4248:
1038:
1015:
1026:
4236:
115:
3795:
1290:
4230:
1704:. Each spacecraft has a gamma-ray detector, with readouts noted in tiny fractions of a second. By comparing the arrival times of gamma showers with the separations of the spacecraft, a location can be determined, for follow-up with other telescopes. Because gamma rays travel at the speed of light, wide separations are needed. Typically, a determination came from comparing: one of several spacecraft orbiting the Earth, an inner-Solar-System probe (to
1141:
815:
1647:(RTGs) failed to generate enough power for the heaters to overcome radiative heat loss into space. Once the hydrazine froze, the spacecraft would no longer be able to maneuver to keep its high gain antenna pointing towards Earth, and the downlink signal would then be lost in a matter of days. The failure of the X-band communications subsystem hastened this, because the coldest part of the fuel pipework was routed over the X-band
6149:
3663:
804:
53:
1407:
1215:
693:
1789:
6173:
1276:
6185:
432:
1669:
6161:
4242:
1547:
2901:
2794:
2620:
1659:
was in contact with a ground station due to the deteriorating S-band downlink margin no longer being able to support simultaneous real-time data and tape recorder playback. When the spacecraft was out of contact with a ground station, the S-band transmitter was switched off and the power was diverted
753:
detected orientation. For fine attitude control, the S-band antenna feed was mounted slightly off-axis. This offset feed combined with the spacecraft spin introduced an apparent oscillation to a radio signal transmitted from Earth when received on board the spacecraft. The amplitude and phase of this
718:(RTG) power source. The box was divided into noisy and quiet sections. The noisy section abutted the RTG; the quiet section housed the instrument electronics. Particularly "loud" components, such as the preamps for the radio dipole, were mounted outside the structure entirely, and the box acted as a
855:
A third type of boom, shorter and much more rigid, extended from the last side of the spacecraft, opposite the RTG. This was a hollow carbon-fiber tube, of 50 mm (2 in.) diameter. It can be seen in the photo as the silver rod stowed alongside the body. It carried four types of instruments: a
1392:
by 80.2°. The giant planet's gravity bent the spacecraft's flight path southward and away from the ecliptic plane. This put it into a final orbit around the Sun that would take it past the Sun's north and south poles. The size and shape of the orbit were adjusted to a much smaller degree so that
748:
was used for course corrections inbound to
Jupiter, and later used exclusively to repoint the spin axis (and thus, the antenna) at Earth. The spacecraft was controlled by eight thrusters in two blocks. Thrusters were pulsed in the time domain to perform rotation or translation. Four
1660:
to the internal heaters to add to the warming of the hydrazine. On 30 June 2009, ground controllers sent commands to switch to the low gain antennas. This stopped communications with the spacecraft, in combination with previous commands to shut down its transmitter entirely.
1572:, from freezing, instrument power sharing was initiated. Up until then, the most important instruments had been kept online constantly, whilst others were deactivated. When the probe neared the Sun, its power-hungry heaters were turned off and all instruments were turned on.
1538:(McNaught). The results were surprisingly different from its pass through Hyakutake's tail, with the measured solar wind velocity dropping from approximately 700 kilometers per second (1,566,000 mph) to less than 400 kilometers per second (895,000 mph).
1098:
One would be sent over
Jupiter, then under the Sun. The other would fly under Jupiter, then over the Sun. This would provide simultaneous coverage. Due to cutbacks, the U.S. spacecraft was cancelled in 1981. One spacecraft was designed, and the project recast as
1768:
will most likely continue in heliocentric orbit around the Sun indefinitely. However, there is a chance that in one of its re-encounters with
Jupiter a close fly-by with one of the Jovian moons would be enough to alter its course and so the probe would enter a
1053:
plane, which differs from the Sun's equatorial plane by only 7.25°. Even spacecraft directly orbiting the Sun do so in planes close to the ecliptic because a direct launch into a high-inclination solar orbit would require a prohibitively large launch vehicle.
1563:
mission to March 2004 thereby allowing it to operate over the Sun's poles for the third time in 2007 and 2008. After it became clear that the power output from the spacecraft's RTG would be insufficient to operate science instruments and keep the
707:, a German aircraft manufacturer. The body was roughly a box, approximately 3.2 m × 3.3 m × 2.1 m (10.5 ft × 10.8 ft × 6.9 ft) in size. The box mounted the 1.65 m (5 ft 5 in)
779:
The spacecraft was designed to withstand both the heat of the inner Solar System and the cold at
Jupiter's distance. Extensive blanketing and electric heaters protected the probe against the cold temperatures of the outer Solar System.
825:
The twelve different
Instruments came from ESA and NASA. The first design was based on two probes, one by NASA and one by ESA, but the probe of NASA was defunded and in the end the instruments of the cancelled probe were mounted on
787:
microprocessors. Documented 1802 usage includes dual-redundant 1802s in the COSPIN, and at least one 1802 each in the GRB, HI-SCALE, SWICS, SWOOPS and URAP instruments, with other possible microprocessors incorporated elsewhere.
1079:
maneuvers in the 1970s. Those maneuvers were to reach other planets also orbiting close to the ecliptic, so they were mostly in-plane changes. However, gravity assists are not limited to in-plane maneuvers; a suitable flyby of
3513:
1184:(weights deployed at the end of cables) to below 8 rpm prior to separation of the spacecraft. On leaving Earth, the spacecraft became the fastest ever artificially-accelerated spacecraft, and held that title until the
1926:
spacecraft. The COSPIN instrument consists of five sensors which measure energetic nucleons and electrons over a wide range of energies. This was the first participation by Canada in a deep-space interplanetary
849:, 7.5 meters (24.6 ft) long. These measured radio waves generated by plasma releases, or the plasma itself as it passed over the spacecraft. This receiver ensemble was sensitive from DC to 1 MHz.
1654:
The previously announced mission end date of 1 July 2008, came and went but mission operations continued albeit in a reduced capacity. The availability of science data gathering was limited to only when
1393:
aphelion remained at approximately 5 AU, Jupiter's distance from the Sun, and perihelion was somewhat greater than 1 AU, the Earth's distance from the Sun. The orbital period is approximately six years.
4636:
1922:
The
Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (HIA) of the National Research Council of Canada provided instrumentation and test equipment for the COsmic ray and Solar Particle INvestigation (COSPIN) on the
6263:
4991:
1111:(formerly Dornier Systems). The instruments would be split into teams from universities and research institutes in Europe and the United States. This process provided the 12 instruments on board.
5742:
1700:(GRBs); since gamma rays cannot be focused with mirrors, it was very difficult to locate GRBs with enough accuracy to study them further. Instead, several spacecraft can locate the burst through
2369:
5092:
1103:
due to the indirect and untried flight path. NASA would provide the
Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) and launch services, ESA would build the spacecraft assigned to Astrium GmbH,
551:
and study it at all latitudes. It was launched in 1990 and made three "fast latitude scans" of the Sun in 1994/1995, 2000/2001, and 2007/2008. In addition, the probe studied several comets.
5589:
5767:
776:
Dual tape recorders, each of approximately 45-megabit capacity, stored science data between the nominal eight-hour communications sessions during the prime and extended mission phases.
4172:
1913:
5134:
4167:
1628:
to the orbit of
Jupiter, the downlink signal would have eventually fallen below the receiving capability of even the largest antennas (70 meters - 229.7 feet - in diameter) of the
582:. To change the orbital inclination of a spacecraft to about 80° requires a large change in heliocentric velocity, the energy to achieve which far exceeded the capabilities of any
2399:
6739:
3428:
6221:
5215:
1774:
2779:
8833:
7771:
8843:
5880:
5082:
1950:
2744:
5515:
4888:
3497:
2637:
Neugebauer, M.; Gloeckler, G.; Gosling, J. T.; Rees, A.; Skoug, R.; Goldstein, B. E.; Armstrong, T. P.; Combi, M. R.; Mäkinen, T.; McComas, D. J. (1 October 2007).
5001:
3555:
1132:
forced a two-and-a-half year stand down of the shuttle fleet, mandated the cancellation of the
Centaur-G upper stage, and pushed the launch date to October 1990.
965:
EPAC investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles in the heliosphere. GAS studied the uncharged gases (helium) of interstellar origin.
754:
oscillation were proportional to the orientation of the spin axis relative to the Earth direction. This method of determining the relative orientation is called
6859:
4971:
4139:
2489:
783:
Multiple computer systems (CPUs/microprocessors/Data
Processing Units) are used in several of the scientific instruments, including several radiation-hardened
2714:
2077:
3699:
3942:
845:
spanned 72 meters (236.2 ft). A third antenna, of hollow beryllium copper, was deployed from the body, along the spin axis opposite the dish. It was a
8813:
6793:
4660:
2931:
8858:
5150:
3342:
3337:
2855:
2359:
3101:
6480:
6214:
5117:
4830:
2964:
282:
2174:
Balogh, A.; Beek, T. J.; Forsyth, R. J.; Hedgecock, P. C.; Marquedant, R. J.; Smith, E. J.; Southwood, D. J.; Tsurutani, B. T. (20 August 1991).
2125:
Bertotti, B.; Ambrosini, R.; Asmar, S. W.; Brenkle, J. P.; Comoretto, G.; Giampieri, G.; Iess, L.; Messeri, A.; Wahlquist, H. D. (January 1992).
7764:
6030:
5102:
4722:
4692:
4554:
4106:
3638:
3037:
2688:
1972:
7121:
6359:
5112:
4101:
3196:
2534:
1813:
1553:
1428:
1236:
1161:. From there, it was propelled on a trajectory to Jupiter by a combination of solid rocket motors. This upper stage consisted of a two-stage
715:
599:
3016:
2421:
Jones G. H.; Balogh A.; Horbury T. S. (2000). "Identification of comet Hyakutake's extremely long ion tail from magnetic field signatures".
139:
8853:
6121:
5832:
5155:
3070:
3028:
2837:
761:
The spacecraft used S-band for uplinked commands and downlinked telemetry, through dual redundant 5-watt transceivers. The spacecraft used
2811:
2214:
2550:
Gloeckler, G.; Allegrini, F.; Elliott, H. A.; McComas, D. J.; Schwadron, N. A.; Geiss, J.; von Steiger, R.; Jones, G. H. (8 March 2004).
7699:
4881:
6188:
2391:
8863:
6877:
6783:
6377:
6371:
6207:
5523:
5400:
5248:
3969:
3505:
3212:
1824:
1620:
in the S-band was not as narrow as in the X–band, so that the received downlink signal was much weaker, hence reducing the achievable
987:
564:
3162:
1735:
led to the discovery that the Sun's magnetic field interacts with the Solar System in a more complex fashion than previously assumed.
