42:
735:(USC) formed, intended to serve as an armed reserve force to bolster the RIC and fight the IRA. Spender encouraged UVF members to join it and many did , although the USC did not engulf the bulk of the UVF (and other loyalist paramilitary groups) until early 1922. Craig hoped to "neutralise" the loyalist paramilitaries by enrolling them in the C Division of the USC, a move that was backed by the British government. Historian Michael Hopkinson wrote that the USC, "amounted to an officially approved UVF". Unlike the RIC, the USC was almost wholly Protestant and was greatly mistrusted by Catholics and nationalists. Following IRA attacks, the USC often carried out revenge killings and
1444:
175:
519:
686:
During the conflict, loyalists set up small independent "vigilance groups" in many parts of Ulster. Most of these groups would patrol their areas and report anything untoward to the RIC. Some of them were armed with UVF rifles from 1914. There were also a number of small loyalist paramilitary groups,
605:
Existing conditions call for the demobilisation of the Ulster
Volunteers. The Force was organised, to protect the interests of the Province of Ulster, at a time when trouble threatened. The success of the organisation speaks for itself, as a page of history, in the records of Ulster that will never
593:
Although many UVF officers left to join the
British Army during the war, the unionist leadership wanted to preserve the UVF as a viable force, aware that the issue of Home Rule and partition would be revisited when the war ended. There were also fears of a German naval raid on Ulster and so much of
699:
Also occasionally targeted were Ulster
Protestants who saw the republican guerrilla campaign as an invasion of their territory, where they formed the majority. Loyalist activists responded by forming vigilante groups, which soon acquired official status as part of the Ulster Special Constabulary.
682:
as the UVF's
Officer Commanding. At the same time, announcements were printed in unionist newspapers calling on all former UVF members to report for duty. However, this call met with limited success; for example, each Belfast battalion drew little more than 100 men each and they were left mostly
750:
It is questionable the extent to which the UVF did actually reform in 1920. Possibly the UVF proper amounted to little more than 3,000 men in this period and it is noticeable that the UVF never had a formal disbandment ... possibly so that attention would not be drawn to the extent to which the
505:
The Ulster
Volunteers were a continuation of what has been described as the "Protestant volunteering tradition, in Ireland", which since 1666 spans the various Irish Protestant militias founded to defend Ireland from foreign threat. References to the most prominent of these militias, the
463:
The Ulster
Unionists enjoyed the wholehearted support of the British Conservative Party, even when threatening rebellion against the British government. On 23 September 1913, the 500 delegates of the Ulster Unionist Council met to discuss the practicalities of setting up a
550:. While Carson had hoped to have the whole of Ulster excluded, he felt a good case could be made for the six Ulster counties with unionist, or only slight nationalist, majorities. However, in August 1914 the Home Rule issue was temporarily suspended by the
674:
officially revived the UVF on 25 June 1920. Many
Unionists felt that the RIC, being mostly Roman Catholic (though this was not the case with regards to Ulster) as a whole, would not adequately protect Protestant areas. In early July, the UUC appointed
700:
These men spearheaded the wave of anti-Catholic violence that began in July 1920 and continued for two years. This onslaught was part of an Ulster
Unionist counter-revolution, whose gunmen operated almost exclusively as ethnic cleansers and avengers.
301:(IRA) was launching attacks on British forces in Ireland. In response, the UVF was revived. It was involved in some sectarian clashes and minor actions against the IRA. However, this revival was largely unsuccessful and the UVF was absorbed into the
712:. UVF members fired from the Fountain neighbourhood into adjoining Catholic districts, and the IRA returned fire. Thirteen Catholics and five Protestants were killed in a week of violence. In August 1920, the UVF helped organise the
364:, the House of Lords had seen their powers to block legislation diminished and so it could be expected that this Bill would (eventually) become law. Home Rule was popular in all of Ireland apart from the northeast of Ulster. While
1592:
627:
party who sought full independence for
Ireland—won an overwhelming majority of the seats in Ireland. Its members refused to take their seats in the British Parliament and instead set up
1480:
896:
1882:
716:. This was in response to the IRA assassinating an RIC Inspector in the town. That October, armed UVF members drove off an IRA unit that had attacked the RIC barracks in
445:, vowing to use "all means which may be found necessary to defeat the present conspiracy to set up a Home Rule Parliament in Ireland", with the support of 234,046 women.
