Polyphasic Rest-Activity Cycles".
271:
Ekirch has found that the two periods of night sleep were called "first sleep" (occasionally "dead sleep") and "second sleep" (or "morning sleep") in medieval
91:
is an example of polyphasic sleep in humans. Polyphasic sleep is common in many animals, and is believed to be the ancestral sleep state for mammals, although
420:
levels of performance achieved using ultrashort sleep (short naps) to temporarily replace normal sleep are always well below that achieved when fully rested.
428:
2170:
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conditions, the average duration of major nighttime sleep was significantly longer in young adults than in the other groups. The paper states further:
516:. Much more common examples are the sleep of human infants and of many animals. Elderly humans often have disturbed sleep, including polyphasic sleep.
185:
article, author Jesse Barron asserts that this practice was common in the past: "in the preindustrial West, most people slept in two discrete blocks."
1091:
were wont to assemble for prayer and worship at midnight, the services lasting till one o'clock, when a second period of sleep till four was allowed."
938:
1211:"Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society"
193:
A belief in the need for biphasic sleeping as essential to the health of children is mentioned in a letter in the seminal nineteenth-century text
1183:
778:
In China: Workers often take a break after lunch and put their heads on their desks for an hour-long nap. It's considered a
Constitutional right.
448:
benefited greatly. Naps in the individual subjects' biological daytime worked well, but naps in their nighttime were followed by much greater
1796:
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1681:
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714:"Adverse impact of polyphasic sleep patterns in humans: Report of the National Sleep Foundation sleep timing and variability consensus panel"
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regulates the human sleep-wake cycle of wakefulness during the day and sleep at night. Ekirch suggests that it is due to the modern use of
2132:
197:: "With children to whom it is essential that they should have sleep twice a day, being very young, street music is a great nuisance."
1760:
1348:
Stampi, Claudio (January 1989). "Polyphasic sleep strategies improve prolonged sustained performance: A field study on 99 sailors".
1062:
37:
during multiple periods over the course of 24 hours, in contrast to monophasic sleep, which is one period of sleep within 24 hours.
1299:
69:, where the sleep has one or several shorter periods of wakefulness, as was the norm for night sleep in pre-industrial societies.
2010:
2005:
1977:
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during the period of nighttime wakefulness, which may contribute to the feeling of peace that many people associate with it.
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during the period of nighttime wakefulness, which may contribute to the feeling of peace that many people associate with it.
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was translated as "first sleep" in the 17th century, but according to Ekirch, was commonly mistranslated in the 20th.
2112:
1079:
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described a regimen consisting of 30-minute naps every six hours. The short article about Fuller's nap schedule in
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2137:
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1885:
1822:
1427:
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2015:
195:
Street Music in the
Metropolis: Correspondence and Observations on the Existing Law, and Proposed Amendments
307:. He found no common word in English for the period of wakefulness between, apart from paraphrases such as
2521:
2070:
1905:
1588:
Campbell, Scott S.; Murphy, Patricia J. (March 2007). "The nature of spontaneous sleep across adulthood".
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nights. A case has been made that maintaining such a sleep pattern may be important in regulating stress.
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2020:
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1426:. Transport Canada, Transportation Development Centre. Minimum Sleep Requirement. Archived from
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638:"Energetic constraints, not predation, influence the evolution of sleep patterning in mammals"
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Ekirch, A. Roger (2001). "Sleep We Have Lost: Pre-industrial
Slumber in the British Isles".
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84:
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Capellini, I.; Nunn, C. L.; McNamara, P.; Preston, B. T.; Barton, R. A. (1 October 2008).
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1423:
Fatigue
Management Guide for Canadian Marine Pilots – A Trainer's Handbook (TP 13960E)
1316:
Why We Nap: Evolution, Chronobiology, and
Functions of Polyphasic and Ultrashort Sleep
390:
Why We Nap: Evolution, Chronobiology, and
Functions of Polyphasic and Ultrashort Sleep
2543:
2430:
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2180:
1953:
1670:
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1285:
685:
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449:
1442:"NASA-supported sleep researchers are learning new and surprising things about naps"
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1114:
578:
154:
1018:
1399:
An
Overview of the Utility of Stimulants as a Fatigue Countermeasure for Aviators
1054:
204:
Sleep pattern described by
Buckminster Fuller: Thirty minutes nap every six hours
2457:
2333:
2273:
2225:
2220:
2211:
2050:
2000:
1995:
1877:
1778:
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792:""Chiuso" means Closed in Italy: The Midday Riposa (Siesta), The Italian Siesta"
494:
330:
170:
1515:
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893:
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713:
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Similarly, the Canadian Marine pilots in their trainer's handbook report that:
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2147:
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1958:
1928:
1923:
1913:
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1405:. Brooks AFB, Texas: United States Air Force Research Laboratory. p. 15.
