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need of assistance. It was suggested that the beggars imposed guilt upon people in this way. "Pauperism is a disease upon the community, a sore upon the body politic, and being a disease, it must be, as far as possible, removed, and the curative purpose must be behind all our thought and effort for the pauper class." Similar to what Slocum said, other authors suggested that giving charity to beggars without knowing what was to be done with the funds, was as "culpable as one who fires a gun into a crowd".
2590:, delivered a monologue about the difficulty of people with disabilities finding work due to the social idea that people with disabilities should hide or be in the circus. Lewis believed herself to be denied admission to a theater school in New York City due to her limp. She noted they tried to persuade her to take a position behind the scenes. She felt this was due to the ugly laws and that she would not be able to perform in some cities.
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36:
2481:. This law was similar to those of the United States, being written in English and during a time when Manila was under American control, and included the common phrasing "no person who is diseased". This was one of the first ordinances to be written under American control. Other ordinances dealt with hygiene reform and considered unsightly beggars part of this initiative.
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2380:. When they did not find themselves wealthy, they remained in California. Letters and documents from the period just after the California Gold Rush note the large number of "insane" people wandering the streets. Helper (1948) even refers to the "insane" people as "pitible nuisance" and remarked that they were allowed in public with no one to care for them.
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their union would produce from tainting society's heredity pool. Charity must "do what it can to check the spreading curse of race degeneration". People involved with charitable policy suggested that while euthanasia would be a release for the person struggling with their disabilities, it also went against the moral principles taught by religion.
2353:
than they had in small towns, where such local institutions as schools, families, and churches helped moderate social relations. As a reaction to this influx of people who were impoverished, ministers, charitable organizers, city planners, and city officials across the United States worked to create ugly laws for their community.
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who have been faced with restrictions and limitations, subjected to a history of purposeful unequal treatment, and relegated to a position of political powerlessness in our society, based on characteristics that are beyond the control of such individuals and resulting from stereotypic assumptions not
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Relationships, reproductive rights and individual right to life were also impacted by the ugly laws and charitable philosophy during this period. Policy makers discussed preventing people with disabilities from marrying and having children. The policy makers suggested this was to prevent the children
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Any person who is diseased, maimed, mutilated, or in any way deformed, so as to be an unsightly or disgusting object, or an improper person to be allowed in or on the streets, highways, thoroughfares, or public places in the city, shall not therein or thereon expose himself or herself to public view,
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arose in the late nineteenth century. During this period, urban spaces underwent an influx of new residents, which placed strain on the existing communities. The new residents were sometimes impoverished. This meant large numbers of people who were strangers to each other now occupied closer quarters
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The ugly laws had an impact on what society considers rehabilitation. "In the rehabilitationist program the aim is in one sense to make disability vanish," ... to "cause the disabled to disappear and with them all that is lacking, in order to assimilate them, drown them, dissolve them in the greater
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The
Charity Organization Society suggested that the best charity relief would be to investigate and counsel the people needing assistance instead of providing them with material relief. This created conflict in people between their desire to be good Christians and good citizens when seeing people in
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a law of 1867 deemed it illegal for "any person, who is diseased, maimed, mutilated or deformed in any way, so as to be an unsightly or disgusting object, to expose himself or herself to public view." Exceptions to public exposure were acceptable only if the people were subjects of demonstration, to
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from May 19, 1881, saying of the ordinance, "Its object is to abolish all street obstructions." Ugly laws identified groups of people as disturbing the flow of public life and forbid them from public spaces. Such people, deemed "unsightly" or "unseemly," were usually impoverished and often beggars.
2564:
In 1975, Marcia Pearce
Burgdorf and Robert Burgdorf, Jr. wrote about the unsightly beggar ordinances in their newspaper article, "A History of Unequal Treatment: The Qualifications of Handicapped Persons as a 'Suspect Class' under the Equal Protection Clause". In this article, the term "ugly laws"
2542:
and the officer arresting him did so under the guise of the ugly law as the man had visible scars and marks on his body. The judge, Walter
Cropper, and assistant prosecutor, Richard Epstein, in this case noted there was no legal definition for ugly and criminal prosecution would demand proving
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The last ugly laws were repealed in 1974. Omaha, Nebraska, repealed its ugly law in 1967, yet had an arrest of a person for violating the unsightly beggar ordinance documented in 1974. Columbus, Ohio, repealed its law in 1972. Chicago was the last to repeal its ugly law in 1974.
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Racism also played a role in the establishment and enforcement of ugly laws. In 1860s San
Francisco, Chinese immigrants and their descendants were unlawfully quarantined en masse to prevent spread of disease and epidemics.