457:
1400:
1443:
316:
was formed in 1966. It claims to be a direct descendant of the older organisation and uses the same logo, but there are no organisational links between the two.
207:
1308:
841:
1806:
41:
486:
was ordered to move troops into Ulster to protect arms depots from the UVF. However, 57 of the 70 officers at the Army's headquarters in
Ireland
352:. Previous Home Rule Bills had fallen, the first rejected by the House of Commons, the second because of the veto power of the Tory-dominated
298:
1597:
1007:
1505:
1829:
1602:
1786:
724:
404:
59:
955:
452:. Recruitment was to be limited to 100,000 men aged from 17 to 65 who had signed the Covenant, under the command of Lieutenant-General
1393:
1856:
1372:
1348:
1071:
1031:
795:
632:
578:. By the summer of 1916, only the Ulster and 16th divisions remained, the 10th amalgamated into both following severe losses in the
1556:
888:
872:
341:
1823:
1634:
761:
643:
began, fought between the IRA and the forces of the Crown in Ireland (consisting of various forces including the British Army,
507:
660:
290:
1571:
1541:
1318:
825:
664:
652:
349:
114:
1386:
414:
1791:
1495:
1449:
101:
1770:
1765:
1551:
926:
732:
616:
483:
302:
275:
164:
704:
The UVF was involved in sectarian clashes in Derry in June 1920. Catholic homes were burned in the mainly-Protestant
1877:
598:
523:
1694:
640:
325:
294:
1714:
1618:
1587:
648:
597:
World War I ended in November 1918. On 1 May 1919, the UVF was 'demobilised' when Richardson stood down as its
845:
242:) and vowed to resist any attempts by the British Government to impose Home Rule on Ulster. Later that year,
1719:
1709:
1546:
1490:
1409:
717:
671:
587:
555:
551:
449:
438:
400:
133:
1724:
1674:
1669:
1659:
1485:
1433:
1304:
692:
688:
559:
465:
313:
271:
1755:
1500:
1428:
1423:
1205:
636:
575:
571:
453:
1704:
1684:
728:
282:
211:
1740:
1679:
1566:
1510:
771:
624:
583:
579:
563:
547:
441:, reviewed 100,000 Ulster Volunteers marching in columns. On 28 September, 218,206 men signed the
361:
187:
174:
676:
418:
381:
219:
199:
357:
490:
rather than enforce Home Rule or take on the UVF. The following month, the UVF smuggled 20,000
1520:
1515:
1475:
1368:
1344:
1314:
1067:
1027:
1003:
868:
821:
776:
723:
The sluggish recruitment to the UVF and its failure to stop IRA activities in Ulster prompted
472:
329:
251:
243:
143:
949:
17:
1840:
1750:
1699:
1689:
1109:
766:
705:
656:
499:
491:
487:
476:
373:
286:
259:
247:
147:
110:
1561:
813:
679:
442:
430:
309:
263:
191:
106:
683:
unarmed. The UVF's revival also met with little backing from unionists in Great Britain.
1664:
1654:
861:
644:
567:
539:
531:
510:, was frequently made, and there were also attempts to link the activities of the two.
365:
353:
223:
746:, Timothy Bowman gave the following as his last thought on the UVF during this period:
1871:
1835:
1760:
1297:
628:
396:
377:
345:
255:
231:
55:
582:. Both of the remaining divisions suffered heavy casualties in July 1916 during the
518:
1796:
1536:
1102:
1086:
Fisk says 35,000 enlisted. 5,000 being killed during the attack on German lines at
863:
Coming into the Light: The Work, Politics and Religion of Women in Ulster 1840-1940
460:
was the first commander of the 3rd East Belfast Regiment of the Ulster Volunteers.
