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summit the mountain is the
American Robert Wheeler, who was 85 years and 201 days when he summited on 2 October 2014. Maxwell J. Ojerholm of Massachusetts, USA, reached Uhuru Peak, the true summit, unassisted, at the age of ten years, on July 4, 2009, taking the difficult Machame Route. Colin M. Barker of Missouri, USA, later completed the same route at the age of ten years on December 22, 2020. Theodore Margaroli from London, age 10, reached the summit unassisted by the Western Breach, the hardest but most scenic route, in 2019. Despite an age-limit of 10 years for a climbing permit, Keats Boyd from Los Angeles reached the summit on 21 January 2008 at the age of 7. This record was equaled by Montannah Kenney from Texas in March 2018 and again in July 2018 by Coaltan Tanner from New Mexico. The fastest ascent and the fastest round trip have been recorded by the Swiss-Ecuadorian mountain guide
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footsteps in the icy slope. Three days later, they reached the highest summit, on the southern rim of the crater. They were the first to confirm that Kibo has a crater. After descending to the saddle between Kibo and
Mawenzi, Meyer and Purtscheller attempted to climb the more technically challenging Mawenzi but could only reach the top of Klute Peak, a subsidiary peak, before retreating due to illness. On 18 October, they reascended Kibo to enter and study the crater, cresting the rim at Hans Meyers Notch. In total, Meyer and Purtscheller spent 16 days above 4,600 m (15,000 ft) during their expedition. They were accompanied in their high camps by Mwini Amani of
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1802:(HACE), the most severe forms of AMS, can occur. These health risks are increased substantially by excessively fast climbing schedules motivated by high daily national park fees, busy holiday travel schedules, and the lack of permanent shelter on most routes. The six-day Machame route, which involves one day of "climbing high" to Lava Tower (4,630 m (15,190 ft) and "sleeping low" at Barranco Camp (3,976 m (13,044 ft)), may delay the onset of AMS but does not ultimately prevent its occurrence.
1173:, tell how a man named Tone once provoked a god, Ruwa, to bring famine upon the land. The people became angry at Tone, forcing him to flee. Nobody wanted to protect him but a solitary dweller who had stones that turned miraculously into cattle. The dweller bid that Tone never open the stable of the cattle. When Tone did not heed the warning and the cattle escaped, Tone followed them, but the fleeing cattle threw up hills to run on, including Mawenzi and Kibo. Tone finally collapsed on Kibo, ending the pursuit.
1700:
days. The
Lemosho Route can also be continued via the Western-Breach, submitting via the western side of the mountain. The Western Breach is more secluded and avoids the 6-hour midnight ascent to the summit (like other routes). The Rongai is the easiest of the camping routes. The Marangu is also relatively easy, if frequently busy; accommodation is in shared huts. The Lemosho Western-Breach Route commences on the western side of Kilimanjaro at Lemosho and continues to the summit via the Western-Breach Route.
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average annual loss for 1953 to 1989 was 1.4 percent, while the loss rate for 1989 to 2007 was 2.5 percent. Of the ice cover still present in 2000, almost 40 percent had disappeared by 2011. Ice climber Will Gadd noticed differences between his 2014 and 2020 climbs. The glaciers are thinning in addition to losing areal coverage, and do not have active accumulation zones; retreat occurs on all glacier surfaces. Loss of glacier mass is caused by both melting and
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1103:(IUGS) included 'The Pleistocene Kilimanjaro volcano' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organization defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'
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shrinkage of the slope glaciers since the late 19th century. No clear warming trend at the elevation of those glaciers occurred between 1948 and 2005. Although air temperatures at that elevation are always below freezing, solar radiation causes melting on vertical faces. Vertical ice margin walls are a unique characteristic of the summit glaciers and a major place of the shrinkage of the glaciers. They manifest stratifications,
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1791:. A study of people attempting to reach the summit of Kilimanjaro in July and August 2005 found that 61.3 percent succeeded and 77 percent experienced acute mountain sickness (AMS). A retrospective study of 917 persons who attempted to reach the summit via the Lemosho or Machame routes found that 70.4 percent experienced AMS, defined in this study to be headache, nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, or loss of appetite.
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capacity of 28,470. The mountain hikers generated irregular and seasonal jobs for about 11,000 guides, porters, and cooks in 2007. Concerns have been raised about the poor working conditions and inadequate wages of these workers. Due to
Kilimanjaro National Park's popularity as a destination, the Tanzanian government has invested in road infrastructure to improve accessibility. In Tanzania,
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rock together, disrupting the rock stability. At the route's base, rain water has opened new drainages and there is an active, flowing river through the Arrow
Glacier Camp were there has been no water at all for decades. The improper disposal of human waste on the mountain environment has created a health hazard, necessitating the boiling of all water.
1030:, and other ice features. "There is no pathway for the plateau glaciers other than to continuously retreat once their vertical margins are exposed to solar radiation." The Kilimanjaro glaciers have been used for deriving ice core records, including two from the southern icefield. Based on this data, this icefield formed between 1,250 and 1,450 years BP.
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Breach. The slope glaciers retreated rapidly between 1912 and 1953, in response to a sudden shift in climate at the end of the 19th century that made them "drastically out of equilibrium", and more slowly thereafter. Their continuing demise indicates they are still out of equilibrium in response to a constant change in climate over the past century.
1746:. On 13 August 2014, after guiding a party to the summit the previous days, he ran from Umbwe Gate to the top in 4 hours and 56 minutes and returned to the Mweka Gate at 1,630 m (5,350 ft) in a total time of 6 hours, 42 minutes and 24 seconds. Previous records, using the same route, were held by Spanish mountain runner
1337:, Yohani Kinyala Lauwo. Lauwo did not know his own age, nor remember Meyer or Purtscheller. He did recall joining a Kilimanjaro expedition involving a Dutch doctor who lived near the mountain, and that he did not wear shoes during the climb. Lauwo claimed that he had climbed the mountain three times before the beginning of
1809:
was closed for several years, reopening in
December 2007. Now again it officially closed as of January 20th 2024. Due to strong El Niño, the Western Breach has washed down the mountain. This huge runoff has carved new ravines on the slopes and seems to be dislodging the sediment that cements the
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The oldest person to climb Mount
Kilimanjaro is Anne Lorimor, aged 89 years and 37 days, who reached Uhuru Peak at 3:14 p.m. local time on 18 July 2019. The oldest man to summit is American Fred Dishelhorst, who reached the top on 19 July 2017 at the age of 88 years old. The second oldest man to
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generated US$ 51 million in revenue in 2013, the second-most of any
Tanzanian national park. The Tanzania National Parks Authority reported that the park recorded 57,456 tourists during the 2011–12 budget year, of whom 16,425 hiked the mountain; the park's General Management Plan specifies an annual
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made an attempt to climb the mountain. Approaching from the saddle between
Mawenzi and Kibo, Höhnel stopped at 4,950 m (16,240 ft), but Teleki continued until he reached the snow at 5,300 m (17,400 ft). Later in 1887, the German geology professor Hans Meyer reached the lower edge
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There are seven official trekking routes by which to ascend and descend
Kilimanjaro: Lemosho, Lemosho Western-Breach, Machame, Marangu, Mweka, Rongai, Shira, and Umbwe. The Machame route can be completed in six or seven days, Lemosho in six to eight, and the Northern Circuit routes in seven or more
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Kilimanjaro has two distinct rainy seasons, one from March to May and another around November. The northern slopes receive much less rainfall than the southern ones. The lower southern slope receives 800 to 900 mm (31 to 35 in) annually, rising to 1,500 to 2,000 mm (59 to 79 in)
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Records from the Maundi crater at 2,780 m (9,120 ft) indicate that the vegetation of Kilimanjaro has varied over time. Forest vegetation retreated during the Last Glacial Maximum and the ericaceous vegetation belt lowered by 1,500 m (4,900 ft) between 42,000 and 30,000 years ago
1256:
This morning, at 10 o'clock, we obtained a clearer view of the mountains of Jagga, the summit of one of which was covered by what looked like a beautiful white cloud. When I inquired as to the dazzling whiteness, the guide merely called it 'cold' and at once I knew it could be neither more nor less
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In 1989, the organizing committee of the 100-year celebration of the first ascent decided to award posthumous certificates to the African porter-guides who had accompanied Meyer and Purtscheller. One person in pictures or documents of the 1889 expedition was thought to match a living inhabitant of
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The Furtwangler Glacier on Kilimanjaro is a remnant of the ice cap that once covered the mountain. This has retreated dramatically over the last century with over 80 percent glacial retreat. The glacier is named after Walter Furtwangler, who along with Ziegfried Koenig, was the fourth to ascend to
1041:
Almost 85 percent of the ice cover on Kilimanjaro disappeared between October 1912 and June 2011, with coverage decreasing from 11.40 km (4.40 sq mi) to 1.76 km (0.68 sq mi). Between 1912 and 1953, there was about a 1.1 percent average annual loss of ice coverage. The
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In the late 1880s, the summit of Kibo was completely covered by an ice cap about 20 km (7.7 sq mi) in extent with outlet glaciers cascading down the western and southern slopes, and except for the inner cone, the entire caldera was buried. Glacier ice also flowed through the Western
960:. The cap is divergent and at the edges splits into individual glaciers. The central portion of the ice cap is interrupted by the presence of the Kibo crater. The summit glaciers and ice fields do not display significant horizontal movements because their low thickness precludes major deformation.
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in England in 1989 based on the original DOS mapping at a scale of 1:100,000, with 100 ft (30 m) contour intervals, as DOS 522. West Col Productions produced a map with tourist information in 1990, at a scale of 1:75,000, with 100 m (330 ft) contour intervals; it included inset
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Another Chagga legend tells of ivory-filled graves of elephants on the mountain, and of a cow named Rayli that produces miraculous fat from her tail glands. If a man tries to steal such a gland but is too slow in his moves, Rayli will blast a powerful snort and blow the thief down onto the plain.
971:), Second (greater than 360,000 years ago to 240,000 BP), Third (150,000 to 120,000 BP), Fourth (also known as "Main") (20,000 to 17,000 BP), and Little (16,000 to 14,000 BP). The Third may have been the most extensive, and the Little appears to be statistically indistinguishable from the Fourth.
1912:
Kilimanjaro is a snow-covered mountain 19,710 feet high, and is said to be the highest mountain in Africa. Its western summit is called the Masai 'Ngaje Ngai', the House of God. Close to the western summit there is a dried and frozen carcas of a leopard. No one has explained what the leopard was
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in the southeast and the Lengurumani Plain in the northwest. Most of these cones are well preserved, except the Saddle Plateau cones which were heavily affected by glacial action. Despite their mostly small size, lava from the cones has obscured large portions of the mountain. The Saddle Plateau
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for a third attempt. This attempt was based on the establishment of several campsites with food supplies so that multiple attempts at the top could be made without having to descend too far. Meyer and Purtscheller pushed to near the crater rim on 3 October but turned back exhausted from hacking
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In contrast to the persistent slope glaciers, the glaciers on Kilimanjaro's crater plateau have appeared and disappeared repeatedly during the Holocene epoch, with each cycle lasting a few hundred years. It appears that decreasing specific humidity instead of temperature changes has caused the
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Within this caldera is the Inner Cone and within the crater of the Inner Cone is the Reusch Crater, which the Tanganyika government in 1954 named after Gustav Otto Richard Reusch, upon his climbing the mountain for the 25th time (out of 65 attempts during his lifetime). The Ash Pit, 350 m
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According to the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre in Moshi, 25 people died from January 1996 to October 2003 while climbing the mountain. Seventeen were female and eight were male, ranging in age from 29 to 74. Fourteen died from advanced high altitude illness, including one with
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Kilimanjaro is drained by a network of rivers and streams, especially on the wetter and more heavily eroded southern side and especially above 1,200 m (3,900 ft). Below that altitude, increased evaporation and human water usage reduce the water flows. The
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Eigenberger, Paul; Faino, Anna; Maltzahn, Joanne; Lisk, Christina; Frank, Eddie; Frank, Amy; Loomis, Zoe; Schroeder, Thies; Strand, Matthew; Irwin, David (2014). "A Retrospective Study of Acute Mountain Sickness on Mt. Kilimanjaro Using Trekking Company Data".