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The language of the unsightly beggar ordinances pertained to hiding the parts of the person that may appear disabled or diseased. This includes any movements that would indicate a disability or disease, like limping.
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The ugly laws did not restrict performances of people with disabilities for the purpose of entertainment or eliciting disgust, but rather restricted people with disabilities from mingling with the general public.
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Marcia Pearce
Burgdorf and Robert Burgdorf, Jr., "A History of Unequal Treatment: The Qualifications of Handicapped Persons as a Suspect Class Under the Equal Protection Clause," Santa Clara Lawyer 15:4 (1975)
2554:
British scholar Stuart Murray argues that the "civil contagion" of proliferation of ugly laws is peculiarly
American: "Disability disturbs, and it disturbs the sense of self in U.S. contexts in special ways."
2561:(1966) argued that the limitations imposed on a person with a disability had little to do with actual disability, but rather "society's imagined thoughts of disability difficulties and risks".
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In 1729 England, punishment was sometimes suggested for people with physical disabilities, whether they were born with disabilities or acquired later in life, who appeared in public.
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someone is ugly. The result was that the city prosecutor, Gary
Bucchino, did not file charges. He noted that while the law was still active, this person did not meet the definition.
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Historian Brad Byrom noted ugly laws have been unevenly and rarely enforced, being disregarded by police. The first recorded arrest pertaining to ugly laws was Martin Oates in
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and single social whole." People with disabilities were not allowed to publicly beg for food or money to support their needs as a person, but it was acceptable to
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Snyder, Sharon; Mitchell, David T. (2002). "Out of the Ashes of
Eugenics: Diagnostic Regimes in the United States and the Making of a Disability Minority".
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
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was confronted in
Chicago due to an ugly law. While this is a fictional occurrence, the depiction of the law indicates the impact on disability history.
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was created and used, having been inspired by the newspaper article title regarding the Omaha arrest in 1974. It was an act of advocacy.
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The last recorded arrest related to an ugly law was in 1974, under an Omaha, Nebraska ordinance. In this instance, the man arrested was
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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
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Use of the ugly laws to control the use of public spaces by people with disabilities was still occurring after the signing of the
2442:, in 1889. At some time from 1881 to 1890 an ugly law was enacted in Omaha, Nebraska. Additionally, ugly laws were sparked by the
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1911:
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The first American ordinance pertaining to preventing people with disabilities from appearing in public was passed in 1867 in
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truly indicative of the individual ability of such individuals to participate in, and contribute to, society."
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People charged under the ugly laws were either charged a fine or held in jail until they could be sent to the
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The $ 1 is equivalent to $ 32 in 2023. In most cities, punishments for violating an ugly law ranged from
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Introduction to the Study of the Dependent, Defective and Delinquent Classes and of their Social Treatment
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Duis, Perry (Spring 1983). "Whose City? Public and Private Spaces in Nineteenth-Century Chicago".
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Ugly laws prevented some people with physical disabilities from going out in public at all.
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was coined in the mid-1970s by detractors Marcia Pearce Burgdorf and Robert Burgdorf, Jr.
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There was a connection between ugly laws and "public hygiene management schemes" such as
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Thus ugly laws were methods by which lawmakers attempted to remove the poor from sight.
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illustrate the separation of disabled from nondisabled and their need for reformation.
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2497:. The wording in the San Francisco ordinance indicates violators will be sent to the
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as well as physical disability. An attempt was made at introducing ugly laws in
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In 1902, an ugly law similar to that of the United States was enacted in the
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under the penalty of a fine of $ 1 for each offense (Chicago City Code 1881)
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2424:. It was created by Chicago alderman James Peevey. Peevey is quoted in the
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2372:. It is noted that people who were perhaps in need of money traveled to
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2454:. Pennsylvania's was different as it contained language applying to
3158:"The Right to Live in the World: The Disabled and the Law of Torts"
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3416:
3241:
Making the Body Beautiful: A cultural history of aesthetic surgery
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375:
3335:
5182:
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The repeals of ugly laws followed soon after the passage of the
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In May 1881, the unsightly beggar ordinance went into effect in
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in order to beg for a cure or salvation from their disability.
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Fredman (2011) comments: "Individuals with disabilities are a
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further stopped any possibility of a recreation of ugly laws.
216:
165:
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29:
3318:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 96.
2929:
Chicago History: The Manual of the Chicago Historical Society
94:
197:
193:
2884:
The Relation of Public and Private to Organized Charity
2582:
In 1980, while on tour in Europe, a performer with the
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98:
2914:
Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots 1825-1880
2901:. Chicago: Speech Recorded in the City Club Bulletin.
