7674:
2037:
loss of political power left the
Umayyads of Medina resentful of Mu'awiya, who may have become wary of the political ambitions of the much larger Abu al-As branch of the clan—to which Uthman had belonged—under the leadership of Marwan ibn al-Hakam. Mu'awiya attempted to weaken the clan by provoking internal divisions. Among the measures taken was the replacement of Marwan from the governorship of Medina in 668 with another leading Umayyad, Sa'id ibn al-As. The latter was instructed to demolish Marwan's house, but refused. Marwan was restored in 674 and also refused Mu'awiya's order to demolish Sa'id's house. Mu'awiya appointed his own nephew,
2259:(both grandsons of Marwan I) from Egypt, Bishr ibn Marwan's son Abd al-Malik from Iraq, and al-Walid I's grandson Habib ibn Abd al-Malik, who had escaped the massacre of Nahr Abi Futrus. All the Umayyad immigrants were granted estates, stipends, command roles in the army, and provincial offices. While all the emirs, and later caliphs, of al-Andalus were direct descendants of Abd al-Rahman I, the families of Abd al-Malik ibn Umar (the Marwani clan) and Habib ibn Abd al-Malik (the Habibi clan) both became prominent at the provincial, military, judicial and cultural levels into the 10th century. The Umayyads longed for the
160:
2176:. Abd al-Malik's court in Damascus was filled with far more Umayyads than under his Sufyanid predecessors, a result of the clan's exile to the city from Medina. He maintained close ties with the Sufyanids through marital relations and official appointments, such as according Yazid's son Khalid a prominent role in the court and army and wedding to him his daughter A'isha. Abd al-Malik also married Khalid's sister
1992:, both potential contenders of the caliphate, died, the mantle of opposition to Ali was taken up chiefly by Mu'awiya. Initially, he refrained from openly claiming the caliphate, focusing instead on undermining Ali's authority and consolidating his position in Syria, all in the name of avenging Uthman's death. Mu'awiya and Ali, leading their respective Syrian and Iraqi supporters, fought to a stalemate at the
1935:, a wealthy Umayyad merchant, early convert to Islam, and son-in-law and close companion of Muhammad. Uthman initially kept his predecessors' appointees in their provincial posts, but gradually replaced many with Umayyads or his maternal kinsmen from the Banu Umayya's parent clan, the Banu Abd Shams. Mu'awiya, who had been appointed governor of Syria by Umar, retained his post. Two Umayyads,
1772:(wartime commander) of the Meccans. This position was likely an occasional political post whose holder oversaw the direction of Mecca's military affairs in times of war, instead of an actual field command. This early experience in military leadership proved instructive, as later Umayyads were known for possessing considerable political and military organizational skills. The historian
1780:, "be accepted with caution", but "that too great skepticism with regard to tradition would be as ill-advised as absolute faith in its statements". Della Vida asserts that since the Umayyads who appear at the beginning of Islamic history in the early 7th century were no later than third-generation descendants of Umayya, the latter's existence is highly plausible.
8222:
2144:. Soon after Abd al-Malik acceded, while he was away on a military campaign, he faced an attempted coup in Damascus by Amr al-Ashdaq. Abd al-Malik suppressed the revolt and personally executed his kinsman. By 692, he defeated Ibn al-Zubayr, who was killed, and restored Umayyad authority across the Caliphate.
2317:
caliph, who ruled between 644 and 656, left several descendants, some of whom served political posts under the
Umayyad caliphs. From the Abu al-Is line came the politically important family of Asid ibn Abi al-Is, whose members served military and gubernatorial posts under various Rashidun and Umayyad
2254:
in 756, he invited other
Marwanids, who were keeping a low profile under Abbasid rule, to settle in the Emirate. He was quoted by al-Maqqari as stating, "among the many bestowed on us by the Almighty ... is his allowing us to collect in this country our kindred and relatives, and enabling us to give
2036:
In contrast to Uthman's empowerment of the
Umayyads, Mu'awiya's power did not rely on the clan and, with minor exceptions, he did not appoint Umayyads to the major provinces or his court in Damascus. He largely limited their influence to Medina, where most of the Umayyads remained headquartered. The
2147:
Abd al-Malik concentrated power into the hands of the
Umayyad dynasty. At one point, his brothers or sons held nearly all governorships of the provinces and Syria's districts. Abd al-Aziz was retained over Egypt until his death shortly before Abd al-Malik's in 705. He was replaced by Abd al-Malik's
1887:), while actively curtailing the influence of the Qurayshite elite in favor of Muhammad's earlier supporters in the administration and military, did not disturb the growing foothold of Abu Sufyan's sons in Syria, which was all but conquered by 638. When Umar's overall commander over the province,
2263:, and they established in al-Andalus the same trees, plants and food crops which their ancestors had cultivated in Syria, serving the same traditional foods. Wholesale importation of Syrian styles of living contributed to an extensive Syrianization of the entire countryside of al-Andalus.
2255:
them a share in this empire". Among those who heeded his call were his brother al-Walid and the latter's son al-Mughira, his first cousin Ubayd al-Salam ibn Yazid ibn Hisham, and his nephew Ubayd Allah ibn Aban ibn Mu'awiya. Others who arrived included Juzayy ibn Abd al-Aziz and
2075:, and the Umayyads residing in Medina, led by Marwan, were expelled. Yazid dispatched his Syrian army to reassert his authority in the Hejaz and relieve his kinsmen. The Umayyads of Medina joined the Syrians in the assault against the rebels in Medina and defeated them at the
2032:... the Umayyads, leading representatives of those who had opposed the Prophet until the latest possible moment, had within thirty years of his death reestablished their position to the extent that they were now at the head of the community which he had founded.
1850:, as the first governor of Mecca. Although Mecca retained its paramountcy as a religious center, Medina continued to serve as the political center of the Muslims. Abu Sufyan and the Banu Umayya relocated to the city to maintain their growing political influence.
2275:, al-As, Abu al-Is and al-Uways, all of whose names shared the same or similar root, hence the eponymous label, 'A'yas'. The Anabisa, which is the plural form of Anbasa, a common name in this branch of the clan, gathered the descendants of Umayya's sons
2009:, to cede caliphal authority and gained recognition from the region's Arab tribal nobility. As a result, Mu'awiya became widely recognized as caliph, though opposition by the Kharijites and some of Ali's loyalists persisted at a less consistent level.
1965:) among the inner circle of Muslim leadership and never attempted to nominate an Umayyad as his successor. Nonetheless, as a result of Uthman's policies, the Umayyads regained a measure of the power they had lost after the Muslim conquest of Mecca.
2211:
there instead. Al-Walid I's attempt to void his father's succession arrangements by replacing
Sulayman with his son Abd al-Aziz failed and Sulayman acceded in 715. Rather than nominating his own sons or brothers, Sulayman appointed his cousin,
2302:
of Muslim Spain, who held office until 1031. Other than those who had escaped to al-Andalus, most of the
Marwanids were killed in the Abbasid purges of 750. However, a number of them settled in Egypt and Iran, where one of them,
2103:
of
Palestine, Homs and Qinnasrin recognized Ibn al-Zubayr, while loyalist tribes in Damascus and al-Urdunn scrambled to nominate an Umayyad as caliph. The Banu Kalb, lynchpins of Sufyanid rule, nominated Yazid's surviving sons
1996:
in 657. It led to an indecisive arbitration, which weakened Ali's command over his partisans, while raising the stature of Mu'awiya as Ali's equal. As Ali was bogged down combating his former partisans, who became known as the
2321:
The most well-known family of the
Anabisa branch was that of Harb's son Abu Sufyan Sakhr. From his descendants, the Sufyanids, came Mu'awiya I, who founded the Umayyad Caliphate in 661, and Mu'awiya I's son and successor,
2290:, each fathered future caliphs, Uthman and Marwan I, respectively. From the latter's descendants, known as the Marwanids, came the Umayyad caliphs of Damascus who reigned successively between 684 and 750, and then the
1811:, a Qurayshite clan related to the Banu Umayya through their shared ancestor, Abd Manaf. When he began his religious teachings in Mecca, he was opposed by most of the Quraysh. He found support from the inhabitants of
2220:, it may have been related to Umar II's seniority and his father's previous position as Marwan I's second successor. The family of Abd al-Malik protested the move, but were coerced into a compromise whereby
1751:, who based on his place in the genealogical tradition would have lived in the late 5th century, was charged with the maintenance and protection of the Kaʿba and its pilgrims. These roles passed to his sons
2112:, but they were considered young and inexperienced by most of the other loyalist tribes. Marwan volunteered his candidacy and gained the consensus of the tribes, acceding to the caliphate at a summit in
2028:
The reunification of the Muslim community under Mu'awiya's leadership marked the establishment of the
Umayyad Caliphate. Based on the accounts of the traditional Muslim sources, Hawting writes that:
1474:
2207:
over Jordan, as well as giving them command roles in the frontier wars against the Byzantines in Anatolia. He retired his uncle Muhammad ibn Marwan from the Jazira, installing his half-brother
2338:, meanwhile, led a rebellion against the Abbasids in 750, but was ultimately slain. Abu Sufyan's other sons were Yazid, who preceded Mu'awiya I as governor of Syria, Amr, Anbasa, Muhammad and
1846:. To secure the loyalty of prominent Umayyad leaders, including Abu Sufyan, Muhammad offered them gifts and positions of importance in the nascent Muslim state. He installed another Umayyad,
5616:
2271:
In the early 7th century, prior to their conversion to Islam, the main branches of the Umayyads were the A'yas and the Anabisa. The former grouped the descendants of Umayya's sons
8367:
7881:
1976:
of the Banu Hashim. The Qurayshite elite did not hold Ali responsible, but opposed his accession under the circumstances of Uthman's demise. Following their defeat at the
1467:
2120:, the son of Sa'id ibn al-As. Marwan and the allied tribes, led by the Kalb, defeated Ibn al-Zubayr's supporters in Syria, led by the Qurayshite governor of Damascus,
2350:
for his previously harsh incitement against Muhammad. Uqba's son, al-Walid, served as Uthman's governor in Kufa for a brief period. The Banu Abi Mu'ayt made Iraq and
2048:, as his successor. The move was unprecedented in Muslim politics—earlier caliphs had been elected by popular support in Medina or by the consultation of the senior
2083:, but withdrew upon the death of Yazid. Afterward, Ibn al-Zubayr declared himself caliph and expelled the Umayyads of the Hejaz a second time. They relocated to
2052:. Mu'awiya's Umayyad kinsmen in Medina, including Marwan and Sa'id, accepted Mu'awiya's decision, albeit disapprovingly. The principle opposition emanated from
1460:
2342:. Only the last two left progeny. The other important family of the Anabisa were the descendants of Abu Amr, known as the Banu Abi Mu'ayt. Abu Amr's grandson
2216:, the son of Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan, as his successor. While the traditional sources present the choice as related to the persuasion of the court theologian,
1907:
in his place. Umar's exceptional treatment of Abu Sufyan's sons may have stemmed from his respect for the family, their burgeoning alliance with the powerful
8011:
5655:
8102:
8256:
1853:
Muhammad's death in 632 created a succession crisis, while nomadic tribes throughout Arabia that had embraced Islam defected from Medina's authority.