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A complete disappearance of the ice would be of only "negligible importance" to the water budget of the area around the mountain. The forests of Kilimanjaro, far below the ice fields, "are essential water reservoirs for the local and regional populations".
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The female round trip record is held by Fernanda Maciel from Brazil in a time of 10 hours and 6 minutes. Her ascent time of 7:08 was broken on 23 February 2018 by the Danish ultramarathon runner Kristina Schou Madsen with a time of 6:52:54 from Mweka Gate.
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cut into the ring and the largest of these sits on top of the Great Barranco gorge. Also notable are the East and West Barrancos on the northeastern side of the mountain. Most of the eastern side of the mountain has been removed by erosion. Mawenzi has a
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taken from Kilimanjaro's Northern Ice Field (NIF) indicates that the glaciers there have a basal age of about 11,700 years, although an analysis of ice taken in 2011 from exposed vertical cliffs in the NIF supports an age extending only to 800 years BP.
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may be referring to a 'god or a deity' which protected the mountains from tresspassers. They knew that birds did not fly on the mountain and local travellers would become sick if they ventured too high - we now understand this to be altitude sickness.
1341:. The committee concluded that he had been a member of Meyer's team and therefore must have been born around 1871. Lauwo died on 10 May 1996, 107 years after the first ascent. It is sometimes suggested that he was a co-first-ascendant of Kilimanjaro.
1897:
According to the Tanzania National Parks Authority, the first wedding performed on the mountain below the summit took place on 21 September 2014, when an American couple exchanged vows at Shira 2 Camp. In 2011, a couple exchanged their vows at the
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Kibo is the largest cone on the mountain and is more than 24 km (15 mi) wide at the Saddle Plateau altitude. The last activity here, dated to 150,000–200,000 years ago, created the current Kibo summit crater. Kibo still has gas-emitting
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at 1,500 m (4,900 ft) altitude and peaking "partly over" 3,000 mm (120 in) in the forest belt at 2,000 to 2,300 m (6,600 to 7,500 ft). In the alpine zone, annual precipitation decreases to 200 mm (7.9 in).
763:. The remnant caldera rim has been degraded deeply by erosion. Before the caldera formed and erosion began, Shira might have been between 4,900 and 5,200 m (16,100 and 17,100 ft) high. It is mostly composed of basaltic lavas, with some
3257:
Gabrielli, P.; Hardy, D. R.; Kehrwald, N.; Davis, M.; Cozzi, G.; Turetta, C.; Barbante, C.; Thompson, L. G. (2014). "Deglaciated areas of Kilimanjaro as a source of volcanic trace elements deposited on the ice cap during the late Holocene".
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Schüler, Lisa; Hemp, Andreas; Zech, Wolfgang; Behling, Hermann (2012). "Vegetation, climate and fire-dynamics in East Africa inferred from the Maundi crater pollen record from Mt Kilimanjaro during the last glacial-interglacial cycle".
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accompanied by English geologist Richard Thornton attempted to climb Kibo but "got no farther than 2,500 m (8,200 ft) owing to the inclemency of the weather". In December 1862, von der Decken tried a second time together with
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Cullen, Nicolas J.; Mölg, Thomas; Kaser, Georg; Hussein, Khalid; Steffen, Konrad; Hardy, Douglas R. (2006). "Kilimanjaro Glaciers: Recent areal extent from satellite data and new interpretation of observed 20th-century retreat rates".
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wrote in 1860 that Swahilis along the coast called the mountain Kilimanjaro. Although he did not offer any support, he claimed that Kilimanjaro meant either "mountain of greatness" or "mountain of caravans." Under the latter meaning,
754:
Eruptive activity at the Shira center commenced about 2.5 million years ago, with the last important phase occurring about 1.9 million years ago, just before the northern part of the edifice collapsed. Shira is topped by a broad
734:(DOS) in 1964 based on aerial photography conducted in 1962 as the "Subset of Kilimanjaro, East Africa (Tanganyika) Series Y742, Sheet 56/2, D.O.S. 422 1964, Edition 1, Scale 1:50,000". Tourist mapping was first published by the
1257:
than snow.... Immediately I understood how to interpret the marvelous tales Dr. Krapf and I had heard at the coast, of a vast mountain of gold and silver in the far interior, the approach to which was guarded by evil spirits.
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Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours, During an Eighteen Years' Residence in Eastern Africa: Together with Journeys to Jagga, Usambara, Ukambani, Shoa, Abessinia and Khartum, and a Coasting Voyage from Nombaz to Cape
2189:
Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours, During an Eighteen Years' Residence in Eastern Africa: Together with Journeys to Jagga, Usambara, Ukambani, Shoa, Abessinia and Khartum, and a Coasting Voyage from Nombaz to Cape
1901:
On 26 September 2014, a new world record for the highest-ever cricket match was set when a group of international cricketers played on a flat crater on the mountain at an elevation of 5,730 m (18,800 ft).
4889:
4843:""Making success work for the poor: Package tourism in Northern Tanzania", Overseas Development Institute, authored by Jonathan Mitchell, Jodie Keane, and Jenny Laidlaw, 9 January 2008, accessed 31 July 2015"
1787:, the high elevation, low temperature, and occasional high winds can make Kilimanjaro a difficult trek. Acclimatization is required, and even experienced and physically fit trekkers may suffer some degree of
1252:, Rebmann in 1848 was the first European to report the existence of Kilimanjaro. Hans Meyer has claimed that Rebmann first arrived in Africa in 1846 and quotes Rebmann's diary entry of 11 May 1848 as saying,
1217:
referred to "Egypt nurtured by the snows" and to a spring between two mountains, respectively. One of these mentions two tall mountains in the coastal regions with a valley with traces of fire between them.
739:
maps of Kibo and Mawenzi on 1:20,000 and 1:30,000 scales respectively and with 50 m (160 ft) contour intervals. In recent years, numerous other maps have become available, of various qualities.
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mention a "moon mountain" and a spring lake of the Nile, which may indicate Kilimanjaro, although available historical information does not allow differentiation among others in East Africa like
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approached the summit from the northwest. While Abbott turned back earlier, Ehlers at first claimed to have reached the summit rim, but after severe criticism of the claim, withdrew it.
2756:
4182:"Mr Thornton, I presume?: Everyone has heard of Livingstone, but the name of Richard Thornton, Livingstone's geologist, has been completely forgotten. Richard Boak tells his sad story"
704:
composed of three distinct volcanic cones: Kibo, the highest; Mawenzi at 5,149 m (16,893 ft); and Shira, the lowest at 4,005 m (13,140 ft). Mawenzi and Shira are
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of the ice cap on Kibo, where he was forced to turn back because he lacked the equipment needed to progress across the ice. The following year, Meyer planned another attempt with
921:
cones are mostly cinder cones with terminal effusion of lava, while the Upper Rombo Zone cones mostly generated lava flows. All Saddle Plateau cones predate the last glaciation.
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1277:
became the "first European to reach the equatorial snows" on Kilimanjaro at an elevation of slightly more than 4,000 m (13,000 ft). In June 1887, the Hungarian Count
1232:(1519) that west of Mombasa "stands the Ethiopian Mount Olympus, which is exceedingly high, and beyond it are the Mountains of the Moon, in which are the sources of the Nile".
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1046:. While the current shrinking and thinning of Kilimanjaro's ice fields appear to be unique within its almost twelve-millennium history, it is contemporaneous with widespread
523:
The origin of the name Kilimanjaro is not known, but several theories exist. European explorers had adopted the name by 1860 and reported that Kilimanjaro was the mountain's
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1648:
Snowfall can occur at any time of year but is mostly associated with northern Tanzania's two rainy seasons. Precipitation in the summit area occurs principally as snow and
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2519:
7320:
5603:. USARIEM-TN94-2. US Army Research Inst. of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012
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rising 180 to 200 m (590 to 660 ft) on the south side. These escarpments define a 2.5 km-wide (1.6 mi) caldera caused by the collapse of the summit.
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in 1952. The height has since been measured as 5,892 m (19,331 ft) in 1999, 5,902 m (19,364 ft) in 2008, and 5,899 m (19,354 ft) in 2014.
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Uglietti, Chiara; Zapf, Alexander; Szidat, Sönke; Salazar, Gary; Hardy, Doug; Schwikowski, Margit (2015). "The controversial age of Kilimanjaro's plateau glaciers".
1630:, a regimen stronger on the southern than the northern side of the mountain. The flatter southern flanks are more extended and affect the atmosphere more strongly.
3514:
Kaser, Georg; Mölg, Thomas; Cullen, Nicolas J.; Hardy, Douglas R.; Winkler, Michael (2010). "Is the decline of ice on Kilimanjaro unprecedented in the Holocene?".
974:
A continuous ice cap covering approximately 400 km (150 sq mi) down to an elevation of 3,200 m (10,500 ft) covered Kilimanjaro during the
601:, the proper Swahili word for "mountain." However, "t is ... possible ... that an early European visitor, whose knowledge of was not extensive, changed
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epoch (11,500 years BP) allowed the ice cap to reform. The glaciers survived a widespread drought during a three century period beginning around 4,000 years BP.
130:
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epoch (the Main glacial episode), extending across the summits of Kibo and Mawenzi. Because of the exceptionally prolonged dry conditions during the subsequent
866:
Tephriphonolite to phonolite lavas "characterized by rhomb mega-phenocrysts of sodic feldspars" of the Rhomb Porphyry group, dated to 460,000–360,000 years ago.
4502:
4279:
Discovery of Lakes Rudolf and Stefanie: A Narrative of Count Samuel Teleki's Exploring & Hunting Expedition in Eastern Equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888
4189:
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Joel Meyer (2012). "Twice-Daily Assessment of Trekkers on Kilimanjaro's Machame Route to Evaluate the Incidence and Time-Course of Acute Mountain Sickness".
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Several climbs by disabled people have drawn attention. Wheelchair user Bernard Goosen from South Africa scaled Kilimanjaro in six days in 2007. In 2012,
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1750:(ascent in 5:23:50, round trip 7:14 on 29 September 2010) and by Tanzanian guide Simon Mtuy (an unsupported round trip in 9:21 on 22 February 2006).
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Both Mawenzi and Kibo began erupting about 1 million years ago. They are separated by the Saddle Plateau at 4,400 m (14,400 ft) elevation.
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Kilimanjaro and its People: A History of the Wachagga, Their Laws, Customs and Legends, Together with Some Account of the Highest Mountain in Africa
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833:(1,150 ft) deep, lies within the Reusch Crater. About 100,000 years ago, part of Kibo's crater rim collapsed, creating the area known as the
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Davies, Andrew J.; Kalson, Nicholas S.; Stokes, Suzy; Earl, Mark D.; Whitehead, Adam G.; Frost, Hannah; Tyrell-Marsh, Ian; Naylor, Jon (2009).
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peak). That name was used until Tanzania was formed in 1964, when the summit was renamed Uhuru Peak, meaning "Freedom Peak" in Kiswahili.
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Andrew J. Davies; Nicholas S. Kalson; Suzy Stokes; Mark D. Earl; Adam G. Whitehead; Hannah Frost; Ian Tyrell-Marsh; Jon Naylor (2009).
4156:, published by Nineteenth Century and After, printed by Spottswoode, Ballantine & Co. Ltd., London, June 1916, volume 79, page 879"
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465:
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Apollo, M (2017). "The good, the bad and the ugly–three approaches to the management of human waste in a high-mountain environment".
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1641:(NIF) fall on average to −9 °C (16 °F), with an average daytime high of −4 °C (25 °F). During nights of extreme
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of Mombasa and Johann Krapf were the first Europeans known to have attempted to reach the mountain. According to English geographer
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Through Masai land: a journey of exploration among the snowclad volcanic mountains and strange tribes of eastern equatorial Africa
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and Justin Oliver Davis, summited Kilimanjaro. It took them six days to cover the 56 km (35 mi) distance to the summit.