7757:
7733:
7145:
6852:
6761:
6708:
6653:
5936:
5559:
5553:
5191:
4148:
4132:
2876:
2032:
1454:
1262:
1126:
664:
535:
485:
2126:
2099:
8796:
are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
2601:
2518:
769:
until the failure of the last remaining TWTA in January 2008. Both bands used the dish antenna with prime-focus feeds, unlike the
7625:
6826:
6618:
5906:
5595:
4976:
4966:
4497:
4414:
3974:
3692:
2767:
2051:
1742:
led to the discovery that dust coming into the Solar System from deep space was 30 times more abundant than previously expected.
6675:
6164:
5918:
4986:
4727:
4667:
4343:
3915:
3327:
1644:
1037:
1942:
947:
detected the solar wind at all solar distances and latitudes and in three dimensions. It measured positive ions and electrons.
8848:
6153:
5995:
5874:
5868:
5087:
4874:
4616:
3957:
3180:
3172:
1432:
1240:
4247:
3061:
1180:
were spun up to 80 rpm for stability at the start of its burn. On burnout of the PAM-S, the motor and spacecraft stack was
758:
and was used by early radars for automated tracking of targets and was also very common in early infrared guided missiles.
6755:
6177:
4793:
3141:
3121:
2736:
1808:
1802:
8559:
8828:
8823:
6960:
6909:
6845:
6821:
6681:
6365:
6268:
5424:
4125:
3666:
3481:
3275:
3094:
3045:
1749:
led to the determination that the magnetic field emanating from the Sun's poles is much weaker than previously observed.
1496:
1014:
8791:
Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
8054:
1997:
1887:
8838:
8315:
7723:
7227:
7093:
7037:
6340:
5758:
3685:
1565:
930:
MAG measured the magnetic field in the heliosphere. Measurements of Jupiter's magnetic field were also performed. Two
1756:
has "grown progressively weaker during the mission and is currently at its weakest since the start of the Space Age".
1598:
downlink subsystem failed on 15 January 2008. The other chain in the X-band subsystem had previously failed in 2003.
1417:
1225:
2477:
1176:-Special). The IUS was inertially stabilised and actively guided during its burn. The PAM-S was unguided and it and
977:
investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays in the heliosphere.
8818:
7129:
6798:
6485:
6065:
5885:
5478:
5460:
5430:
5340:
5055:
5022:
4996:
3855:
3591:
3586:
3347:
3220:
2702:
2069:
243:
1917:
1436:
1421:
1244:
1229:
7107:
6970:
6713:
6624:
6303:
6230:
6050:
5688:
5354:
5196:
4981:
4697:
4353:
3989:
2881:
2643:
2556:
993:
959:
picked up radio waves from the Sun and electromagnetic waves generated in the solar wind close to the spacecraft.
1587:
would likely cease within a few months. On 12 April 2008, NASA announced that the end date will be 1 July 2008.
7738:
7427:
6997:
6803:
6630:
6428:
6010:
4732:
4492:
4289:
4052:
3952:
3560:
3125:
2919:
1115:
881:
123:
102:
2176:"The magnetic field investigation on the ULYSSES mission - Instrumentation and preliminary scientific results"
1025:
7665:
7591:
7042:
6965:
6788:
6636:
6347:
6274:
6055:
5809:
5577:
5254:
5107:
5043:
4837:
4815:
4752:
4279:
3087:
675:
253:
7880:
4235:
2998:
2859:
8151:
7691:
7564:
7388:
6556:
6500:
6353:
6329:
6298:
6025:
5418:
4825:
4363:
4042:
3947:
3936:
3708:
3413:
3265:
3007:
1693:
1194:
737:
7926:
2989:
108:
7686:
7405:
7101:
7005:
6641:
6505:
5773:
5072:
4897:
4707:
4523:
4378:
4047:
3984:
3438:
2954:
2307:
1770:
1576:
1500:
1173:
704:
556:
268:
183:
95:
3448:
8740:
8662:
8522:
8434:
8354:
8273:
7951:
7871:
8667:
8612:
8512:
8478:
8444:
8283:
8225:
8162:
7969:
7728:
7632:
7485:
7327:
7315:
7303:
7291:
7272:
7065:
6816:
6734:
6606:
6584:
6550:
6518:
6473:
6466:
6321:
6111:
5815:
5659:
5541:
5309:
5291:
5065:
5060:
4808:
4798:
4629:
4609:
4548:
4437:
4409:
4373:
4020:
3901:
3304:
3285:
2652:
2565:
2432:
2316:
2259:
2187:
2141:
1673:
1165:
1084:
could produce a significant plane change. An Out-Of-The-Ecliptic mission (OOE) was thereby proposed.
841:
antennas were unreeled outwards from the body, perpendicular to the RTG and spin axis. Together this
770:
278:
264:
8532:
8507:
8503:
8428:
8335:
8298:
7526:
6414:
4269:
3794:
3776:
3312:
1000:
grains to investigate their properties as functions of the distance from the Sun and solar latitude.
598:
could not be powered by solar cells. The probe was powered instead by a General Purpose Heat Source
210:
3.2 m × 3.3 m × 2.1 m (10.5 ft × 10.8 ft × 6.9 ft)
8637:
7974:
7796:
7785:
7781:
7567:
7491:
7279:
7188:
6569:
6252:
6245:
6095:
6040:
6035:
6005:
5844:
5803:
5791:
5785:
5672:
5484:
5454:
5313:
5285:
5186:
4917:
4702:
4648:
4642:
4622:
4602:
4476:
4326:
4316:
4216:
4026:
3979:
3297:
2680:
1983:
1289:
910:
575:
544:
371:
8780:
8596:
8499:
4229:
4117:
8775:
8770:
8766:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8745:
8735:
8730:
8726:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8677:
8643:
8622:
8591:
8548:
8517:
8483:
8469:
8454:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8397:
8369:
8345:
8340:
8278:
8220:
8215:
8211:
8207:
8202:
8188:
8157:
8140:
8135:
8125:
8120:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8022:
8017:
8012:
7957:
7917:
7912:
7896:
7891:
7876:
7837:
7832:
7651:
6894:
6172:
6085:
5990:
5797:
5734:
5607:
5491:
4762:
4742:
4596:
4096:
4014:
3643:
3403:
3204:
3188:
2456:
2340:
1818:
1794:
1629:
953:
determined composition, temperature and speed of the atoms and ions that comprise the solar wind.
729:
344:
8565:
2841:
2815:
8653:
8330:
3423:
3270:
2226:
8582:
8321:
8197:
8193:
7826:
7543:
7170:
7115:
7045:
7026:
7013:
6544:
6449:
6421:
6310:
6291:
5466:
5364:
5347:
5325:
4820:
4579:
4399:
4208:
4067:
3816:
3244:
2583:
2530:
2448:
2332:
2302:
2283:
2275:
2250:
2241:
2195:
2149:
2028:
1842:
1617:
1385:
1169:
918:
8657:
8464:
7930:
7922:
8693:
8633:
8617:
8449:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8251:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8064:
8060:
7946:
7842:
7509:
6687:
6648:
6126:
5985:
5710:
5050:
4783:
4091:
4057:
2660:
2573:
2522:
2440:
2423:
2324:
2267:
2191:
2145:
1651:, because they generated enough heat during operation to keep the propellant plumbing warm.
1114:
The changes delayed launch from February 1983 to May 1986 when it was to be deployed by the
846:
838:
755:
736:, and instrument boom were placed to stabilize this axis, with the spin rate nominally at 5
503:
453:
7963:
7866:
3157:
1140:
971:
investigated the energy, fluxes and distribution of energetic particles in the heliosphere.
7673:
7520:
6591:
6538:
6512:
6459:
6382:
5942:
5779:
5038:
4788:
4306:
4084:
4079:
3809:
3747:
3726:
3601:
3065:
1701:
1697:
1480:
1122:
1104:
1066:
941:
magnetic field measurements, the Vector Helium Magnetometer and the Fluxgate Magnetometer.
869:
814:
643:
619:, because of its lengthy and indirect trajectory to study the solar poles. It was renamed
497:
178:
7450:
2886:
2305:(1 April 1995). "Kinetic properties of heavy ions in the solar wind from SWICS/Ulysses".
1049:, the Sun had only been observed from low solar latitudes. The Earth's orbit defines the
2656:
2569:
2436:
2320:
2263:
2175:
2157:
2111:
7854:
7749:
7391:
7247:
6703:
6670:
6658:
6601:
6561:
5975:
5176:
4932:
4757:
4471:
4404:
4358:
3999:
3964:
3874:
2613:
1076:
873:
842:
745:
587:
583:
381:
114:
2245:
2055:
8807:
7858:
7661:
7587:
7559:
7444:
7350:
6927:
6899:
6579:
6531:
6524:
5319:
5260:
5127:
4950:
4778:
4687:
4311:
4074:
3908:
3835:
3596:
3332:
3228:
2905:
2798:
2624:
2344:
1850:
1181:
914:
732:
about its z-axis which roughly coincides with the axis of the dish antenna. The RTG,
653:
8527:
8439:
8293:
8007:
7991:
7497:
7253:
7177:
7019:
6443:
6436:
5303:
5122:
4737:
4717:
4712:
4573:
4301:
4189:
4152:
3783:
2460:
2364:
1186:
931:
877:
803:
733:
719:
708:
81:
7615:
7338:
7153:
6980:
6950:
6937:
6932:
4274:
143:
52:
17:
3677:
2512:
8706:
8648:
8459:
8386:
8359:
8288:
8183:
8167:
8032:
7582:
7549:
7087:
6869:
6060:
5980:
5653:
5649:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5621:
5617:
5334:
5171:
4857:
Probes are listed in chronological order of launch. indicates mission failures.
3433:
3054:
1591:
1406:
1214:
997:
899:
865:
627:
1575:
On 22 February 2008, 17 years and 4 months after the launch of the spacecraft,
692:
431:
8130:
7936:
7265:
7183:
6075:
5726:
5718:
5694:
5665:
5645:
5627:
5613:
5436:
4528:
4196:
3739:
3732:
2526:
2246:"The southern high-speed stream: results from the SWICS instrument on Ulysses"
1784:
1753:
1625:
1275:
1062:
1058:
903:
791:
Total mass at launch was 371 kg (818 lb), of which 33.5 kg was
750:
610:
2587:
2336:
2279:
2199:
2153:
1724:
crossed the ecliptic twice per orbit, many GRB determinations lost accuracy.
8474:
8102:
7811:
7576:
7537:
7461:
7212:
7205:
7164:
7159:
7060:
7054:
6837:
6395:
6388:
6316:
6199:
6116:
6090:
6015:
5838:
5680:
5601:
5412:
5267:
4909:
4567:
4561:
4518:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4348:
4202:
4062:
4009:
3994:
3882:
3760:
3753:
3617:
3581:
3529:
3408:
3149:
2360:"A deathblow to the Death Star: The rise and fall of NASA's Shuttle-Centaur"
2271:
2009:
1879:
1685:
1636:
1613:
1569:
1535:
1377:
1363:
1349:
1088:
792:
741:
586:. To reach the desired orbit around the Sun, the mission's planners chose a
2452:
1668:
880:, a helium vector magnetometer and a fluxgate magnetometer; and a two-axis
4241:
2287:
2244:; Ipavich, F.; Livi, S; McKenzie, J.; Ogilvie, K.; et, al. (19 May 1995).