8360:
1955:, became his chief adviser. Although a prominent member of the clan, Uthman is not considered part of the Umayyad dynasty because he was chosen by
1861:(paramount political and religious leader of the Muslim community). Abu Bakr showed favor to the Umayyads by awarding them a prominent role in the
2169:
2330:
in 684, though Yazid's other sons, Khalid and Abd Allah, continued to play political roles, and the former was credited as the founder of Arabic
7874:
7831:
7807:
6650:
8031:
7996:
7673:
7319:
7270:
7228:
7180:
7132:
7108:
7036:
6907:
6861:
6837:
6736:
6596:
6514:
5687:
5600:
1819:, including the Umayyads, were among the principal leaders of Qurayshite opposition to Muhammad. They superseded the Banu Makhzum, led by
8353:
6872:
6520:
2128:
tribes of Qinnasrin, and afterward retook Egypt. Before his death in 685, Marwan voided the succession arrangement, appointing his sons
7553:
6921:
6705:
2072:
7867:
7249:
7204:
7156:
7058:
6986:
6784:
6760:
5649:
5610:
2061:
8167:
2256:
2038:
1842:
Abu Sufyan and his sons, along with most of the Umayyads, embraced Islam toward the end of Muhammad's life, following the Muslim
6933:
6662:
8456:
426:
2071:
Yazid acceded in 680 and three years later faced a revolt by the people of Medina and Ibn al-Zubayr in Mecca. Yazid's cousin,
8249:
8021:
8006:
4848:
2646:
1799:
tribes that controlled the northern and central Arabian desert expanses, gaining them a degree of political power in Arabia.
1795:, another prominent Qurayshite clan, dominated these trade networks. They developed economic and military alliances with the
1744:
1646:
1638:
1106:
8416:
7069:
2351:
2243:
2141:
1866:
671:
8502:
8076:
8016:
3386:
8225:
7220:
The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume IX: The Last Years of the Prophet: The Formation of the State, A.D. 630–632/A.H. 8–11
6997:
2121:
1642:
1972:
in 656 became a rallying cry for the Qurayshite opposition to his successor, Muhammad's cousin and son in-law Caliph
601:
8026:
7825:
7578:
7305:
7094:
7022:
6950:
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6823:
6722:
6679:
5547:
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2065:
8155:
8512:
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8207:
7935:
7762:
7628:
7292:
7085:
7013:
6880:
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6713:
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5517:
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3400:
2729:
2451:
2188:
2153:
2149:
6798:
8497:
8036:
6929:
6701:
6658:
2304:
2208:
2196:
1888:
1862:
1776:
suggests that information in the early Arabic sources about Umayya, as with all the ancient progenitors of the
1650:
1350:
7837:
7717:
7712:
4863:
4737:
2835:
2636:
2626:
1629:, who founded the Marwanid line of Umayyad caliphs, which restored the dynasty's rule over the Caliphate. The
2191:. Al-Walid acceded in 705. He kept Sulayman as governor of Palestine, while appointing his sons to the other
8507:
7950:
7925:
7793:
7737:
7643:
7618:
7510:
7482:
7454:
7433:
7284:
7280:
6794:
4090:
3869:
2676:
2556:
2481:
2431:
2335:
2299:
2237:
2129:
2057:
1773:
1752:
1705:
1685:
1096:
141:
8127:
1869:, as commander of the expedition, but replaced him with other commanders, among whom was Abu Sufyan's son,
1831:, thereafter became the leader of the Meccan army that fought the Muslims under Muhammad at the battles of
1666:
8185:
8056:
7722:
7697:
7546:
4446:
4260:
3908:
3527:
2596:
2343:
2287:
2133:
2049:
1823:, as a result of the heavy losses that the Banu Makhzum's leadership incurred fighting the Muslims at the
1634:
1630:
1532:
1501:
1201:
1146:
8046:
7777:
7767:
5494:
2759:
2739:
2200:
2001:, Mu'awiya was recognized as caliph by his core supporters, the Syrian Arab tribes, in 659 or 660. When
1985:
1191:
8041:
7814:
7800:
7682:
7423:
2552:
2295:
2233:
1689:
132:
2246:(better known as Abd al-Rahman I), a grandson of Caliph Hisham, made his way to al-Andalus, where the
8175:
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7965:
7658:
7633:
6646:
5575:
4226:
3373:
3190:
3101:
2912:
2511:
2461:
2272:
2080:
2002:
1919:
district during the conquest, or the lack of a suitable candidate at the time, particularly amid the
1870:
1836:
1760:
1756:
1739:. The Quraysh derived prestige among the Arab tribes through their protection and maintenance of the
1571:
1335:
1216:
7260:
8476:
8137:
3917:
3516:
2339:
2318:
caliphs. The al-As line produced Sa'id ibn al-As, who served as one of Uthman's governors in Kufa.
2283:
2173:
2137:
2116:
in 684. Per the arrangement agreed by the tribes, Marwan would be succeeded by Khalid, followed by
2109:
1989:
1977:
1828:
1748:
1590:
caliph, ruling in 644–656, while other members held various governorships. One of these governors,
1513:
1425:
741:
436:
8071:
7381:
7148:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
7124:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
7089:
7017:
6884:
6818:
6634:
5710:
2903:
2314:
2251:
2157:
2076:
1736:
1701:
1673:
1587:
1559:
1131:
896:
781:
641:
366:
301:
1940:
721:
2279:, Abu Harb, Abu Sufyan Anbasa, Sufyan, Amr and Umayya's possibly adopted son, Abu Amr Dhakwan.
8451:
8401:
8396:
7890:
7747:
7727:
7588:
7539:
7446:
7385:
7339:
7329:
7315:
7266:
7245:
7224:
7200:
7176:
7152:
7128:
7104:
7054:
7032:
6982:
6960:
6903:
6888:
6857:
6833:
6780:
6756:
6732:
6689:
6626:
6606:
6592:
6510:
5683:
5645:
5606:
5035:
2894:
2699:
2668:
2656:
2533:
2368:
2291:
2204:
2177:
2018:
1936:
1843:
1693:
1654:
1607:
1551:
1241:
1086:
691:
331:
321:
311:
196:
123:
91:
68:
28:
7223:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
7218:
6504:
5677:
1783:
By circa 600, the Quraysh had developed trans-Arabian trade networks, organizing caravans to
8446:
8431:
8421:
8195:
7849:
7787:
7707:
7502:
7492:
7474:
7464:
7214:
7190:
7077:
7005:
6806:
6618:
5464:
4640:
2819:
2781:
2769:
2616:
2276:
2165:
2105:
1993:
1777:
1615:
1395:
1391:
1380:
1361:
1006:
986:
906:
701:
581:
506:
496:
446:
376:
276:
226:
159:
8466:
8461:
8406:
8277:
7820:
7692:
7403:
7142:
7118:
7073:
7046:
7001:
6802:
5532:
4349:
3352:
3217:
2797:
2586:
2537:
2309:
2161:
1969:
1920:
1681:
1670:
1523:
1492:
1331:
1301:
1161:
1066:
1056:
966:
946:
836:
771:
731:
711:
621:
546:
536:
486:
456:
396:
386:
266:
216:
2250:
of the Umayyads helped him establish a foothold in the province. Once he established the
526:
7333:
5704:
1614:. This marked the beginning of the Umayyad dynasty, the first hereditary dynasty in the
8471:
8282:
8190:
8180:
7915:
7608:
7357:
7300:
7288:
7081:
7009:
6945:
6937:
6876:
6847:
6810:
6770:
6746:
6717:
6709:
6674:
6666:
5580:
4030:
2347:
2327:
2217:
2172:, in Basra, before combining both cities under the governorship of his trusted general
2088:
2068:, all prominent Medina-based sons of earlier caliphs or close companions of Muhammad.
2053:
1900:
1847:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1591:
1406:
1316:
1260:
1036:
926:
856:
556:
54:
1633:
reached its largest geographical extent under the Umayyads. The Umayyads drove on the
8491:
8061:
7905:
7782:
7598:
7296:
7166:
6972:
6941:
6925:
6917:
6670:
6654:
3641:
2117:
2006:
1904:
1896:
1595:
1286:
791:
651:
109:
2091:, ruled at a time when most provinces of the Caliphate discarded Umayyad authority.
8436:
8319:
8001:
6591:. Oxford: University of Oxford Linacre College Unit for Prosopographical Research.
1892:
1792:
1622:
1290:
761:
516:
6588:
The Religious Elite of the Early Islamic Ḥijāz: Five Prosopographical Case Studies
2136:, in that order, instead. Abd al-Aziz was made governor of Egypt and another son,
1747:
across the Arabian Peninsula as their most sacred sanctuary. A Qurayshite leader,
7239:
7194:
7170:
7146:
7122:
6976:
6851:
6774:
6750:
6586:
8334:
8324:
8299:
8202:
8066:
7991:
7955:
7752:
7648:
5198:
4245:
2862:
2709:
2491:
2411:
1873:. Abu Sufyan had already owned property and maintained trade networks in Syria.
1808:
1603:
1150:
916:
826:
611:
466:
416:
2183:
After his brother Abd al-Aziz's death, Abd al-Malik designated his eldest son,
2005:
by a Kharijite in 661, Mu'awiya marched on Kufa, where he compelled Ali's son,
17:
8441:
8380:
8307:
8145:
7930:
7702:
7623:
6622:
5479:
4543:
4045:
3501:
2606:
2441:
2391:
2184:
1998:
1857:, one of Muhammad's oldest friends and an early convert to Islam, was elected
1697:
1555:
1436:
1076:
1046:
876:
681:
246:
74:
8345:
7343:
6964:
6693:
6630:
8329:
8312:
7970:
7960:
7772:
7757:
7663:
7653:
7392:
5325:
4211:
4122:
3556:
3393:
3074:
2953:
2749:
2719:
2672:
2521:
2501:
1916:
1908:
1903:
districts of Syria. Yazid died shortly after and Umar installed his brother
1677:
1662:
1421:
1376:
1346:
1271:
1256:
661:
631:
476:
236:
176:
137:
119:
7859:
6609:(1996). "Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculations on Patronage".