1618:
The climate of Kilimanjaro is influenced by the height of the mountain, which allows the simultaneous influence of the equatorial
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The Tussock Grassland is an area on the slopes of Mount Kilimanjaro that contains many unique species of vegetation, such as the
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1054:, most of the ice on Kilimanjaro will disappear by 2040, and "it is highly unlikely that any ice body will remain after 2060".
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1502:) is limited to inaccessible valleys and gorges and is different from vegetation at higher altitudes. On the southern slope,
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and ice fields, which are projected to disappear between 2025 and 2035, it has been the subject of many scientific studies.
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The average temperature in the summit area is approximately −7 °C (19 °F). Nighttime surface temperatures on the
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Mark, Bryan G.; Osmaston, Henry A. (2008). "Quaternary glaciation in Africa: Key chronologies and climatic implications".
2011:
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form forests in order of increasing altitude. Between 3,100 m (10,200 ft) and 3,900 m (12,800 ft) lie
468:: 5,895 m (19,341 ft) above sea level and 4,900 m (16,100 ft) above its plateau base. It is also the
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phonolite lavas, "commonly underlain by basal obsidian horizons", of the Lent group, dated to 359,000–337,000 years ago
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Georg Kaser; Thomas Mölg; Nicolas J. Cullen; Douglas R. Hardy; Michael Winkler; Rainer Prinz & Lindsey Nicholson.
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The volcanic interior of Kilimanjaro is poorly known because there has not been any significant erosion to expose the
480:
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529:
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2293:, authored by Johann Ludwig Krapf and Ernest George Ravenstein, Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, London, 1887"
7325:
7260:
2055:"8 Common Mistakes I Wish I Knew Before Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro As A Beginner | How To Climb Mount Kilimanjaro?"
689:
31:
4527:
Hemp, Andreas (2006). "Continuum or zonation? Altitudinal gradients in the forest vegetation of Mt. Kilimanjaro".
2613:
Nonnotte, Philippe; Guillou, Hervé; Le Gall, Bernard; Benoit, Mathieu; Cotten, Joseph; Scaillet, Stéphane (2008).
4321:
Kilimanjaro: A Complete Trekker's Guide: Preparations, Practicalities and Trekking Routes to the 'Roof of Africa'
3148:
Kilimanjaro: A Complete Trekker's Guide: Preparations, practicalities and trekking routes to the 'Roof of Africa'
2787:
Kilimanjaro: A Complete Trekker's Guide: Preparations, practicalities and trekking routes to the 'Roof of Africa'
2265:
2092:(Map) (4th ed.). 1:75,000 with 1:20,000 and 1:30,000 insets. EWP Map Guides. Cartography by EWP. EWP. 2009.
1805:
Falls on steep portions of the mountain and rock slides have killed trekkers. For this reason, the route via the
1688:
1262:
484:
4129:
2087:
1936:
noted that Kilimanjaro is "perhaps the world’s most literary mountain". The mountain is prominently featured in
1414:
have been observed sporadically on the Shira plateau. Specific species associated with the mountain include the
498:
An aerial view of Kilimanjaro, taken while departing Amboseli Airport, showing a larger ice and snow cap in 1979
7285:
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The youngest dated rocks at Mawenzi are about 448,000 years old. Mawenzi forms a horseshoe-shaped ridge with
6167:
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2161:
2147:
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Large animals are rare on Kilimanjaro and are more frequent in the forests and lower parts of the mountain.
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Spink, P. C. (1945). "Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya".
2116:
7290:
6506:
6221:
4368:
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German Contributions to the Cartography of South West and East Africa from Mid-19th Century to World War I
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2001:
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on its northwest and southeast flanks that were formed between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago and erupted
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US Army Research Inst. Of Environmental Medicine Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division Technical Report
5277:
3798:
1823:
1599:
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1476:. Between 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and 1,800 m (5,900 ft), coffee appears as part of the "
1367:
1325:, who named it Hans Meyer Peak. Oehler and Klute went on to make the third-ever ascent of Kibo, via the
1318:
1014:
106:
4250:
2615:"New K Ar age determinations of Kilimanjaro volcano in the North Tanzanian diverging rift, East Africa"
574:, mountain of whiteness, the name given by the Wakamba to Kilimanjaro ..." More correctly, in the
3933:
Kilimanjaro and Its People: A History of Wachagga, their Laws, Customs and Legends, Together with Some
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2016:
1282:
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812:
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6067:"The Screen in Review; 'Snow of Kiliminjaro,' Based on Hemingway's Story, Is New Feature at Rivoli"
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2006:
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The first ascent of the highest summit of Mawenzi was made on 29 July 1912, by the German climbers
1306:
1186:
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917:
649:, it is possible that the name was derived from Wachagga saying that the mountain was unclimbable,
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318:
7183:
4912:"Mt. Kilimanjaro Routes: The Advantages and Disadvantage of All Mount Kilimanjaro Climbing Routes"
3733:
928:, Lake Chala on Kibo's eastern flank was the site of a village that was destroyed by an eruption.
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In 2023, Maria Sakharuk (14 years old) became the youngest ukrainian girl to climb the mountain.
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Natural forests cover about 1,000 km (250,000 acres) on Kilimanjaro. In the foothill area,
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ice cap exists because Kilimanjaro is a little-dissected, massive mountain that rises above the
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A vertical glacier margin wall as seen from Gilman's Point on the crater rim at sunrise in 1998
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tephriphonolite to phonolite lavas of the Caldera Rim group, dated to 274,000–170,000 years ago
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and ridges opening to the northeast, with a tower-like shape resulting from deep erosion and a
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5202:"Girl Who Wanted to 'Be Closer to Her Dad' Becomes Youngest Female to Hike Mount Kilimanjaro"
5188:{{records|title= Youngest person to climb Mount Kilimanjaro via the Western Breach route|url=
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https://www.kilimanjaroparktanzania.com/blog/the-youngest-person-to-climb-mount-kilimanjaro/
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5652:"Determinants of Summiting Success and Acute Mountain Sickness on Mt Kilimanjaro (5895 m)"
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5492:"Determinants of Summiting Success and Acute Mountain Sickness on Mt Kilimanjaro (5895 m)"
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4884:
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2123:
2021:
1996:
1822:, and six with both HACE and HAPE. The remaining eleven deaths resulted from "trauma (3),
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who has no forearms or lower legs, crawled unassisted to the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro.
1717:
1498:
1371:
1295:
1169:, who traditionally lived on the southern and eastern slopes of the mountain in sovereign
1165:
Kilimanjaro is attested to in numerous stories by the people who live in East Africa. The
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5242:
https://www.krqe.com/news/albuquerque-boy-becomes-youngest-ever-to-summit-mt-kilimanjaro/
3708:"'Big pieces' of Kilimanjaro 'missing' due to climate crisis, says ice climber Will Gadd"
1050:
in mid-to-low latitudes across the globe. In 2013, it was estimated that, at the current
840:
An almost continuous layer of lava buries most older geological features, except exposed
5853:
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4587:
4540:
4464:
4109:
3997:
3674:
3657:
Cullen, N. J.; Sirguey, P.; Mölg, T.; Kaser, G.; Winkler, M.; Fitzsimons, S. J. (2013).
3527:
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3455:
Thompson, L. G.; Brecher, H. H.; Mosley-Thompson, E.; Hardy, D. R.; Mark, B. G. (2009).
3432:
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52:
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of 250 to 500 mm (9.8 to 19.7 in) per year and ablates within days or years.
1547:
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1399:
1294:, but the mission was aborted after the pair were held hostage and ransomed during the
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is an ancient Kiswahili word for "shining." Similarly, Krapf wrote that a chief of the
288:
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4277:
3348:"Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa"
2318:
2151:
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A map of the Kibo cone on Mount Kilimanjaro was published by the British government's
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5400:
The youngest Ukrainian woman to conquer Kilimanjaro – setting Ukraine’s all-time high
5399:
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1963:
1806:
1571:
1537:
1387:
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1170:
1166:
1096:
1084:
983:
925:
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790:
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645:, a caravan". Considering that the name Kilimanjaro has never been current among the
548:
meant "caravans." Jim Thompson claimed in 1885, again without support, that the term
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within the Great West Notch and the Kibo Barranco. The former exposes intrusions of
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1951:
1831:
1758:
1521:
1481:
1477:
1291:
1267:
901:
646:
567:
372:
355:
6186:
5861:
5750:
4614:
Hemp, Andreas (2008). "Introduced plants on Kilimanjaro: Tourism and its impact".
1733:
1129:
5601:"Medical Problems in High Mountain Environments. A Handbook for Medical Officers"
3981:
1448:
and, on the western side, wheat are cultivated. There are remnants of the former
7224:
7073:
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7023:
6938:
6898:
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1955:
1933:
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1623:
1614:
A trail runs across the curving side of a dry alpine desert of Mount Kilimanjaro
1577:
1559:
1553:
1338:
1298:. In the autumn of 1888, the American naturalist Abbott and the German explorer
1274:
1194:
1027:
989:, the ice fields on Kilimanjaro may have become extinct around 11,500 years BP.
979:
897:
888:, of the Inner Crater group, which represents the last volcanic activity on Kibo
507:
6157:
3765:"East African glacier loss and climate change: Corrections to the UNEP article
7214:
6988:
6978:
6943:
6923:
6903:
6365:
4635:
4548:
4251:"Baron Carl Claus von der Decken – 1833–1865 – Collectors in East Africa – 31"
2857:
1619:
1486:
1226:
who obtained information about the interior from native caravans, said in his
964:
913:
905:
885:
869:
826:
797:
756:
594:
5518:
4774:
Ian Christie; Eneida Fernandes; Hannah Messerli; Louise Twining-Ward (2014).
3982:"Across East African glaciers: an account of the first ascent of Kilimanjaro"
3692:
3553:
3545:
3115:
3052:. The Center for Volga German Studies at Concordia University. Archived from
3009:
2836:
Wilcockson, W. H. (1956). "Preliminary Notes on the Geology of Kilimanjaro".
560:). He also suggested "though not improbably it may mean" the white mountain.
145:
132:
7219:
6963:
6278:
5974:
5885:"Deaths Due to High Altitude Illness Among Tourists Climbing Mt Kilimanjaro"
5189:
3481:
3374:
1827:
1780:
1587:
1565:
1460:
1445:
1379:
1214:
1210:
957:
776:
723:
lists the height of Uhuru Peak as 5,895 m (19,341 ft), based on a
582:, and this possible derivation has been popular with several investigators.
524:
30:"Kilimanjaro" and "Mawenzi" redirect here. For the administrative ward, see
6851:
5736:
5678:
5585:
5577:
5526:
3500:
3382:
5728:
5041:
3683:
3658:
2712:
1858:
Sign at Uhuru peak, indicating to trekkers that they have reached the top.
1794:
Kilimanjaro's summit is well above the altitude at which life-threatening
1087:
rivers drain Kilimanjaro on the eastern and southern sides, respectively.
863:
cropping out at 4,600 m (15,100 ft), dated to 482,000 years ago.
641:, a bird; or, according to other informants, a leopard; or, possibly from
17:
6475:
5883:
Markus Hauser; Andreas Mueller; Britta Swai; Sendui Ole Nguyaine (2004).
5411:
14-year-old girl conquers Kilimanjaro for first time in Ukraine’s history
5371:"Two double amputees, Hari and Justin, successfully climb Mt Kilimanjaro"
4777:
Tourism in Africa: Harnessing Tourism for Growth and Improved Livelihoods
2919:
The Gregory Rift Valley and Neogene-recent Volcanoes of Northern Tanzania
2572:
1517:
1407:
1391:
1375:
1198:
999:
990:
909:
882:
822:
453:
281:
391:
Mount Kilimanjaro from space, illustrating its diverse vegetation zones.
7128:
7068:
7003:
6983:
6751:
5042:"Kiliwarrior Expeditions – Climb Kilimanjaro and become a Kiliwarrior!"
4660:
Tropical Montane Cloud Forests: Science for Conservation and Management
4125:
3212:
2989:
2455:
1830:(2), cardio-pulmonary failure of other underlying cause (1), and acute
1649:
1645:, the NIF can cool to as low as −15 to −27 °C (5 to −17 °F).
