98:
271:
22:
367:
321:, built in 1772, had three additional 12-pounders, eleven in the centerline and two in the bow facing forwards, housed under a decked superstructure with gun ports, but with the rowing seats left undecked. This arrangement proved to be less successful with reports about problems with splintering and lingering gunpowder smoke. She was also a poor sailer and slow under oars, earning the udema a poor reputation.
298:. It had a low hull with a small quarterdeck structure and an arrangement of guns that was unique for its time. Its main armament consisted of a single line of eight 12-pound guns along the centerline of the ship and two 12-pounders in the bow facing forwards. The centerline guns used pivoting carriages that could be rotated 360 degrees and aimed to either side of the ship, similar to the main guns of the
423:, even in much smaller craft, though they often proved risky since the recoil could destabilize vessels with a small displacement, especially if the guns were fired over the side. The genuine breakthrough for true centerline armament layouts, however, did not come until the advent of armored steamships in the late 19th century. The name "udema" has been carried on in the uninflected Finnish form
251:
328:, built in 1776, had an eight-12-pounder centerline armament which was open to the elements, but two heavy 18-pounders in the bow and two 6-pounder chase guns in the stern. The rowing benches with room for three men per bench were on either side of the centerline battery, but had to swing forwards and outwards to allow the guns to pivot to either side.
389:
The three
Swedish udemas served in the Finnish archipelago squadrons throughout the war of 1788â90 by supporting amphibious operations, raiding the opposing Russian archipelago fleet, and protecting the left flank of the Swedish army's operations on the Finnish mainland. Udemas fought in both the
418:
Historian Lars-Olof Berg suggests that the radical new design of rotating gun mounts, though somewhat of a disappointment in
Swedish service, may have influenced shipbuilders in other countries. Russian floating batteries were equipped with similar mounts by 1790. Designs were also presented and
405:
Like the other specialized archipelago vessels, the udema proved to have only limited advantages. While it had superior firepower, its sailing qualities were poor, even compared with galleys, and were slow even under oars. The unconventional artillery layout was also deemed to be too weak and
172:
Traditional galleys were effective as troop transports for amphibious operations, but were severely under-gunned, especially in relation to their large crews; a galley with a 250-man crew, most of whom were rowers, would typically be armed with only one 24-pounder
177:
and two 6-pounders, all in the bow. However, they were undecked and lacked adequate shelter for the rower-soldiers, great numbers of which succumbed to illness in the war of 1741â43. The
Swedish military invested heavily in an
382:, and it is believed by some historians that a type named simply "secret vessel" could have been a Russian udema. Other historians question this conclusion; the number of guns (44 in total) may suggest a considerably larger
209:
capabilities during amphibious operations. The result was four new vessels that combined the maneuverability of oar-powered galleys with the superior rigs and more comfortable living conditions of sailing ships: the udema,
406:
radical. The Second Battle of
Svensksund showed that the smaller gunboats and gunsloops were far more efficient for the same operations and had almost entirely replaced the "archipelago frigates" by the
101:
Contemporary model of an early 18th-century
Swedish galley from the collections of the Maritime Museum in Stockholm. Small galleys like this one were a mainstay of the first Swedish coastal fleets.
335:
which improved their leverage. However, they were positioned on either side of the centerline battery and could not row under fire; in action, the udema had to rely on its sails for propulsion.
331:
For additional maneuverability, the udema carried 14 to 18 pairs of oars. Rowers sat on the weather deck on either side of the main armament with the oar ports placed on a rectangular
358:, had been introduced in the Russian navy for inshore duties during the 18th century. Both of these have been suggested as possible inspirations for af Chapman's new designs.
317:
carried a mizzen mast, and were both longer and wider, 37 m (121 ft) long and almost 9 m (29 ft) wide with a draft of just over 3 m (10 ft).
270:
398:. The latter battle, one of the largest naval battles ever fought, was a disastrous defeat for the Russians and one of Sweden's greatest naval victories ever; the udema
242:, "archipelago frigates", in Swedish and English historical literature, though the smaller udema and pojama were also described as "archipelago corvettes" originally.
675:
Berg describes only the turuma and hemmema as frigates (1993, p. 35; Norman 2012) while Glete (1992) and
Anderson (1962) use the same term for all four ship types.
443:
Only three udemas were built, all of them for the
Swedish archipelago fleet. They are listed in the table below with basic information where it is actually known.
977:
145:. The Swedes began building inshore flotillas of shallow-draft vessels, beginning with smaller versions of the traditional Mediterranean warships, the
190:, "Navy of the Army". It was in many ways a highly independent organization that attracted a social and cultural elite and enjoyed the protection of
714:
Nikula (1933), pp. 364â65. According to Berg (1993), p. 33, the bow guns were 24-pounders, though the only specified source appears to be Nikula
962:
924:
867:
82:
for use in an area of mostly shallow waters and groups of islands and islets that extend from
Stockholm all the way to the Gulf of Finland.