422:
267:
620:
448:
In January 1913, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) was formally established by the
1355:
1292:
1189:
The Outrages: The IRA and the Ulster Special Constabulary in the Border Campaign
709:
369:
1801:
426:
195:
538:
The third Home Rule Bill was eventually passed despite the objections of the
434:
385:
333:
1329:
Green Against Green – The Irish Civil War: A History of the Irish Civil War
918:
1378:
1087:
736:
409:
1365:
In time of War: Ireland, Ulster, and the price of neutrality 1939 - 1945
713:
527:
337:
203:
84:
1354:
Details on UVF links to the 36th Ulster Division which fought at the
1310:
The IRA and its Enemies: Violence in the Community of Cork, 1912-1923
691:, who may have overreached the UVF in terms of membership. Historian
471:
On 25 November 1913, partly in response to the formation of the UVF,
389:
227:
215:
94:
708:
area, and UVF members fired on Catholics fleeing by boat across the
1453:
1358:
558:
in it. Many UVF men enlisted in the British Army, mostly with the
517:
495:
395:
The two key figures in the creation of the Ulster Volunteers were
356:, however since the crisis caused by the Lords' rejection of the "
543:
534:
from the 36th (Ulster) Division, with the UVF logo in the middle
392:
and losing their local supremacy and strong links with Britain.
1382:
751:
formation of 1920–22 was such a pale shadow of that of 1913–14.
421:. At the start of 1912, leading unionists and members of the
635:. The Irish Volunteers was ostensibly reconstituted as the
494:
rifles with 3,000,000 rounds of ammunition into the port of
222:
and Irish unionists feared being governed by a nationalist
1593:
199th (Duchess of Connaught's Own Irish Rangers) Battalion
305:(USC), the new reserve police force of Northern Ireland.
639:(IRA), the military of the self-declared Republic. The
289:(which overall had a Protestant/unionist majority) and
1269:
Michael Hopkinson, The Irish War of Independence, p263
1002:, p.8, lines 17-21, Osprey Publishing Oxford (2003),
601:. In Richardson's last orders to the UVF, he stated:
1849:
1815:
1779:
1733:
1647:
1627:
1611:
1580:
1529:
1468:
1461:
1416:
479:– a militia whose role was to safeguard Home Rule.
210:. The Ulster Volunteers were based in the northern
194:paramilitary organisation founded in 1912 to block
139:
128:
120:
100:
90:
80:
65:
51:
34:
1101:
1024:Carson's Army, The Ulster Volunteer Force. 1910-22
978:Carson's Army: the Ulster Volunteer Force, 1910-22
860:
842:"BBC Short History of Ireland: Home Rule promised"
372:were the majority in the six counties that became
1151:Carson's Army: the Ulster Volunteer Force 1910–22
951:Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916
744:Carson's Army: the Ulster Volunteer Force 1910–22
281:After the war, the British Government decided to
250:, to safeguard Home Rule. In April 1914, the UVF
1026:. Manchester University Press. pp. 16, 68.
670:As a response to IRA attacks within Ulster, the
655:provided for two Home Rule parliaments: one for
234:. In 1913, the militias were organised into the
1017:
1015:
667:chose to remain a part of the United Kingdom.
586:and were largely wiped out in 1918 during the
1394:
468:for Ulster, should Home Rule be implemented.
8:
1234:
1232:
1161:
1159:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
714:mass burning of Catholic property in Lisburn
594:the UVF was recast as a home defence force.
360:" of 1909 and the subsequent passing of the
124:Exact size unknown, at least 100,000 in 1912
1465:
1401:
1387:
1379:
31:
1883:1912 establishments in the United Kingdom
429:) began forming small local militias and
417:, Director of Military Operations at the
859:Holmes, Janice; Urquhart, Diane (1994).