2368:. This ordinance had to do with the broader topic of
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2955:
4994:
4871:
4664:
4275:
3915:
3757:
3517:
3404:
3373:
3238:
5146:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
3132:"Why I wrote the Americans with Disabilities Act"
2629:and its Section 504, and the 1990 passage of the
2157:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
27:Unsightly beggar ordinances in the United States
4806:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
2450:, in 1894, and in 1891 for the entire state of
1803:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
4288:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
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2973:
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2393:Portland, Oregon enacted an ugly law in 1881.
1279:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
3351:
3245:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
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2282:
192:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
8:
3269:Snyder, Sharon L; Mitchell, David T (2010).
2916:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
103:introducing citations to additional sources
4504:List of people killed for being transgender
3068:
3066:
1495:List of people killed for being transgender
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3358:
3344:
3336:
3264:
3262:
2886:. Baltimore: Charity Organization Society.
2470:, attempted to pass an ordinance in 1913.
2289:
2275:
292:
2856:The ugly laws : disability in public
2301:From 1867 to 1974, various cities of the
281:Learn how and when to remove this message
263:Learn how and when to remove this message
239:Please review their use according to the
3615:Social determinants of health in poverty
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2875:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2711:
582:Social determinants of health in poverty
93:Relevant discussion may be found on the
3050:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
2882:Slocum, Jr., William Frederick (1886).
2858:. New York: New York University Press.
2707:
2466:, instituted an ordinance before 1905.
304:
3296:
3286:
2736:. Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publ. pp.
2728:Albrecht, general ed. Gary L. (2006).
2434:Laws similar to Chicago's followed in
3048:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
183:too many or overly lengthy quotations
7:
5270:
4310:Capital punishment for homosexuality
3620:Social determinants of mental health
2512:, in July 1867. Oates was a former
1301:Capital punishment for homosexuality
587:Social determinants of mental health
5316:Social history of the United States
5301:Discrimination in the United States
4430:Genital modification and mutilation
3107:The Ugly Laws: Disability in Public
2983:The Ugly Laws: Disability in Public
2980:Susan M. Schweik (30 August 2010).
2764:The Ugly Laws: Disability in Public
2400:ordinance of 1881 read as follows:
1421:Genital modification and mutilation
5311:Legal history of the United States
25:
45:This article has multiple issues.
5269:
5260:
5259:
4909:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
4746:Law for Protection of the Nation
4646:White genocide conspiracy theory
3271:Cultural Locations of Disability
2665:
2651:
2594:Impact on legislation and policy
2417:of up to $ 50 for each offense.
1912:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1743:Law for Protection of the Nation
1637:White genocide conspiracy theory
312:
221:
170:
86:relies largely or entirely on a
75:
34:
4751:MSM blood donation restrictions
4499:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
3273:. University of Chicago Press.
3104:Susan M. Schweik (1 May 2009).
2631:Americans with Disabilities Act
2616:display themselves commercially
2586:-based Lilith Women's Theatre,
2376:to "strike it rich" during the
1748:MSM blood donation restrictions
1490:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
53:or discuss these issues on the
4764:(as religious or racial quota)
3084:"Disability History: Timeline"
1761:(as religious or racial quota)
1:
5178:Second-generation gender bias
4894:Constitutional colorblindness
3610:Social determinants of health
3086:. Ncld-youth.info. 1939-07-04
2638:discrete and insular minority
2189:Second-generation gender bias
1897:Constitutional colorblindness
577:Social determinants of health
3042:American Antiquarian Society
3022:American Antiquarian Society
2966:. The Bobbs-Merrill Company.
232:may contain improper use of
5089:Medical model of disability
4941:Hate speech laws by country
2897:Henderson, Charles (1910).
2307:unsightly beggar ordinances
2100:Medical model of disability
1944:Hate speech laws by country
5342:
5198:Social model of disability
3665:Discrimination against men
3216:10.1080/003132202128811385
3156:tenBroek, Jacobus (1966).
3110:. NYU Press. pp. 6–.
2986:. NYU Press. pp. 3–.
2854:Schweik, Susan M. (2009).
2767:. NYU Press. p. 291.
2761:Schweik, Susan M. (2009).
2732:Encyclopedia of disability
2627:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
2529:Rehabilitation Act of 1973
2209:Social model of disability
632:Discrimination against men
5255:
4551:Opposition to immigration
3467:Race / Ethnicity
2510:San Francisco, California
2501:. This connects with the
1542:Opposition to immigration
426:Race / Ethnicity
5306:History of San Francisco
4546:Occupational segregation
4315:Compulsory sterilization
3314:Fredman, Sandra (2011).