8586:
8268:
8230:
7862:
7382:
6922:
6596:
6279:
6258:
5565:
5547:
5507:
5442:
5372:
5181:
4945:
4940:
4513:
4432:
4321:
3648:
2639:"Encounter of the Ulysses Spacecraft with the Ion Tail of Comet McNaught"
2039:"Inferno of Ulysses' urge to explore an uninhabited world behind the Sun.
1713:
1640:
1621:
1601:
1519:
1389:
1050:
891:
784:
712:
660:
631:
603:
579:
4866:
1684:
provided unique data. As the only spacecraft out of the ecliptic with a
1546:
7850:
7846:
7815:
7656:
7639:
7505:
7468:
7010:
6985:
6718:
6495:
6285:
6080:
5955:
5948:
5930:
5924:
5862:
5856:
5850:
5571:
5297:
5097:
5077:
5017:
4922:
4844:
4654:
4368:
4284:
4004:
3712:
3550:
3521:
3489:
3418:
3396:
3292:
3280:
3079:
2959:
2328:
1909:
1639:
attitude control fuel on board the spacecraft was considered likely to
1335:
1108:
1081:
861:
591:
400:
174:
8699:
8672:
8628:
8571:
8553:
8392:
8326:
8146:
8048:
8027:
7985:
7980:
7942:
7885:
7821:
7474:
7360:
7355:
6975:
6955:
6941:
6917:
6613:
6070:
5702:
5472:
5406:
5236:
4747:
4336:
4331:
3465:
3443:
3322:
3317:
3236:
2444:
1830:
1609:
1595:
1559:
ESA's Science Program Committee approved the fourth extension of the
1162:
1148:
762:
681:
260:
1094:
Originally, two spacecraft were to be built by NASA and ESA, as the
2665:
2638:
2578:
2551:
1479:
On 1 May 1996, the spacecraft unexpectedly crossed the ion tail of
8364:
8350:
8246:
7438:
7416:
7032:
6454:
5912:
5583:
5499:
5448:
5394:
4803:
4294:
4156:
3622:
3453:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3357:
3352:
2768:"International Solar Mission to End Following Stellar Performance"
1836:
1709:
1667:
1605:
1545:
1468:
1321:
1288:
1274:
1139:
1036:
1024:
1013:
909:
Lastly, the radio communications link could be used to search for
857:
813:
802:
691:
639:
635:
624:
574:
To study the Sun at all latitudes, the probe needed to change its
361:
351:
2904:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2797:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2623:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1483:(C/1996 B2), revealing the tail to be at least 3.8 AU in length.
563:(NASA), under leadership of ESA with participation from Canada's
27:
1990 robotic space probe; studied the Sun from a near-polar orbit
7704:
6778:
6490:
6045:
6020:
6000:
3576:
2923:
2771:
2605:
2218:
2103:
2005:
1975:
1883:
1705:
1648:
1580:
766:
560:
292:
219:
91:
33:
7753:
6841:
6203:
5213:
4870:
4121:
3681:
3083:
2240:
Geiss, J; Gloeckler, G; von Steiger, R; Balsiger, H; Fisk, L.;
1821: – NASA robotic space probe of the outer corona of the Sun
1522:
in 2003/2004 and made further distant observations of Jupiter.
1193:
On its way to Jupiter, the spacecraft was in an elliptical non-
3110:
3023:
2980:
2927:
2775:
2740:
2710:
2684:
2609:
2485:
2395:
2222:
2107:
2073:
1979:
1946:
1635:
Even before the downlink signal was lost due to distance, the
1400:
1208:
895:
548:
524:
474:
1590:
The spacecraft operated successfully for over four times its
983:
studied cosmic gamma ray bursts and X-rays from solar flares.
906:
were mounted on the spacecraft body around the quiet section.
512:
459:
2812:"RIP: Ulysses solar probe coming to end soon - Yahoo! News"
1491:
An encounter with a comet tail happened again in 2004 when
876:
scintillator crystals with photomultipliers; two different
795:
propellant used for attitude control and orbit correction.
652:
was originally scheduled for launch in May 1986 aboard the
3059:
Mission Operations Manager Nigel Angold on Planetary Radio
1594:. A component within the last remaining working chain of
1157:
was deployed into low Earth orbit from the Space Shuttle
518:
509:
468:
456:
1847: – NASA probe to study solar wind, at L1 since 1995
1467:
Between 1994 and 1995 it explored both the southern and
981:
Solar X-ray and Cosmic Gamma-Ray Burst Instrument (GRB):
765:
for science return (downlink only), using dual 20 watts
4173:
List of artificial objects on extraterrestrial surfaces
2877:"Ulysses Spacecraft Ends Historic Mission of Discovery"
32:
Not to be confused with the 2024 lunar landing mission
4168:
List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft
3075:
Jupiter gravity assist and polar orbit around the Sun
536:
527:
521:
486:
477:
471:
872:; the Gamma-Ray Burst experiment, consisting of two
515:
465:
8686:
8605:
8541:
8492:
8378:
8307:
8239:
8176:
8041:
8000:
7905:
7804:
7605:
7371:
7237:
7226:
7197:
7144:
7079:
6996:
6908:
6887:
6876:
6771:
6748:
6727:
6696:
6407:
6237:
6104:
5966:
5895:
5825:
5757:
5534:
5383:
5278:
5229:
5222:
5164:
5143:
5031:
5010:
4959:
4931:
4908:
4771:
4678:
4589:
4541:
4506:
4485:
4425:
4392:
4262:
4255:
4181:
4035:
3926:
3893:
3866:
3847:
3828:
3802:
3719:
3631:
3610:
3569:
3543:
3474:
3258:
3134:
2955:"Solar orbiter Ulysses ends mission after 18 years"
2514:
The Sun and the Heliosphere as an Integrated System
506:
462:
417:
409:
398:
380:
370:
360:
350:
340:
335:
319:
311:
306:
288:
274:
249:
238:
233:
214:
206:
198:
190:
170:
165:
149:
135:
122:
101:
87:
77:
65:
2766:Agle, DC; Brown, Dwayne, eds. (22 February 2008).
2552:"Cometary Ions Trapped in a Coronal Mass Ejection"
2511:Poletto, Giannina; Suess, Steve T. (5 June 2013).
975:Cosmic Ray and Solar Particle Instrument (COSPIN):
969:Low-Energy Ion and Electron Experiment (HI-SCALE):
4992:Space Applications and Telecommunications Centre
2920:"International Mission Studying Sun to Conclude"
1833: – Solar observation mission (2006–present)
957:Unified Radio and Plasma Wave Instrument (URAP):
703:The spacecraft was designed by ESA and built by
2392:"Sun to set on Ulysses solar mission on 1 July"
1384:It arrived at Jupiter on 8 February 1992 for a
1201:had a low orbital inclination to the ecliptic.
5002:Space Telescope European Coordinating Facility
2918:Brown, Dwayne; Agle, DC, eds. (12 June 2008).
2180:Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series
2134:Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series
2027:. Coulsdon, Surrey: Jane's Information Group.
1943:"Ulysses: 12 extra months of valuable science"
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1855: – European space-based solar observatory
1839: – NASA satellite of the Explorer program
1805: – NASA satellite of the Explorer program
1300:trajectory from 6 October 1990 to 29 June 2009
951:Solar Wind Ion Composition Instrument (SWICS):
7765:
6853:
6215:
4882:
4133:
3693:
3095:
3033:subsystems and instrumentation in high detail
2100:"Unified Radio and Plasma Wave Investigation"
1624:. As the spacecraft traveled on its outbound
963:Energetic Particle Instrument (EPAC) and GAS:
561:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
8:
917:) and to probe the Sun's atmosphere through
43:
2871:
2869:
2856:"Ulysses Mission Ops—No more data playback"
2478:"Ulysses Catches Another Comet by the Tail"
2472:
2470:
2301:von Steiger, R.; Geiss, J.; Gloeckler, G.;
1435:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1243:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
7772:
7758:
7750:
7234:
6884:
6860:
6846:
6838:
6222:
6208:
6200:
5226:
5210:
5151:European Launcher Development Organisation
4905:
4889:
4875:
4867:
4259:
4140:
4126:
4118:
3700:
3686:
3678:
3102:
3088:
3080:
1937:
1935:
1583:announced that the mission operations for
153:18 years, 8 months, 24 days
113:
42:
8834:Derelict satellites in heliocentric orbit
4657:(multiple flybys and sample return, 2026)
4570:(multiple flybys and sample return, 2025)
2737:"Ulysses mission coming to a natural end"
2664:
2577:
1455:Learn how and when to remove this message
1263:Learn how and when to remove this message
634:", at ESA's request in honor not only of
567:. The last day for mission operations on
8844:Spacecraft launched by the Space Shuttle
1471:polar regions of the Sun, respectively.
674:was delayed until 6 October 1990 aboard
594:, but this Jupiter encounter meant that
2840:. European Space Agency. Archived from
2602:"Ulysses Second Encounter with Jupiter"
1864:
1021:sits atop the PAM-S and IUS combination
921:. No gravitational waves were detected.
773:feeds of most other spacecraft dishes.
547:whose primary mission was to orbit the
4107:Colonization of the outer Solar System
2967:from the original on 7 September 2023.
1388:that increased its inclination to the
945:Solar Wind Plasma Experiment (SWOOPS):
6360:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
5113:Space Situational Awareness Programme
3943:Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace
2782:from the original on 6 September 2024
2402:from the original on 14 February 2024
2372:from the original on 10 February 2024
2025:Jane's Spaceflight Directory, 1988-89
1920:from the original on 17 August 2011.
1814:List of missions to the outer planets
1554:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
924:Total instrument mass was 55 kg.
716:radioisotope thermoelectric generator
600:Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator
7:
6160:
5156:European Space Research Organisation
4972:Space Research and Technology Centre
2052:"Ulysses NASA Documentation Archive"
1910:"Welcome to the HIA Ulysses Project"
1433:adding citations to reliable sources
1241:adding citations to reliable sources
884:antenna measured AC magnetic fields.
6184:
4576:(multiple flybys and orbiter, 2028)
2691:from the original on 24 April 2024.
2127:"The gravitational wave experiment"
2080:from the original on 3 January 2024
36:, which used a spacecraft known as
8814:European Space Agency space probes
6372:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
3482:Electrojet Zeeman Imaging Explorer
3213:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
1914:Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics
1890:from the original on 2 August 2024
1827: – European space observatory
1825:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
1487:Comet C/1999 T1 (McNaught–Hartley)
1096:International Solar Polar Mission.