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325:
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1943:
1933:
1918:
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259:
125:
One classic cultural example of a biphasic sleep pattern is the practice of
1650:
1609:
1533:
1252:
993:
871:
850:
Wehr, T. A. (June 1992). "In short photoperiods, human sleep is biphasic".
747:
671:
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are "beauty sleep" and "early slumber". A reference to first sleep in the
2393:
2368:
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2080:
2055:
898:
568:
513:
1672:
Don't Sleep, There are Snakes: Life and Language in the Amazonian Jungle
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2027:
1985:
1938:
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985:
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than others. Vigilance and basic alertness benefited the least while
393:(1992). In 1989 he published results of a field study in the journal
162:
126:
112:
92:
57:
refers to two periods, while polyphasic usually means more than two.
977:
512:
which is usually caused by neurological abnormality, head injury or
493:
In his 1992 study "In short photoperiods, human sleep is biphasic",
431:, has funded research on napping. Despite NASA recommendations that
221:
200:
117:
27:
Sleep pattern with more than one period of sleep in a 24-hour period
1500:"Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder: Irregular Sleep Wake Rhythm Type"
1379:"Rich Wilson's Sleep Patterns Prior to and During the Transat Race"
2383:
2201:
1864:
275:. He found that first and second sleep were also the terms in the
243:
199:
166:
158:
150:
146:
116:
34:
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has studied fatigue countermeasures. An Air Force report states:
65:
may refer to polyphasic or biphasic sleep, but may also refer to
1755:. Translated by Holoch, George. University of Notre Dame Press.
1449:
424:
134:
1837:
1047:
Evening's Empire: A History of the Night in Early Modern Europe
686:"People Are Sleeping in 20-Minute Bursts To Boost Productivity"
2467:
2363:
1295:
130:
73:
222:
Ekirch's analysis of biphasic sleep in the pre-industrial era
72:
A common form of biphasic or polyphasic sleep includes a
814:
812:
1789:
The Head Trip: Adventures on the Wheel of Consciousness
1383:
Chronobiology Research Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
1045:
Koslofsky, C. M. (2011). "An early modern revolution".
1184:"Can Medieval Sleeping Habits Fix America's Insomnia?"
1159:
Dreamland: Adventures in the Strange Science of Sleep
133:
taken in the early afternoon, often after the midday
2356:
2316:
2264:
2194:
2146:
2094:
2036:
1976:
1967:
1904:
1875:
1782:
1713:
1669:
1498:Zee, Phyllis C.; Michael V. Vitiello (June 2009).
1017:
601:The Oxford Handbook of Sleep and Sleep Disorders
1420:Rhodes, Wayne; Gil, Valérie (17 January 2007).
525:
417:
408:
373:, as a result of his interest in long-distance
1701:"The forgotten medieval habit of 'two sleeps'"
1294:. Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1990–1991.
1148:
1146:
1080:American Communities and Co-operative Colonies
845:
843:
1849:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
604:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 224.
441:University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
8:
429:National Space Biomedical Research Institute
821:"Letter of Recommendation: Segmented Sleep"
598:Morin, Charles M.; Espie, Colin A. (2012).
2171:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
1973:
1856:
1842:
1834:
1791:. New York: Random House. pp. 63–98.
1286:"Catching catnaps, on season 1, episode 5"
1268:"Can You Cheat Sleep? Only in Your Dreams"
887:
885:
883:
881:
1720:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1564:
1523:
1319:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1242:
729:
661:
145:. It is the traditional daytime sleep of
1266:Wanjek, Christopher (18 December 2007).
1629:"Meet Me at 3 A.M. For a Cup of Coffee"
892:Hegarty, Stephanie (22 February 2012).
590:
480:The brain exhibits high levels of the
319:in its old meaning of being awake. In
1465:International Journal of Neuroscience
7:
1627:Braff, Danielle (13 February 2022).
1409:from the original on 25 August 2016.
1302:from the original on 1 January 2006.
279:, as well as in the language of the
234:, interrupted sleep was dominant in
169:and, through Spanish influence, the
121:Six hours sleep and a mid-day siesta
1396:Caldwell, John A. (February 2003).
1182:Thompson, Derek (27 January 2022).