1537:Occupational segregation
1306:Compulsory sterilization
190:summarize the quotations
5074:Internalized oppression
4936:Fighting Discrimination
4926:Fat acceptance movement
4884:Anti-discrimination law
4524:Native American mascots
3237:Gilman, Sander (2000).
2962:Helper, Hilton (1948).
2942:Royce, Josiah (1948) .
2495:poor house or work farm
2468:Los Angeles, California
2085:Internalized oppression
1939:Fighting Discrimination
1929:Fat acceptance movement
1887:Anti-discrimination law
1515:Native American mascots
5193:Social identity threat
5166:Reverse discrimination
5156:Racial color blindness
4636:Violence against women
4616:Sex-selective abortion
2407:
2384:New Orleans, Louisiana
2313:. These laws targeted
2309:, retroactively named
2204:Social identity threat
2177:Reverse discrimination
2167:Racial color blindness
1627:Violence against women
1607:Sex-selective abortion
5161:Religious intolerance
5121:Political correctness
4951:Intersex human rights
4899:Cultural assimilation
4581:Religious persecution
4345:Disability hate crime
4130:Jewish / Antisemitism
3204:Patterns of Prejudice
3162:California Law Review
2575:has a scene in which
2402:
2172:Religious intolerance
2132:Political correctness
1954:Intersex human rights
1902:Cultural assimilation
1572:Religious persecution
1336:Disability hate crime
1113:Jewish / Antisemitism
4566:Political repression
3570:Anti-left handedness
3560:Anti-intellectualism
2608:institutionalization
2456:cognitive disability
2378:California Gold Rush
1557:Political repression
537:Anti-left handedness
527:Anti-intellectualism
99:improve this article
5069:Historical eugenics
4606:Segregation academy
4586:Religious terrorism
4375:Enemy of the people
4283:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
3797:Jehovah's Witnesses
3690:Perpetual foreigner
3136:The Washington Post
2912:Ryan, Mary (1992).
2321:. For instance, in
2080:Historical eugenics
1597:Segregation academy
1577:Religious terrorism
1366:Enemy of the people
1274:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
772:Jehovah's Witnesses
657:Perpetual foreigner
5321:History of Chicago
4981:Social integration
4976:Self-determination
4966:Racial integration
4914:Diversity training
4904:Cultural pluralism
4879:Affirmative action
4779:Racial segregation
4689:Crime of apartheid
4591:Religious violence
4094:Indigenous people
3494:Sexual orientation
3316:Discrimination Law
2964:DreadfulCalifornia
2948:. New York: Knopf.
2588:Victoria Ann Lewis
2573:The Body of Bourne
2518:American Civil War
1984:Social integration
1979:Self-determination
1969:Racial integration
1917:Diversity training
1907:Cultural pluralism
1882:Affirmative action
1776:Racial segregation
1686:Crime of apartheid
1582:Religious violence
1077:Indigenous people
453:Sexual orientation
5296:Disability in law
5283:
5282:
5151:Racism by country
5079:Intersectionality
5064:Heteronormativity
4863:Voter suppression
4611:Sexual harassment
4410:Forced conversion
4330:Cultural genocide
3993:African Americans
3807:post–Cold War era
3792:Eastern Orthodoxy
3555:Anti-drug addicts
3550:Anti-homelessness
3477:Scientific racism
3117:978-0-8147-4088-0
2993:978-0-8147-8361-0
2505:poor law policy.
2446:. These included
2440:Lincoln, Nebraska
2422:Chicago, Illinois
2348:Ugly laws in the
2299:
2298:
2162:Racism by country
2090:Intersectionality
2075:Heteronormativity
1858:Voter suppression
1602:Sexual harassment
1401:Forced conversion
1321:Cultural genocide
976:African Americans
782:post–Cold War era
767:Eastern Orthodoxy
522:Anti-drug addicts
517:Anti-homelessness
436:Scientific racism
291:
290:
283:
273:
272:
265:
215:
214:
164:
163:
149:
68:
16:(Redirected from
5333:
5273:
5272:
5263:
5262:
5203:Social privilege
5188:Social exclusion
5116:Police brutality
5037:Multiculturalism
5007:Amatonormativity
4838:Social exclusion
4674:Age of candidacy
4474:Homeless dumping
4380:Ethnic cleansing
3360:
3353:
3346:
3337:
3330:
3329:
3311:
3305:
3304:
3298:
3294:
3292:
3284:
3266:
3257:
3256:
3244:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3045:
3039:
3025:
3019:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2879:
2870:
2869:
2851:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2735:
2725:
2696:Social cleansing
2675:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2656:
2655:
2559:Jacobus tenBroek
2436:Denver, Colorado
2291:
2284:
2277:
2214:Social privilege
2199:Social exclusion
2127:Police brutality
2048:Multiculturalism
2018:Amatonormativity
1835:Social exclusion
1671:Age of candidacy
1465:Homeless dumping
1371:Ethnic cleansing
316:
293:
286:
279:
268:
261:
257:
254:
248:
225:
224:
217:
210:
207:
201:
174:
173:
166:
159:
156:
150:
148:
107:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5330:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5251:
5126:Polyculturalism
5022:Civil liberties
4990:
4971:Reappropriation
4872:Countermeasures
4867:
4796:Racial steering
4762:Numerus clausus
4666:
4660:
4385:Ethnic conflict
4320:Corrective rape
4271:
3911:
3866:minority Muslim
3753:
3645:HIV/AIDS stigma
3513:
3462:Mental disorder
3400:
3369:
3364:
3334:
3333:
3326:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3295:
3285:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3174:10.2307/3479429
3155:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3089:
3087:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3047:
3037:
3029:McCusker, J. J.