1041:Illustration of Solar Polar on IUS
25:
8859:Spacecraft decommissioned in 2009
7734:List of extraterrestrial orbiters
6762:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
6709:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
2934:from the original on 6 April 2024
2747:from the original on 31 July 2024
2717:from the original on 10 July 2024
2492:from the original on 2 March 2024
1953:from the original on 16 July 2024
1534:passed through the tail of comet
1503:carried the cometary material to
1495:flew through the ion tailings of
638:'s mythological hero but also of
7627:Double Asteroid Redirection Test
6827:Space Flight Operations Facility
6619:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
6183:
6171:
6159:
6148:
6147:
4977:ESA Centre for Earth Observation
4246:
4240:
4234:
4228:
3975:Innovative Interstellar Explorer
3793:
3662:
3661:
3071:Interactive 3D visualisation of
2899:
2792:
2618:
2358:Carney, Emily (9 October 2015).
1787:
1405:
1213:
864:detectors, to study X-rays from
502:
452:
430:
51:
6676:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
4344:International Cometary Explorer
3024:NASA's Solar System Exploration
2519:Springer Science+Business Media
2023:Turnill, Reginald, ed. (1988).
1645:radioisotope thermal generators
1168:(Inertial Upper Stage), plus a
5996:Columbus Man-Tended Free Flyer
4663:(spacecraft refueling concept)
3958:Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter
2885:. 30 June 2009. Archived from
2215:"SWOOPS/Electron - User Notes"
1745:In 2007–2008 data provided by
1649:traveling-wave tube amplifiers
421:440,439 km (6.3 Jupiter radii)
125:
1:
6756:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
3122:List of heliophysics missions
2953:Gorman, Steve (1 July 2009).
1809:List of heliophysics missions
1803:Advanced Composition Explorer
1692:was an important part of the
663:. Due to the 28 January 1986
559:(ESA) and the United States'
6961:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
6822:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
6682:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
6366:Soil Moisture Active Passive
6269:Atmospheric infrared sounder
4619:(multiple flybys, 2026–2029)
2703:"Ulysses scores a hat-trick"
1497:C/1999 T1 (McNaught-Hartley)
860:instrument, composed of two
8854:Spacecraft launched in 1990
7724:List of Solar System probes
6341:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1475:Comet C/1996 B2 (Hyakutake)
1125:upper stage). However, the
555:was a joint venture of the
8880:
6799:Table Mountain Observatory
6066:Mars sample return mission
5886:European Data Relay System
5566:Meteosat Second Generation
5479:James Webb Space Telescope
5341:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
5023:European Data Relay System
4997:Concurrent Design Facility
4645:(nuclear impactor concept)
3856:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
3348:Orbiting Solar Observatory
3313:Intercosmos 26 (Koronas I)
3221:Solar Dynamics Observatory
2994:mission operations website
2838:"February 2003 Operations"
2681:"Ulysses Mission Extended"
2002:Radioisotope Power Systems
1973:"The odyssey concludes..."
1526:Comet C/2006 P1 (McNaught)
31:
8864:Solar space observatories
8789:
7719:
6812:
6714:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
6625:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
6304:Large Binocular Telescope
6231:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
6139:
5689:Meteosat Third Generation
5548:Meteosat First Generation
5209:
5197:Planetary Science Archive
4982:European Astronaut Centre
4904:
4853:
4816:Small Solar System bodies
4794:Colonization of asteroids
4698:Asteroid Redirect Mission
4226:
4163:
4102:Missions to outer planets
3990:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
3791:
3657:
3117:
3020:Measuring Mission Profile
2882:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2644:The Astrophysical Journal
2557:The Astrophysical Journal
2527:10.1007/978-1-4020-2831-1
1121:(boosted by the proposed
888:Body-Mounted Instruments:
580:plane of the Solar System
565:National Research Council
429:
425:
394:
390:
386:2,264.26 days (6.2 years)
331:
327:
302:
298:
242:6 October 1990, 11:47:16
229:
225:
194:371 kg (818 lb)
161:
157:
73:
50:
7739:List of space telescopes
6804:Solar System Ambassadors
6631:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
4053:Magnetosphere of Jupiter
3953:Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
3126:List of solar telescopes
3064:20 February 2012 at the
1727:Additional discoveries:
1511:Second Jupiter encounter
1397:Polar regions of the Sun
1285:second orbit (1999–2004)
740:. Inside the body was a
202:55 kg (121 lb)
6789:NASA Deep Space Network
6637:Spitzer Space Telescope
6557:Mars Exploration Rovers
6348:Mars Science Laboratory
6275:Deep Space Atomic Clock
5108:Living Planet Programme
4967:Space Operations Centre
4605:(flyby of Pallas, 2022)
4564:(multiple flybys, 2025)
2272:10.1126/science.7754380
2192:1992A&AS...92..221B
2146:1992A&AS...92..431B
1696:(IPN). The IPN detects
992:Direct measurements of
6354:Microwave limb sounder
5419:Hubble Space Telescope
4987:Space Astronomy Centre
4826:Trans-Neptunian object
4043:Exploration of Jupiter
3948:Jupiter Europa Orbiter
3266:Apollo Telescope Mount
1775:leave the Solar System
1694:InterPlanetary Network
1680:During cruise phases,
1677:
1556:
1381:
1286:
1195:Hohmann transfer orbit
1151:
1147:after deployment from
1042:
1034:
1022:
988:Dust Experiment (DUST)
835:Radio/Plasma antennas:
822:
811:
700:
8849:Derelict space probes
7687:Peregrine Mission One
7231:(by termination date)
7006:Emirates Mars Mission
6881:(deep space missions)
6772:Related organizations
5216:Projects and missions
4898:European Space Agency
4048:Atmosphere of Jupiter
3985:Jovian Europa Orbiter
3414:Pioneer 6, 7, 8 and 9
3271:Coronas F (Koronas F)
3046:Max Planck Institute
2616:on 23 September 2008.
2308:Space Science Reviews
2229:on 27 September 2006.
1771:hyperbolic trajectory
1672:STS-41 launches from
1671:
1549:
1501:coronal mass ejection
1292:
1278:
1174:Payload Assist Module
1143:
1040:
1028:
1017:
817:
806:
744:fuel tank. Hydrazine
695:
613:was originally named
557:European Space Agency
341:Reference system
166:Spacecraft properties
7788:Orbital launches in
7729:List of lunar probes
7316:Mars Global Surveyor
7228:Completed after 2000
6817:JPL Science Division
6551:Mars Global Surveyor
6519:Mars Climate Orbiter
5816:European Robotic Arm
5660:Sentinel-5 Precursor
3111:Solar space missions
2743:. 22 February 2008.
2687:. 12 February 2004.
2163:on 19 December 2008.
1986:on 24 February 2012.
1674:Kennedy Space Center
1429:improve this section
1237:improve this section
1190:probe was launched.
1057:Several spacecraft (
882:magnetic search coil
642:'s character in the
279:Kennedy Space Center
265:Inertial Upper Stage
8829:Missions to Jupiter
8824:Missions to the Sun
6878:Active space probes
6141:Future missions in
5187:European Space Camp
4918:Guiana Space Centre
4661:World Is Not Enough
4149:Spacecraft missions
4027:Tsiolkovsky mission
3980:Io Volcano Observer
3709:Spacecraft missions
2862:on 2 December 2008.
2713:. 7 February 2007.
2657:2007ApJ...667.1262N
2570:2004ApJ...604L.121G
2488:. 9 February 2004.
2437:2000Natur.404..574J
2321:1995SSRv...72...71V
2264:1995Sci...268.1033G
2258:(5213): 1033–1036.
2114:on 17 January 2009.
2070:"Ulysses factsheet"
1773:around the Sun and
928:Magnetometer (MAG):
911:gravitational waves
576:orbital inclination
545:robotic space probe
352:Perihelion altitude
47:
8839:Missions to comets
7652:Hakuto-R Mission 1
7198:Interstellar space
6895:Parker Solar Probe
5991:Ceres Polar Lander
5826:Telecommunications
4671:(flyby, 2030–2042)
4668:Interstellar Probe
4097:Deep Space Network
3916:Interstellar Probe
3829:Atmospheric probes
3305:Hinotori (Astro-A)
3205:Parker Solar Probe
2329:10.1007/BF00768756
2213:Goldstein, Bruce.
1819:Parker Solar Probe
1795:Spaceflight portal
1678:
1630:Deep Space Network
1557:
1382:
1287:
1152:
1043:
1035:
1023:
823:
812:
701:
571:was 30 June 2009.
345:Heliocentric orbit
336:Orbital parameters
18:Ulysses spacecraft
8819:NASA space probes
8801:
8800:
7747:
7746:
7715:
7714:
7222:
7221:
7027:2001 Mars Odyssey
6835:
6834:
6794:Goldstone Complex
6749:Canceled missions
6728:Proposed missions
6545:Mars Polar Lander
6197:
6196:
6135:
6134:
5753:
5752:
5535:Earth observation
5365:Comet Interceptor
5356:Rosalind Franklin
5328:Trace Gas Orbiter
5279:Planetary science
5205:
5204:
5118:Science Programme
4864:
4863:
4821:Near-Earth object
4651:(multiple flybys)
4580:Comet Interceptor
4537:
4536:
4213:(multiple flybys)
4193:(multiple flybys)
4115:
4114:
3894:Proposed missions
3675:
3674:
2922:(Press release).
2770:(Press release).
2739:(Press release).
2709:(Press release).
2536:978-1-4020-2831-1
2431:(6778): 574–576.
2394:(Press release).
2058:on 17 March 2013.
1945:(Press release).
1738:Data provided by
1731:Data provided by
1676:, 6 October 1990.
1618:high gain antenna
1465:
1464:
1457:
1386:swing-by maneuver
1273:
1272:
1265:
1170:McDonnell Douglas
998:interstellar dust
919:radio occultation
443:
442:
405:
362:Aphelion altitude
16:(Redirected from
8871:
8663:Molniya 1T No.70
8523:Molniya-3 No.54L
8435:Molniya-1T No.68
8355:DFS Kopernikus 2
8274:Molniya 3 No.47L
7872:Molniya-3 No.53L
7793:
7792:
7791:
7774:
7767:
7760:
7751:
7235:
6885:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6839:
6697:Planned missions
6688:Lunar Flashlight
6299:Keck observatory
6238:Current missions
6224:
6217:
6210:
6201:
6187:
6186:
6175:
6163:
6162:
6151:
6150:
6127:Schiaparelli EDM
5986:Calathus Mission
5810:Georges Lemaître
5768:ISS contribution
5227:
5211:
4906:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4868:
4784:Asteroid capture
4551:(orbiter, 2024)
4455:Rover-1A / HIBOU
4260:
4250:
4244:
4238:
4232:
4142:
4135:
4128:
4119:
4092:Rings of Jupiter
4058:Moons of Jupiter
3867:Planned missions
3797:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3665:
3664:
3536:
3526:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3466:Yohkoh (Solar-A)
3251:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3193:
3189:Hinode (Solar-B)
3185:
3177:
3169:
3166:
3154:
3146:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3081:
2969:
2968:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2873:
2864:
2863:
2858:. Archived from
2852:
2846:
2845:
2834:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2814:. Archived from
2808:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2651:(2): 1262–1266.