1449:
1395:
1383:
1334:
1311:
1223:
1190:
986:
845:
841:
780:
760:
748:
709:
705:
449:
6648:
3619:
Thompson, L.G.; Davis, M.E. (2007). "ICE CORE RECORDS | Africa".
2257:
1099:
of the East African Rift that maintains a glacier on its summit', the
963:
Geological evidence shows five successive glacial episodes during the
767:. The formation of the caldera was accompanied by lava emanating from
676:
in German following the Kiswahili name components. On 6 October 1889,
657:, and porters misinterpreting this as being the name of the mountain.
7229:
7123:
6297:
5046:
Kiliwarrior Expeditions – Climb Kilimanjaro and become a Kiliwarrior!
4704:
Kiliwarrior Expeditions – Climb Kilimanjaro and become a Kiliwarrior!
4005:
3324:
2678:
2141:
2103:
1661:
Bushland / Lower Slope:, 800 to 1,800 m (2,600 to 5,900 ft)
1472:
1454:
1374:
are among the animals that can be potentially hazardous to trekkers.
1305:
In 1889, Meyer returned to Kilimanjaro with the Austrian mountaineer
1119:
Two of Kilimanjaro's volcanic cones: Kibo (left) and Mawenzi (right).
801:
379:
68:
4732:
Ghazali Musa; James Higham; Anna Thompson-Carr, eds. (5 June 2015).
4117:
4091:
2981:
2447:
1966:
climbed the mountain in a rubber rhinoceros suit to raise money for
1541:
grow, as well as fog-dependent mosses. On the drier northern slopes
589:
is Swahili for "mountain." The problem with this assumption is that
5945:"Couple marries on top of Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's highest peak"
4694:
4692:
1667:
Heather / Moorland: 2,800 to 4,000 m (9,200 to 13,100 ft)
5430:(USARIEM-TN-04-05). Archived from the original on 14 February 2016
4657:
L. A. Bruijnzeel; F. N. Scatena; L. S. Hamilton (6 January 2011).
1784:
1732:
1609:
1542:
1441:
1431:
1411:
1403:
1353:
1147:
1136:
1128:
1069:
1032:
1004:
943:
935:
811:
794:
506:
493:
466:
highest single free-standing mountain above sea level in the world
386:
6187:
Glacial Recession on Kilimanjaro (pictures of southern icefields)
3580:
Vijay P. Singh; Pratap Singh; Umesh K. Haritashya (1 July 2011).
2512:"Mount Kilimanjaro Volcanic Cones: Shira, Kibo And Mawenzi Peaks"
825:
in its crater. Kibo is capped by an almost symmetrical cone with
6213:
4814:"The official site of the Tanzania National Parks – Latest news"
1834:(1). The overall mortality rate was 13.6 per 100,000 climbers."
1819:
1815:
1626:, and by the isolated position of the mountain. Kilimanjaro has
1513:
1436:
The cloud forest on the Marangu route on the south eastern slope
721:
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
6855:
6652:
6479:
6217:
3659:"A century of ice retreat on Kilimanjaro: the mapping reloaded"
3019:. U.S. Department of the Interior. pp. G61, G58, G59 G62.
2711:
Pascal Sirguey, Nicolas J. Cullen and Jorge Filipe Dos Santos.
1670:
Alpine Desert: 4,000 to 5,000 m (13,000 to 16,000 ft)
570:, whom he visited in 1849, "had been to Jagga and had seen the
487:
and is a major hiking and climbing destination. Because of its
660:
An alternative explanation suggested by several sources, that
5889:
Proceedings of the 2004 South African Travel Medicine Society
4092:"A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa"
3901:"THE GEOGRAPHY PEOPLE AND MYTHOLOGY OF AFRICA'S HIGHEST PEAK"
1314:, who cooked and supplied the sites with water and firewood.
434:
5301:
Swiss Sets New Kilimanjaro Fastest Ascent And Descent Record
4428:
Kilimanjaro & East Africa: A Climbing and Trekking Guide
4051:
Kilimanjaro & East Africa: A Climbing and Trekking Guide
2713:"The New Digital Orthometric Elevation Model of Kilimanjaro"
3189:"Ueber die Gesteine des Kilimandscharo und dessen Umgebung"
1017:, which is 70 km (43 mi) away, in the background.
924:
According to reports gathered in the 19th century from the
715:
Uhuru Peak is the highest summit on Kibo's crater rim. The
440:
422:
3003:
3001:
2999:
1779:
Though the climb is not technically as challenging as the
1764:
In 2020, a team featuring two double above-knee amputees,
1664:
Rainforest: 1,800 to 2,800 m (5,900 to 9,200 ft)
431:
6198:
1673:
Arctic: 5,000 to 5,895 m (16,404 to 19,341 ft).
940:
An aerial view of the Kibo summit of Kilimanjaro in 1938.
416:
410:
6005:"Cricketers play on Kilimanjaro to set new world record"
2955:
2953:
2951:
759:
at 3,800 m (12,500 ft), which may be a filled
5915:"American couple to exchange vows on Mount Kilimanjaro"
5097:"Anne Lorimor breaks record twice on Mount Kilimanjaro"
3734:"'Hiking Adventures In East Africa's Tallest Mountains"
3079:
The Power of Purpose: Find Meaning, Live Longer, Better
2348:
Krapf, Johann Ludwig; Ernest George Ravenstein (1860).
2186:
Krapf, Johann Ludwig; Ernest George Ravenstein (1860).
1185:
The mountain may have been known to non-Africans since
533:
also records the name of the mountain as Kilima-Njaro.
5975:"More couples exchange marriage vows on Africa's roof"
4253:. Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
1270:, reaching a height of 4,300 m (14,000 ft).
552:"has generally been understood to mean" the mountain (
2355:. Trübner and Company, Paternoster Row. p. 544.
2193:. Trübner and Company, Paternoster Row. p. 255.
2048:
2046:
633:"that which has become difficult or impossible." The
425:
407:
404:
4880:"Kilimanjaro airport upgrade to double its capacity"
4152:""Kilimanjaro", authored by Sir. H. H. Johnston, in
437:
413:
7197:
7172:
6889:
6830:
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6792:
6773:
6743:
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6570:
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680:reached the highest summit on the crater ridge of
4964:"Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro on the Lemosho Route"
4938:"Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro on the Machame Route"
4727:
4725:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3182:
3180:
2753:Engaging the Challenges – Enhancing the Relevance
6209:Aerial photographs of Mount Kilimanjaro, 1937–38
4990:"Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro on the Rongai Route"
4609:
4607:
4605:
3457:"Glacier loss on Kilimanjaro continues unabated"
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
2960:Gillman, C. (1923). "An Ascent of Kilimanjaro".
1696:also serves as an important transportation hub.
809:, Neumann Tower, 4,425 m (14,518 ft).
4568:
4566:
4522:
4520:
3461:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3193:Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen
2744:Pascal SRIGUEY & Nicolas J. CULLEN (2014).
1910:
1254:
816:An aerial view of Kilimanjaro in December 2009.
5842:International Journal of Environmental Studies
3865:"The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites"
2831:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2779:
2777:
2622:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2222:1907 Nuttall Encyclopædia of General Knowledge
1874:as the first European to "conquer" Kilimanjaro
779:one at the northwest end of the ridge and the
751:strata that comprise the volcano's structure.
621:." A different approach is to assume that the
6867:
6664:
6491:
6229:
5278:Where in the World Did Karl Egloff Come From?
2755:. FIG Congress 2014. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
593:actually means "hill" and is, therefore, the
8:
5465:"Prepare yourself for the Kilimanjaro climb"
3872:IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage
2922:. Geological Society of London. p. 56.
2746:"A Century of Photogrammetry on Kilimanjaro"
2251:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
1716:Kilimanjaro as seen from the tourist hub of
1595:because of the drier and colder conditions.
1484:. Native vegetation at this altitude range (
948:Kilimanjaro's glaciers retreat in 1912–2018.
668:In the 1880s, the mountain became a part of
625:part of Kilimanjaro comes from the Kichagga
6034:
6032:
6030:
5566:Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
4837:
4835:
4769:
4767:
4663:. Cambridge University Press. p. 136.
4313:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
1261:In August 1861, the Prussian officer Baron
996:Higher precipitation rates at the beginning
6874:
6860:
6852:
6671:
6657:
6649:
6498:
6484:
6476:
6403:
6331:
6236:
6222:
6214:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5072:"Oldest person to climb Mount Kilimanjaro"
4311:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
3652:
3650:
3648:
3122:. Oregon State University. 25 April 2011.
2706:
2704:
1958:wrote about his ascent in the short story
1101:International Union of Geological Sciences
113:
92:
75:
42:
7240:Saint Helena, Ascension, Tristan da Cunha
5422:Muza, SR; Fulco, CS; Cymerman, A (2004).
5190:http://www.ventique.co.uk/kilimanjaro.jpg
5166:. Climb Kilimanjaro Guide. Archived from
4495:"Kinyongia tavetana (STEINDACHNER, 1891)"
3682:
3586:. Springer Science & Business Media.
3535:
3490:
3480:
3421:EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts
3314:
1628:daily upslope and nightly downslope winds
1152:First aerial photograph of Kibo taken by
719:, a Tanzanian government agency, and the
308:Kilimanjaro map and guide by Wielochowski
247:
214:
181:
7321:First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4353:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3010:"Glaciers of the Middle East and Africa"
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
1329:, and descended via the Western Breach.
5499:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
4369:"Meyer And Purtscheller Were Not Alone"
3151:. Cicerone Press Limited. p. 100.
2181:
2179:
2042:
1846:Caution signs at the Machamé trailhead.
1836:
1581:, until 4,500 m (14,800 ft).
27:Mountain in Tanzania, highest in Africa
6092:"Up Kilimanjaro with the Adams Family"
6065:Crowther, Bosley (19 September 1952).
6015:from the original on 29 September 2014
5821:from the original on 27 September 2011
5811:"Lava Tower en route to Barranco Camp"
5625:
5614:
5441:
5351:Woman Sets Speed Record Up Kilimanjaro
5253:
5251:
5249:
4966:. Climbing Kilimanjaro. Archived from
4794:from the original on 19 September 2015
4505:from the original on 19 September 2015
4162:from the original on 19 September 2015
3807:
3796:
3706:Zeinab, Noura Abou (15 October 2020).
3583:Encyclopedia of Snow, Ice and Glaciers
3083:. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. p.
2790:. Cicerone Press Limited. p. 33.
2400:. University of Technology Darmstadt.
2325:. California Institute of Technology.
2262:Department of Language and Linguistics
848:. Kibo has five main lava formations:
460:— Kibo, Mawenzi and Shira — it is the
7220:French Southern & Antarctic Lands
6041:"Up the Mountain Slowly, Very Slowly"
5895:from the original on 17 November 2015
5659:Wilderness and Environmental Medicine
5325:Background information on Kilimanjaro
4752:from the original on 23 February 2017
4677:from the original on 24 February 2017
4371:. Tanzanian Affairs. 1 January 1990.
4338:from the original on 24 February 2017
4231:from the original on 23 February 2017
4192:from the original on 24 February 2016
4028:from the original on 23 February 2017
3950:from the original on 23 February 2017
3845:from the original on 23 February 2017
3828:The Conservation of Mount Kilimanjaro
3600:from the original on 23 February 2017
3165:from the original on 23 February 2017
2936:from the original on 23 February 2017
2804:from the original on 23 February 2017
2359:from the original on 23 February 2017
2299:from the original on 23 February 2017
2264:. Dar Es Salaam: University College.
2197:from the original on 16 February 2017
2082:
2080:
1946:. The short story was adapted into a
775:. Two cones formed subsequently, the
481:fourth most topographically prominent
345:Between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago
7:
6122:"Kilimanjaro: To The Roof Of Africa"
5717:High Altitude Medicine & Biology
5696:from the original on 8 December 2015
5544:from the original on 8 December 2015
3881:from the original on 27 October 2022
3785:from the original on 15 October 2014
3227:from the original on 23 January 2018
2659:from the original on 15 January 2019
2522:from the original on 5 November 2021
2491:from the original on 3 December 2013
2329:from the original on 23 January 2016
1095:In respect of it being 'the highest
5985:from the original on 6 October 2014
5955:from the original on 6 October 2014
5052:from the original on 3 January 2019
5022:from the original on 16 August 2015
4710:from the original on 3 January 2019
4475:from the original on 3 January 2019
4469:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
3930:Charles Dundas (12 November 2012).