1657:, but the constant warfare exhausted the state's military resources, while
8221:
1700:
became a centre of science, medicine, philosophy and invention during the
8426:
8294:
8122:
7945:
7920:
7638:
7613:
4075:
3716:
3683:
3534:
2471:
2421:
2221:
1952:
1854:
1820:
1740:
1714:
kingdoms in 1031, thus marking the political end of the Umayyad dynasty.
1626:
1611:
1579:
1205:
976:
936:
886:
846:
751:
406:
356:
256:
7338:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta.
8411:
8376:
8266:
7940:
7910:
7603:
7371:
7241:
The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict
6638:
4105:
3854:
2870:
2401:
2331:
2323:
2213:
2084:
2045:
1796:
1728:
1567:
1547:
1365:
1275:
1245:
1180:
1026:
1016:
996:
956:
866:
801:
591:
206:
58:
1618:, and the only one to rule over the entire Islamic world of its time.
1586:, an early companion of Muhammad from the Umayyad clan, was the third
8150:
8117:
8092:
7986:
7414:
3664:
2884:
2260:
2113:
1932:
1912:
1858:
1812:
1784:
1583:
1440:
1320:
1176:
186:
7262:
Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600–750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation
1625:, during which the Sufyanid line of Mu'awiya was replaced in 684 by
8234:
8132:
8112:
8107:
7531:
7522:
3707:
2866:
1981:
1956:
1948:
1788:
1732:
1710:
1575:
1563:
1543:
1410:
1165:
1135:
87:
2125:
1944:
1877:
1768:
1658:
1582:, the Umayyads embraced Islam before the latter's death in 632.
1305:
128:
8349:
8238:
7863:
7535:
3541:
1973:
1599:
5641:
Harun al-Rashid: And the World of the Thousand and One Nights
7051:
Muslim Spain and Portugal. A Political History of al-Andalus
6978:
The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661–750
6565:
6563:
6561:
6559:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6551:
6549:
6399:
6397:
5957:
5955:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5739:
5737:
5682:. Macmillan International Higher Education. pp. 44–5.
2242:
A survivor of the Abbasid massacres of the Umayyad family,
2224:, the son of Abd al-Malik and Atika, would follow Umar II.
1696:, transformed into a caliphate in 929. Under the Umayyads,
7196:
The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate
7127:(Third ed.). Abingdon, Oxon and New York: Routledge.
6324:
6322:
6249:
6247:
6245:
2346:
was captured and executed on Muhammad's orders during the
2326:. Sufyanid rule ceased with the death of the latter's son
6097:
6095:
6093:
6080:
6078:
6029:
6027:
6014:
6012:
5972:
5970:
5858:
5856:
5854:
5852:
6474:
6472:
6112:
6110:
1727:
The Umayyads, or Banu Umayya, were a clan of the larger
1680:
and massacred most of the family. One of the survivors,
5999:
5997:
2861:
Family tree of Umayyad rulers, and relationship to the
6856:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
2187:, his successor, to be followed by his second eldest,
6752:
Slaves on Horses: The Evolution of the Islamic Polity
5724:
5722:
5720:
2180:, who became his favorite and most influential wife.
6506:
Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience
2156:
over Palestine, following stints there by his uncle
1960:
1669:
weakened the state from within. Finally, in 750 the
1537:
1506:
8166:
8085:
7979:
7898:
7736:
7681:
7587:
6853:
Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam
1815:and relocated there with his followers in 622. The
115:
105:
97:
83:
64:
50:
39:
7573:
2307:, authored the famous source of Arab history, the
1911:tribe as a counterbalance to the influence of the
1891:, died in 639, he appointed Yazid governor of the
1923:, which had already killed Abu Ubayda and Yazid.
6981:(2nd ed.). London and New York: Routledge.
1743:, which at the time was regarded by the largely
1688:, escaped to Muslim Spain, where he founded the
2140:was appointed to defeat the Qays tribes of the
2087:or Damascus, where Yazid's son and successor,
8361:
8250:
7875:
7547:
1931:Caliph Umar died in 644 and was succeeded by
1468:
8:
1763:, the eponymous progenitor of the Umayyads.
7151:(2nd ed.). Harlow: Pearson Education.
8368:
8354:
8346:
8257:
8243:
8235:
7882:
7868:
7860:
7554:
7540:
7532:
7350:
7306:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
7095:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
7023:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6951:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6894:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6824:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6723:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6680:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
6569:
6540:
6403:
6388:
6364:
6313:
6301:
6265:
6236:
6164:
6140:
6128:
5898:
5874:
5831:
5795:
5760:
2857:
1475:
1461:
149:
7314:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 434–435.
7265:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7199:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7103:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 127–128.
7031:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 841–844.
6902:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 821–822.
6832:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 837–838.
6779:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
6755:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
6731:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 621–623.
6328:
5886:
2657:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III ibn Muḥammad al-ʾUmawī
2313:, in the 10th century. Uthman, the third
1949:Arab garrisons and administrative centers
1803:Opposition to Islam and adoption of Islam
6253:
6212:
6188:
6176:
6152:
6101:
6084:
6069:
6057:
6045:
6033:
6018:
5976:
5961:
5934:
5743:
2700:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh
2617:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān II ibn al-Ḥakam al-ʾUmawī
2560:
2372:
1759:and others. Abd Shams was the father of
1621:Umayyad authority was challenged in the
1550:tribe who were the ruling family of the
27:For the state ruled by the dynasty, see
6959:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 76–77.
6451:
6439:
6376:
6277:
6116:
5862:
5591:
2627:Muḥammad I ibn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-ʾUmawī
2587:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān I ibn Muʿāwiya al-ʾUmawī
2170:Khalid ibn Abdallah ibn Khalid ibn Asid
1708:disintegrated into several independent
152:
6490:
6478:
6463:
6340:
6224:
5946:
5922:
5910:
5843:
5819:
5807:
1791:in the south. The Banu Umayya and the
36:
6427:
6415:
6352:
6200:
6003:
5988:
5546:
5544:
5531:
5529:
5516:
5514:
5512:
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5506:
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5429:
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3408:
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3295:
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3265:
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3259:
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3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3196:
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3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3159:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3088:
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3082:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3017:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2952:
2950:
2948:
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2942:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2798:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān V al-Mustaẓhir bi-llāh
2597:Hishām I ibn ʿAbd al-Rahmān al-ʾUmawī
7:
7244:. Leiden, New York and Koln: Brill.
6289:
5728:
2854:Genealogical chart of Umayyad rulers
2770:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān IV al-Murtaḍā bi-llāh
2547:Umayyad emirs and caliphs of Córdoba
2164:. In Iraq, he appointed his brother
2044:In 676, Mu'awiya installed his son,
1606:(656–661) and afterward founded the
1574:. Despite staunch opposition to the
1562:, they were a prominent clan of the
153:Historical Arab states and dynasties
7175:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
6688:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 42.
5619:from the original on 4 October 2023
2456:23 February 715 – 22 September 717
2099:After Mu'awiya II died in 684, the
1527:
1496:
6509:. Simon and Schuster. p. 31.
2466:22 September 717 – 4 February 720
2073:Uthman ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Sufyan
1766:Umayya succeeded Abd Shams as the
25:
2637:Al-Munḏhir ibn Muḥammad al-ʾUmawī
2152:. Abd al-Malik appointed his son
1943:, were successively appointed to
1554:between 661 and 750 and later of
8220:
7672:
5703:Francis Preston Venable (1894).
5599:Nardo, Don (12 September 2011).
5502: 1009–1010, 1013–1016
2808:Muhammad III al-Mustakfi bi-llāh
2714:15 October 961 – 16 October 976
2710:Al-Ḥakam II al-Mustanṣir bi-llāh
2704:16 January 929 – 15 October 961
2661:16 October 912 – 16 January 929
2526:4 December 744 – 25 January 750
2486:26 January 724 – 6 February 743
2476:4 February 720 – 26 January 724
2446:8 October 705 – 23 February 715
2168:over Kufa and a distant cousin,
2039:al-Walid ibn Utba ibn Abi Sufyan
2013:Dynastic rule over the Caliphate
574:Western dynasties and caliphates
158:
6523:from the original on 2023-10-26
5658:from the original on 2023-10-04
5552:
5537:
5522:
5499:
5484:
5469:
5333: 976–1009, 1010–1013
5330:
5203:
5040:
4868:
4853:
4742:
4645:
4548:
4451:
4354:
4250:
4231:
4216:
4127:
4110:
4095:
4080:
4065:
4050:
4035:
3874:
3859:
3722:
3688:
3669:
3646:
3546:
2829:Caliphate of Córdoba (Restored)
2791:Caliphate of Córdoba (Restored)
2647:Abdullah ibn Muḥammad al-ʾUmawī
2607:Al-Ḥakam I ibn Hishām al-ʾUmawī
2516:4 October 744 – 4 December 744
2406:27 April 680 – 11 November 683
1882:
8047:Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab
8032:Second siege of Constantinople
8022:Muslim conquest of Transoxiana
8007:Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
6503:Gerber, Jane S. (1994-01-31).
2591:15 May 756 – 30 September 788
2496:6 February 743 – 17 April 744
2282:Two of the sons of Abu al-As,
1:
7997:First siege of Constantinople
7815:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud
7801:Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud
7335:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall
6651:"ʿAbd Allāh b. ʿAbd al-Malik"
5676:Simon Barton (30 June 2009).
5638:Clot, André (February 2014).
5605:. Greenhaven Publishing LLC.
2895:Umayyad caliphs (Syria-based)
2750:Hishām II al-Muʾayyad bi-llāh
2720:Hishām II al-Muʾayyad bi-llāh
2601:6 October 788 – 16 April 796
2506:17 April 744 – 4 October 744
2436:12 April 685 – 8 October 705
2336:Abu Muhammad Ziyad al-Sufyani
1984:, during which their leaders
1876:Abu Bakr's successor, Caliph
1807:Muhammad was a member of the
1558:between 756 and 1031. In the
1518:'Sons of Umayya') or
8077:Umayyad rule in North Africa
8017:Umayyad conquest of Hispania
7428:15 May 756 – 16 January 929
5706:A Short History of Chemistry
2865:, the clan of Muhammad, the
2836:Hisham III al-Muʿtad bi-llāh
2760:Sulaymān al-Mustaʿin bi'llāh
2740:Sulaymān al-Mustaʿin bi'llāh
2730:Muḥammad II al-Mahdī bi'llāh
2442:Al-Walīd I ibn ʿAbd al-Malik
2041:, in Marwan's place in 678.