2634:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2612:. Archived from
2598:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2564:(2): L121–L124.
2547:
2541:
2540:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2445:10.1038/35007011
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2398:. 12 June 2008.
2388:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2225:. Archived from
2210:
2204:
2203:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2156:. Archived from
2131:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2110:. Archived from
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2054:. Archived from
2048:
2042:
2041:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2012:on 3 March 2024.
2008:. Archived from
1994:
1988:
1987:
1982:. Archived from
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1949:. 30 June 2009.
1939:
1930:
1929:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1876:
1797:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1698:gamma ray bursts
1566:attitude control
1542:Extended mission
1460:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1409:
1401:
1380:
1375:
1366:
1361:
1352:
1347:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1319:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1284:
1268:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1248:
1217:
1209:
1205:Jupiter swing-by
1197:. At this time,
1075:) had performed
1033:after deployment
1029:Illustration of
940:
853:Experiment Boom:
847:monopole antenna
839:beryllium copper
821:radial boom test
756:conical scanning
670:, the launch of
590:maneuver around
539:
534:
533:
530:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
511:
508:
501:
490:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
461:
458:
434:
410:Closest approach
404:(gravity assist)
403:
234:Start of mission
150:Mission duration
127:
118:
117:
111:
55:
48:
21:
8879:
8878:
8874:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8869:
8868:
8804:
8803:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8785:
8682:
8668:Gorizont No.33L
8613:Gorizont No.32L
8601:
8537:
8513:Resurs-F1 No.51
8488:
8479:Eutelsat II F-1
8445:Resurs-F1 No.49
8374:
8303:
8284:Gorizont No.30L
8235:
8226:Resurs-F1 No.50
8172:
8163:Molniya-1 No.71
8037:
7996:
7970:Nadezhda No.405
7901:
7800:
7799:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7778:
7748:
7743:
7711:
7601:
7521:LISA Pathfinder
7367:
7230:
7218:
7193:
7140:
7075:
6992:
6904:
6880:
6872:
6866:
6836:
6831:
6808:
6767:
6744:
6723:
6692:
6539:Mars Pathfinder
6416:Cassini-Huygens
6403:
6383:Voyager program
6233:
6228:
6198:
6193:
6131:
6100:
5968:
5962:
5943:LISA Pathfinder
5900:
5898:
5891:
5821:
5804:Albert Einstein
5792:Johannes Kepler
5749:
5530:
5388:
5386:
5379:
5274:
5218:
5201:
5160:
5139:
5027:
5006:
4955:
4933:Launch vehicles
4927:
4900:
4895:
4865:
4860:
4849:
4789:Asteroid mining
4767:
4680:
4674:
4639:(sample return)
4633:(orbiter, 2025)
4599:(orbiter, 2021)
4585:
4533:
4502:
4481:
4421:
4388:
4270:Cassini–Huygens
4251:
4245:
4239:
4233:
4224:
4177:
4159:
4146:
4116:
4111:
4031:
3928:
3922:
3889:
3862:
3843:
3824:
3798:
3789:
3777:Cassini–Huygens
3748:Voyager program
3727:Pioneer program
3715:
3706:
3676:
3671:
3653:
3627:
3606:
3602:Solar Sentinels
3565:
3539:
3534:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3470:
3254:
3249:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3183:
3175:
3167:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3130:
3113:
3108:
3066:Wayback Machine
3055:Interview with
2977:
2972:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2900:
2892:
2890:
2889:on 16 July 2009
2875:
2874:
2867:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2844:on 3 July 2009.
2836:
2835:
2831:
2821:
2819:
2818:on 17 June 2008
2810:
2809:
2805:
2793:
2785:
2783:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2619:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2549:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2239:
2238:
2234:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2160:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2017:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1933:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1878:
1877:
1866:
1862:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1763:
1702:multilateration
1666:
1544:
1528:
1513:
1489:
1481:Comet Hyakutake
1477:
1461:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1426:
1410:
1399:
1373:
1372:
1359:
1358:
1345:
1344:
1331:
1330:
1317:
1316:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1282:
1269:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1234:
1218:
1207:
1138:
1123:Centaur G Prime
1105:Friedrichshafen
1012:
1007:
938:
898:, neutral gas,
801:
730:spin-stabilised
705:Dornier Systems
690:
537:
505:
496:
495:
488:
455:
451:
435:
413:8 February 1992
184:Dornier Systems
181:
179:Friedrichshafen
142:
112:
107:
61:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8877:
8875:
8867:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8806:
8805:
8799:
8798:
8794:Crewed flights
8790:
8787:
8786:
8784:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8733:
8720:
8715:
8710:
8703:
8696:
8690:
8688:
8684:
8683:
8681:
8680:
8675:
8670:
8665:
8660:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8625:
8620:
8615:
8609:
8607:
8603:
8602:
8600:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8580:
8568:
8563:
8556:
8551:
8545:
8543:
8539:
8538:
8536:
8535:
8533:Meteor-2 No.25
8530:
8525:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8508:Qiqiuweixing 2
8504:Qiqiuweixing 1
8496:
8494:
8490:
8489:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8472:
8467:
8462:
8457:
8452:
8447:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8429:Ekran-M No.14L
8425:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8382:
8380:
8376:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8367:
8362:
8357:
8348:
8343:
8338:
8336:Resurs-F2 No.5
8333:
8324:
8319:
8311:
8309:
8305:
8304:
8302:
8301:
8299:Meteor-2 No.23
8296:
8291:
8286:
8281:
8276:
8271:
8266:
8249:
8243:
8241:
8237:
8236:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8223:
8218:
8205:
8200:
8191:
8186:
8180:
8178:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8143:
8138:
8133:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8105:
8100:
8067:
8058:
8051:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8038:
8036:
8035:
8030:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8004:
8002:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7994:
7989:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7954:
7949:
7940:
7933:
7920:
7915:
7909:
7907:
7903:
7902:
7900:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7883:
7874:
7869:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7818:
7808:
7806:
7802:
7801:
7795:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7769:
7762:
7754:
7745:
7744:
7742:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7720:
7717:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7689:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7671:
7659:
7654:
7646:
7645:
7644:
7637:
7630:
7620:
7619:
7618:
7609:
7607:
7603:
7602:
7600:
7599:
7598:
7597:
7585:
7580:
7573:
7562:
7554:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7540:
7532:
7531:
7530:
7523:
7515:
7514:
7513:
7503:
7495:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7465:
7455:
7454:
7453:
7448:
7441:
7433:
7432:
7431:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7411:
7410:
7409:
7399:
7398:
7397:
7386:
7375:
7373:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7341:
7333:
7332:
7331:
7321:
7320:
7319:
7309:
7308:
7307:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7276:
7269:
7259:
7258:
7257:
7250:
7248:NEAR Shoemaker
7241:
7239:
7232:
7224:
7223:
7220:
7219:
7217:
7216:
7209:
7201:
7199:
7195:
7194:
7192:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7174:
7167:
7156:
7150:
7148:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7137:
7136:
7126:
7125:
7124:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7098:
7097:
7096:
7083:
7081:
7077:
7076:
7074:
7073:
7072:
7071:
7058:
7051:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7023:
7016:
7008:
7002:
7000:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6988:
6978:
6976:Tiandu 1 and 2
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6914:
6912:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6902:
6897:
6891:
6889:
6882:
6874:
6873:
6867:
6865:
6864:
6857:
6850:
6842:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6813:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6775:
6773:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6759:
6752:
6750:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6704:Europa Clipper
6700:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6691:
6690:
6685:
6679:
6673:
6668:
6661:
6659:TOPEX/Poseidon
6656:
6651:
6646:
6639:
6634:
6628:
6622:
6616:
6611:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6589:
6582:
6577:
6576:
6575:
6567:
6554:
6547:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6522:
6515:
6510:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6419:
6411:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6392:
6380:
6375:
6369:
6363:
6357:
6351:
6345:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6327:
6314:
6307:
6301:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6249:
6241:
6239:
6235:
6234:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6219:
6212:
6204:
6195:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6181:
6169:
6157:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6132:
6130:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6108:
6106:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6006:Darwin Mission
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5972:
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5952:
5951:(2019–present)
5946:
5940:
5934:
5933:(2013–present)
5928:
5927:(2009–present)
5922:
5916:
5915:(2001–present)
5910:
5903:
5901:
5896:
5893:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5888:(2016–present)
5883:
5878:
5877:(2014–present)
5872:
5871:(2011–present)
5866:
5865:(2010–present)
5860:
5859:(2008–present)
5854:
5853:(2005–present)
5848:
5847:(2001–present)
5842:
5836:
5829:
5827:
5823:
5822:
5820:
5819:
5813:
5807:
5801:
5798:Edoardo Amaldi
5795:
5789:
5788:(2010–present)
5783:
5777:
5776:(2008–present)
5771:
5770:(1998–present)
5764:
5762:
5755:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5747:
5739:
5731:
5723:
5715:
5707:
5699:
5685:
5677:
5669:
5668:(2018–present)
5663:
5662:(2017–present)
5657:
5656:(2016–present)
5643:
5642:(2015–present)
5625:
5624:(2014–present)
5611:
5610:(2013–present)
5605:
5604:(2010–present)
5599:
5598:(2009–present)
5593:
5587:
5586:(2006–present)
5581:
5575:
5569:
5568:(2002–present)
5563:
5557:
5551:
5545:
5544:(1988–present)
5538:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5520:
5512:
5504:
5496:
5488:
5487:(2023–present)
5482:
5481:(2021–present)
5476:
5475:(2019–present)
5470:
5469:(2013–present)
5464:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5445:(2002–present)
5440:
5439:(1999–present)
5434:
5428:
5422:
5421:(1990–present)
5416:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5391:
5389:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5369:
5361:
5352:
5344:
5338:
5337:(2018–present)
5332:
5331:(2016–present)
5323:
5317:
5307:
5306:(2003–present)
5301:
5295:
5289:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5264:
5263:(2020–present)
5258:
5252:
5251:(1995–present)
5246:
5240:
5233:
5231:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5207:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5177:ESA Television
5174:
5168:
5166:
5165:Related topics
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5047:
5046:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5011:Communications
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
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4758:New Horizons 2
4755:
4750:
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4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
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4700:
4695:
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4664:
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4640:
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4613:(flybys, 2024)
4606:
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4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4472:NEAR Shoemaker
4469:
4468:
4467:
4462:
4460:Rover-1B / OWL
4457:
4452:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4407:
4405:NEAR Shoemaker
4402:
4396:
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4371:
4366:
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4359:NEAR Shoemaker
4356:
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4055:
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4037:
4036:Related topics
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4000:New Horizons 2
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
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3972:
3967:
3965:Europa Orbiter
3962:
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3960:
3955:
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3940:
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3912:
3906:
3897:
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3888:
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3879:
3875:Europa Clipper
3870:
3868:
3864:
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3861:
3860:
3859:(JUICE) (2023)
3851:
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3084:
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3052:
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3029:ESA/NASA/JPL:
3026:
3014:
3005:
2996:
2987:
2976:
2975:External links
2973:
2971:
2970:
2945:
2910:
2865:
2847:
2829:
2803:
2758:
2728:
2694:
2672:
2666:10.1086/521019
2629:
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2579:10.1086/383524
2542:
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2503:
2466:
2413:
2383:
2350:
2293:
2232:
2205:
2186:(2): 221–236.