3732:Nkonge, Peninah (15 October 2022).
3017:U.S. Geological Professional Survey
2268:from the original on 6 October 2007
1973:An IMAX film documenting an ascent—
1209:, and Kilimanjaro. Before Ptolemy,
1058:the summit of Kilimanjaro in 1912.
111:5,510 km (3,420 mi)
90:5,895 m (19,341 ft)
73:5,895 m (19,341 ft)
7306:Volcanoes of the Great Rift Valley
5212:from the original on 12 April 2018
4892:from the original on 17 April 2022
4700:"Information about Mt Kilimanjaro"
4432:. The Mountaineers Books. p.
4055:. The Mountaineers Books. p.
3621:Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science
2689:from the original on 19 April 2012
2319:"Perspective with Landsat Overlay"
2228:from the original on 17 April 2015
1975:Kilimanjaro: To The Roof Of Africa
1960:Up the Mountain Coming Down Slowly
783:Platzkegel in the caldera center.
194:Kilimanjaro's location in Tanzania
25:
6204:Kilimanjaro flora picture gallery
6132:from the original on 25 June 2024
6102:from the original on 25 June 2024
5791:from the original on 25 June 2024
5761:from the original on 25 June 2024
5381:from the original on 25 June 2024
5331:from the original on 16 July 2015
4944:from the original on 23 June 2017
4878:Ihucha, Adam (28 November 2015).
4859:from the original on 4 March 2016
4375:from the original on 17 July 2015
4318:Alex Stewart (9 September 2010).
4276:Ludwig Ritter von Höhnel (1894).
4257:from the original on 16 July 2015
4132:from the original on 25 June 2024
3744:from the original on 25 June 2024
3126:from the original on 18 July 2015
3026:from the original on 28 July 2012
2890:from the original on 25 June 2024
2762:from the original on 21 July 2015
2725:from the original on 4 March 2016
2407:from the original on 17 July 2015
2089:Kilimanjaro Map and tourist Guide
2065:from the original on 25 June 2024
1694:Kilimanjaro International Airport
1684:Mount Kilimanjaro climbing routes
1575:bush and heathlands, followed by
717:Tanzania National Parks Authority
637:part would "then be derived from
7311:Important Bird Areas of Tanzania
7184:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
6954:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6823:(4,750 m or 15,584 ft)
6804:(4,661 m or 15,292 ft)
6785:(5,149 m or 16,893 ft)
6765:(4,545 m or 14,911 ft)
6755:(5,193 m or 17,037 ft)
6736:(5,636 m or 18,491 ft)
6717:(6,795 m or 22,293 ft)
6698:(8,586 m or 28,169 ft)
6441:(4,509 m or 14,793 ft)
6420:(4,884 m or 16,024 ft)
6392:(4,892 m or 16,050 ft)
6369:(4,810 m or 15,781 ft)
6348:(5,642 m or 18,510 ft)
6320:(5,893 m or 19,334 ft)
6301:(6,198 m or 20,335 ft)
6282:(6,962 m or 22,841 ft)
6263:(8,848 m or 29,029 ft)
6039:Bissell, Tom (28 October 2007).
5785:Western Breach Route Kilimanjaro
5424:"Altitude Acclimatization Guide"
4996:from the original on 1 July 2015
4918:from the original on 1 July 2015
4395:"The Old Man of Mt. Kilimanjaro"
3907:. 2 January 2018. Archived from
3738:Sunrise Africa Tours and Safaris
2685:. UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
2642:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.12.042
1886:Kilimanjaro's summit, Uhuru peak
1879:
1870:Memorial recognizing the German
1863:
1851:
1839:
1705:
1108:
400:
246:
239:
213:
206:
180:
173:
51:
7276:Geography of Kilimanjaro Region
6842:(2,195 m or 7,201 ft)
6639:(4,285 m / 14,058 ft)
6620:(4,367 m / 14,327 ft)
6601:(5,610 m / 18,406 ft)
6582:(5,636 m / 18,491 ft)
6563:(5,642 m / 18,510 ft)
6544:(5,895 m / 19,341 ft)
6525:(6,893 m / 22,615 ft)
6462:(2,228 m or 7,310 ft)
5327:. Climb Mount Kilimanjaro Ltd.
5123:"Oldest man climbs Kilimanjaro"
4816:. 16 March 2014. Archived from
4596:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.02.003
3825:William Dubois Newmark (1991).
3280:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.03.007
2510:Sharaf, Yasir (24 March 2016).
2053:Sharaf, Yasir (26 April 2022).
1189:. Sailors' reports recorded by
771:, but there was no large-scale
732:Directorate of Overseas Surveys
700:Kilimanjaro is a large dormant
5671:10.1580/1080-6032-020.004.0311
5511:10.1580/1080-6032-020.004.0311
4401:. Another Land. Archived from
3629:10.1016/B0-44-452747-8/00351-3
3145:Alex Stewart (23 April 2012).
3075:Richard Leider (10 May 2010).
2784:Alex Stewart (23 April 2012).
2126:, NASA Earth Observatory, 2016
1585:have been observed, including
967:period, namely First (500,000
859:of the Lava Tower group, on a
57:View of Kibo (5892 m) in 2006.
1:
6199:Mount Kilimanjaro live webcam
5862:10.1080/00207233.2016.1227225
5160:"Amazing Kilimanjaro Records"
4501:. Zoological Museum Hamburg.
3936:. Routledge. pp. 84–88.
3295:Journal of Quaternary Science
2718:. CEUR Workshop Proceedings.
2012:List of volcanoes in Tanzania
1796:high altitude pulmonary edema
1091:IUGS geological heritage site
483:peak on Earth. It is part of
7225:Heard & McDonald Islands
5310:at climbkilimanjaroguide.com
4465:"Climbing Mount Kilimanjaro"
3046:"Gustav Otto Richard Reusch"
2553:Geophysical Research Letters
2381:, 2nd edition. Bradt Guides.
2258:"The Meaning of Kilimanjaro"
1800:high altitude cerebral edema
1281:and the Austrian Lieutenant
1009:Vertical margin wall of the
36:Kilimanjaro (disambiguation)
7316:Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
7296:Stratovolcanoes of Tanzania
7281:Highest points of countries
4992:. Mount Kilimanjaro Guide.
4940:. Mount Kilimanjaro Guide.
4914:. Mount Kilimanjaro Guide.
4780:. World Bank Publications.
4399:The Honeyguide: Summer 2000
4282:. Longmans, Green. p.
3767:Africa without ice and snow
3346:Thompson, Lonnie G (2002).
3187:J. Shearson Hyland (1889).
2679:"Kilimanjaro National Park"
1273:In August 1871, missionary
7342:
7271:Five-thousanders of Africa
4576:Quaternary Science Reviews
4324:. Cicerone Press Limited.
3831:. IUCN. pp. 105–106.
3260:Quaternary Science Reviews
3235:– via Springer Link.
2916:John Barry Dawson (2008).
2256:Hutchinson, J. A. (1965).
1913:seeking at that altitude.
1737:Uhuru Peak, December 2020.
1681:
1362:against Mount Kilimanjaro.
1220:Martín Fernández de Enciso
881:Phonolite lava flows with
527:name. The 1907 edition of
462:highest mountain in Africa
227:Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa)
32:Mawenzi (Moshi Urban ward)
29:
5448:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5267:at fastest known time.com
4636:10.1007/s11258-007-9356-z
4549:10.1007/s11258-005-9049-4
4424:Cameron M. Burns (2006).
4217:. Routledge. p. 20.
4211:Dundas, Charles (2012) .
4047:Cameron M. Burns (2006).
2858:10.1017/S0016756800066590
2469:Dangar, D. F. O. (1965).
1689:Kilimanjaro National Park
1402:have also been reported.
1263:Karl Klaus von der Decken
585:Others have assumed that
511:The historical map with "
485:Kilimanjaro National Park
260:Mount Kilimanjaro (Earth)
166:
50:
6939:Central African Republic
6883:Highest points of Africa
6192:15 February 2011 at the
6182:NASA Earth Explorer page
6163:Global Volcanism Program
5787:. Climbing Kilimanjaro.
5076:guinnessworldrecords.com
4097:The Geographical Journal
3546:10.1177/0959683610369498
2962:The Geographical Journal
2428:The Geographical Journal
2287:Thomson, Joseph (1887).
2160:. Lexico. Archived from
2122:10 February 2017 at the
2117:The Zones of Kilimanjaro
1943:The Snows of Kilimanjaro
1925:The Snows of Kilimanjaro
1922:in his 1936 short story
1240:The German missionaries
1222:, a Spanish traveler to
837:and the Great Barranco.
629:"that which defeats" or
609:by analogy with the two
530:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
6168:Smithsonian Institution
5599:Cymerman, A; Rock, PB.
5356:9 December 2018 at the
5263:9 December 2018 at the
5164:Mount Kilimanjaro Facts
5101:ultimatekilimanjaro.com
4014:2027/hvd.32044009699778
3482:10.1073/pnas.0906029106
3375:10.1126/science.1073198
2377:Briggs, Philip (1996).
2148:Oxford University Press
1977:—was released in 2002.
912:. They reach as far as
892:Kibo has more than 250
712:and could erupt again.
7301:Volcanic Seven Summits
6507:Volcanic Seven Summits
5781:"Western Breach Route"
5635:CS1 maint: unfit URL (
5624:Cite journal requires
5578:10.3357/ASEM.4037.2014
5018:. Kilimanjaro Routes.
4735:Mountaineering Tourism
3806:Cite journal requires
3623:. pp. 1220–1225.
1970:conservation efforts.
1915:
1906:In literature and film
1738:
1622:and the high altitude
1615:
1437:
1363:
1360:Amboseli National Park
1300:Otto Ehrenfried Ehlers
1259:
1157:
1145:
1134:
1075:
1052:rate of global warming
1038:
1018:
949:
941:
817:
520:
499:
392:
297:Eastern Rift mountains
34:. For other uses, see
7266:Mountains of Tanzania
7099:São Tomé and Príncipe
6959:Republic of the Congo
6098:. 24 September 2014.
6011:. 26 September 2014.
5981:. 24 September 2014.
5951:. 22 September 2014.
5729:10.1089/ham.2012.1024
5375:www.southasiatime.com
5321:"Kilimanjaro records"
4154:The Twentieth Century
3905:www.secretcompass.com
3684:10.5194/tc-7-419-2013
2880:"Kilimanjaro Geology"
2471:"Dangar Alpine Notes"
2144:UK English Dictionary
1824:myocardial infarction
1736:
1613:
1600:water holding cabbage
1526:Podocarpus latifolius
1435:
1357:
1248:and English explorer
1151:
1140:
1132:
1073:
1036:
1008:
947:
939:
815:
696:Geology and geography
686:Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze
544:meant "mountain" and
510:
497:
390:
5757:. 17 December 2019.
5306:19 July 2018 at the
5283:1 April 2015 at the
4820:on 24 September 2015
4499:The Reptile Database
2573:10.1029/2006GL027084
2323:SRTM TANZANIA IMAGES
2224:. fromoldbooks.org.
2216:Wood, James (1907).
2158:"Kilimanjaro, Mount"
2137:"Kilimanjaro, Mount"
2017:Little Penck Glacier
1940:'s 1936 short story
1236:European exploration
976:Last Glacial Maximum
197:Show map of Tanzania
146:3.07583°S 37.35333°E
7176:limited recognition
6680:Seven Third Summits
5854:2017IJEnS..74..129A
4628:2008PlEco.197...17H
4588:2012QSRv...39....1S
4541:2006PlEco.184...27H
4471:. Ascend Tanzania.
4405:on 25 November 2014
4110:1900GeogJ..15..453M
3998:1891Natur..44..149.
3980:Hans Meyer (1891).