21:
378:
Only three udemas were built for the
Swedish navy. Russian ship builders copied the Swedish designs, particularly around the time of the
89:
of the early 20th century. The design proved impractical for its time, however, and only three udemas were built between 1760 and 1776.
366:
227:
158:
906:
892:
850:
987:
186:), a separate branch of the armed forces that organizationally belonged to the army. In 1756, it was even officially designated
841:
Berg, Lars-Otto, "Development of the
Swedish Archipelago Fleet in the 18th Century, Construction Technology and Weaponry" in
205:
to bolster the hitting-power of the new Swedish maritime forces, to provide it with better naval defense and to improve its
379:
133:
Sweden lost its Baltic state territories, and suffered from Russian raiding in Finland and along the chain of islands and
85:
The udema was of an innovative new design with a single line of guns along the ship's centerline, a foreshadowing of the
169:(1757â62) showed the need for further expansion and development of the inshore flotillas with more specialized vessels.
982:
259:
30:
391:
354:
with oar ports on or below the gundeck as early as the 1660s. "Shebecks", Baltic variations on the Mediterranean
202:
79:
843:
The War of King Gustavus III and Naval Battles of Ruotsinsalmi: VIII International Baltic Seminar 5â7 July 1990.
266:
was housed under a deck structure that covered the guns while leaving the rowing positions open to the elements.
639:
Berg, "SkĂ€rgĂ„rdsflottans fartyg: Typer och utveckling under 1700- och 1800-talet" in Norman (2012), pp. 50â59
282:
The first udema was built in 1760 and had two masts (mainmast and foremast) that were originally rigged with
872:
Berg, Lars Otto, "SkĂ€rgĂ„rdsflottans fartyg: Typer och utveckling under 1700- och 1800-talet", pp. 50â76
274:
Chapman's construction drawing of the Udema ship type. A note on the drawing shows it has been approved by
97:
750:
Berg, "SkÀrgÄrdsflottans fartyg: Typer och utveckling under 1700- och 1800-talet" in Norman (2012), p. 61
997:
992:
595:
395:
371:
191:
428:
166:
860:
SkĂ€rgĂ„rdsflottan: Uppbyggnad, militĂ€r anvĂ€ndning och förankring i det svenska samhĂ€llet 1700â1824.
309:
was c. 30 m (100 ft) long and with a draft of 1.5 m (5 ft). The later udemas,
130:
958:
934:
920:
902:
888:
863:
846:
831:
813:
Berg, "Appendix: SkĂ€rgĂ„rdsflottans fartyg" in Norman (2012), p. 397; Nikula (1933), pp. 364â65
179:
55:
420:
419:
built in Great Britain and the US. Pivoting mounts were used in the US "gunboat navy" under
195:
126:
46:
295:
235:
138:
122:
117:
at the time included territory in Northern Germany, all of modern Finland and most of the
59:
114:
106:
971:
338:
The concept of hybrid frigates with oar propulsion capabilities was not new. Small "
118:
432:
206:
75:
407:
299:
287:
154:
134:
86:
113:
challenged the interests of Sweden, one of the major powers in the Baltic. The
58:
in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was developed for warfare in the
915:
HÄrdstedt, Martin, "SkÀrgÄrdsflottans epok" in Ericson Wolke & HÄrdstedt,
351:
347:
343:
275:
250:
231:
110:
63:
486:
332:
142:
938:
339:
223:
67:
835:
875:
Berg, Lars Otto, "Appendix: SkĂ€rgĂ„rdsflottans fartyg", pp. 391â406
610:
291:
219:
162:
71:
410:
of 1808â09, where Sweden finally lost all of its Finnish possessions.
620:
615:
383:
283:
215:
211:
174:
150:
146:
828:
Oared Fighting Ships: From Classical Times to the Coming of Steam.
365:
355:
269:
249:
121:, a dominion held together by the Baltic sea routes. Russian Tsar
96:
20:
804:
Gardiner (1995), p. 92; Kijanen (1968), p. 111; Saunders (2009)
883:
Glete, Jan, "Kriget till sjöss" in Gunnar Artéus (editor)
78:. The udema was designed by the prolific naval architect
201:
Several new ships were designed by the naval architect
374:
where an udema was one of the few Swedish vessels lost
957:Jane's Information Group, Coulsdon, Surrey. 2009.
899:Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947â1995.
350:, its successor, later equipped the equivalent of
933:Meriupseeriyhdistys/Otavan Kirjapaino, Helsinki.
218:and hemmema, named after the Finnish regions of
125:had established a new capital and naval base in
105:In the early 18th century, the establishment of
845:Provincial Museum of Kymenlaakso, Kotka. 1993.