2166:
2140:(2): 431–440.
2117:
2091:
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2033:
2015:
1989:
1964:
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1116:Space Shuttle
1077:gravity assist
1011:
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1003:
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994:interplanetary
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
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942:
925:
922:
915:Doppler shifts
907:
890:Detectors for
885:
868:and Jupiter's
850:
800:
797:
746:monopropellant
689:
686:
588:gravity assist
584:launch vehicle
578:and leave the
441:
440:
439:mission patch
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315:Decommissioned
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307:End of mission
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7982:
7978:
7976:
7975:Okean-O1 No.5
7973:
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7663:
7662:Chandrayaan-3
7660:
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7588:Chandrayaan-2
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7445:Venus Express
7442:
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7362:
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7351:Chandrayaan-1
7349:
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7166:
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7161:
7157:
7155:
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7151:
7149:
7147:
7146:Minor planets
7143:
7134:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7117:
7113:
7109:
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7105:
7104:
7103:
7099:
7095:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7089:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:Other planets
7078:
7070:
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7062:
7059:
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6995:
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6929:
6928:Chandrayaan-2
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6901:
6900:Solar Orbiter
6898:
6896:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6871:
6868:21st-century
6863:
6858:
6856:
6851:
6849:
6844:
6843:
6840:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6814:
6811:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
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6780:
6777:
6776:
6774:
6770:
6763:
6760:
6757:
6754:
6753:
6751:
6747:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6735:Europa Lander
6733:
6732:
6730:
6726:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6701:
6699:
6695:
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6683:
6680:
6677:
6674:
6672:
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6666:
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6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
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6647:
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6644:
6640:
6638:
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6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6598:
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6578:
6574:
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6555:
6553:
6552:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6532:Mars Observer
6529:
6526:
6525:Mars Cube One
6523:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6514:
6511:
6509:
6508:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
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6432:
6431:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6420:
6418:
6417:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6408:Past missions
6406:
6398:
6397:
6393:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6355:
6352:
6349:
6346:
6343:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6326:
6324:
6320:
6319:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6254:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6243:
6242:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6220:
6218:
6213:
6211:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6190:
6182:
6180:
6179:
6174:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6158:
6156:
6155:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6138:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6103:
6097:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5971:
5965:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5917:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5905:
5904:
5902:
5899:demonstrators
5894:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5840:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5802:
5799:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5784:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5772:
5769:
5766:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5756:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5724:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5626:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5603:
5600:
5597:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5585:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5526:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5408:
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5385:Astronomy and
5382:
5375:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5353:
5350:
5349:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5329:
5324:
5321:
5320:Venus Express
5318:
5315:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5261:Solar Orbiter
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:Solar physics
5228:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5212:
5208:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5136:
5133:
5129:
5128:Cosmic Vision
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5013:
5009:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4887:
4885:
4880:
4878:
4873:
4872:
4869:
4856:
4855:
4852:
4846:
4843:
4839:
4836:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4779:Asteroid belt
4777:
4776:
4774:
4770:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4681:not developed
4679:Cancelled or
4677:
4670:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4588:
4582:(flyby, 2029)
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4507:Sample return
4505:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4424:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4312:Halley Armada
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4237:
4231:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4153:minor planets
4150:
4143:
4138:
4136:
4131:
4129:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3925:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3910:
3909:Europa Lander
3907:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3884:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3827:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3680:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:Solar Cruiser
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3542:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3523:
3522:Solar-C EUVST
3520:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3449:Taiyo (SRATS)
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3333:Koronas-Foton
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3230:
3229:Solar Orbiter
3227:
3222:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3187:
3182:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3040:Ulysses' now!
3036:
3034:
3032:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2914:
2911:
2907:
2906:public domain
2888:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2833:
2830:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2799:public domain
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2762:
2759:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2625:public domain
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2507:
2504:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2414:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2354:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2303:Galvin, A. B.
2297:
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2034:0-7106-0860-8
2030:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1852:Solar Orbiter
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1670:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1459:
1456:
1448:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1419:
1414:This section
1412:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1370:
1365:
1356:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1328:
1323:
1314:
1309:
1296:
1293:Animation of
1291:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1264:
1256:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1222:This section
1220:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1182:yo-yo de-spun
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1032:
1027:
1020:
1016:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
989:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
937:
933:
932:magnetometers
929:
926:
923:
920:
916:
912:
908:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
886:
883:
879:
878:magnetometers
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
848:
844:
840:
836:
833:
832:
831:
829:
820:
816:
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805:
798:
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794:
789:
786:
781:
777:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
752:
747:
743:
739:
735:
734:whip antennas
731:
727:
723:
721:
717:
714:
710:
706:
698:
694:
687:
685:
683:
679:
678:
673:
669:
668:
662:
658:
655:
654:Space Shuttle
651:
647:
646:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
617:
612:
607:
605:
601:
597:
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585:
581:
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570:
566:
562:
558:
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546:
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541:
532:
499:
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438:
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397:
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389:
385:
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76:
72:
68:
64:
59:
54:
49:
46:
39:
35:
30:
19:
8793:
8781:Globus No.12
8741:Gran' No.37L
8705:
8698:
8627:
8597:Inmarsat-2F1
8576:
8570:
8558:
8528:Progress M-5
8500:Fengyun I-02
8450:Marco Polo 2
8440:Progress M-4
8427:
8385:
8314:
8294:Intelsat 604
8145:
8053:
8008:Intelsat 603
7992:Progress M-3
7979:
7962:
7956:
7952:Gran' No.35L
7935:
7820:
7692:
7674:
7666:
7640:
7633:
7626:
7592:
7575:
7568:
7542:
7525:
7510:Schiaparelli
7508:
7498:
7490:
7484:
7467:
7460:
7451:Chang'e 5-T1
7443:
7426:
7404:
7392:
7381:
7344:
7343:
7326:
7314:
7302:
7290:
7278:
7271:
7264:
7254:Deep Space 1
7252:
7211:
7204:
7178:New Horizons
7176:
7169:
7158:
7128:
7114:
7100:
7086:
7067:Perseverance
7066:
7053:
7046:
7025:
7020:Mars Express
7018:
6942:
6870:space probes
6664:
6663:
6642:
6607:
6585:
6570:
6562:
6549:
6537:
6530:
6517:
6506:
6474:
6460:
6444:Deep Space 2
6442:
6437:Deep Space 1
6435:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6394:
6387:
6339:
6330:
6323:Perseverance
6322:
6311:Mars Odyssey
6309:
6292:
6284:
6251:
6244:
6176:
6165:
6152:
6142:
6051:Lunar Lander
5969:and proposed
5954:
5741:
5733:
5725:
5717:
5709:
5701:
5693:
5687:
5679:
5671:
5522:
5514:
5506:
5498:
5490:
5371:
5363:
5355:
5346:
5327:
5304:Mars Express
5266:
5242:
5144:Predecessors
5123:Horizon 2000
4831:Colonization
4738:Hayabusa Mk2
4718:Comet Hopper
4713:Clementine 2
4666:
4628:
4608:
4574:MBR Explorer
4383:
4302:Deep Space 1
4217:
4209:
4190:New Horizons
4188:
4019:
3935:
3914:
3900:
3881:
3873:
3854:
3836:
3817:
3810:
3784:New Horizons
3782:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3759:
3752:
3738:
3731:
3530:
3459:
3458:
3328:ICE / ISEE-3
3298:
3286:
3250:(since 1994)
3245:
3240:(since 2006)
3232:(since 2020)
3224:(since 2010)
3216:(since 1995)
3208:(since 2018)
3200:(since 2013)
3192:(since 2006)
3184:(since 2015)
3176:(since 2021)
3173:CHASE (Xihe)
3168:(since 2022)
3153:(since 2023)
3145:(since 1997)
3072:
3056:
3047:
3039:
3030:
3017:
3009:
3000:
2991:
2982:
2958:
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2930:. 2008-106.
2913:
2891:. Retrieved
2887:the original
2880:
2860:the original
2850:
2842:the original
2832:
2820:. Retrieved
2816:the original
2806:
2784:. Retrieved
2778:. 2008-031.
2761:
2749:. Retrieved
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2706:
2697:
2675:
2648:
2642:
2632:
2614:the original
2596:
2561:
2555:
2545:
2513:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2481:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2386:
2374:. Retrieved
2365:Ars Technica
2363:
2353:
2315:(1): 71–76.