1020:At Day's Close: Night in Times Past
313:when one wakes from his first sleep
1549:"Sleep disturbance in the elderly"
894:"The myth of the eight-hour sleep"
864:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1992.tb00019.x
504:Polyphasic sleep can be caused by
25:
1699:Gorvett, Zaria (7 January 2022).
947:. 11 October 1943. Archived from
287:. In French, the common term was
2011:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
2006:Central hypoventilation syndrome
1821:Zimmermann, Tim (1 April 2005).
1602:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2007.00567.x
1377:Stampi, Claudio (12 June 2004).
1161:. W. W. Norton. pp. 17–18.
654:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01449.x
553:
539:
2166:Periodic limb movement disorder
2133:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
1125:TEDGlobal 2010, Oxford, England
1100:Frances Quarles (London 1644),
819:Barron, Jesse (31 March 2016).
510:circadian rhythm sleep disorder
1077:Hinds, William Alfred (1908).
965:The American Historical Review
916:Street music in the metropolis
323:an equivalent generic term is
1:
2438:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
2246:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
2108:Advanced sleep phase disorder
1809:– via Internet Archive.
1746:– via Internet Archive.
1694:– via Internet Archive.
1313:Stampi, Claudio, ed. (2013).
1291:Scientific American Frontiers
1127:(video). TED Conferences, LLC
919:. Oxford University. London:
913:Bass, Michael Thomas (1864).
506:irregular sleep-wake syndrome
461:Aeronautica Militare Italiana
380:Scientific American Frontiers
89:irregular sleep-wake syndrome
18:Uberman's sleep schedule
2118:Delayed sleep phase disorder
2046:Excessive daytime sleepiness
1823:"Miles to Go Before I Sleep"
1055:10.1017/CBO9780511977695.001
790:Finzi, Jerry (23 May 2016).
2251:Nocturnal penile tumescence
2123:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
1553:Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi
826:The New York Times Magazine
230:has argued that before the
2571:
2113:Cyclic alternating pattern
1516:10.1016/j.jsmc.2009.01.009
1446:NASA Science: Science News
1153:Randall, David K. (2012).
762:"Napping Around the World"
731:10.1016/j.sleh.2021.02.009
427:, in cooperation with the
110:
2329:Behavioral sleep medicine
2138:Shift work sleep disorder
2086:Sleep state misperception
1712:Koslofsky, Craig (2011).
1590:Journal of Sleep Research
1547:Mori, A. (January 1990).
1477:10.3109/00207459809000648
1364:10.1080/02678378908256879
1325:10.1007/978-1-4757-2210-9
1016:Ekirch, A. Roger (2005).
939:"Science: Dymaxion Sleep"
923:. p. 25 – via
852:Journal of Sleep Research
1886:Rapid eye movement (REM)
1753:Night in the Middle Ages
1726:10.1017/cbo9780511977695
1566:10.3143/geriatrics.27.12
2207:Exploding head syndrome
2016:Obstructive sleep apnea
1666:Everett, Daniel Leonard
1555:(Abstract in English).
1120:Our natural sleep cycle
452:lasting up to an hour.
2522:Sleeping while on duty
2071:Idiopathic hypersomnia
530:
422:
413:
205:
122:
2344:Neuroscience of sleep
2076:Night eating syndrome
2061:Kleine–Levin syndrome
1751:Verdon, Jean (2002).
363:In extreme situations
232:Industrial Revolution
203:
120:
111:Further information:
2498:Sleep and creativity
1430:on 28 December 2013.
1087:. "the followers of
333:of the French words
236:Western civilization
2493:Sleep and breathing
1949:Sensorimotor rhythm
33:is the practice of
2503:Sleep and learning
2256:Nocturnal emission
2156:Nightmare disorder
2021:Periodic breathing
1676:. Pantheon Books.
1634:The New York Times
1227:10.5665/sleep.4716
1155:"2. Light My Fire"
796:GRAND VOYAGE ITALY
768:. 21 December 2017
642:Functional Ecology
467:microsleeps." EEG
209:Buckminster Fuller
206:
123:
87:disorder known as
2535:
2534:
2513:Sleep deprivation
2352:
2351:
1798:978-0-679-31408-0
1735:978-0-511-97769-5
1683:978-0-307-37779-1
1351:Work & Stress
1334:978-1-4757-2210-9
1168:978-0-393-08393-4
1049:. pp. 1–18.