3675:2013TCry....7..419C
3528:2010Holoc..20.1079K
3473:2009PNAS..10619770T
3433:2015EGUGA..17.5091U
3367:2002Sci...298..589T
3307:2008JQS....23..589M
3272:2014QSRv...93....1G
3205:1889ZKMP...10..203S
3008:Young, James A. T.
2974:1923GeogJ..61....1G
2884:Tranquil Kilimajaro
2850:1956GeoM...93..218W
2838:Geological Magazine
2683:World Heritage List
2634:2008JVGR..173...99N
2565:2006GeoRL..3316502C
2516:XPATS International
2440:1945GeogJ.106..210S
2142:Oxford Dictionaries
2059:XPATS International
2007:Great Penck Glacier
2002:Furtwängler Glacier
1643:radiational cooling
1509:Ocotea usambarensis
1307:Ludwig Purtscheller
1197:, the mountains of
1154:Walter Mittelholzer
1133:Kilimanjaro in 1911
1074:A 3D model of Kibo.
537:Johann Ludwig Krapf
479:Kilimanjaro is the
366:Ludwig Purtscheller
142: /
6071:The New York Times
6045:The New York Times
5463:R. Stoppelenburg.
5258:Route: Kilimanjaro
4186:www.geolsoc.org.uk
4088:Mackinder, Halford
3911:on 5 November 2021
3400:on 5 February 2012
3213:10.1007/BF02993444
3056:on 24 October 2015
2478:The Alpine Journal
1739:
1722:Kilimanjaro Region
1639:Northern Ice Field
1616:
1532:Hagenia abyssinica
1438:
1421:Kinyongia tavetana
1418:and the chameleon
1364:
1319:Eduard Hans Oehler
1229:Summa de Geografía
1207:Rwenzori Mountains
1158:
1146:
1135:
1076:
1039:
1019:
950:
942:
818:
773:explosive activity
670:German East Africa
521:
517:German East Africa
500:
489:shrinking glaciers
474:Eastern Hemisphere
393:
360:6 October 1889 by
278:Kilimanjaro Region
230:Show map of Africa
151:-3.07583; 37.35333
63:Highest point
7326:Dormant volcanoes
7261:Mount Kilimanjaro
7248:
7247:
7203:other territories
6974:Equatorial Guinea
6849:
6848:
6766:
6646:
6645:
6541:Mount Kilimanjaro
6473:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6376:
6375:
6317:Mount Kilimanjaro
5925:on 6 October 2014
5572:(11): 1125–1129.
5360:at gearjunkie.com
5208:. 10 April 2018.
5206:Good News Network
4787:978-1-4648-0197-6
4745:978-1-317-66874-9
4670:978-1-139-49455-7
4443:978-0-89886-604-9
4331:978-1-84965-071-7
4224:978-1-136-24940-2
4066:978-0-89886-604-9
3992:(1129): 149–150.
3943:978-1-136-24940-2
3838:978-2-8317-0070-0
3638:978-0-444-52747-9
3593:978-90-481-2641-5
3361:(5593): 589–593.
3158:978-1-84965-622-1
3094:978-1-60509-527-1
2929:978-1-86239-267-0
2797:978-1-84965-622-1
2379:Guide to Tanzania
1789:altitude sickness
1416:Kilimanjaro shrew
1358:Elephants at the
1327:Drygalski Glacier
1283:Ludwig von Höhnel
1246:Halford Mackinder
1203:Virunga Mountains
1143:National Archives
519:in the year 1888.
396:Mount Kilimanjaro
385:
384:
263:Show map of Earth
254:Mount Kilimanjaro
221:Mount Kilimanjaro
188:Mount Kilimanjaro
101:
46:Mount Kilimanjaro
16:(Redirected from
7333:
6891:Sovereign states
6876:
6869:
6862:
6853:
6758:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6650:
6500:
6493:
6486:
6477:
6459:Mount Kosciuszko
6404:
6332:
6238:
6231:
6224:
6215:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6118:
6112:
6111:
6109:
6107:
6088:
6082:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6053:
6051:
6036:
6025:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6001:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5971:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5960:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5921:. Archived from
5911:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5900:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5798:
5796:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5747:
5741:
5740:
5712:
5706:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5695:
5656:
5647:
5641:
5640:
5633:
5627:
5622:
5620:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5596:
5590:
5589:
5560:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5549:
5543:
5496:
5487:
5481:
5480:
5478:
5476:
5471:on 19 March 2009
5467:. Archived from
5460:
5454:
5453:
5447:
5439:
5437:
5435:
5419:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5397:
5391:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5367:
5361:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5317:
5311:
5298:
5292:
5274:
5268:
5255:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5228:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5198:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5156:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5119:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5093:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5068:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5038:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4986:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4897:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4858:
4847:
4839:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4771:
4762:
4761:
4759:
4757:
4729:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4696:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4682:
4654:
4648:
4647:
4611:
4600:
4599:
4570:
4561:
4560:
4524:
4515:
4514:
4512:
4510:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4480:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4450:
4431:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4410:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4365:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4315:
4288:
4287:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4054:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4006:10.1038/044149b0
3977:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3869:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3809:
3804:
3802:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3784:
3773:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3703:
3697:
3696:
3686:
3654:
3643:
3642:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3577:
3566:
3565:
3539:
3522:(7): 1079–1091.
3511:
3505:
3504:
3494:
3484:
3452:
3437:
3436:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3393:. Archived from
3352:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3325:10.1002/jqs.1222
3318:
3301:(6–7): 589–608.
3290:
3284:
3283:
3254:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3170:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3082:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3025:
3014:
3005:
2994:
2993:
2957:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2913:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2833:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2781:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2750:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2658:
2619:
2610:
2585:
2584:
2547:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2490:
2484:(310–311): 328.
2475:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2434:(5/6): 210–216.
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2391:Demhardt, I. J.
2388:
2382:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2304:
2284:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2253:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2183:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2154:on 16 July 2015.
2150:. Archived from
2133:
2127:
2114:
2108:
2107:
2106:on 17 July 2015.
2102:. Archived from
2084:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2050:
2032:Southeast Africa
2027:Sacred mountains
1992:Barranco Glacier
1987:Balletto Glacier
1938:Ernest Hemingway
1928:
1920:Ernest Hemingway
1883:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1766:Hari Budha Magar
1729:Climbing records
1709:
1678:Tourism industry
1520:; farther up in
1452:vegetation with
1242:Johannes Rebmann
1112:
857:tephriphonolites
800:. Several large
708:, while Kibo is
576:Kikamba language
556:) of greatness (
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
375:
291:
264:
250:
249:
243:
231:
217:
216:
210:
198:
184:
183:
177:
157:
156:
154:
153:
152:
147:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
118:
117:
99:
97:
96:
80:
79:
55:
43:
21:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7286:Moshi, Tanzania
7251:
7250:
7249:
7244:
7202:
7193:
7175:
7168:
6885:
6880:
6850:
6845:
6826:
6807:
6788:
6769:
6739:
6733:Pico de Orizaba
6720:
6701:
6682:
6677:
6647:
6642:
6623:
6604:
6585:
6579:Pico de Orizaba
6566:
6547:
6528:
6522:Ojos del Salado
6509:
6504:
6474:
6465:
6444:
6423:
6395:
6372:
6351:
6323:
6304:
6285:
6266:
6247:
6242:
6194:Wayback Machine
6172:
6170:
6156:
6152:
6150:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6105:
6103:
6090:
6089:
6085:
6075:
6073:
6064:
6063:
6059:
6049:
6047:
6038:
6037:
6028:
6018:
6016:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5988:
5986:
5973:
5972:
5968:
5958:
5956:
5943:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5926:
5913:
5912:
5908:
5898:
5896:
5882:
5881:
5877:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5824:
5822:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5794:
5792:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5764:
5762:
5751:"Machame Route"
5749:
5748:
5744:
5714:
5713:
5709:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5654:
5649:
5648:
5644:
5634:
5623:
5613:
5606:
5604:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5562:
5561:
5557:
5547:
5545:
5541:
5494:
5489:
5488:
5484:
5474:
5472:
5462:
5461:
5457:
5440:
5433:
5431:
5421:
5420:
5416:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5394:
5384:
5382:
5369:
5368:
5364:
5358:Wayback Machine
5348:
5344:
5334:
5332:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5308:Wayback Machine
5299:
5295:
5285:Wayback Machine
5275:
5271:
5265:Wayback Machine
5256:
5247:
5240:
5236:
5229:
5225:
5215:
5213:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5187:
5183:
5173:
5171:
5170:on 17 July 2015
5158:
5157:
5142:
5132:
5130:
5121:
5120:
5116:
5106:
5104:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5080:
5078:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5055:
5053:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5025:
5023:
5016:"Marangu Route"
5014:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4997:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4971:
4970:on 26 June 2017
4962:
4961:
4957:
4947:
4945:
4936:
4935:
4931:
4921:
4919:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4885:The EastAfrican
4877:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4812:
4811:
4807:
4797:
4795:
4788:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4755:
4753:
4746:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4713:
4711:
4698:
4697:
4690:
4680:
4678:
4671:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4613:
4612:
4603:
4572:
4571:
4564:
4526:
4525:
4518:
4508:
4506:
4493:
4492:
4488:
4478:
4476:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4448:
4446:
4444:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4408:
4406:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4378:
4376:
4367:
4366:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4332:
4317:
4316:
4291:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4225:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4195:
4193:
4188:. August 2011.
4180:
4179:
4175:
4165:
4163:
4150:
4149:
4145:
4135:
4133:
4118:10.2307/1774261
4086:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4031:
4029:
3979:
3978:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3944:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3884:
3882:
3878:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3858:
3848:
3846:
3839:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3805:
3795:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3716:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3656:
3655:
3646:
3639:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3594:
3579:
3578:
3569:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3467:(47): 19770–5.
3454:
3453:
3440:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3316:10.1.1.529.4209
3292:
3291:
3287:
3256:
3255:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3186:
3185:
3178:
3168:
3166:
3159:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3129:
3127:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3059:
3057:
3044:
3043:
3039:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3012:
3007:
3006:
2997:
2982:10.2307/1780513
2959:
2958:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2930:
2915:
2914:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2835:
2834:
2817:
2807:
2805:
2798:
2783:
2782:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2617:
2612:
2611:
2588:
2549:
2548:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2448:10.2307/1788958
2425:
2424:
2420:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2376:
2372:
2362:
2360:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2317:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2255:
2254:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2167:
2165:
2156:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2124:Wayback Machine
2115:
2111:
2100:
2086:
2085:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2052:
2051:
2044:
2040:
2022:Rebmann Glacier
1997:Credner Glacier
1983:
1930:
1917:
1908:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1875:
1868:
1859:
1856:
1847:
1844:
1777:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1715:
1710:
1686:
1680:
1658:
1608:
1504:montane forests
1499:Entandrophragma
1430:
1352:
1347:
1345:Fauna and flora
1296:Abushiri Revolt
1238:
1183:
1163:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1113:
1093:
1068:
1048:glacier retreat
1011:Rebmann Glacier
934:
894:parasitic cones
807:subsidiary peak
745:
736:Ordnance Survey
698:
674:Kilima-Ndscharo
672:and was called
647:Wachagga people
513:Kilima-Ndscharo
505:
470:highest volcano
450:dormant volcano
403:
399:
373:
323:4 million years
289:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
262:
261:
258:
257:
256:
255:
251:
234:
233:
232:
229:
228:
225:
224:
223:
222:
218:
201:
200:
199:
196:
195:
192:
191:
190:
189:
185:
150:
148:
144:
141:
136:
133:
131:
129:
128:
112:
98:
91:
74:
58:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7339:
7337:
7329:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7263:
7253:
7252:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7206:
7204:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7178:
7170:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6895:
6893:
6887:
6886:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6856:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6843:
6834:
6832:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6820:Puncak Trikora
6815:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6805:
6796:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6777:
6775:
6771:
6770:
6768:
6767:
6756:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6738:
6737:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6721:
6719:
6718:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6690:
6688:
6684:
6683:
6678:
6676:
6675:
6668:
6661:
6653:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6631:
6629:
6625:
6624:
6622:
6621:
6612:
6610:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6602:
6598:Mount Damavand
6593:
6591:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6574:
6572:
6568:
6567:
6565:
6564:
6555:
6553:
6549:
6548:
6546:
6545:
6536:
6534:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6526:
6517:
6515:
6511:
6510:
6505:
6503:
6502:
6495:
6488:
6480:
6471:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6454:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6433:
6431:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6412:
6410:
6401:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6384:
6382:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6370:
6361:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6340:
6338:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6293:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6284:
6283:
6274:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6255:
6253:
6249:
6248:
6243:
6241:
6240:
6233:
6226:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6184:
6179:
6149:
6148:External links
6146:
6144:
6143:
6113:
6083:
6057:
6026:
5996:
5966:
5936:
5906:
5875:
5848:(1): 129–158.