3027:
3017:
3009:McCusker, J. J.
3007:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2961:
2960:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2853:
2852:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2748:
2727:
2726:
2709:
2704:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2596:
2577:Randolph Bourne
2549:
2491:
2427:Chicago Tribune
2343:
2319:disabled people
2295:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2137:Polyculturalism
2033:Civil liberties
2005:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1974:Reappropriation
1874:
1873:Countermeasures
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1793:Racial steering
1759:Numerus clausus
1663:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1376:Ethnic conflict
1311:Corrective rape
1266:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1254:
901:
890:
889:
888:
887:
886:
841:minority Muslim
734:
724:
723:
722:
721:
720:
612:HIV/AIDS stigma
484:
476:
475:
474:
473:
472:
421:Mental disorder
363:
355:
354:
353:
352:
351:
324:
287:
276:
275:
274:
269:
258:
252:
249:
238:
226:
222:
211:
205:
202:
196:or excerpts to
187:
175:
171:
160:
154:
151:
108:
106:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5339:
5337:
5329:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5288:
5287:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5267:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5243:
5242:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5174:
5173:
5171:Reverse racism
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5141:Prisoner abuse
5138:
5133:
5131:Power distance
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5049:Ethnic penalty
5046:
5045:
5044:
5042:Neurodiversity
5039:
5029:
5027:Dehumanization
5024:
5019:
5017:Cisnormativity
5014:
5009:
5004:
4998:
4996:
4995:Related topics
4992:
4991:
4989:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4917:
4916:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4875:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4853:State religion
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4789:Nuremberg Laws
4786:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4731:Ghetto benches
4728:
4726:Gerrymandering
4723:
4718:
4713:
4711:Gender pay gap
4708:
4707:
4706:
4701:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4665:Discriminatory
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4494:Lavender scare
4491:
4489:Kill Haole Day
4486:
4484:Indian rolling
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4460:
4459:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4370:Eliminationism
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:Cancel culture
4302:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4279:
4277:
4276:Manifestations
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4172:Middle Eastern
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3922:
3920:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3907:Zoroastrianism
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3872:
3871:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3829:Untouchability
3826:
3816:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3655:Leprosy stigma
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3367:Discrimination
3365:
3363:
3362:
3355:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3331:
3325:978-0199584420
3324:
3306:
3297:|website=
3279:
3258:
3251:
3229:
3194:
3168:(2): 841–919.