1031:978-0-393-34458-5
921:London, J. Murray
692:. 30 January 2018
611:978-0-19-537620-3
561:Psychology portal
457:Italian Air Force
396:Work & Stress
277:Romance languages
255:electric lighting
187:Benjamin Franklin
175:Hispanic American
67:interrupted sleep
16:(Redirected from
2562:
2555:Circadian rhythm
2508:Sleep and memory
2448:Circadian rhythm
2195:Benign phenomena
2097:Circadian rhythm
1974:
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1716:Evening's Empire
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1085:Internet Archive
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1035:
1024:. W. W. Norton.
1023:
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998:
997:
959:
953:
952:
951:on 2 March 2016.
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616:
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563:
558:
557:
556:
549:
544:
543:
542:
375:solo boat racing
315:and the generic
251:circadian rhythm
100:polyphasic sleep
95:are monophasic.
85:circadian rhythm
81:polyphasic sleep
31:Polyphasic sleep
21:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2426:Procrastination
2379:Four-poster bed
2348:
2312:
2306:Polysomnography
2284:Sleep induction
2260:
2231:Sleep paralysis
2190:
2142:
2101:
2098:
2090:
2032:
1991:Mouth breathing
1969:Sleep disorders
1963:
1900:
1891:Quiescent sleep
1871:
1869:sleep disorders
1862:
1820:
1817:
1799:
1777:
1763:
1750:
1736:
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1684:
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1623:
1621:Further reading
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978:10.2307/2651611
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559:
554:
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547:Medicine portal
545:
540:
538:
535:
478:
365:
341:(to be awake).
337:(to sleep) and
289:premier sommeil
228:A. Roger Ekirch
224:
143:Southern Europe
115:
109:
59:Segmented sleep
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2568:
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2455:
2453:Comfort object
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2331:
2326:
2324:Sleep medicine
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2209:
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2144:
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2135:
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2120:
2115:
2110:
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2095:
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2089:
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2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
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2058:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2033:
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2025:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1993:
1988:
1982:
1980:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1910:
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1882:
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1873:
1872:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1827:Outside Online
1816:
1815:External links
1813:
1812:
1811:
1797:
1775:
1761:
1748:
1734:
1709:
1696:
1682:
1662:
1622:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1580:
1539:
1510:(2): 213–218.
1504:Sleep Med Clin
1490:
1471:(1–2): 43–50.
1455:
1452:. 3 June 2005.
1433:
1412:
1388:
1369:
1340:
1333:
1305:
1277:
1258:
1221:(6): 843–844.
1200:
1174:
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1142:
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1093:
1070:
1063:
1037:
1030:
999:
972:(2): 343–386.
954:
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877:
858:(2): 103–107.
839:
808:
782:
753:
724:(3): 293–302.
703:
677:
648:(5): 847–853.
628:
617:
610:
589:
588:
586:
583:
582:
581:
576:
574:Tikkun Chatzot
571:
565:
564:
550:
534:
531:
477:
474:
446:working memory
371:Claudio Stampi
364:
361:
305:concubia nocte
295:; in Italian,
223:
220:
183:New York Times
108:
107:Historical use
105:
26:
24:
14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2280:
2279:Sleep hygiene
2277:
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2239:
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2236:Sleep inertia
2234:
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2222:
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2200:
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2187:
2186:Sleep-talking
2184:
2182:
2181:Sleep driving
2179:
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1994:
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1954:Sleep spindle
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1115:Gamble, Jessa
1110:
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1064:9780511977695
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475:
473:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
450:sleep inertia
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
421:
416:
412:
407:
405:
404:U.S. military
400:
398:
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342:
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332:
328:
327:
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302:
298:
294:
293:premier somme
290:
286:
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278:
274:
269:
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264:
261:
256:
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152:
148:
144:
140:
139:Mediterranean
136:
132:
129:, which is a
128:
119:
114:
106:
104:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
75:
70:
68:
64:
63:divided sleep
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
2537:
2399:Sleeping bag
2176:Sleepwalking
2161:Night terror
1878:sleep cycles
1826:
1788:
1779:Warren, Jeff
1752:
1715:
1704:
1671:
1654:. Retrieved
1632:
1596:(1): 24–32.
1593:
1589:
1583:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1507:
1503:
1493:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1445:
1436:
1428:the original
1422:
1415:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1372:
1358:(1): 41–55.