1927:Empowerment by Caliph Uthman
1848:Attab ibn Asid ibn Abi al-Is
42:
6873:"Sulaymān b. ʿAbd al-Malik"
6776:The Early Islamic Conquests
2396:28 July 661 – 27 April 680
2363:Syria-based Umayyad caliphs
2122:al-Dahhak ibn Qays al-Fihri
2079:. The Syrians proceeded to
1961:
1865:. He appointed an Umayyad,
1538:
1507:
294:Arab empires and caliphates
34:Rulers of Umayyad Caliphate
8529:
8052:Revolt of Harith b. Surayj
8027:Umayyad campaigns in India
2913:Umayyad caliphs of Córdoba
2550:
2472:Yazīd II ibn ʿAbd al-Malik
2462:ʿUmar II ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz
2452:Sulaymān ibn ʿAbd al-Malik
2416:11 November 683– June 684
2366:
2244:Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya
2231:
2066:Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr
2016:
1951:in Iraq. Uthman's cousin,
1867:Khalid ibn Sa'id ibn al-As
1827:in 624. An Umayyad chief,
26:
8387:
8273:
8218:
8208:Painting of the Six Kings
7846:
7670:
7569:
7507:
7499:
7489:
7479:
7471:
7461:
7451:
7440:
7420:
7410:
7400:
7390:
7353:
7238:Scales, Peter C. (1994).
7068:Kennedy, Hugh N. (2002).
6922:"ʿAbd al-Malik b. Marwān"
6623:10.1163/22118993-90000355
5453:
5451:
5449:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5427:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5387:
5385:
5377:
5373:
5367:
5294:
5292:
5280:
5278:
5268:
5266:
5256:
5254:
5242:
5240:
5167:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5159:
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5151:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5111:
5107:
5105:
5103:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5081:
5079:
5077:
5075:
5073:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5065:
4996:
4994:
4915:
4913:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4799:
4795:
4789:
4694:
4692:
4597:
4595:
4500:
4498:
4403:
4401:
4306:
4304:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4184:
4182:
4174:
4172:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3989:
3987:
3977:
3975:
3967:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3939:
3931:
3929:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3805:
3795:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3739:
3737:
3630:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3602:
3600:
3588:
3586:
3570:
3568:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3468:
3466:
3458:
3456:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3414:
3412:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3305:
3303:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3257:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3163:
3161:
3133:
3131:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2844:
2827:
2816:
2789:
2778:
2683:
2665:
2611:12 June 796 – 21 May 822
2570:
2563:
2530:
2392:Muʿāwiya I ibn Abī Sufyān
2375:
8191:Great Mosque of Damascus
8037:Umayyad invasion of Gaul
8012:Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath
7832:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali
7808:Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali
6795:Della Vida, Giorgio Levi
2904:Umayyad emirs of Córdoba
2482:Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik
2432:ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān
2305:Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani
1889:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah
1863:Muslim conquest of Syria
1817:descendants of Abd Shams
1692:, which his descendant,
602:Umayyad state of Córdoba
7794:Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir
7447:Proclaimed as Caliphate
6996:Hawting, G. R. (2000).
6585:Ahmed, Asad Q. (2010).
6179:, p. 345, note 90.
2536:after overthrow by the
2426:June 684– 12 April 685
2058:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr
1970:assassination of Uthman
1915:tribes who entered the
1774:Giorgio Levi Della Vida
1731:tribe, which dominated
1686:Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik
1684:, a grandson of Caliph
1623:Second Muslim Civil War
8186:Great Mosque of Aleppo
8042:Second Arab–Khazar War
7459:16 January 929 – 1017
7259:Shaban, M. A. (1971).
6706:"Marwān I b. al-Ḥakam"
2724:16 October 976 – 1009
2522:Marwān II ibn Muḥammad
2502:Yazīd III ibn al-Walīd
2358:List of Umayyad rulers
2050:companions of Muhammad
2034:
1947:, one of the two main
1635:early Muslim conquests
1604:First Muslim Civil War
8156:Arab–Sasanian coinage
8057:Revolt of Zayd b. Ali
2780:Dynasty ended by the
2754:1010 – 19 April 1013
2651:888 — 15 October 912
2551:Further information:
2532:Dynasty ended in the
2492:Al-Walīd II ibn Yazīd
2422:Marwān I ibn al-Ḥakam
2412:Muʿāwiya II ibn Yazīd
2367:Further information:
2257:Abd al-Malik ibn Umar
2232:Further information:
2095:Early Marwanid period
2030:
1986:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah
1192:Sultanate of Zanzibar
1107:Mutawakkilite Kingdom
8176:Umayyad architecture
7783:Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti
7511:Caliphate of Córdoba
7509:Ruling house of the
7483:Caliphate of Córdoba
7481:Ruling house of the
7455:Caliphate of Córdoba
7453:Ruling house of the
7432:Emirate elevated to
7422:Ruling house of the
7369:Cadet branch of the
6871:Eisener, R. (1997).
6391:, pp. 167, 222.
5576:Umayyad architecture
2685:Caliphate of Córdoba
2565:Rulers of al-Andalus
2557:Caliphate of Córdoba
2512:Ibrāhīm ibn al-Walīd
2402:Yazīd I ibn Muʿāwiya
2238:Caliphate of Córdoba
2228:Rule over al-Andalus
2003:Ali was assassinated
1749:Abd Manaf ibn Qusayy
1706:Caliphate of Córdoba
1610:with its capital in
1572:Umayya ibn Abd Shams
142:Caliphate of Cordoba
8503:Muslim family trees
8138:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
7589:Caliphs of Damascus
7519:Caliphate dissolved
7413:Umayyad dynasty as
7398:661 – 6 August 750
7281:Watt, W. Montgomery
7053:. London: Longman.
6998:"Umayyad Caliphate"
6543:, pp. 838–839.
6493:, pp. 113–114.
6466:, pp. 130–131.
6355:, pp. 124–125.
6316:, pp. 221–222.
6239:, pp. 152–156.
6215:, pp. 342–343.
6155:, pp. 621–622.
6143:, pp. 135–136.
2818:Interregnum of the
2671:proclaimed himself
2344:Uqba ibn Abu Mu'ayt
2174:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
1990:Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
1978:Battle of the Camel
1953:Marwan ibn al-Hakam
1723:Pre-Islamic origins
169:Ancient Arab states
8128:Qays–Yaman rivalry
8072:Abbasid Revolution
7738:Caliphs of Córdoba
7424:Emirate of Córdoba
7386:elective caliphate
7382:Rashidun Caliphate
7330:Wellhausen, Julius
6934:Lévi-Provençal, E.
6663:Lévi-Provençal, E.
6607:Bacharach, Jere L.
5679:A History of Spain
5602:The Islamic Empire
2846:Dynasty overthrown
2667:Name change after
2572:Emirate of Córdoba
2553:Emirate of Córdoba
2334:. Abd Allah's son
2252:Emirate of Cordoba
2234:Emirate of Córdoba
2158:Yahya ibn al-Hakam
2077:Battle of al-Harra
2062:Abd Allah ibn Umar
1745:polytheistic Arabs
1702:Islamic Golden Age
1690:Emirate of Córdoba
1560:pre-Islamic period
1234:Current monarchies
897:Sharifate of Mecca
367:Emirate of Tbilisi
357:Emirate of Armenia
207:Kingdom of Osroene
133:Emirate of Cordoba
8485:
8484:
8343:
8342:
8232:
8231:
7891:Umayyad Caliphate
7857:
7856:
7748:Abd al-Rahman III
7728:Abd al-Rahman III
7530:
7529:
7490:Succeeded by
7462:Succeeded by
7401:Succeeded by
7321:978-90-04-07819-2
7272:978-0-521-08137-5
7230:978-0-88706-691-7
7215:Poonawala, Ismail
7191:Madelung, Wilferd
7182:978-0-19-164716-1
7134:978-1-138-78761-2
7110:978-90-04-12756-2
7038:978-90-04-11211-7
6909:978-90-04-10422-8
6863:978-0-674-05097-6
6839:978-90-04-11211-7
6738:978-90-04-08112-3
6598:978-1-900934-13-8
6516:978-0-02-911574-9
6072:, pp. 28–29.
6048:, pp. 27–28.
5964:, pp. 60–61.
5925:, pp. 83–84.
5901:, pp. 20–21.
5834:, pp. 40–41.
5746:, pp. 21–22.
5709:. Heath. p.
5689:978-1-137-01347-7
5567:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5036:Abd al-Rahman III
2851:
2850:
2669:Abd al-Rahman III
2621:21 May 822 – 852
2544:
2543:
2534:Umayyad Caliphate
2377:Umayyad Caliphate
2369:Umayyad Caliphate
2352:Upper Mesopotamia
2019:Umayyad Caliphate
1974:Ali ibn Abi Talib
1937:al-Walid ibn Uqba
1844:conquest of Mecca
1787:in the north and
1694:Abd al-Rahman III
1655:Chinese Turkestan
1608:Umayyad Caliphate
1598:, opposed Caliph
1570:, descended from
1536:
1517:
1505:
1485:
1484:
1450:
1449:
1225:
1224:
1217:Tippu Tip's State
1115:
1114:
1087:Emirate of Beihan
819:Arabian Peninsula
810:
809:
565:
564:
349:Eastern dynasties
340:
339:
285:
284:
197:Nabataean Kingdom
187:Kingdom of Lihyan
148:
147:
124:Umayyad Caliphate
69:Umayyad Caliphate
29:Umayyad Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
8520:
8513:Muslim dynasties
8370:
8363:
8356:
8347:
8259:
8252:
8245:
8236:
8224:
8196:Dome of the Rock
8142:Umayyad coinage
7884:
7877:
7870:
7861:
7788:Abd al-Rahman IV
7708:Abd ar-Rahman II
7683:Emirs of Córdoba
7676:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7533:
7503:Hammudid dynasty
7500:Preceded by
7493:Hammudid dynasty
7475:Hammudid dynasty
7472:Preceded by
7465:Hammudid dynasty
7411:Preceded by
7351:
7347:
7325:
7276:
7255:
7234:
7210:
7186:
7172:Arabs in History
7162:
7143:Kennedy, Hugh N.