54:, was a type of warship built for the Swedish
262:in Stockholm. The centerline armament of the
194:after his 1772 coup that empowered him as an
8:
386:, one of the larger "archipelago frigates".
29:(built in 1776) from the collections of the
701:
699:
445:
402:was among the few Swedish vessels lost.
632:
161:(1741â43) and the minor involvement in
346:as early as the mid-16th century. The
901:Conway Maritime Press, London. 1995.
370:Contemporary Swedish painting of the
238:). All four have been referred to as
45:
7:
286:sails. It was later provided with a
137:that stretched all the way from the
948:Svenska skĂ€rgĂ„rdsflottan 1756â1791.
919:Medströms förlag, Stockholm. 2009.
149:. Most of these were more akin to
25:A contemporary model of the udema
14:
978:Age of Sail naval ships of Sweden
955:Jane's Fighting Ships, 2009â2010.
342:" had been built for the English
768:Glete (1992), pp. 152â53, 163â64
254:Contemporary model of the udema
153:and were complemented with gun
862:Historiska Media, Lund. 2012.
1:
931:Suomen Laivasto 1918â1968, I.
648:Glete (1992), pp. 115â16, 118
953:Saunders, Stephen (editor),
830:P. Marshall, London. 1962.
1014:
897:Gardiner, Robert (editor)
741:Anderson (1962), pp. 84â89
666:Anderson (1962), pp. 93â94
887:Probus, Stockholm. 1992.
826:Anderson, Roger Charles,
693:Nikula (1933), pp. 364â65
290:rig similar to that of a
203:Fredrik Henrik af Chapman
80:Fredrik Henrik af Chapman
929:Kijanen, Kalervo (1968)
885:Gustav III:s ryska krig.
777:HĂ„rdstedt (2009), p. 244
66:and along the coasts of
988:Naval history of Sweden
300:dreadnought battleships
258:(built in 1772) at the
87:dreadnought battleships
16:Type of Swedish warship
858:Norman, Hans (editor)
786:Berg (1993), pp. 35â36
732:Berg (1993), pp. 33â34
684:Anderson (1962), p. 95
375:
279:
267:
102:
43:Swedish pronunciation:
34:
759:Anderson (1962), p.96
705:Nikula (1933), p. 132
511:9 or 10 Ă 12-pounders
396:Battles of Svensksund
369:
302:of the 20th century.
273:
253:
100:
24:
723:Glete (1992), p. 119
657:Glete (1992), p. 118
596:Battle of Svensksund
372:Battle of Svensksund
129:in 1703. During the
109:naval power in the
983:Frigates of Sweden
950:Helsingfors. 1933.
795:Berg (1993), p. 34
429:20th century ships
376:
280:
268:
240:skÀrgÄrdsfregatter
141:to the capital of
131:Great Northern War
103:
47:[ËÊÌËdÉma]
35:
963:978-0-7106-2888-6
925:978-91-7329-030-2
917:Svenska sjöslag.
868:978-91-87031-46-5
602:
601:
180:archipelago fleet
157:. The disastrous
56:archipelago fleet
1005:
945:
914:
882:
857:
814:
811:
805:
802:
796:
793:
787:
784:
778:
775:
769:
766:
760:
757:
751:
748:
742:
739:
733:
730:
724:
721:
715:
712:
706:
703:
694:
691:
685:
682:
676:
673:
667:
664:
658:
655:
649:
646:
640:
637:
550:13 Ă 12-pounders
446:
421:Thomas Jefferson
305:The first udema
296:topgallant sails
222:("Uudenmaan" in
196:absolute monarch
184:skÀrgÄrdsflottan
167:Seven Years' War
127:Saint Petersburg
49:
44:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1003:
1002:
968:
967:
946:Nikula, Oscar,
943:
912:
880:
855:
823:
818:
817:
812:
808:
803:
799:
794:
790:
785:
781:
776:
772:
767:
763:
758:
754:
749:
745:
740:
736:
731:
727:
722:
718:
713:
709:
704:
697:
692:
688:
683:
679:
674:
670:
665:
661:
656:
652:
647:
643:
638:
634:
629:
607:
591:2 Ă 6-pounders
590:
589:8 Ă 12-pounders
588:
587:2 Ă 18-pounders
580:
578:
573:
571:
552:24 swivel guns
551:
549:
548:2 Ă 18-pounders
541:
539:
534:
532:
513:2 Ă 3-pounders
512:
504:
502:
497:
495:
479:
441:
416:
364:
276:King Gustav III
260:Maritime Museum
248:
234:and HĂ€meenmaa (
159:war with Russia
139:Gulf of Finland
123:Peter the Great
95:
60:Archipelago Sea
42:
31:Maritime Museum
17:
12:
11:
5:
1011:
1009:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
970:
969:
966:
965:
951:
941:
927:
910:
895:
878:
877:
876:
873:
853:
839:
822:
819:
816:
815:
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
707:
695:
686:
677:
668:
659:
650:
641:
631:
630:
628:
625:
624:
623:
618:
613:
606:
603:
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599:
592:
585:
582:
575:
568:
565:
562:
556:
555:
553:
546:
543:
536:
529:
526:
523:
517:
516:
514:
509:
506:
499:
492:
489:
484:
472:
471:
468:
465:
464:Pairs of oars
462:
459:
458:Size (meters)
456:
453:
450:
440:
437:
415:
412:
380:war of 1788â90
363:
360:
247:
244:
115:Swedish empire
94:
91:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1010:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
975:
973:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
911:
908:
907:0-85177-605-1
904:
900:
896:
894:
893:91-87184-09-5
890:
886:
879:
874:
871:
870:
869:
865:
861:
854:
852:
851:951-96183-5-X
848:
844:
840:
837:
833:
829:
825:
824:
820:
810:
807:
801:
798:
792:
789:
783:
780:
774:
771:
765:
762:
756:
753:
747:
744:
738:
735:
729:
726:
720:
717:
711:
708:
702:
700:
696:
690:
687:
681:
678:
672:
669:
663:
660:
654:
651:
645:
642:
636:
633:
626:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
604:
597:
593:
586:
583:
576:
569:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:
547:
544:
537:
530:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
515:
510:
507:
500:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
478:("Old Udema")
477:
474:
473:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
447:
444:
438:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
413:
411:
409:
403:
401:
397:
393:
387:
385:
381:
373:
368:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
336:
334:
329:
327:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
277:
272:
265:
261:
257:
252:
245:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
204:
199:
197:
193:
189:
188:Arméns flotta
185:
181:
176:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:Baltic states
116:
112:
108:
99:
92:
90:
88:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
48:
40:
32:
28:
23:
19:
998:Swedish Army
993:Swedish Navy
954:
947:
944:(in Swedish)
930:
916:
913:(in Swedish)
898:
884:
881:(in Swedish)
859:
856:(in Swedish)
842:
827:
809:
800:
791:
782:
773:
764:
755:
746:
737:
728:
719:
710:
689:
680:
671:
662:
653:
644:
635:
594:Sank at the
559:
520:
494:length: 30.3
481:
475:
461:Size (feet)
442:
433:Finnish navy
424:
417:
404:
399:
388:
377:
337:
330:
325:
323:
318:
314:
310:
306:
304:
292:polacca bark
281:
263:
255:
239:
207:fire support
200:
187:
183:
171:
135:archipelagos
104:
84:
76:Russian navy
74:against the
51:
38:
36:
33:in Stockholm
26:
18:
574:draft: 3.1
535:draft: 3.1
498:draft: 1.5
476:Gamla Udema
408:Finnish War
394:and Second
352:sixth rates
288:square sail
972:Categories
821:References
572:width: 8.6
570:length: 36
564:Stockholm
533:width: 8.6
531:length: 36
525:Stockholm
496:width: 1.5
348:Royal Navy
344:Tudor navy
340:galleasses
192:Gustav III
93:Background
939:832982591
487:Stralsund
467:Armament
455:Launched
452:Shipyard
414:Influence
333:outrigger
315:Ingeborg,
228:Pohjanmaa
143:Stockholm
605:See also
560:Ingeborg
400:Ingeborg
326:Ingeborg
294:without
264:Thorborg
256:Thorborg
236:Tavastia
232:Turunmaa
224:genitive
68:Svealand
50:), also
27:Ingeborg
836:5964992
611:hemmema
579:w: 28.5
540:w: 28.5
521:Torborg
482:Uusimaa
431:of the
425:Uusimaa
362:Service
319:Torborg
311:Torborg
226:form),
220:Uusimaa
165:in the
163:Prussia
151:galiots
147:galleys
107:Russian
72:Finland
62:in the
961:
937:
923:
905:
891:
866:
849:
834:
621:turuma
616:pojama
598:1790.
581:d: 10
577:l: 120
542:d: 10
538:l: 120
501:l: 110
384:turuma
356:xebecs
284:lateen
246:Design
216:turuma
212:pojama
175:cannon
111:Baltic
64:Baltic
52:udenma
627:Notes
567:1776
528:1772
505:d: 5
491:1760
470:Fate
449:Name
439:Ships
392:First
307:Gamla
155:prams
39:udema
959:ISBN
935:OCLC
921:ISBN
903:ISBN
889:ISBN
864:ISBN
847:ISBN
832:OCLC
503:w: 5
427:for
324:The
313:and
70:and
584:20
545:20
508:14
480:or
182:" (
37:An
974::
698:^
435:.
230:,
214:,
198:.
909:.
838:.
278:.
178:"
41:(
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