5832:
5802:
5772:
5742:
5723:(4): 281–284.
5707:
5665:(4): 311–317.
5642:
5626:|journal=
5591:
5555:
5482:
5455:
5414:
5403:
5392:
5362:
5342:
5312:
5293:
5269:
5245:
5234:
5223:
5193:
5181:
5140:
5129:. 23 July 2017
5127:peakplanet.com
5114:
5103:. 26 July 2019
5088:
5063:
5033:
5007:
4981:
4955:
4929:
4903:
4870:
4831:
4805:
4786:
4763:
4744:
4721:
4688:
4669:
4649:
4601:
4562:
4516:
4486:
4456:
4442:
4416:
4386:
4349:
4330:
4289:
4268:
4242:
4223:
4203:
4173:
4143:
4104:(5): 453–476.
4079:
4065:
4039:
3961:
3942:
3922:
3892:
3856:
3837:
3817:
3808:|journal=
3755:
3724:
3698:
3669:(2): 419–431.
3663:The Cryosphere
3644:
3637:
3611:
3592:
3567:
3537:10.1.1.211.435
3506:
3438:
3411:
3338:
3285:
3238:
3199:(3): 203–268.
3176:
3157:
3137:
3107:
3093:
3067:
3037:
2995:
2947:
2928:
2901:
2871:
2844:(3): 218–228.
2815:
2796:
2773:
2736:
2700:
2670:
2586:
2559:(16): L16502.
2533:
2502:
2461:
2418:
2383:
2370:
2340:
2310:
2279:
2239:
2218:"Kilima-Njaro"
2208:
2175:
2164:on 9 July 2015
2128:
2109:
2098:
2076:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1979:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1899:
1893:
1892:Special events
1890:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1838:
1776:
1773:
1730:
1727:
1712:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1682:Main article:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1657:
1656:Climatic zones
1654:
1607:
1604:
1506:first contain
1480:home gardens"
1429:
1426:
1372:Cape buffaloes
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1250:Harry Johnston
1237:
1234:
1182:
1179:
1162:
1159:
1126:
1123:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1092:
1089:
1067:
1064:
933:
930:
890:
889:
879:
873:
867:
864:
853:Phonotephrites
835:Western Breach
769:ring fractures
744:
741:
725:British survey
697:
694:
690:Kaiser Wilhelm
684:. He named it
578:this would be
568:Wakamba people
504:
501:
458:volcanic cones
383:
382:
377:
369:
368:
358:
352:
351:
347:
346:
343:
337:
336:
331:
325:
324:
321:
315:
314:
310:
309:
306:
300:
299:
293:
285:
284:
275:
271:
270:
259:
253:
252:
245:
244:
238:
237:
236:
235:
226:
220:
219:
212:
211:
205:
204:
203:
202:
193:
187:
186:
179:
178:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
167:
164:
163:
159:
158:
126:
120:
119:
109:
103:
102:
88:
82:
81:
71:
65:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7338:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7291:Seven Summits
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7262:
7259:
7258:
7256:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7215:Bouvet Island
7213:
7211:
7208:
7207:
7205:
7200:
7196:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7177:
7171:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7145:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7014:Guinea-Bissau
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6877:
6872:
6870:
6865:
6863:
6858:
6857:
6854:
6841:
6840:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6829:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6810:
6803:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6784:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6772:
6764:
6763:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6742:
6735:
6734:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6725:North America
6723:
6716:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6706:South America
6704:
6697:
6696:
6695:Kangchenjunga
6692:
6691:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6674:
6669:
6667:
6662:
6660:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6638:
6637:
6633:
6632:
6630:
6626:
6619:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6607:
6600:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6573:
6571:North America
6569:
6562:
6561:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6550:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:South America
6512:
6508:
6501:
6496:
6494:
6489:
6487:
6482:
6481:
6478:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6439:
6438:Mount Wilhelm
6435:
6434:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6419:
6418:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6391:
6390:
6389:Vinson Massif
6386:
6385:
6383:
6379:
6368:
6367:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6292:
6290:North America
6288:
6281:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6271:South America
6269:
6262:
6261:
6260:Mount Everest
6257:
6256:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6245:Seven Summits
6239:
6234:
6232:
6227:
6225:
6220:
6219:
6216:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6159:
6158:"Kilimanjaro"
6155:
6154:
6153:
6147:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6114:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6087:
6084:
6072:
6068:
6061:
6058:
6046:
6042:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6027:
6014:
6010:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5970:
5967:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5940:
5937:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5907:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5876:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5833:
5820:
5817:. About.com.
5816:
5815:Africa Travel
5812:
5806:
5803:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5773:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5746:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5711:
5708:
5692:
5688:
5684:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5653:
5646:
5643:
5638:
5631:
5618:
5602:
5595:
5592:
5587:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5559:
5556:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5486:
5483:
5470:
5466:
5459:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5429:
5425:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5396:
5393:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5302:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5279:
5273:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5227:
5224:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5185:
5182:
5169:
5165:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5149:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5128:
5124:
5118:
5115:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5077:
5073:
5067:
5064:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5037:
5034:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5008:
4995:
4991:
4985:
4982:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4930:
4917:
4913:
4907:
4904:
4891:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4874:
4871:
4855:
4851:
4844:
4838:
4836:
4832:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4806:
4793:
4789:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4751:
4747:
4741:
4738:. Routledge.
4737:
4736:
4728:
4726:
4722:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4695:
4693:
4689:
4676:
4672:
4666:
4662:
4661:
4653:
4650:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4616:Plant Ecology
4610:
4608:
4606:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4569:
4567:
4563:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4529:Plant Ecology
4523:
4521:
4517:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4430:
4429:
4420:
4417:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4337:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4280:
4272:
4269:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4243:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4215:
4207:
4204:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4161:
4157:
4155:
4147:
4144:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4068:
4062:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4043:
4040:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
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3945:
3939:
3935:
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3902:
3896:
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3834:
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3800:
3781:
3777:
3770:
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3725:
3713:
3709:
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3699:
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3690:
3685:
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3676:
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3653:
3651:
3649:
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3470:
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3368:
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3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3296:
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3261:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3195:(in German).
3194:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3141:
3138:
3125:
3121:
3120:Volcano World
3117:
3116:"Kilimanjaro"
3111:
3108:
3096:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3071:
3068:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3041:
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3022:
3018:
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2250:
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2240:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2209:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2182:
2180:
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2163:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2099:0-906227-66-6
2095:
2091:
2090:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1968:African rhino
1965:
1964:Douglas Adams
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1900:
1896:
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1877:
1873:
1866:
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1854:
1849:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1807:Arrow Glacier
1803:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1748:Kílian Jornet
1745:
1735:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1685:
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1596:
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1589:
1584:
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1574:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1538:Erica excelsa
1534:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:cloud forests
1519:
1515:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1469:
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1463:
1462:
1457:
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1451:
1447:
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1434:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1413:
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1397:
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1336:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:Oscar Baumann
1284:
1280:
1279:Sámuel Teleki
1276:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:Early records
1180:
1178:
1174:
1172:
1171:Chagga states
1168:
1161:Chagga states
1160:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1131:
1125:Human history
1124:
1117:
1111:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1097:stratovolcano
1090:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1023:
1016:
1013:in 2005 with
1012:
1007:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
988:
985:
984:Younger Dryas
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
946:
938:
931:
929:
927:
922:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:trachybasalts
899:
895:
887:
884:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
858:
854:
851:
850:
849:
847:
843:
838:
836:
830:
828:
824:
814:
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808:
803:
799:
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792:
787:
784:
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770:
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758:
752:
750:
742:
740:
737:
733:
728:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
702:stratovolcano
695:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
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588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
534:
532:
531:
526:
518:
515:" during the
514:
509:
502:
496:
492:
490:
486:
482:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
456:. With three
455:
451:
445:
397:
389:
381:
378:
376:
374:Easiest route
370:
367:
363:
359:
357:
353:
348:
344:
342:
341:Last eruption
338:
335:
334:Stratovolcano
332:
330:
329:Mountain type
326:
322:
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316:
311:
307:
305:
301:
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95:
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7199:Dependencies
7138:
7124:South Africa
7114:Sierra Leone
6919:Burkina Faso
6839:Mount Twynam
6837:
6818:
6799:
6781:
6780:
6760:
6750:
6731:
6714:Monte Pissis
6712:
6693:
6636:Mount Sidley
6634:
6617:Mount Giluwe
6615:
6596:
6577:
6560:Mount Elbrus
6558:
6540:
6539:
6520:
6457:
6436:
6415:
6387:
6364:
6345:Mount Elbrus
6343:
6336:Conventional
6316:
6315:
6296:
6277:
6258:
6171:. Retrieved
6161:
6151:
6134:. Retrieved
6125:
6116:
6104:. Retrieved
6095:
6086:
6074:. Retrieved
6070:
6060:
6048:. Retrieved
6044:
6019:29 September
6017:. Retrieved
6008:
5999:
5987:. Retrieved
5979:The Guardian
5978:
5969:
5957:. Retrieved
5948:
5939:
5929:29 September
5927:. Retrieved
5923:the original
5918:
5909:
5897:. Retrieved
5888:
5878:
5845:
5841:
5835:
5823:. Retrieved
5814:
5805:
5793:. Retrieved
5784:
5775:
5763:. Retrieved
5754:
5745:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5698:. Retrieved
5662:
5658:
5645:
5617:cite journal
5605:. Retrieved
5594:
5569:
5565:
5558:
5546:. Retrieved
5505:(4): 311–7.
5502:
5498:
5485:
5473:. Retrieved
5469:the original
5458:
5444:cite journal
5432:. Retrieved
5427:
5417:
5406:
5395:
5383:. Retrieved
5374:
5365:
5349:Sean McCoy,
5345:
5333:. Retrieved
5324:
5315:
5296:
5272:
5237:
5226:
5214:. Retrieved
5205:
5196:
5184:
5172:. Retrieved
5168:the original
5163:
5131:. Retrieved
5126:
5117:
5105:. Retrieved
5100:
5091:
5079:. Retrieved
5075:
5066:
5054:. Retrieved
5045:
5036:
5024:. Retrieved
5010:
4998:. Retrieved
4984:
4972:. Retrieved
4968:the original
4958:
4946:. Retrieved
4932:
4920:. Retrieved
4906:
4894:. Retrieved
4883:
4873:
4861:. Retrieved
4849:
4822:. Retrieved
4818:the original
4808:
4796:. Retrieved
4776:
4754:. Retrieved
4734:
4712:. Retrieved
4703:
4679:. Retrieved
4659:
4652:
4622:(1): 17–29.
4619:
4615:
4579:
4575:
4535:(1): 27–42.