7138:
7114:
7090:Heinrichs, W. P.
7064:
7042:
7018:Heinrichs, W. P.
6992:
6968:
6913:
6885:Heinrichs, W. P.
6867:
6843:
6819:Heinrichs, W. P.
6790:
6766:
6742:
6697:
6642:
6617:. Brill: 27–44.
6602:
6573:
6567:
6544:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6529:
6528:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6476:
6467:
6461:
6455:
6449:
6443:
6437:
6431:
6425:
6419:
6413:
6407:
6401:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6374:
6368:
6362:
6356:
6350:
6344:
6338:
6332:
6326:
6317:
6311:
6305:
6299:
6293:
6287:
6281:
6275:
6269:
6263:
6257:
6251:
6240:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6216:
6210:
6204:
6198:
6192:
6186:
6180:
6174:
6168:
6162:
6156:
6150:
6144:
6138:
6132:
6126:
6120:
6114:
6105:
6099:
6088:
6082:
6073:
6067:
6061:
6055:
6049:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6022:
6016:
6007:
6001:
5992:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5965:
5959:
5950:
5944:
5938:
5932:
5926:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5902:
5896:
5890:
5884:
5878:
5872:
5866:
5860:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5829:
5823:
5817:
5811:
5805:
5799:
5793:
5764:
5758:
5747:
5741:
5732:
5726:
5715:
5714:
5700:
5694:
5693:
5673:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5596:
5556:
5555: 1024–1025
5554:
5541:
5540: 1023–1024
5539:
5526:
5525: 1009–1009
5524:
5503:
5501:
5488:
5487: 1026–1031
5486:
5473:
5472: 1018–1019
5471:
5465:Abd al-Rahman IV
5334:
5332:
5207:
5205:
5044:
5042:
4872:
4870:
4857:
4855:
4746:
4744:
4649:
4647:
4641:Abd al-Rahman II
4552:
4550:
4455:
4453:
4358:
4356:
4254:
4252:
4235:
4233:
4220:
4218:
4131:
4129:
4114:
4112:
4099:
4097:
4084:
4082:
4069:
4067:
4054:
4052:
4039:
4037:
3878:
3876:
3863:
3861:
3726:
3724:
3692:
3690:
3673:
3671:
3650:
3648:
3550:
3548:
2918:
2917:
2910:
2901:
2892:
2882:
2858:
2820:Hammudid dynasty
2782:Hammudid dynasty
2561:
2373:
1994:Battle of Siffin
1964:
1933:Uthman ibn Affan
1886:
1884:
1778:tribes of Arabia
1667:tribal rivalries
1616:history of Islam
1546:clan within the
1541:
1531:
1529:
1512:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1477:
1470:
1463:
1238:
1237:
1202:Nabahani dynasty
1147:Nabahani dynasty
1132:Makhzumi dynasty
1128:
1127:
823:
822:
578:
577:
377:Emirate of Crete
353:
352:
298:
297:
277:Kingdom of Kinda
227:Kingdom of Hatra
177:Kingdom of Qedar
173:
172:
162:
150:
37:
21:
8528:
8527:
8523:
8522:
8521:
8519:
8518:
8517:
8498:Umayyad dynasty
8488:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8383:
8374:
8344:
8339:
8278:Banu Abd al-Dar
8269:
8263:
8233:
8228:
8214:
8162:
8098:Umayyad dynasty
8081:
7975:
7894:
7888:
7858:
7853:
7842:
7821:Abd al-Rahman V
7740:
7732:
7693:Abd al-Rahman I
7685:
7677:
7668:
7591:
7583:
7565:
7563:Umayyad dynasty
7560:
7520:
7514:
7505:
7495:
7486:
7477:
7467:
7458:
7449:
7444:
7427:
7418:
7406:
7404:Abbasid dynasty
7397:
7375:
7367:
7365:Umayyad dynasty
7362:
7328:
7322:
7289:Bosworth, C. E.
7279:
7273:
7258:
7252:
7237:
7231:
7213:
7207:
7189:
7183:
7165:
7159:
7141:
7135:
7117:
7111:
7082:Bosworth, C. E.
7067:
7061:
7045:
7039:
7010:Bosworth, C. E.
6995:
6989:
6971:
6916:
6910:
6877:Bosworth, C. E.
6870:
6864:
6848:Donner, Fred M.
6846:
6840:
6811:Bosworth, C. E.
6793:
6787:
6771:Donner, Fred M.
6769:
6763:
6747:Crone, Patricia
6745:
6739:
6710:Bosworth, C. E.
6700:
6645:
6611:Muqarnas Online
6605:
6599:
6584:
6581:
6576:
6570:Della Vida 2000
6568:
6547:
6541:Della Vida 2000
6539:
6535:
6526:
6524:
6517:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6489:
6485:
6477:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6450:
6446:
6438:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6414:
6410:
6404:Wellhausen 1927
6402:
6395:
6389:Wellhausen 1927
6387:
6383:
6375:
6371:
6365:Wellhausen 1927
6363:
6359:
6351:
6347:
6339:
6335:
6327:
6320:
6314:Wellhausen 1927
6312:
6308:
6302:Wellhausen 1927
6300:
6296:
6288:
6284:
6276:
6272:
6266:Wellhausen 1927
6264:
6260:
6252:
6243:
6237:Wellhausen 1927
6235:
6231:
6223:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6199:
6195:
6187:
6183:
6175:
6171:
6165:Wellhausen 1927
6163:
6159:
6151:
6147:
6141:Wellhausen 1927
6139:
6135:
6129:Wellhausen 1927
6127:
6123:
6115:
6108:
6100:
6091:
6083:
6076:
6068:
6064:
6056:
6052:
6044:
6040:
6032:
6025:
6017:
6010:
6002:
5995:
5987:
5983:
5975:
5968:
5960:
5953:
5945:
5941:
5933:
5929:
5921:
5917:
5909:
5905:
5899:Wellhausen 1927
5897:
5893:
5885:
5881:
5875:Wellhausen 1927
5873:
5869:
5861:
5850:
5842:
5838:
5832:Wellhausen 1927
5830:
5826:
5818:
5814:
5806:
5802:
5796:Della Vida 2000
5794:
5767:
5761:Della Vida 2000
5759:
5750:
5742:
5735:
5727:
5718:
5702:
5701:
5697:
5690:
5675:
5674:
5670:
5661:
5659:
5652:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5622:
5620:
5613:
5598:
5597:
5593:
5589:
5572:
5551:
5536:
5533:Abd al-Rahman V
5521:
5498:
5483:
5468:
5329:
5202:
5039:
4867:
4852:
4741:
4644:
4547:
4450:
4353:
4350:Abd al-Rahman I
4249:
4230:
4215:
4126:
4109:
4094:
4079:
4064:
4049:
4034:
3873:
3858:
3725: 750–1258
3721:
3687:
3668:
3645:
3545:
3218:Abd al-Muttalib
2916:
2915:
2908:
2906:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2888:
2880:
2856:
2559:
2549:
2371:
2365:
2360:
2310:Kitab al-Aghani
2269:
2240:
2230:
2199:over Damascus,
2195:of Syria, with
2162:Aban ibn Marwan
2097:
2026:
2024:Sufyanid period
2021:
2015:
1941:Sa'id ibn al-As
1929:
1921:plague of Amwas
1881:
1805:
1737:pre-Islamic era
1725:
1720:
1653:, and parts of
1497:بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ
1489:Umayyad dynasty
1481:
1452:
1451:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1162:Mahdali dynasty
1125:
1117:
1116:
1057:Muscat and Oman
827:Imamate of Oman
820:
812:
811:
575:
567:
566:
350:
342:
341:
295:
287:
286:
217:Emesene Dynasty
170:
136:
127:
84:Place of origin
79:
77:
73:
71:
46:
44:
43:بَنُو أُمَيَّةَ
41:
40:Umayyad dynasty
35:
32:
23:
22:
18:Umayyad Dynasty
15:
12:
11:
5:
8526:
8524:
8516:
8515:
8510:
8508:Arab dynasties
8505:
8500:
8490:
8489:
8483:
8482:
8480:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8388:
8385:
8384:
8375:
8373:
8372:
8365:
8358:
8350:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8332:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8316:
8315:
8310:
8302:
8297:
8292:
8291:
8290:
8283:Banu Abd Shams
8280:
8274:
8271:
8270:
8264:
8262:
8261:
8254:
8247:
8239:
8230:
8229:
8219:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8210:
8200:
8199:
8198:
8193:
8188:
8183:
8181:Desert castles
8172:
8170:
8164:
8163:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8089:
8087:
8083:
8082:
8080:
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7983:
7981:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7902:
7900:
7896:
7895:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7879:
7872:
7864:
7855:
7854:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7840:
7835:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7811:
7804:
7797:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7750:
7744:
7742:
7734:
7733:
7731:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7689:
7687:
7679:
7678:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7631:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7595:
7593:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7576:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7561:
7559:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7536:
7528:
7527:
7516:
7506:
7501:
7497:
7496:
7491:
7488:
7478:
7473:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7460:
7450:
7445:
7438:
7437:
7429:
7419:
7412:
7408:
7407:
7402:
7399:
7389:
7377:
7376:
7368:
7363:
7358:Imperial house
7354:
7349:
7348:
7326:
7320:
7293:van Donzel, E.
7277:
7271:
7256:
7250:
7235:
7229:
7217:, ed. (1990).
7211:
7205:
7187:
7181:
7167:Lewis, Bernard
7163:
7157:
7139:
7133:
7115:
7109:
7086:van Donzel, E.
7074:Bearman, P. J.
7070:"Al-Walīd (I)"
7065:
7059:
7043:
7037:
7014:van Donzel, E.
7002:Bearman, P. J.
6993:
6987:
6973:Hawting, G. R.
6969:
6930:Kramers, J. H.
6926:Gibb, H. A. R.
6918:Gibb, H. A. R.
6914:
6908:
6881:van Donzel, E.
6868:
6862:
6844:
6838:
6815:van Donzel, E.
6803:Bearman, P. J.
6791:
6785:
6767:
6761:
6743:
6737:
6714:van Donzel, E.
6702:Bosworth, C.E.
6698:
6659:Kramers, J. H.
6655:Gibb, H. A. R.
6643:
6603:
6597:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6574:
6572:, p. 839.
6545:
6533:
6515:
6495:
6483:
6481:, p. 113.