3148:
3123:
3116:
3096:
3075:
3062:
3046:1800–present:
2999:
2992:
2969:
2951:
2934:
2919:
2904:
2889:
2871:
2864:
2787:
2773:
2753:
2746:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2662:
2659:Society portal
2646:
2643:
2595:
2592:
2548:
2545:
2490:
2487:
2475:City of Manila
2448:Columbus, Ohio
2342:
2339:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2182:Reverse racism
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2152:Prisoner abuse
2149:
2144:
2142:Power distance
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Ethnic penalty
2057:
2056:
2055:
2053:Neurodiversity
2050:
2040:
2038:Dehumanization
2035:
2030:
2028:Cisnormativity
2025:
2020:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2004:Related topics
2003:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1878:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1852:
1850:State religion
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1786:Nuremberg Laws
1783:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1728:Ghetto benches
1725:
1723:Gerrymandering
1720:
1715:
1710:
1708:Gender pay gap
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1657:
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1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1485:Lavender scare
1482:
1480:Kill Haole Day
1477:
1475:Indian rolling
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1361:Eliminationism
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1296:Cancel culture
1293:
1288:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1265:Manifestations
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1155:Middle Eastern
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
989:
988:
983:
978:
968:
963:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
905:
904:
903:
902:
896:
895:
892:
891:
885:
884:
882:Zoroastrianism
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
858:
857:
847:
846:
845:
844:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
808:
807:
806:
804:Untouchability
801:
791:
786:
785:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
754:
749:
744:
738:
737:
736:
735:
730:
729:
726:
725:
719:
718:
713:
708:
707:
706:
701:
696:
686:
685:
684:
679:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
622:Leprosy stigma
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
488:
487:
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
477:
471:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
439:
438:
433:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
367:
366:
365:
364:
361:
360:
357:
356:
350:
349:
344:
339:
334:
328:
327:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
309:
308:
306:Discrimination
302:
301:
289:
288:
271:
270:
229:
227:
220:
213:
212:
178:
176:
169:
162:
161:
97:. Please help
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5338:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5276:
5268:
5266:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5248:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5225:Social stigma
5223:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4993:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4848:State atheism
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4784:Jim Crow laws
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4769:One-drop rule
4767:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Blood quantum
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Victimisation
4629:
4627:
4626:Trans bashing
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Religious war
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4576:Racialization
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Glass ceiling
4445:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4390:Ethnic hatred
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:Counter-jihad
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4108:United States
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3972:
3971:United States
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:Protestantism
3890:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3839:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3802:LDS or Mormon
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3732:Transmisogyny
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3635:Gerontophobia
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Anti-intersex
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Anti-albinism
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3381:Institutional
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3327:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3302:
3290:
3282:
3280:9780226767307
3276:
3272:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3254:
3252:9780691026725
3248:
3243:
3242:
3233:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3210:(1): 79–103.
3209:
3205:
3198:
3195:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3109:
3108:
3100:
3097:
3085:
3079:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3051:
3043:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2989:
2985:
2984:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2947:
2946:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2923:
2920:
2915:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2865:9780814740576
2861:
2857:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2776:
2774:9780814740880
2770:
2766:
2765:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2747:9780761925651
2743:
2739:
2734:
2733:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2663:
2660:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:San Francisco
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2514:Union soldier
2511:
2506:
2504:
2503:Victorian Era
2500:
2496:
2488:
2486:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2444:Panic of 1893
2441:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:incarceration
2406:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:United States
2385:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2362:San Francisco
2358:
2354:
2351:
2350:United States
2346:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:San Francisco
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2303:United States
2292:
2287:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Social stigma
2234:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1845:State atheism
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1781:Jim Crow laws
1779:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:One-drop rule