1355:
1349:
1343:
1315:
1308:
1289:
1280:
1271:
1261:
1218:
1214:
1203:
1191:. Retrieved
1188:The Atlantic
1187:
1177:
1158:
1136:
1129:. Retrieved
1124:
1119:
1109:
1101:
1096:
1083:p 22 at the
1078:
1073:
1046:
1040:
1019:
969:
963:
957:
949:the original
942:
933:
915:
908:
897:
855:
851:
830:. Retrieved
824:
799:. Retrieved
795:
785:
777:
770:. Retrieved
765:
756:
721:
718:Sleep Health
717:
706:
694:. Retrieved
689:
680:
645:
641:
631:
620:
600:
593:
579:Watchkeeping
526:
521:free-running
518:
503:
492:
479:
460:
454:
437:David Dinges
423:
418:
414:
409:
401:
394:
388:
378:
369:
366:
357:
350:
346:
343:
338:
334:
324:
316:
312:
309:first waking
308:
304:
300:
299:; in Latin,
296:
292:
288:
270:
248:
240:
225:
212:
207:
194:
192:
182:
179:
155:South Africa
124:
99:
97:
80:
78:
71:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
29:
2483:Second wind
2458:Dream diary
2334:Sleep study
2274:Sleep diary
2226:Hypnopompia
2221:Sleep onset
2212:Hypnic jerk
2051:Hypersomnia
2001:Catathrenia
1996:Sleep apnea
1906:Brain waves
1876:Stages of
1784:"The Watch"
1656:13 February
1559:(1): 12–7.
1272:LiveScience
925:Archive.org
625:Stampi 1992
495:Thomas Wehr
469:microsleeps
347:first sleep
331:portmanteau
301:primo somno
297:primo sonno
177:countries.
171:Philippines
2544:Categories
2517:Sleep debt
2463:Microsleep
2443:Chronotype
2357:Daily life
2241:Somnolence
2217:Hypnagogia
2148:Parasomnia
2066:Narcolepsy
1978:Anatomical
1959:Theta wave
1929:Gamma wave
1924:Delta wave
1914:Alpha wave
1807:1149271015
1744:1149044844
1705:BBC Future
1138:observing.
1102:Enchirdion
585:References
499:sleep debt
476:Physiology
433:astronauts
321:Old French
249:The human
226:Historian
47:bifurcated
2527:Sleepover
2478:Power nap
2473:Nightwear
2339:Melatonin
2301:Somnology
2266:Treatment
2099:disorders
2038:Dyssomnia
1944:PGO waves
1939:Mu rhythm
1934:K-complex
1919:Beta wave
1896:Slow-wave
1771:905792043
1692:430034945
1643:0362-4331
1235:0161-8105
1193:5 October
766:Sleep.org
740:2352-7226
696:10 August
508:, a rare
488:prolactin
482:pituitary
326:dorveille
266:prolactin
260:pituitary
173:and many
98:The term
79:The term
2394:Mattress
2369:Bunk bed
2289:Hypnosis
2081:Nocturia
2056:Insomnia
1781:(2007).
1668:(2008).
1610:17309760
1534:20160950
1407:Archived
1300:Archived
1253:26039963
1131:27 April
1117:(2010).
994:18680884
899:BBC News
872:10607034
748:33795195
672:20428321
569:Tahajjud
533:See also
514:dementia
43:diphasic
39:Biphasic
35:sleeping
2421:Bedtime
2416:Bedroom
2411:Bedding
2406:Bed bug
2389:Hammock
2294:Lullaby
2128:Jet lag
2028:Snoring
1986:Bruxism
1651:1645522
1575:2191161
1525:2768129
1485:9845015
1244:4434546
1089:Beissel
986:2651611
663:2860325
485:hormone
439:of the
411:sleep).
352:Odyssey
339:veiller
285:Nigeria
273:England
263:hormone
93:simians
51:bimodal
2488:Siesta
2374:Daybed
2202:Dreams
1805:
1795:
1769:
1759:
1742:
1732:
1690:
1680:
1649:
1641:
1608:
1573:
1532:
1522:
1483:
1331:
1251:
1241:
1233:
1165:
1104:ch. 54
1061:
1028:
992:
984:
870:
832:16 May
801:28 May
772:28 May
746:
738:
670:
660:
608:
335:dormir
244:dreams
163:Greece
127:siesta
113:Siesta
2550:Sleep
2431:Story
2384:Futon
2317:Other
1865:Sleep
1403:(PDF)
1215:Sleep
982:JSTOR
317:watch
167:Spain
159:Italy
151:India
147:China
55:sleep
49:, or
1867:and
1803:OCLC
1793:ISBN
1767:OCLC
1757:ISBN
1740:OCLC
1730:ISBN
1688:OCLC
1678:ISBN
1658:2022
1647:OCLC
1639:ISSN
1606:PMID
1571:PMID
1530:PMID
1481:PMID
1450:NASA
1329:ISBN
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