6468:
6456:
6454:, p. 822.
6444:
6442:, p. 127.
6432:
6430:, p. 126.
6420:
6418:, p. 118.
6408:
6406:, p. 222.
6393:
6381:
6369:
6367:, p. 227.
6357:
6345:
6333:
6329:Bacharach 1996
6318:
6306:
6304:, p. 200.
6294:
6282:
6270:
6268:, p. 154.
6258:
6256:, p. 622.
6241:
6229:
6227:, p. 177.
6217:
6205:
6193:
6191:, p. 346.
6181:
6169:
6167:, p. 136.
6157:
6145:
6133:
6131:, p. 135.
6121:
6106:
6089:
6074:
6062:
6050:
6038:
6023:
6008:
6006:, p. 107.
5993:
5991:, p. 106.
5981:
5966:
5951:
5949:, p. 114.
5939:
5927:
5915:
5903:
5891:
5887:Poonawala 1990
5879:
5867:
5865:, p. 841.
5848:
5836:
5824:
5812:
5800:
5798:, p. 838.
5765:
5763:, p. 837.
5748:
5733:
5731:, p. 434.
5716:
5695:
5688:
5668:
5650:
5644:. Saqi Books.
5630:
5611:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5584:
5583:
5581:Umayyad Mosque
5578:
5571:
5568:
5565:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5558:
5545:
5543:
5530:
5528:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5505:
5492:
5490:
5477:
5475:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5454:
5452:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5400:
5398:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5388:
5386:
5384:
5382:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5336:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5209:
5206: 961–976
5196:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5164:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5154:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5134:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5082:
5080:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5043: 912–961
5033:
5031:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5015:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4977:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4942:
4940:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4871: 886–888
4861:
4859:
4856: 888–912
4846:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4774:
4772:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4745: 852–886
4735:
4733:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4669:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4651:
4648: 822–852
4638:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4622:
4620:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4596:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4551: 796–822
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4479:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4454: 788–796
4444:
4442:
4440:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4357: 756–788
4347:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4256:
4253: 743–744
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4234: 744–744
4224:
4222:
4219: 744–744
4209:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4130: 744–750
4120:
4118:
4116:
4113: 717–720
4103:
4101:
4098: 724–743
4088:
4086:
4083: 720–724
4073:
4071:
4068: 715–717
4058:
4056:
4053: 705–715
4043:
4041:
4038: 683–684
4028:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4012:
4010:
4008:
4006:
4004:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3877: 685–705
3867:
3865:
3862: 680–683
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3806:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3768:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3752:
3750:
3748:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3713:
3711:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3691: 684–685
3681:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3672: 644–656
3662:
3660:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3649: 661–680
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3549: 656–661
3539:
3537:
3532:
3530:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3334:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2907:
2898:
2889:
2887:(non-dynastic)
2879:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2663:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2348:Battle of Badr
2268:
2265:
2229:
2226:
2218:Raja ibn Haywa
2203:over Homs and
2096:
2093:
2054:Husayn ibn Ali
2025:
2022:
2017:Main article:
2014:
2011:
1928:
1925:
1885: 634–644
1825:Battle of Badr
1804:
1801:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1631:Islamic empire
1483:
1482:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1444:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1414:
1403:
1402:
1399:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1328:
1327:
1324:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1298:
1297:
1294:
1283:
1282:
1279:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:Ras al Khaymah
1253:
1252:
1249:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1177:Mazrui dynasty
1173:
1172:
1169:
1158:
1157:
1154:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1003:
1002:
999:
993:
992:
989:
983:
982:
979:
973:
972:
969:
963:
962:
959:
953:
952:
949:
943:
942:
939:
933:
932:
929:
923:
922:
919:
913:
912:
909:
903:
902:
899:
893:
892:
889:
883:
882:
879:
873:
872:
869:
863:
862:
859:
853:
852:
849:
843:
842:
839:
833:
832:
829:
821:
818:
817:
814:
813:
808:
807:
804:
798:
797:
794:
788:
787:
784:
778:
777:
774:
768:
767:
764:
758:
757:
754:
748:
747:
744:
738:
737:
734:
728:
727:
724:
718:
717:
714:
708:
707:
704:
698:
697:
694:
688:
687:
684:
678:
677:
674:
668:
667:
664:
658:
657:
654:
648:
647:
644:
638:
637:
634:
628:
627:
624:
618:
617:
614:
608:
607:
604:
598:
597:
594:
592:Fihrid Emirate
588:
587:
584:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
563:
562:
559:
553:
552:
549:
543:
542:
539:
533:
532:
529:
523:
522:
519:
513:
512:
509:
503:
502:
499:
493:
492:
489:
483:
482:
479:
473:
472:
469:
463:
462:
459:
453:
452:
449:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
429:
423:
422:
419:
413:
412:
409:
403:
402:
399:
393:
392:
389:
383:
382:
379:
373:
372:
369:
363:
362:
359:
351:
348:
347:
344:
343:
338:
337:
334:
328:
327:
324:
318:
317:
314:
308:
307:
304:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
283:
282:
279:
273:
272:
269:
263:
262:
259:
253:
252:
249:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
229:
223:
222:
219:
213:
212:
209:
203:
202:
199:
193:
192:
189:
183:
182:
179:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
155:
154:
146:
145:
117:
113:
112:
107:
103:
102:
99:
95:
94:
85:
81:
80:
66:
62:
61:
55:Banu Abd-Shams
52:
48:
47:
33:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8525:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8420:
8418:
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8389:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8371:
8366:
8364:
8359:
8357:
8352:
8351:
8348:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8328:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8314:
8311:
8309:
8306:
8305:
8303:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8289:
8286:
8285:
8284:
8281:
8279:
8276:
8275:
8272:
8268:
8260:
8255:
8253:
8248:
8246:
8241:
8240:
8237:
8227:
8223:
8217:
8209:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8201:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8187:
8184:
8182:
8179:
8178:
8177:
8174:
8173:
8171:
8169:
8165:
8157:
8154:
8152:
8149:
8147:
8144:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8136:
8134:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8090:
8088:
8084:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8062:Berber Revolt
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7984:
7982:
7978:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7892:
7885:
7880:
7878:
7873:
7871:
7866:
7865:
7862:
7851:
7845:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7833:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7816:
7812:
7810:
7809:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7798:
7796:
7795:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7675:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7635:
7632:
7630:
7627:
7625:
7622:
7620:
7617:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7596:
7594:
7590:
7586:
7580:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7564:
7557:
7552:
7550:
7545:
7543:
7538:
7537:
7534:
7526:
7524:
7517:
7513:
7512:
7504:
7498:
7494:
7485:
7484:
7476:
7470:
7466:
7457:
7456:
7448:
7443:
7439:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7416:
7409:
7405:
7396:
7394:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7378:
7374:
7373:
7366:
7361:
7359:
7352:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7336:
7331:
7327:
7323:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7307:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7290:
7286:
7282:
7278:
7274:
7268:
7264:
7263:
7257:
7253:
7251:90-04-09868-2
7247:
7243:
7242:
7236:
7232:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7212:
7208:
7206:0-521-56181-7
7202:
7198:
7197:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7178:
7174:
7173:
7168:
7164:
7160:
7158:0-582-40525-4
7154:
7150:
7149:
7144:
7140:
7136:
7130:
7126:
7125:
7120:
7119:Kennedy, Hugh
7116:
7112:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7096:
7091:
7087:
7083:
7079:
7078:Bianquis, Th.
7075:
7071:
7066:
7062:
7060:0-582-49515-6
7056:
7052:
7048:
7047:Kennedy, Hugh
7044:
7040:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7024:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7006:Bianquis, Th.
7003:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6988:0-415-24072-7
6984:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6958:
6954:
6952:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6919:
6915:
6911:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6895:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6869:
6865:
6859:
6855:
6854:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6835:
6831:
6827:
6825:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6808:
6807:Bianquis, Th.
6804:
6800:
6799:"Banu Umayya"
6796:
6792:
6788:
6786:0-691-05327-8
6782:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6762:0-521-52940-9
6758:
6754:
6753:
6748:
6744:
6740:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6724:
6719:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6683:
6681:
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6647:Becker, C. H.
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6594:
6590:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6578:
6571:
6566:
6564:
6562:
6560:
6558:
6556:
6554:
6552:
6550:
6546:
6542:
6537:
6534:
6522:
6518:
6512:
6508:
6507:
6499:
6496:
6492:
6487:
6484:
6480:
6475:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6460:
6457:
6453:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6400:
6398:
6394:
6390:
6385:
6382:
6379:, p. 87.
6378:
6373:
6370:
6366:
6361:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6346:
6343:, p. 42.
6342:
6337:
6334:
6331:, p. 30.
6330:
6325:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6310:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6295:
6292:, p. 76.
6291:
6286:
6283:
6280:, p. 90.
6279:
6274:
6271:
6267:
6262:
6259:
6255:
6254:Bosworth 1991
6250:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6238:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6221:
6218:
6214:
6213:Madelung 1997
6209:
6206:
6203:, p. 67.
6202:
6197:
6194:
6190:
6189:Madelung 1997
6185:
6182:
6178:
6177:Madelung 1997
6173:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6158:
6154:
6153:Bosworth 1991
6149:
6146:
6142:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6125:
6122:
6119:, p. 83.
6118:
6113:
6111:
6107:
6104:, p. 31.
6103:
6102:Hawting 2000a
6098:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6087:, p. 30.
6086:
6085:Hawting 2000a
6081:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6070:Hawting 2000a
6066:
6063:
6060:, p. 28.
6059:
6058:Hawting 2000a
6054:
6051:
6047:
6046:Hawting 2000a
6042:
6039:
6036:, p. 27.
6035:
6034:Hawting 2000a
6030:
6028:
6024:
6021:, p. 26.
6020:
6019:Hawting 2000a
6015:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5982:
5979:, p. 61.
5978:
5977:Madelung 1997
5973:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5962:Madelung 1997
5958:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5943:
5940:
5937:, p. 45.
5936:
5935:Madelung 1997
5931:
5928:
5924:
5919:
5916:
5913:, p. 82.
5912:
5907:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5880:
5877:, p. 41.
5876:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5849:
5846:, p. 54.
5845:
5840:
5837:
5833:
5828:
5825:
5822:, p. 53.
5821:
5816:
5813:
5810:, p. 51.