2312:
2306:
2296:
2255:
2249:
2235:
2227:the original
2208:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2158:the original
2137:
2133:
2120:
2112:the original
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2064:
2056:the original
2046:
2038:
2024:
2018:
2010:the original
2001:
1992:
1984:the original
1967:
1955:. Retrieved
1923:
1921:
1904:
1894:25 September
1892:. Retrieved
1851:
1843:
1765:
1764:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1689:
1688:instrument,
1681:
1679:
1656:
1653:
1634:
1600:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1531:
1529:
1515:
1514:
1504:
1492:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1451:
1442:
1427:Please help
1415:
1383:
1368:
1354:
1340:
1326:
1312:
1307:
1294:
1279:
1259:
1250:
1235:Please help
1223:
1198:
1192:
1187:New Horizons
1185:
1177:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1144:
1127:
1117:
1113:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1030:
1018:
986:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
935:
927:
887:
866:solar flares
856:solid-state
852:
834:
827:
824:
818:
807:
790:
782:
778:
775:
760:
725:
724:
720:Faraday cage
709:dish antenna
702:
696:
676:
671:
666:
656:
649:
644:
620:
615:
614:
608:
595:
573:
568:
552:
446:
445:
444:
436:
323:30 June 2009
255:
199:Payload mass
171:Manufacturer
82:Heliophysics
78:Mission type
57:
44:
37:
29:
8776:Kosmos 2120
8771:Kosmos 2119
8767:Kosmos 2118
8763:Kosmos 2117
8759:Kosmos 2116
8755:Kosmos 2115
8751:Kosmos 2114
8746:Kosmos 2113
8736:Kosmos 2112
8731:Kosmos 2111
8727:Kosmos 2110
8723:Kosmos 2109
8718:Kosmos 2108
8713:Kosmos 2107
8707:Soyuz TM-11
8678:Kosmos 2106
8649:Kosmos 2105
8644:Kosmos 2104
8623:Kosmos 2103
8592:Kosmos 2102
8549:Kosmos 2101
8518:Kosmos 2100
8484:Kosmos 2099
8470:Kosmos 2098
8460:Kosmos 2097
8455:Kosmos 2096
8423:Kosmos 2095
8419:Kosmos 2094
8415:Kosmos 2093
8411:Kosmos 2092
8407:Kosmos 2091
8403:Kosmos 2090
8398:Kosmos 2089
8387:Soyuz TM-10
8370:Kosmos 2088
8360:Kosmos 2087
8346:Kosmos 2086
8341:Kosmos 2085
8289:Kosmos 2084
8279:Kosmos 2083
8221:Kosmos 2082
8216:Kosmos 2081
8212:Kosmos 2080
8208:Kosmos 2079
8203:Kosmos 2078
8189:Kosmos 2077
8184:Progress 42
8168:Kosmos 2076
8158:Kosmos 2075
8141:Kosmos 2074
8136:Kosmos 2073
8126:Kosmos 2072
8121:Foton No.6L
8098:Kosmos 2071
8094:Kosmos 2070
8090:Kosmos 2069
8086:Kosmos 2068
8082:Kosmos 2067
8078:Kosmos 2066
8074:Kosmos 2065
8070:Kosmos 2064
8033:Kosmos 2063
8023:Kosmos 2062
8018:Kosmos 2061
8013:Kosmos 2060
7958:Superbird B
7918:Kosmos 2059
7913:Zhongxing 3
7897:Kosmos 2058
7892:Kosmos 2057
7838:Kosmos 2056
7833:Kosmos 2055
7583:Longjiang-2
7569:Opportunity
7550:Longjiang-1
7428:Deep Impact
7088:BepiColombo
6571:Opportunity
6430:Deep Impact
6189:WikiProject
6061:MarcoPolo-R
6011:Don Quijote
5981:Ariane 5 ME
5945:(2015–2017)
5875:Galileo FOC
5869:Galileo IOV
5841:(1989–1993)
5780:Jules Verne
5761:spaceflight
5592:(2009–2013)
5580:(2003–2007)
5578:Double Star
5574:(2002–2012)
5562:(1995–2011)
5556:(1991–2000)
5550:(1977–1997)
5463:(2009–2013)
5457:(2009–2013)
5433:(1995–1998)
5415:(1989–1993)
5409:(1983–1986)
5403:(1978–1996)
5397:(1975–1982)
5335:BepiColombo
5322:(2005–2014)
5316:(2004–2016)
5300:(2003–2006)
5294:(1997–2005)
5288:(1985–1992)
5257:(2000–2024)
5245:(1990–2009)
5239:(1977–1987)
5172:Arianespace
4809:Exploration
4733:Don Quijote
4493:Deep Impact
4290:Deep Impact
4197:OSIRIS-APEX
4068:Exploration
3444:Spartan 201
3161: [
2786:23 February
2751:23 February
2707:www.esa.int
2482:sci.esa.int
1608:resumed on
1592:design life
1518:approached
1086:See article
904:cosmic rays
810:instruments
799:Instruments
785:RCA CDP1802
751:Sun sensors
628:translation
372:Inclination
320:Deactivated
275:Launch site
239:Launch date
191:Launch mass
8808:Categories
8566:FSW-1 No.3
8131:Palapa B2R
7937:Soyuz TM-9
7695:helicopter
7634:Mangalyaan
7266:Pioneer 10
7184:OSIRIS-REx
7165:MINERVA-II
6467:spacecraft
6333:helicopter
6076:Phootprint
6056:Marco Polo
5897:Technology
5727:MetOp-SG-B
5719:MetOp-SG-A
5695:Sentinel-4
5666:ADM-Aeolus
5646:Sentinel-3
5628:Sentinel-2
5614:Sentinel-1
5542:Copernicus
5437:XMM-Newton
5255:Cluster II
5061:Copernicus
5032:Programmes
4960:Facilities
4910:Spaceports
4753:Marco Polo
4529:OSIRIS-REx
4280:Clementine
4203:Hayabusa2♯
3927:Cancelled,
3733:Pioneer 10
2822:15 January
2242:Galvin, A.
1860:References
1754:solar wind
1626:trajectory
1612:, but the
1128:Challenger
1118:Challenger
1068:Voyagers 1
1063:Pioneer 11
1059:Mariner 10
934:performed
771:Cassegrain
699:spacecraft
688:Spacecraft
667:Challenger
657:Challenger
611:spacecraft
289:Contractor
207:Dimensions
182:(formerly
60:spacecraft
8654:Satcom C1
8587:Westar 6S
8493:September
8475:Skynet 4C
8331:Optus-MFS
8103:AsiaSat 1
7812:Skynet 4A
7693:Ingenuity
7616:Chang'e 5
7577:Beresheet
7462:MESSENGER
7339:Chang'e 1
7213:Voyager 2
7206:Voyager 1
7160:Hayabusa2
7154:Chang'e 2
7061:Mars 2020
7055:Tianwen-1
7047:Curiosity
6981:Chang'e 6
6971:Queqiao 2
6951:Chang'e 5
6938:Chang'e 4
6933:Chang'e 3
6450:Explorers
6396:Voyager 2
6389:Voyager 1
6331:Ingenuity
6317:Mars 2020
6117:CryoSat-1
6091:STE-QUEST
6026:Eddington
6016:e.Deorbit
5967:Cancelled
5839:Olympus-1
5681:EarthCARE
5602:CryoSat-2
5451:(2006–13)
5427:(1992–93)
5413:Hipparcos
5387:cosmology
4617:Centaurus
4568:Tianwen-2
4519:Hayabusa2
4486:Impactors
4445:Hayabusa2
4364:Pioneer 7
4354:NEA Scout
4349:LICIACube
4275:Chang'e 2
4221:(orbiter)
4199:(orbiter)
4010:Pioneer H
3995:Laplace-P
3883:Tianwen-4
3754:Voyager 1
3632:Sun-Earth
3618:Pioneer E
3582:Pioneer H
3570:Cancelled
3424:Prognoz 6
3409:Pioneer 5
3150:Aditya-L1
3038:Where is
3008:NASA/JPL
3003:Home page
2588:0004-637X
2345:189797680
2337:1572-9672
2280:0036-8075
2200:0365-0138
2154:0365-0138
1998:"Ulysses"
1880:"Ulysses"
1752:That the
1686:gamma-ray
1643:, as the
1637:hydrazine
1622:data rate
1614:beamwidth
1570:hydrazine
1536:C/2006 P1
1530:In 2007,
1445:June 2024
1416:does not
1378:C/1999 T1
1364:C/1996 B2
1350:C/2006 P1
1253:June 2024
1224:does not
1159:Discovery
1089:Pioneer H
913:(through
892:electrons
793:hydrazine
742:hydrazine
680:(mission
677:Discovery
540:-liss-eez
399:Flyby of
256:Discovery
140:NASA Page
109:1990-090B
103:COSPAR ID
8687:December
8606:November
8269:INSAT-1D
8231:Kristall
8198:MacSat 2
8194:MacSat 1
7906:February
7881:Hagoromo
7863:Webersat
7827:Leasat 5
7406:Stardust
7383:Hayabusa
7102:Akatsuki
6923:CAPSTONE
6649:Surveyor
6643:Stardust
6597:QuikSCAT
6507:Magellan
6486:Herschel
6280:GRACE-FO
6259:ACRIMSAT
6178:Wikinews
6154:Category
5774:Columbus
5698:) (2024)
5508:ARRAKIHS
5461:Herschel
5443:INTEGRAL
5373:EnVision
5326:ExoMars
5182:EUMETSAT
5073:Columbus
5066:Sentinel
4946:Ariane 6
4941:Ariane 5
4708:Castalia
4590:Proposed
4562:DESTINY+
4524:Stardust
4514:Hayabusa
4433:Hayabusa
4415:Timeline
4393:Orbiters
4379:Stardust
4322:Sakigake
4205:(lander)
4085:Callisto
4080:Ganymede
3929:concepts
3848:En route
3821:(active)
3803:Orbiters
3667:Category
3649:ACRIMSAT
3561:Sundiver
3544:Proposed
3439:SolarMax
3062:Archived
2965:Archived
2938:1 August
2932:Archived
2780:Archived
2745:Archived
2715:Archived
2689:Archived
2490:Archived
2453:10766233
2400:Archived
2370:Archived
2078:Archived
1951:Archived
1927:mission.