4532:
4528:
4507:. Retrieved
4498:
4489:
4477:. Retrieved
4468:
4459:
4447:. Retrieved
4427:
4419:
4407:. Retrieved
4403:the original
4398:
4389:
4377:. Retrieved
4340:. Retrieved
4320:
4278:
4271:
4259:. Retrieved
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4213:
4206:
4194:. Retrieved
4185:
4176:
4164:. Retrieved
4153:
4146:
4134:. Retrieved
4101:
4095:
4082:
4070:. Retrieved
4050:
4042:
4030:. Retrieved
3989:
3985:
3952:. Retrieved
3932:
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3909:the original
3904:
3895:
3883:. Retrieved
3871:
3859:
3847:. Retrieved
3827:
3820:
3799:cite journal
3787:. Retrieved
3775:
3766:
3758:
3746:. Retrieved
3737:
3727:
3715:. Retrieved
3711:
3701:
3666:
3662:
3620:
3614:
3602:. Retrieved
3582:
3519:
3516:The Holocene
3515:
3509:
3464:
3460:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3402:. Retrieved
3395:the original
3358:
3354:
3341:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3263:
3259:
3229:. Retrieved
3196:
3192:
3167:. Retrieved
3147:
3140:
3128:. Retrieved
3119:
3110:
3098:. Retrieved
3078:
3070:
3058:. Retrieved
3054:the original
3049:
3040:
3028:. Retrieved
3016:
2965:
2961:
2938:. Retrieved
2918:
2892:. Retrieved
2883:
2874:
2841:
2837:
2806:. Retrieved
2786:
2764:. Retrieved
2752:
2739:
2727:. Retrieved
2691:. Retrieved
2682:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2625:
2621:
2556:
2552:
2526:25 September
2524:. Retrieved
2515:
2505:
2493:. Retrieved
2481:
2477:
2464:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2409:. Retrieved
2393:
2386:
2378:
2373:
2361:. Retrieved
2350:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2322:
2313:
2301:. Retrieved
2290:
2282:
2270:. Retrieved
2261:
2230:. Retrieved
2221:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2188:
2166:. Retrieved
2162:the original
2152:the original
2140:
2131:
2112:
2104:the original
2088:
2067:. Retrieved
2058:
1974:
1972:
1959:
1952:Gregory Peck
1941:
1931:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1832:appendicitis
1818:, five with
1812:
1804:
1793:
1778:
1770:
1763:
1759:Kyle Maynard
1756:
1752:
1740:
1698:
1687:
1647:
1636:
1632:
1617:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1507:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1482:agroforestry
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1439:
1419:
1365:
1331:
1316:
1304:
1292:cartographer
1272:
1268:Otto Kersten
1260:
1255:
1239:
1227:
1184:
1175:
1164:
1141:From the UK
1094:
1077:
1060:
1056:
1040:
1024:
1020:
973:
962:
951:
923:
898:picrobasalts
891:
839:
831:
819:
788:
785:
765:pyroclastics
753:
746:
729:
714:
699:
685:
673:
667:
661:
659:
654:
651:kilemanjaare
650:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
602:
598:
590:
586:
584:
579:
571:
563:
562:
557:
553:
550:Kilima-Njaro
549:
545:
541:
535:
528:
522:
512:
478:
395:
394:
356:First ascent
290:Parent range
40:
7174:States with
7129:South Sudan
7019:Ivory Coast
6801:Mount Shinn
6417:Puncak Jaya
6357:Alternative
5949:India Today
5475:27 February
5291:5, Mar 2015
5276:Matt Hart,
5133:12 December
5107:12 December
4888:. Nairobi.
3885:13 November
3231:5 September
3050:Biographies
2968:(1): 1–21.
2894:25 February
2495:26 November
1956:Dave Eggers
1934:Tom Bissell
1932:Journalist
1744:Karl Egloff
1624:anti-trades
1620:trade winds
1578:Helichrysum
1560:Cassipourea
1554:Calodendrum
1512:as well as
1339:World War I
1323:Fritz Klute
1275:Charles New
1195:Mount Kenya
1044:sublimation
980:Pleistocene
954:diminishing
906:ankaramites
886:phenocrysts
876:Porphyritic
827:escarpments
743:Volcanology
655:kilemajyaro
319:Age of rock
149: /
124:Coordinates
7255:Categories
7189:Somaliland
7109:Seychelles
7074:Mozambique
7059:Mauritania
7044:Madagascar
6934:Cape Verde
6793:Antarctica
6628:Antarctica
6381:Antarctica
6366:Mont Blanc
5919:Daily News
5899:8 November
5795:26 October
5755:Kopa Tours
5385:25 October
5081:3 December
4863:23 October
4824:23 October
4479:26 October
4235:4 November
4196:6 February
3915:6 February
3748:15 October
3717:15 October
2038:References
1872:Hans Meyer
1798:(HAPE) or
1487:Strombosia
1467:Terminalia
1446:sunflowers
1428:Vegetation
1380:chameleons
1015:Mount Meru
965:Quaternary
914:Lake Chala
798:dike swarm
777:phonolitic
757:high plain
678:Hans Meyer
595:diminutive
580:kiima kyeu
572:Kima jajeu
362:Hans Meyer
137:37°21′12″E
134:03°04′33″S
100:Ranked 4th
86:Prominence
18:Uhuru Peak
7210:Bir Tawil
7064:Mauritius
6984:Swaziland
6831:Australia
6429:Political
6408:Continent
6400:Australia
6279:Aconcagua
5989:1 October
5959:7 October
5870:113843846
5519:1080-6032
5056:3 January
4756:4 October
4714:3 January
4681:4 October
4509:15 August
4449:4 October
4342:4 October
4072:4 October
4032:4 October
3954:4 October
3849:4 October
3789:9 October
3693:1994-0424
3604:4 October
3554:0959-6836
3532:CiteSeerX
3404:16 August
3333:130605599
3311:CiteSeerX
3221:130584195
3169:4 October
3100:4 October
3030:16 August
2940:4 October
2866:128393681
2808:4 October
2663:8 January
2628:(1): 99.
2363:4 October
2303:4 October
2201:4 October
2168:25 August
1962:. Writer
1950:starring
1948:1952 film
1828:pneumonia
1781:Himalayas
1588:Poa annua
1583:Neophytes
1566:Juniperus
1518:epiphytes
1461:Combretum
1444:, beans,
1392:mongooses
1376:Bushbucks
1368:Elephants
1215:Herodotus
1211:Aeschylus
1187:antiquity
991:Ice cores
958:snow line
910:basanites
823:fumaroles
791:pinnacles
781:doleritic
619:Kimawenzi
525:Kiswahili
162:Geography
107:Isolation
69:Elevation
7164:Zimbabwe
7139:Tanzania
6989:Ethiopia
6964:Djibouti
6929:Cameroon
6914:Botswana
6450:Mainland
6190:Archived
6130:Archived
6100:Archived
6013:Archived
6009:BBC News
5983:Archived
5953:Archived
5893:Archived
5825:23 March
5819:Archived
5789:Archived
5759:Archived
5737:23270446
5691:Archived
5687:13322264
5679:20030437
5586:25329946
5539:Archived
5535:13322264
5527:20030437
5379:Archived
5354:Archived
5329:Archived
5304:Archived
5281:Archived
5261:Archived
5216:11 April
5210:Archived
5050:Archived
5020:Archived
4994:Archived
4942:Archived
4916:Archived
4890:Archived
4854:Archived
4792:Archived
4750:Archived
4708:Archived
4675:Archived
4644:25001477
4582:: 1–13.
4557:21864541
4503:Archived
4473:Archived
4373:Archived
4336:Archived
4255:Archived
4229:Archived
4190:Archived
4160:Archived
4158:. 1916.
4130:Archived
4090:(1900).
4026:Archived
4022:45006599
3948:Archived
3876:Archived
3874:. IUGS.
3843:Archived
3780:Archived
3742:Archived
3598:Archived
3562:16945088
3501:19884500
3427:: 5091.
3391:32880316
3383:12386332
3266:: 1–10.
3225:Archived
3163:Archived
3124:Archived
3021:Archived
2934:Archived
2888:Archived
2802:Archived
2757:Archived
2720:Archived
2687:Archived
2654:Archived
2650:18476938
2581:14421037
2520:Archived
2486:Archived
2402:Archived
2357:Archived
2327:Archived
2297:Archived
2272:25 April
2266:Archived
2226:Archived
2195:Archived
2120:Archived
2069:6 August
2063:Archived
1981:See also
1493:Newtonia
1408:leopards
1400:warthogs
1396:sunbirds
1384:dik-diks
1199:Ethiopia
1066:Drainage
1000:Holocene
932:Glaciers
883:aegirine
631:kilelema
623:kileman-
611:Wachagga
503:Toponymy
464:and the
454:Tanzania
350:Climbing
304:Topo map
282:Tanzania
274:Location
7235:Réunion
7230:Mayotte
7149:Tunisia
7119:Somalia
7104:Senegal
7089:Nigeria
7079:Namibia
7069:Morocco
7034:Liberia
7029:Lesotho
6979:Eritrea
6949:Comoros
6924:Burundi
6899:Algeria
6812:Oceania
6782:Mawenzi
6752:Shkhara
6609:Oceania
6173:24 June
6136:25 June
6106:25 June
6076:25 June
6050:25 June
5850:Bibcode
5765:9 April
5700:28 July
5607:5 March
5548:28 July
5434:16 July
5335:16 July
5289:Outside
5174:16 July
5026:16 July
5000:16 July
4974:10 July
4948:16 July
4922:16 July
4896:5 April
4850:odi.org
4798:31 July
4624:Bibcode
4584:Bibcode
4537:Bibcode
4409:16 July
4379:16 July
4261:16 July
4166:28 July
4126:1774261
4106:Bibcode
3994:Bibcode
3778:: 1–6.
3671:Bibcode
3524:Bibcode
3492:2771743
3469:Bibcode
3429:Bibcode
3363:Bibcode
3355:Science
3303:Bibcode
3268:Bibcode
3201:Bibcode
3130:16 July
3060:16 July
2990:1780513
2970:Bibcode
2846:Bibcode
2766:16 July
2729:16 July
2693:16 July
2630:Bibcode
2561:Bibcode
2456:1788958
2436:Bibcode
2411:16 July
2352:Delgado
2333:16 July
2232:16 July
2190:Delgado
1898:summit.
1720:in the
1650:graupel
1606:Climate
1450:savanna
1388:duikers
1350:Animals
1335:Marangu
1312:Pangani
1224:Mombasa
1191:Ptolemy
1156:in 1929
1085:Pangani
1028:calving
998:of the
987:stadial
978:in the
952:Kibo's
870:Aphyric
846:syenite
802:cirques
761:caldera
749:igneous
710:dormant
706:extinct
613:names:
472:in the
448:) is a
313:Geology
7159:Zambia
7154:Uganda
7094:Rwanda
7049:Malawi
7009:Guinea
6999:Gambia
6904:Angola
6774:Africa
6744:Europe
6552:Europe
6533:Africa
6328:Europe
6309:Africa
6298:Denali
5868:
5735:
5685:
5677:
5584:
5533:
5525:
5517:
4784:
4742:
4667:
4642:
4555:
4440:
4328:
4221:
4136:5 July
4124:
4063:
4020:
3986:Nature
3940:
3835:
3691:
3635:
3590:
3560:
3552:
3534:
3499:
3489:
3389:
3381:
3331:
3313:
3219:
3155:
3091:
2988:
2926:
2864:
2794:
2648:
2579:
2454:
2096:
1775:Safety
1563:, and
1548:Croton
1496:, and
1478:Chagga
1473:Grewia
1455:Acacia
1412:hyenas
1404:Zebras
1398:, and
1205:, the
1201:, the
1167:Chagga
926:Maasai
918:Taveta
908:, and
842:strata
639:njaare
627:kileme
607:kilima
591:kilima
587:kilima
554:kilima
542:kilima
380:Hiking
7134:Sudan
7084:Niger
7039:Libya
7024:Kenya
7004:Ghana
6994:Gabon
6969:Egypt
6909:Benin
5866:S2CID
5694:(PDF)
5683:S2CID
5655:(PDF)
5542:(PDF)
5531:S2CID
5495:(PDF)
4857:(PDF)
4846:(PDF)
4640:S2CID
4553:S2CID
4122:JSTOR
4018:S2CID
3879:(PDF)
3868:(PDF)
3783:(PDF)
3772:(PDF)
3558:S2CID
3398:(PDF)
3387:S2CID
3351:(PDF)
3329:S2CID
3217:S2CID
3024:(PDF)
3013:(PDF)
2986:JSTOR
2862:S2CID
2760:(PDF)
2749:(PDF)
2723:(PDF)
2716:(PDF)
2657:(PDF)
2646:S2CID
2618:(PDF)
2577:S2CID
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