5809:
5804:
5801:
5797:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5755:
5753:
5749:
5745:
5744:Hawting 2000a
5740:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5699:
5696:
5691:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5672:
5669:
5657:
5653:
5651:9780863565588
5647:
5643:
5642:
5634:
5631:
5618:
5614:
5612:9781420508024
5608:
5604:
5603:
5595:
5592:
5586:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5569:
5560:
5549:
5534:
5519:
5496:
5481:
5466:
5458:
5455:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5415:
5411:
5409:
5405:
5403:
5375:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5363:
5356:
5354:
5351:Abd al-Rahman
5327:
5299:
5297:
5229:
5227:
5215:Abd al-Jabbar
5200:
5172:
5169:
5157:
5155:
5145:
5143:
5133:
5131:
5119:
5117:
5116:
5109:
5087:
5085:
5063:
5061:
5050:
5048:
5037:
5003:
5001:
4961:
4959:
4922:
4920:
4880:
4878:
4865:
4850:
4816:
4813:
4805:
4803:
4802:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4752:
4750:
4739:
4701:
4699:
4655:
4653:
4642:
4604:
4602:
4558:
4556:
4545:
4507:
4505:
4461:
4459:
4448:
4410:
4408:
4364:
4362:
4351:
4313:
4311:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4247:
4228:
4213:
4203:
4200:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4146:
4137:
4135:
4124:
4107:
4092:
4077:
4062:
4047:
4032:
4026:
4023:
4015:
4013:
4005:
4003:
3995:
3994:
3965:
3941:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3910:
3871:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3793:
3771:
3769:
3749:
3747:
3732:
3730:
3719:
3718:
3710:
3709:
3685:
3666:
3643:
3637:
3635:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3518:
3503:
3497:
3494:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3444:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3395:
3388:
3375:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3337:
3335:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3283:
3281:
3273:
3271:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3231:
3229:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3192:
3170:
3168:
3110:
3108:
3103:
3076:
3054:
3051:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3013:
2999:
2997:
2983:
2981:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2919:
2914:
2905:
2896:
2886:
2883: Caliph
2877:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2664:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
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2463:
2460:
2459:
2455:
2453:
2450:
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2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:Amr al-Ashdaq
2115:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2081:besiege Mecca
2078:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2040:
2033:
2029:
2023:
2020:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:Abd al-Rahman
1679:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1637:, conquering
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1478:
1473:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1455:
1445:
1442:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1352:
1351:Umm al-Quwain
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1240:
1239:
1231:
1230:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
990:
988:
985:
984:
980:
978:
975:
974:
970:
968:
965:
964:
960:
958:
955:
954:
950:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:
935:
934:
930:
928:
925:
924:
920:
918:
915:
914:
910:
908:
905:
904:
900:
898:
895:
894:
890:
888:
885:
884:
880:
878:
875:
874:
870:
868:
865:
864:
860:
858:
855:
854:
850:
848:
845:
844:
840:
838:
835:
834:
830:
828:
825:
824:
816:
815:
805:
803:
800:
799:
795:
793:
790:
789:
785:
783:
780:
779:
775:
773:
770:
769:
765:
763:
760:
759:
755:
753:
750:
749:
745:
743:
740:
739:
735:
733:
730:
729:
725:
723:
720:
719:
715:
713:
710:
709:
705:
703:
700:
699:
695:
693:
690:
689:
685:
683:
680:
679:
675:
673:
670:
669:
665:
663:
660:
659:
655:
653:
652:Muslim Sicily
650:
649:
645:
643:
640:
639:
635:
633:
630:
629:
625:
623:
620:
619:
615:
613:
610:
609:
605:
603:
600:
599:
595:
593:
590:
589:
585:
583:
580:
579:
571:
570:
560:
558:
555:
554:
550:
548:
545:
544:
540:
538:
535:
534:
530:
528:
525:
524:
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
508:
505:
504:
500:
498:
495:
494:
490:
488:
485:
484:
480:
478:
475:
474:
470:
468:
465:
464:
460:
458:
455:
454:
450:
448:
445:
444:
440:
438:
435:
434:
430:
428:
425:
424:
420:
418:
415:
414:
410:
408:
405:
404:
400:
398:
395:
394:
390:
388:
385:
384:
380:
378:
375:
374:
370:
368:
365:
364:
360:
358:
355:
354:
346:
345:
335:
333:
330:
329:
325:
323:
320:
319:
315:
313:
310:
309:
305:
303:
300:
299:
291:
290:
281:450 AD–550 AD
280:
278:
275:
274:
270:
268:
265:
264:
260:
258:
255:
254:
250:
248:
245:
244:
240:
238:
235:
234:
230:
228:
225:
224:
221:64 BC–300s AD
220:
218:
215:
214:
211:132 BC–244 AD
210:
208:
205:
204:
201:400 BC–106 AD
200:
198:
195:
194:
191:600 BC–100 BC
190:
188:
185:
184:
181:800 BC–300 BC
180:
178:
175:
174:
166:
165:
161:
157:
156:
151:
143:
139:
134:
130:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
76:
70:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
51:Parent family
49:
38:
30:
19:
8437:Banu Sumadih
8391:
8377:Royal houses
8320:Banu Makhzum
8304:Banu Husays
8287:
8097:
8002:Second Fitna
7926:Abd al-Malik
7830:
7826:Muhammad III
7813:
7806:
7799:
7792:
7619:Abd al-Malik
7562:
7518:
7508:
7480:
7452:
7441:
7431:
7421:
7391:
7380:
7370:
7364:
7355:
7334:
7311:
7304:
7261:
7240:
7219:
7195:
7171:
7147:
7123:
7100:
7093:
7050:
7028:
7021:
6977:
6956:
6949:
6899:
6892:
6852:
6829:
6822:
6775:
6751:
6728:
6721:
6685:
6678:
6614:
6610:
6587:
6536:
6525:. Retrieved
6505:
6498:
6486:
6459:
6452:Eisener 1997
6447:
6440:Kennedy 2002
6435:
6423:
6411:
6384:
6377:Kennedy 2016
6372:
6360:
6348:
6336:
6309:
6297:
6285:
6278:Kennedy 2004
6273:
6261:
6232:
6220:
6208:
6196:
6184:
6172:
6160:
6148:
6136:
6124:
6117:Kennedy 2004
6065:
6053:
6041:
5984:
5942:
5930:
5918:
5906:
5894:
5889:, p. 8.
5882:
5870:
5863:Hawting 2000
5839:
5827:
5815:
5803:
5705:
5698:
5678:
5671:
5660:. Retrieved
5640:
5633:
5621:. Retrieved
5601:
5594:
5548:Muhammad III
5182:Abd al-Malik
3870:Abd al-Malik
3715:
3706:
2845:
2828:
2817:
2790:
2779:
2684:
2666:
2571:
2564:
2531:
2376:
2354:their home.
2320:
2308:
2281:
2270:
2247:
2241:
2192:
2182:
2160:and brother
2146:
2130:Abd al-Malik
2100:
2098:
2070:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2027:
1967:
1930:
1875:
1852:
1841:
1806:
1797:nomadic Arab
1793:Banu Makhzum
1782:
1767:
1765:
1726:
1709:
1665:revolts and
1647:Central Asia
1620:
1539:al-Umawiyyūn
1519:
1488:
1486:
1446:1921–present
1431:1900–present
1416:1868–present
1401:1833–present
1386:1810–present
1371:1783–present
1356:1775–present
1341:1761–present
1326:1752–present
1311:1749–present
1296:1744–present
1291:Saudi Arabia
1281:1727–present
1266:1727–present
1251:1631–present
261:300s–500s AD
8335:Banu Zuhrah
8325:Banu Nawfal
8300:Banu Hashim
8288:Banu Umayya
8203:Umayyad art
8067:Third Fitna
7992:First Fitna
7956:Al-Walid II
7916:Mu'awiya II
7763:Muhammad II
7753:Al-Hakam II
7649:Al-Walid II
7609:Mu'awiya II
7574:Family tree
7301:Pellat, Ch.
6946:Pellat, Ch.
6938:Schacht, J.
6889:Lecomte, G.
6718:Pellat, Ch.
6675:Pellat, Ch.
6667:Schacht, J.
6491:Scales 1994
6479:Scales 1994
6464:Shaban 1971
6341:Becker 1960
6225:Donner 2012
5947:Donner 1981
5923:Donner 1981
5911:Donner 1981
5844:Donner 1981
5820:Donner 1981
5808:Donner 1981
5518:Muhammad II
5224:Ubayd Allah
5199:Al-Hakam II
4246:Al-Walid II
4031:Mu'awiya II
3909:Abd al-Aziz
2863:Banu Hashim
2822:(1025–1026)
2784:(1017–1023)
2328:Mu'awiya II
2197:Abd al-Aziz
2134:Abd al-Aziz
2089:Mu'awiya II
1809:Banu Hashim
1639:the Maghreb
1508:Banū Umayya
1151:Pate Island
1124:East Africa
917:Sulaymanids
857:Ukhaidhirds
642:Sulaymanids
612:Muhallabids
517:Munqidhites
417:Shirvanshah
271:300s–602 AD
241:196–1100 AD
231:100s–241 AD
8492:Categories
8452:Dhulnunids
8447:Banu Wazir
8442:Banu Tujib
8432:Banu Sabur
8381:Al-Andalus
8308:Banu Jumah
8146:Gold dinar
8086:Government
7931:Al-Walid I
7906:Mu'awiya I
7848:indicates
7838:Hisham III
7741:(929–1031)
7718:al-Mundhir
7713:Muhammad I
7703:Al-Hakam I
7624:Al-Walid I
7599:Mu'awiya I
7515:1026–1031
7487:1023–1025
7099:Volume XI:
6898:Volume IX:
6727:Volume VI:
6527:2023-10-26
6428:Crone 1980
6416:Ahmed 2010
6353:Crone 1980
6201:Lewis 2002
6004:Ahmed 2010
5989:Ahmed 2010
5662:2023-04-11
5587:References
5480:Hisham III
4864:Al-Mundhir
4738:Muhammad I
4544:Al-Hakam I
4046:Al-Walid I
3642:Mu'awiya I
3502:Abu Sufyan
2869:, and the
2840:1026–1031
2812:1024–1025
2802:1023–1024
2764:1013–1016
2744:1009–1010
2185:al-Walid I
2124:, and the
1999:Kharijites
1837:the Trench
1829:Abu Sufyan
1698:Al-Andalus
1592:Mu'awiya I
1556:al-Andalus
1437:Hashemites
1392:Al Maktoum
1362:Al Khalifa
1047:Upper Yafa
1037:Ya'arubids
877:Qarmatians
762:Sumadihids
251:220–638 AD
247:Ghassanids
110:Mu'awiya I
78:(756–1031)
75:Al-Andalus
8422:Banu Hayy
8397:Almoravid
8330:Banu Taym
8313:Banu Sahm
8265:Clans of
8103:Governors
7971:Marwan II
7961:Yazid III
7773:Hisham II
7758:Hisham II
7686:(756–929)
7664:Marwan II
7654:Yazid III
7592:(661–750)
7525:kingdoms
7442:New title
7434:Caliphate
7393:Caliphate
7344:752790641
7310:Volume V:
7297:Lewis, B.