1764:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Blood quantum
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1622:Victimisation
1620:
1618:
1617:Trans bashing
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1587:Religious war
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1567:Racialization
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Glass ceiling
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
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602:Gerontophobia
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532:Anti-intersex
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253:November 2021
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230:This article
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206:November 2021
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179:This article
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155:November 2021
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116: –
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110:Find sources:
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88:single source
84:This article
82:
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58:
57:
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32:
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19:
5059:Gender-blind
4946:Human rights
4857:
4774:Racial quota
4761:
4741:Jewish quota
4721:Gerontocracy
4716:Gender roles
4694:Disabilities
4679:Blood purity
4651:Wife selling
4641:White flight
4621:Slut-shaming
4601:Scapegoating
4519:Murder music
4192:Palestinians
4135:Anti-Zionism
4003:South Africa
3988:Black people
3966:South Africa
3782:Christianity
3772:Baháʼí Faith
3700:Sectarianism
3640:Heterosexism
3605:Ephebiphobia
3575:Anti-Masonry
3442:Hair texture
3315:
3309:
3270:
3240:
3232:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3185:. Retrieved
3165:
3161:
3151:
3140:. Retrieved
3138:. 2015-07-24
3135:
3126:
3106:
3099:
3088:. Retrieved
3078:
3055:February 29,
3053:. Retrieved
3033:
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2778:. Retrieved
2763:
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2569:John Belluso
2567:
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2464:Reno, Nevada
2452:Pennsylvania
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2070:Gender-blind
1949:Human rights
1771:Racial quota
1758:
1738:Jewish quota
1718:Gerontocracy
1713:Gender roles
1691:Disabilities
1676:Blood purity
1642:Wife selling
1632:White flight
1612:Slut-shaming
1592:Scapegoating
1510:Murder music
1175:Palestinians
1118:Anti-Zionism
986:South Africa
971:Black people
949:South Africa
757:Christianity
747:Baháʼí Faith
667:Sectarianism
607:Heterosexism
572:Ephebiphobia
542:Anti-Masonry
401:Hair texture
277:
259:
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231:
203:
188:Please help
180:
152:
142:
135:
128:
121:
109:
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
4961:Nonviolence
4956:LGBT rights
4921:Empowerment
4889:Anti-racism
4811:Segregation
4756:No kid zone
4556:Persecution
4469:Hate speech
4420:Gay bashing
4395:Ethnic joke
4350:Dog whistle
4295:Blood libel
3983:Azerbaijani
3887:Neopaganism
3880:Persecution
3841:Persecution
3824:Persecution
3787:Catholicism
3722:Transphobia
3705:Supremacism
3660:Lesbophobia
3580:Aporophobia
3545:Anti-autism
3396:Taste-based
3391:Statistical
3187:15 February
3026:1700–1799:
3006:1634–1699:
2600:segregation
2516:during the
2489:Enforcement
2479:Philippines
2315:poor people
1964:Nonviolence
1959:LGBT rights
1924:Empowerment
1892:Anti-racism
1808:Segregation
1753:No kid zone
1547:Persecution
1460:Hate speech
1411:Gay bashing
1386:Ethnic joke
1341:Dog whistle
1286:Blood libel
966:Azerbaijani
862:Neopaganism
855:Persecution
816:Persecution
799:Persecution
762:Catholicism
689:Transphobia
672:Supremacism
627:Lesbophobia
547:Aporophobia
512:Anti-autism
347:Taste-based
342:Statistical
5290:Categories
5235:Stereotype
5230:Speciesism
5111:Oppression
5106:Oikophobia
5002:Allophilia
4986:Toleration
4843:Sodomy law
4736:Internment
4656:Witch-hunt
4534:Blackhawks
4464:Hate group
4452:Hate crime
4425:Gendercide
4415:Freak show
4405:Excellence
4365:Employment
4335:Defamation
4267:Vietnamese
4262:Venezuelan
4152:Lithuanian
3814:Falun Gong
3749:Xenophobia
3744:Vegaphobia
3727:Non-binary
3685:Pedophobia
3650:Homophobia
3472:Skin color
3432:Disability
3405:Attributes
3386:Structural
3142:2018-10-22
3090:2015-02-13
2945:California
2780:23 October
2702:References
2686:Freak show
2673:Law portal
2374:California
2366:California
2246:Stereotype
2241:Speciesism
2122:Oppression
2117:Oikophobia
2013:Allophilia
1989:Toleration
1840:Sodomy law
1733:Internment
1647:Witch-hunt
1525:Blackhawks
1455:Hate group
1443:Hate crime
1416:Gendercide
1406:Freak show
1396:Excellence
1356:Employment
1326:Defamation
1250:Vietnamese
1245:Venezuelan
1135:Lithuanian
789:Falun Gong
716:Xenophobia
711:Vegaphobia
694:Non-binary
652:Pedophobia
617:Homophobia
431:Skin color
391:Disability
362:Attributes
337:Structural
245:guidelines
198:Wikisource
125:newspapers
114:"Ugly law"
50:improve it
5208:Christian
5136:Prejudice
5084:Masculism
5032:Diversity
4826:religious
4801:Redlining
4400:Ethnocide
4360:Education
4252:Ukrainian
4187:Pakistani
4177:Mongolian
4098:Australia
4080:Hungarian
4035:Colombian
4015:Bulgarian
3897:Rastafari
3846:Ahmadiyya
3759:Religious
3737:Trans men
3695:Pregnancy
3630:Gayphobia
3625:Fatphobia
3530:Acephobia
3525:Arophobia
3509:Viewpoint
3299:ignored (
3289:cite book
3224:144543830
2547:Criticism
2499:almshouse
2335:ugly laws
2333:The term
2311:ugly laws
2219:Christian
2147:Prejudice
2095:Masculism
2043:Diversity
1823:religious
1798:Redlining
1391:Ethnocide
1351:Education
1235:Ukrainian
1170:Pakistani
1160:Mongolian
1081:Australia
1063:Hungarian
1018:Colombian
998:Bulgarian
872:Rastafari
821:Ahmadiyya
732:Religious
704:Trans men
662:Pregnancy
597:Gayphobia
592:Fatphobia
497:Acephobia
492:Arophobia
468:Viewpoint
236:material.
194:Wikiquote
181:contains
95:talk page
56:talk page
5265:Category
5247:The talk
5183:Snobbery
5101:Net bias
4931:Feminism
4858:Ugly law
4699:Catholic
4667:policies
4514:Mortgage
4509:Lynching
4440:examples
4435:Genocide
4355:Economic
4340:Democide
4300:Bullying
4217:Romanian
4182:Nigerian
4125:Japanese
4060:Georgian
4045:Filipino
3978:Assyrian
3951:Armenian
3941:American
3936:Albanian
3918:National
3902:Yazidism
3819:Hinduism
3777:Buddhism
3680:Nepotism
3675:Misogyny
3670:Misandry
3595:Clannism
3590:Biphobia
3535:Adultism
3452:Language
3073:855-910.