173:
1200:Eunan O'Halpin & Daithí Ó Corráin.
820:. Blackstaff Press. pp. 402, 405.
787:
1174:Peter Hart in, Joost Augusteijn (ed),
889:"HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN (from 1707)"
368:were the majority in most of Ireland,
7:
954:. Taylor & Francis. p. 72.
867:. Queen's University Belfast, 1994.
695:wrote the following of these groups:
266:. Much of the UVF enlisted with the
1787:Irish National War Memorial Gardens
1313:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
998:White, Gerry and O’Shea, Brendan:
919:"Ireland - The 20th-century crisis"
727:to call for the formation of a new
340:, held the balance of power in the
899:from the original on 11 April 2007
802:. Privately published. p. 42.
687:the most notable of which was the
482:In March 1914, the British Army's
46:Ulster Volunteers in Belfast, 1914
25:
1857:Irish in the British Armed Forces
958:from the original on 21 June 2013
633:declared independence for Ireland
439:Conservative & Unionist Party
285:into two self-governing regions:
73:(various units active since 1912)
1598:208th (Canadian Irish) Battalion
1442:
1202:The Dead of the Irish Revolution
1191:. Mercier Press, 2011. pp. 16–17
1000:Irish Volunteer Soldiers 1913-23
344:. In April 1912, Prime Minister
342:Parliament of the United Kingdom
40:
1807:Irish Victoria Cross recipients
1603:121st (Western Irish) Battalion
1290:Proclamation by the UVF in the
929:from the original on 3 May 2020
762:Young Citizen Volunteers (1912)
530:showing four recipients of the
332:party which sought devolution (
1572:103rd (Tyneside Irish) Brigade
1557:8th King's Royal Irish Hussars
1542:4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards
1108:. Faber & Faber. pp.
1066:. Penguin Books. p. 478.
665:Parliament of Northern Ireland
653:Government of Ireland Act 1920
617:December 1918 general election
178:Ulster Volunteer Force in 1914
1:
546:had been abolished under the
484:Commander-in-Chief in Ireland
206:, which was then part of the
71:13 January 1913 – 1 May 1919
18:Ulster Volunteer Force (1912)
1824:It's a Long Way to Tipperary
1792:Island of Ireland Peace Park
1619:South African Irish Regiment
1496:Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers
1367:(Gill & Macmillan) 1983
739:against Catholic civilians.
246:formed a rival militia, the
230:and losing their links with
1771:Conscription Crisis of 1918
1552:6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons
1343:. Constable, London 1974.
1022:Timothy Bowman (May 2012).
948:Martin, Francis X. (1967).
733:Ulster Special Constabulary
498:. This became known as the
384:feared being governed by a
303:Ulster Special Constabulary
165:Ulster Special Constabulary
27:Unionist militia in Ireland
1899:
1051:. Corgi Books. p. 69.
1047:Macardle, Dorothy (1968).
989:HM Hyde; Carson. p340-341.
599:General Officer Commanding
1440:
1258:Irish War of Independence
663:. The unionist-dominated
641:Irish War of Independence
326:Irish Parliamentary Party
312:group calling itself the
295:Irish War of Independence
274:and went to fight on the
156:
76:25 June 1920 – early 1922
39:
1588:Irish Regiment of Canada
1296:newspaper, January 1914
1100:Stewart, A.T.Q. (1967).