7285:"Kuraysh"
7027:Volume X:
6975:(2000a).
6965:495469456
6955:Volume I:
6942:Lewis, B.
6850:(2012) .
6828:Volume X:
6694:495469456
6684:Volume I:
6671:Lewis, B.
6631:2211-8993
6290:Gibb 1960
5729:Watt 1986
5326:Hisham II
4212:Yazid III
4123:Marwan II
3394:Abu Talib
3374:Abu al-As
3075:Abd Shams
2954:Abd Manaf
2273:Abu al-As
2110:Abd Allah
1957:consensus
1913:Himyarite
1909:Banu Kalb
1897:Palestine
1753:Abd Shams
1678:Marwan II
1674:overthrew
1663:Kharijite
1566:tribe of
1552:Caliphate
1542:) was an
1533:romanized
1502:romanized
1422:Al Sharqi
1377:Al Nuaimi
1347:Al Mualla
1336:Abu Dhabi
1332:Al Nahyan
1272:Al Qasimi
1257:Al Qasimi
1221:1860–1887
1211:1858–1895
1196:1856–1964
1186:1746–1828
1171:1277–1495
1156:1203–1894
1111:1926–1970
1101:1906–1934
1091:1903–1967
1081:1858–1967
1077:Qu'aitids
1071:1836–1921
1067:Rashidids
1061:1820–1970
1051:1800–1967
1041:1624–1742
1031:1597–1872
1021:1463–1521
1011:1454–1526
1001:1395–1967
997:Kathirids
991:1305–1487
987:Jarwanids
981:1253–1320
971:1229–1454
961:1159–1174
951:1154–1624
947:Nabhanids
941:1083–1174
931:1076–1253
921:1063–1174
911:1047–1138
907:Sulayhids
806:1837–1969
802:Senussids
796:1554–1659
786:1230–1492
776:1049–1078
766:1041–1091
756:1039–1110
746:1031–1091
742:Jawharids
736:1027–1063
732:Muzaynids
726:1026–1057
722:Hammudids
716:1023–1062
712:Yahsubids
706:1023–1091
696:1020–1086
686:1013–1039
676:1012–1051
666:1004–1412
632:Aghlabids
561:1697–1842
551:1517–1865
541:1480–1677
531:1517–1697
521:1025–1157
511:1024–1080
507:Mirdasids
497:Numayrids
477:Jarrahids
467:Mazyadids
447:Hamdanids
437:Hashimids
397:Habbarids
387:Dulafids
237:Tanukhids
72:(661–750)
8467:Muzaymid
8462:Mundirid
8427:Banu Hud
8295:Banu Adi
8123:al-Haras
7946:Yazid II
7936:Sulayman
7921:Marwan I
7852:usurpers
7850:Hammudid
7778:Sulayman
7768:Sulayman
7723:Abdullah
7698:Hisham I
7639:Yazid II
7629:Sulayman
7614:Marwan I
7415:caliphal
7395:dynasty
7332:(1927).
7312:Khe–Mahi
7303:(eds.).
7283:(1986).
7193:(1997).
7169:(2002).
7145:(2004).
7121:(2016).
7092:(eds.).
7049:(1996).
7020:(eds.).
6948:(eds.).
6920:(1960).
6891:(eds.).
6821:(eds.).
6797:(2000).
6773:(1981).
6749:(1980).
6729:Mahk–Mid
6720:(eds.).
6704:(1991).
6677:(eds.).
6649:(1960).
6521:Archived
5656:Archived
5623:12 April
5617:Archived
5570:See also
5495:Sulayman
5318:Al-Hakam
5309:Muhammad
5191:Sulayman
4954:Muhammad
4849:Abdullah
4447:Hisham I
4261:Mu'awiya
4076:Yazid II
4061:Sulayman
3918:Muhammad
3717:Abbasids
3684:Marwan I
3557:Abdallah
3535:Muhammad
3528:Al-Hakam
3387:Abdallah
2873:caliphs
2641:886–888
2631:852–886
2538:Abbasids
2315:Rashidun
2288:al-Hakam
2267:Branches
2222:Yazid II
2201:al-Abbas
2189:Sulayman
2154:Sulayman
2150:Abdallah
2138:Muhammad
1905:Mu'awiya
1893:Damascus
1855:Abu Bakr
1821:Abu Jahl
1671:Abbasids
1643:Hispania
1627:Marwan I
1612:Damascus
1588:Rashidun
1580:Muhammad
1578:prophet
1528:الأمويون
1520:Umayyads
1426:Fujairah
1407:Al Thani
1317:Al Sabah
1206:Wituland
1141:896–1279
1097:Idrisids
1027:Qasimids
1007:Tahirids
977:Usfurids
967:Rasulids
937:Zurayids
901:968–1925
887:Wajihids
881:899–1077
871:897–1962
861:865–1066
847:Yufirids
841:819–1138
837:Ziyadids
831:751–1970
772:Tahirids
702:Abbadids
682:Tujibids
656:831–1091
622:Idrisids
606:756–1031
586:710–1019
582:Salihids
547:Harfushs
537:Turabays
501:990–1081
491:990–1096
487:Uqaylids
481:970–1107
471:961–1150
461:955–1071
457:Rawadids
451:890–1004
441:869–1075
421:861–1538
407:Kaysites
401:854–1011
371:736–1122
336:909–1171
332:Fatimids
326:750–1258
322:Abbasids
312:Umayyads
302:Rashidun
267:Lakhmids
257:Salihids
45:الأمويون
8457:Harunid
8417:Baktrid
8412:Amirids
8407:Abbadid
8402:Almohad
8392:Umayyad
8267:Quraysh
8168:Culture
7980:History
7966:Ibrahim
7941:Umar II
7911:Yazid I
7899:Caliphs
7659:Ibrahim
7604:Yazid I
7417:dynasty
7372:Quraysh
6900:San–Sze
6639:1523250
6579:Sources
4227:Ibrahim
4106:Umar II
3855:Yazid I
2871:Abbasid
2691:Caliph
2677:Córdoba
2383:Caliph
2332:alchemy
2324:Yazid I
2300:caliphs
2294:-based
2292:Cordoba
2214:Umar II
2209:Maslama
2085:Palmyra
2046:Yazid I
1735:in the
1729:Quraysh
1718:History
1676:Caliph
1602:in the
1576:Islamic
1568:Quraysh
1548:Quraysh
1535::
1516:
1504::
1366:Bahrain
1302:Al Said
1287:Al Saud
1276:Sharjah
1246:Morocco
1242:'Alawis
1181:Mombasa
1017:Jabrids
957:Mahdids
927:Uyunids
891:926–965
867:Rassids
851:847–997
792:Saadids
782:Nasrids
692:Amirids
672:Bakrids
662:Kanzids
646:814–922
636:800–909
626:788–974
616:771–793
596:745-757
557:Shihabs
527:Ma'nids
431:864–928
427:Alavids
411:860–964
391:840–897
381:824–961
361:654–884
316:661–750
306:632–661
106:Founder
98:Founded
65:Country
59:Quraysh
57:of the
8472:Nasrid
8151:Dirham
8133:Mawali
8118:Shurta
8093:Caliph
7987:Uthman
7951:Hisham
7893:topics
7644:Hisham
7342:
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5342:Hisham
4091:Hisham
3665:Uthman
3191:Umayya
3102:Hashim
2911:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2893:
2891:
2885:Uthman
2881:
2694:Reign
2673:Caliph
2581:Reign
2386:Reign
2261:Levant
2248:mawali
2142:Jazira
2114:Jabiya
2106:Khalid
1901:Jordan
1859:caliph
1813:Medina
1761:Umayya
1757:Hashim
1704:. The
1584:Uthman
1564:Meccan
1524:Arabic
1493:Arabic
1441:Jordan
1321:Kuwait
752:Hudids
138:Caliph
120:Caliph
116:Titles
92:Arabia
8477:Qasid
8226:Media
8113:Barid
8108:Diwan
7579:Media
7523:Taifa
7521:into
7287:. In
7072:. In
7000:. In
6924:. In
6875:. In
6801:. In
6708:. In
6653:. In
6635:JSTOR
3708:Alids
3517:Affan
3401:Abbas
2867:Alids
2774:1017
2734:1009
2578:Emir
2296:emirs
2284:Affan
2193:junds
2178:Atika
2166:Bishr
2101:junds
2007:Hasan
1982:Basra
1980:near
1962:shura
1871:Yazid
1789:Yemen
1785:Syria
1769:qa'id
1741:Kaʿba
1733:Mecca
1711:taifa
1596:Syria
1411:Qatar
1396:Dubai
1381:Ajman
1166:Kilwa
1136:Shewa
88:Mecca
7634:Umar
7340:OCLC
7316:ISBN
7267:ISBN
7246:ISBN
7225:ISBN
7201:ISBN
7177:ISBN
7153:ISBN
7129:ISBN
7105:ISBN
7055:ISBN
7033:ISBN
6983:ISBN
6961:OCLC
6904:ISBN
6858:ISBN
6834:ISBN
6781:ISBN
6757:ISBN
6733:ISBN
6690:OCLC
6627:ISSN
6593:ISBN
6511:ISBN
5684:ISBN
5646:ISBN
5625:2023
5607:ISBN
3353:Harb
2555:and
2340:Utba
2298:and
2286:and
2277:Harb
2236:and
2205:Umar
2148:son
2132:and
2126:Qays
2108:and
2064:and
1988:and
1968:The
1945:Kufa
1939:and
1917:Hims
1899:and
1878:Umar
1835:and
1833:Uhud
1661:and
1659:Alid
1651:Sind
1544:Arab
1514:lit.
1487:The
1306:Oman
129:Emir
8379:of
7384:as
7101:W–Z
7029:T–U
6957:A–B
6830:T–U
6686:A–B
6619:doi
3542:Ali
2675:of
1649:,
1600:Ali
1594:of
101:661
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