3031:(1992).
3011:(1997).
2645:See also
2604:eugenics
2571:'s play
2540:homeless
2460:New York
2258:The talk
2194:Snobbery
2112:Net bias
1934:Feminism
1854:Ugly law
1696:Catholic
1662:Policies
1505:Mortgage
1500:Lynching
1431:examples
1426:Genocide
1346:Economic
1331:Democide
1291:Bullying
1200:Romanian
1165:Nigerian
1108:Japanese
1043:Georgian
1028:Filipino
961:Assyrian
934:Armenian
924:American
919:Albanian
899:national
877:Yazidism
794:Hinduism
752:Buddhism
647:Nepotism
642:Misogyny
637:Misandry
562:Clannism
557:Biphobia
502:Adultism
411:Language
298:a series
296:Part of
241:criteria
234:non-free
18:Ugly Law
5326:Ableism
5275:Commons
5054:Figleaf
4479:Housing
4247:Turkish
4197:Pashtun
4167:Mexican
4147:Kurdish
4120:Italian
4070:Haitian
4055:Finnish
4030:Chinese
4025:Chechen
4020:Catalan
4010:Bengali
3931:African
3916:Ethnic/
3875:Judaism
3861:Sunnism
3851:Shi'ism
3767:Atheism
3600:Elitism
3499:Species
3437:Genetic
3427:Dialect
3182:3479429
2740:–1576.
2691:Lookism
2681:Ableism
2477:in the
2398:Chicago
2370:begging
2341:History
2065:Figleaf
1470:Housing
1230:Turkish
1180:Pashtun
1150:Mexican
1130:Kurdish
1103:Italian
1053:Haitian
1038:Finnish
1013:Chinese
1008:Chechen
1003:Catalan
993:Bengali
914:African
897:Ethnic/
850:Judaism
836:Sunnism
826:Shi'ism
742:Atheism
567:Elitism
458:Species
396:Genetic
386:Dialect
139:scholar
5240:threat
5094:autism
4831:sexual
4821:racial
4704:Jewish
4561:Pogrom
4539:Chiefs
4529:Braves
4257:Uyghur
4232:Somali
4227:Slavic
4212:Romani
4207:Quebec
4202:Polish
4142:Korean
4103:Canada
4090:Indian
4075:Hazara
4050:Fulani
3961:France
3926:Afghan
3856:Sufism
3585:Audism
3518:Social
3447:Height
3322:
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3222:
3180:
3114:
2990:
2862:
2771:
2744:
2438:, and
2251:threat
2105:autism
1828:sexual
1818:racial
1701:Jewish
1552:Pogrom
1530:Chiefs
1520:Braves
1240:Uyghur
1215:Somali
1210:Slavic
1195:Romani
1190:Quebec
1185:Polish
1125:Korean
1086:Canada
1073:Indian
1058:Hazara
1033:Fulani
944:France
909:Afghan
831:Sufism
552:Audism
483:Social
406:Height
141:
134:
127:
120:
112:
5218:white
4571:Purge
4237:Tatar
4162:Māori
4157:Malay
4115:Irish
4065:Greek
4040:Croat
3998:China
3956:Asian
3836:Islam
3710:White
3457:Looks
3422:Class
3417:Caste
3374:Forms
3220:S2CID
3178:JSTOR
3038:(PDF)
3018:(PDF)
2415:fines
2390:had.
2229:white
1562:Purge
1220:Tatar
1145:Māori
1140:Malay
1098:Irish
1048:Greek
1023:Croat
981:China
939:Asian
811:Islam
677:White
416:Looks
381:Class
376:Caste
323:Forms
146:JSTOR
132:books
5213:male
5012:Bias
4457:LGBT
4242:Thai
4222:Serb
4085:Igbo
3946:Arab
3715:Male
3504:Size
3484:Rank
3320:ISBN
3301:help
3275:ISBN
3247:ISBN
3189:2018
3112:ISBN
3057:2024
2988:ISBN
2860:ISBN
2782:2020
2769:ISBN
2742:ISBN
2738:1575
2396:The
2317:and
2305:had
2224:male
2023:Bias
1448:LGBT
1225:Thai
1205:Serb
1068:Igbo
929:Arab
682:Male
463:Size
443:Rank
243:and
118:news
4816:age
3489:Sex
3412:Age
3212:doi
3170:doi
2413:to
1813:age
448:Sex
371:Age
101:by
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3287:{{
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