570:of the United Kingdom's
433:. On 9 April Carson and
226:-majority parliament in
196:domestic self-government
1710:Battle of Passchendaele
1547:5th Royal Irish Lancers
1491:Royal Munster Fusiliers
1410:Ireland and World War I
1217:Lawlor, pp.115–121, 153
923:Encyclopedia Britannica
731:. In October 1920, the
718:Tempo, County Fermanagh
672:Ulster Unionist Council
588:German spring offensive
552:outbreak of World War I
450:Ulster Unionist Council
401:Irish Unionist Alliance
293:. However, by 1920 the
262:was interrupted by the
134:Ulster Unionist Council
115:Opposition to Home Rule
1830:The Footballer of Loos
1725:Hundred Days Offensive
1675:Second Battle of Ypres
1635:69th Infantry Regiment
1486:Royal Dublin Fusiliers
1434:36th (Ulster) Division
753:
702:
689:Ulster Imperial Guards
608:
576:16th (Irish) Divisions
560:36th (Ulster) Division
535:
466:provisional government
314:Ulster Volunteer Force
272:36th (Ulster) Division
252:smuggled 25,000 rifles
236:Ulster Volunteer Force
179:
35:Ulster Volunteer Force
1797:Ulster Tower Thiepval
1501:Royal Irish Fusiliers
1429:16th (Irish) Division
1424:10th (Irish) Division
1339:Montgomery Hyde, H.
1206:Yale University Press
748:
697:
637:Irish Republican Army
603:
556:Ireland's involvement
521:
454:Sir George Richardson
310:loyalist paramilitary
299:Irish Republican Army
177:
132:Military wing of the
1685:Battle of Guillemont
1506:Royal Irish Regiment
1176:The Irish Revolution
1062:Kee, Robert (1972).
893:www.historyworld.net
729:special constabulary
629:their own parliament
350:third Home Rule Bill
1741:National Volunteers
1700:Macedonian Campaign
1680:Battle of the Somme
1660:Battle of Galipolli
1567:London Irish Rifles
1090:on the Somme. P.15.
818:A History of Ulster
772:National Volunteers
584:Battle of the Somme
580:Battle of Gallipoli
548:Parliament Act 1911
413:by figures such as
297:was raging and the
91:Active regions
1695:Battle of Messines
1511:Royal Irish Rifles
1208:, 2020. pp.143–145
1131:Bowman, pp.182-183
1049:The Irish Republic
677:Lieutenant Colonel
536:
473:Irish nationalists
419:British War Office
386:Catholic-dominated
382:Ulster Protestants
320:Before World War I
244:Irish nationalists
220:Ulster Protestants
180:
163:Absorbed into the
152:British government
144:Irish nationalists
67:Dates of operation
1878:Ulster Volunteers
1865:
1864:
1746:Ulster Volunteers
1715:Battle of Cambrai
1670:Battle of Hulluch
1643:
1642:
1521:South Irish Horse
1516:North Irish Horse
1481:Leinster Regiment
1476:Connaught Rangers
1456:
1226:Lawlor, pp. 74–75
1149:Bowman, Timothy.
1104:The Ulster Crisis
1008:978-1-84176-685-0
800:An Enriching Life
777:William McFadzean
566:'. Others joined
542:, whose power of
330:Irish nationalist
283:partition Ireland
254:into Ulster from
184:Ulster Volunteers
172:
171:
160:Succeeded by
148:Irish republicans
74:
16:(Redirected from
1890:
1841:Francis Ledwidge
1751:Curragh incident
1720:Spring Offensive
1690:Battle of Ginchy
1466:
1448:
1446:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1380:
1335:Irish Revolution
1324:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1236:
1227:
1224:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1198:
1192:
1187:Lawlor, Pearse.