1918:Archived
1888:Archived
1781:See also
1714:asteroid
1712:, or an
1602:Downlink
1520:aphelion
1469:northern
1390:ecliptic
1130:disaster
1101:Ulysses,
1051:ecliptic
1010:Planning
713:GPHS-RTG
711:and the
665:loss of
661:STS-61-F
632:Odysseus
616:Odysseus
604:GPHS-RTG
543:) was a
418:Distance
312:Disposal
144:ESA Page
88:Operator
69:Odysseus
38:Odysseus
8658:GStar 4
8638:Prowler
8577:Ulysses
8560:Unnamed
8542:October
8465:Yuri 3a
8316:Unnamed
8055:Unnamed
7931:Fuju 1b
7927:Orizuru
7923:Momo 1b
7851:UoSAT-4
7847:UoSAT-3
7816:JCSAT-2
7805:January
7675:Zhurong
7667:Pragyan
7657:Luna 25
7641:InSight
7593:Pragyan
7527:Cassini
7506:ExoMars
7486:Rosetta
7469:PROCYON
7345:Ulysses
7328:Phoenix
7304:Huygens
7292:Genesis
7273:Galileo
7135:Jupiter
7122:Jupiter
7094:Mercury
7011:ExoMars
6986:ICUBE-Q
6966:Queqiao
6918:ARTEMIS
6784:Caltech
6764:(MAX-C)
6740:FINESSE
6719:SPHEREx
6665:Ulysses
6608:Rosetta
6592:Pioneer
6586:Phoenix
6527:(MarCO)
6513:Mariner
6496:Jason-1
6475:Genesis
6461:Galileo
6286:InSight
6166:Commons
6143:italics
6112:Cluster
6096:THESEUS
6081:SOLARIS
5956:PROBA-3
5949:OPS-SAT
5931:PROBA-V
5925:PROBA-2
5913:PROBA-1
5863:HYLAS-1
5857:GIOVE-B
5851:GIOVE-A
5845:Artemis
5673:Biomass
5572:Envisat
5511:(2030s)
5310:Rosetta
5298:SMART-1
5292:Huygens
5243:Ulysses
5223:Science
5098:ExoMars
5088:GALILEO
5078:CryoSat
5039:Artemis
5018:ESTRACK
4923:Esrange
4772:Related
4655:OKEANOS
4637:CORSAIR
4630:Chimera
4610:Shensuo
4542:Planned
4465:Rover-2
4438:MINERVA
4426:Landers
4410:Rosetta
4384:Ulysses
4374:Rosetta
4369:PROCYON
4307:Galileo
4285:CONTOUR
4021:Trident
4005:OKEANOS
3905:(2020s)
3902:Shensuo
3837:Galileo
3811:Galileo
3770:Ulysses
3713:Jupiter
3551:ADAHELI
3514:TRACERS
3506:SWFO-L1
3490:PROBA-3
3475:Planned
3460:Ulysses
3419:PROBA-2
3397:Solwind
3343:MinXSS2
3338:MinXSS1
3293:GOES 13
3287:Genesis
3281:ESRO 2B
3135:Current
3073:Ulysses
3057:Ulysses
3050:website
3048:Ulysses
3031:Ulysses
3018:Ulysses
3012:website
3010:Ulysses
3001:Ulysses
2992:Ulysses
2985:website
2983:Ulysses
2960:Reuters
2721:22 June
2653:Bibcode
2566:Bibcode
2496:22 June
2461:4418311
2433:Bibcode
2406:22 June
2376:22 June
2317:Bibcode
2288:7754380
2260:Bibcode
2251:Science
2188:Bibcode
2142:Bibcode
1924:Ulysses
1766:Ulysses
1747:Ulysses
1740:Ulysses
1733:Ulysses
1722:Ulysses
1720:. When
1718:Ulysses
1716:), and
1690:Ulysses
1682:Ulysses
1664:Results
1657:Ulysses
1616:of the
1585:Ulysses
1561:Ulysses
1551:Ulysses
1532:Ulysses
1516:Ulysses
1505:Ulysses
1493:Ulysses
1437:removed
1422:sources
1336:Jupiter
1308:Ulysses
1306:
1295:Ulysses
1280:Ulysses
1245:removed
1230:sources
1199:Ulysses
1178:Ulysses
1172:PAM-S (
1155:Ulysses
1145:Ulysses
1109:Germany
1082:Jupiter
1047:Ulysses
1031:Ulysses
1019:Ulysses
1005:Mission
936:Ulysses
870:aurorae
862:silicon
828:Ulysses
819:Ulysses
808:Ulysses
726:Ulysses
697:Ulysses
672:Ulysses
650:Ulysses
645:Inferno
621:Ulysses
596:Ulysses
592:Jupiter
569:Ulysses
553:Ulysses
447:Ulysses
437:Ulysses
401:Jupiter
366:5.40 AU
356:1.35 AU
263:) with
175:Astrium
136:Website
124:SATCAT
58:Ulysses
45:Ulysses
8700:STS-35
8694:USA-68
8673:USA-66
8634:USA-67
8629:STS-38
8618:USA-65
8572:STS-41
8554:USA-64
8393:USA-63
8379:August
8327:Badr-1
8264:USA-62
8260:USA-61
8256:USA-60
8252:USA-59
8152:Hubble
8147:STS-31
8116:USA-58
8112:USA-57
8108:USA-56
8065:USA-55
8061:Pegsat
8049:Ofek-2
8028:USA-54
7986:USA-53
7981:STS-36
7947:USA-52
7943:USA-51
7886:USA-50
7855:Pacsat
7843:SPOT-2
7822:STS-32
7797:1991 →
7782:← 1989
7538:MASCOT
7492:Philae
7475:IKAROS
7393:Spirit
7361:LCROSS
7356:SELENE
7280:Nozomi
7189:Psyche
6956:Danuri
6943:Yutu-2
6684:(WIRE)
6678:(WFPC)
6671:Viking
6621:(SRTM)
6614:Seasat
6602:Ranger
6563:Spirit
6501:Kepler
6368:(SMAP)
6362:(MISR)
6271:(AIRS)
6253:Psyche
6246:Euclid
6122:GEOS 1
6105:Failed
6071:ODINUS
6041:Hopper
6036:Hermes
6031:EXPERT
5959:(2024)
5939:(2015)
5921:(2007)
5909:(1998)
5835:(1978)
5833:GEOS 2
5818:(2021)
5812:(2014)
5806:(2013)
5800:(2012)
5794:(2011)
5786:Cupola
5782:(2008)
5746:(2027)
5738:(2025)
5730:(2025)
5722:(2025)
5714:(2025)
5706:(2025)
5703:ALTIUS
5684:(2024)
5676:(2024)
5527:(2035)
5519:(2035)
5516:Athena
5503:(2029)
5495:(2026)
5485:Euclid
5473:CHEOPS
5455:Planck
5425:Eureca
5407:EXOSAT
5376:(2031)
5368:(2029)
5360:(2028)
5351:(2024)
5343:(2023)
5314:Philae
5286:Giotto
5271:(2031)
5237:ISEE-2
5051:Aurora
4838:Trojan
4748:MAOSEP
4723:CONDOR
4703:CAESAR
4649:MANTIS
4643:HAMMER
4625:(2029)
4623:Ramses
4603:Athena
4477:Philae
4450:MASCOT
4337:Vega 2
4332:Vega 1
4327:Suisei
4317:Giotto
4263:Flybys
4218:Psyche
4182:Active
4157:comets
4075:Europa
3919:(2036)
3911:(2025)
3886:(2029)
3878:(2024)
3720:Flybys
3535:(2031)
3525:(2028)
3517:(2025)
3509:(2025)
3501:(2025)
3493:(2024)
3485:(2024)
3429:RHESSI
3404:PICARD
3323:ISEE-2
3318:ISEE-1
3299:Helios
3276:EURECA
3237:STEREO
3181:DSCOVR
2926:&
2893:1 July
2774:&
2608:&
2586:
2533:
2459:
2451:
2424:Nature
2343:
2335:
2286:
2278:
2221:&
2198:
2152:
2106:&
2031:
1978:&
1957:1 July
1831:STEREO
1641:freeze
1610:S-band
1596:X-band
1568:fuel,
1376:
1374:
1369:·
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:·
1353:
1348:
1346:
1341:·
1339:
1334:
1332:
1327:·
1325:
1320:
1318:
1313:·
1311:
1304:
1298:'s
1163:Boeing
1149:STS-41
1136:Launch
1065:, and
1045:Until
902:, and
843:dipole
763:X-band
682:STS-41
623:, the
382:Period
376:79.11°
283:LC-39B
261:STS-41
250:Rocket
177:GmbH,
8583:SBS 6
8365:CRRES
8351:TDF 2
8322:Gamma
8247:ROSAT
8042:April
8001:March
7964:BS 2x
7877:Hiten
7867:LUSat
7683:2024
7677:rover
7669:rover
7648:2023
7622:2022
7612:2020
7606:2020s
7595:rover
7571:rover
7560:MarCO
7556:2019
7534:2018
7517:2017
7501:rover
7481:2016
7457:2015
7439:LADEE
7435:2014
7423:2013
7417:GRAIL
7413:2012
7401:2011
7395:rover
7378:2010
7372:2010s
7335:2009
7323:2008
7311:2006
7299:2005
7287:2004
7261:2003
7244:2001
7238:2000s
7130:Juice
7108:Venus
7069:rover
7049:rover
7033:MAVEN
6945:rover
6758:(AFL)
6654:SVLBI
6633:(SIR)
6627:(SME)
6580:NSCAT
6573:rover
6565:rover
6481:GRACE
6455:GALEX
6374:(TES)
6356:(MLS)
6350:(MSL)
6344:(MRO)
6325:rover
6306:(LBT)
6264:ASTER
6086:SPICA
5881:EGNOS
5743:FORUM
5735:SMILE
5608:Swarm
5584:MetOp
5560:ERS-2
5554:ERS-1
5500:ARIEL
5492:PLATO
5449:CoRoT
5395:Cos-B
5358:rover
5268:Vigil
5192:GEWEX
5135:Pride
5093:ELIPS
5083:EGNOS
4845:Vesta
4804:Pluto
4799:Ceres
4763:Vesta
4743:Janus
4688:AGORA
4597:ASTER
4295:EPOXI
4015:SMARA
3839:Probe
3639:SORCE
3623:OSO C
3592:OSO K
3587:OSO J
3531:Vigil
3498:PUNCH
3454:TRACE
3434:SOLAR
3392:OSO 8
3387:OSO 7
3382:OSO 6
3377:OSO 5
3372:OSO 4
3367:OSO 3
3362:OSO B
3358:OSO 2
3353:OSO 1
3309:IMP-8
3165:]
3158:ASO-S
2457:S2CID
2341:S2CID
2161:(PDF)
2130:(PDF)
2084:7 May
1837:TRACE
1710:Venus
1606:Earth
1371:
1357:
1343:
1329:
1322:Earth
1315:
1283:'
939:'
858:X-ray
767:TWTAs
640:Dante
636:Homer
625:Latin
500:also
269:PAM-S
220:watts
215:Power
131:20842
66:Names
8308:July
8240:June
7859:DOVE
7790:1990
7705:IM-1
7700:SLIM
7544:Dawn
7499:Yutu
7171:Lucy
7116:Juno
6998:Mars
6910:Moon
6779:NASA
6491:IRAS
6423:Dawn
6378:SWOT
6293:Juno
6046:LOFT
6021:EChO
6001:CSTS
5976:AIDA
5919:YES2
5711:FLEX
5596:SMOS
5590:GOCE
5524:LISA
5467:Gaia
5348:Hera
5249:SOHO
5103:FLPP
4951:Vega
4728:CRAF
4555:AIDA
4549:Hera
4498:DART
4400:Dawn
4256:Past
4210:Lucy
4155:and
3970:FIRE
3937:Argo
3818:Juno
3611:Lost
3577:AOSO
3556:SETH
3259:Past
3246:Wind
3197:IRIS
2999:ESA
2990:ESA
2981:ESA
2940:2021
2924:NASA
2895:2009
2824:2017
2788:2008
2772:NASA
2753:2008
2723:2024
2606:NASA
2584:ISSN
2531:ISBN
2498:2024
2449:PMID
2408:2024
2378:2024
2333:ISSN
2284:PMID
2276:ISSN
2219:NASA
2196:ISSN
2150:ISSN
2104:NASA
2086:2021
2029:ISBN
2006:NASA
1976:NASA
1959:2009
1896:2023
1884:NASA
1844:WIND
1761:Fate
1706:Mars
1581:NASA
1579:and
1499:. A
1420:any
1418:cite
1228:any
1226:cite
1070:and
996:and
900:dust
896:ions
837:Two
728:was
630:of "
609:The
491:-eez
489:LISS
487:yoo-
293:NASA
267:and
218:285
92:NASA
34:IM-1
8177:May
7565:MER
7389:MER
7043:MSL
7038:MRO
7014:TGO
6888:Sun
5937:IXV
5907:ARD
5759:ISS
5431:ISO
5401:IUE
5056:ATV
5044:ESM
4693:AIM
4151:to
3711:to
3644:SXI
3142:ACE
3022:by
2928:JPL
2776:JPL
2741:ESA
2711:ESA
2685:ESA
2661:doi
2649:667
2610:JPL
2574:doi
2562:604
2523:doi
2486:ESA
2441:doi
2429:404
2396:ESA
2325:doi
2268:doi
2256:268
2223:JPL
2108:JPL
2074:ESA
1980:JPL
1947:ESA
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1577:ESA
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874:CsI
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659:on
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538:YOO
244:UTC
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7664:/
7590:/
7489:/
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5654:3B
5652:/
5650:3A
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5640:2C
5638:/
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5634:/
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