1185:
1179:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1147:
1132:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1097:
1091:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1019:
1010:
996:
990:
987:
981:
976:Timothy Bowman,
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
945:
939:
938:
936:
934:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
885:
879:
878:
866:
856:
850:
849:
844:. Archived from
838:
832:
831:
814:Bardon, Jonathan
810:
804:
803:
796:MacDermott, John
792:
767:Irish Volunteers
661:Southern Ireland
657:Northern Ireland
625:Irish republican
611:During Partition
508:Irish Volunteers
500:Larne gunrunning
477:Irish Volunteers
437:, leader of the
374:Northern Ireland
291:Southern Ireland
287:Northern Ireland
260:Home Rule Crisis
256:Imperial Germany
248:Irish Volunteers
111:British unionism
72:
68:
44:
32:
21:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1861:
1845:
1816:Popular culture
1811:
1775:
1729:
1639:
1623:
1607:
1576:
1562:Liverpool Irish
1525:
1457:
1447:
1438:
1412:
1407:
1321:
1303:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1255:
1251:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1199:
1195:
1186:
1182:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1148:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1021:
1020:
1013:
997:
993:
988:
984:
975:
971:
961:
959:
947:
946:
942:
932:
930:
917:
916:
912:
902:
900:
887:
886:
882:
875:
858:
857:
853:
848:on 18 May 2010.
840:
839:
835:
828:
812:
811:
807:
794:
793:
789:
785:
758:
725:Sir James Craig
680:Wilfrid Spender
645:the Auxiliaries
613:
568:Irish regiments
516:
488:chose to resign
443:Ulster Covenant
399:(leader of the
358:People's Budget
348:introduced the
322:
264:First World War
168:
167:
162:
151:
113:
109:
107:Ulster loyalism
75:
66:
58:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1896:
1894:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1832:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:Battle of Gaza
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1665:Battle of Loos
1662:
1657:
1655:Battle of Mons
1651:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1463:
1459:
1458:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1361:
1352:
1337:
1333:Hopkinson, M,
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425:(a Protestant
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376:as well as in
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1537:Irish Guards
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962:20 September
960:. Retrieved
950:
943:
931:. Retrieved
922:
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901:. Retrieved
892:
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874:0-85389539-2
862:
854:
846:the original
836:
817:
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749:
743:
742:In his book
741:
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685:
669:
659:and one for
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423:Orange Order
415:Henry Wilson
408:
407:, supported
394:
323:
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268:British Army
239:
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183:
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159:
81:Headquarters
29:
1305:Hart, Peter
1293:Larne Times
1256:Hopkinson,
903:27 February
710:River Foyle
514:World War I
475:formed the
405:James Craig
370:Protestants
146:(including
60:James Craig
1872:Categories
1802:Menin Gate
1734:Background
1450:Peace Park
1320:0198208065
827:0856404985
693:Peter Hart
647:, and the
427:fraternity
328:(IPP), an
1834:Artists:
1780:Memorials
1462:Regiments
1417:Divisions
783:Footnotes
737:reprisals
706:Waterside
621:Sinn Féin
435:Bonar Law
366:Catholics
334:Home Rule
200:Home Rule
140:Opponents
1454:Messines
1307:(1998).
1260:, p. 158
1088:Thiepval
956:Archived
933:30 April
927:Archived
897:Archived
816:(1992).
798:(1979).
756:See also
564:New Army
562:of the '
431:drilling
410:sub rosa
224:Catholic
212:province
192:loyalist
188:unionist
102:Ideology
1850:Related
1648:Battles
1530:Britain
1469:Ireland
1153:. p.192
1110:237–242
651:). The
615:In the
528:Belfast
380:. Many
338:Ireland
218:. Many
204:Ireland
202:") for
129:Part of
85:Belfast
52:Leaders
1581:Canada
1371:
1347:
1341:Carson
1317:
1178:, p.25
1070:
1030:
1006:
980:, p.98
871:
824:
492:German
403:) and
390:Dublin
336:) for
258:. The
228:Dublin
216:Ulster
95:Ulster
1359:here.
1356:Somme
606:fade.
524:mural
496:Larne
456:KCB.
1369:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1298:here
1068:ISBN
1028:ISBN
1004:ISBN
964:2012
935:2020
905:2007
869:ISBN
822:ISBN
631:and
623:—an
574:and
572:10th
554:and
544:veto
182:The
121:Size
649:RIC
526:in
270:'s
240:UVF
214:of
1874::
1452:,
1231:^
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1158:^
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877:.
830:.
238:(
150:)
20:)
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