334:
privilege is institutionalized as well as embedded throughout our society. She wrote that those who believe privilege is systemic may nonetheless deny having personally benefited from it, and may oppose efforts to dismantle it. According to researchers, privileged individuals resist acknowledging their privileges because doing so would require them to acknowledge that whatever success they have achieved did not result solely through their own efforts. Instead it was partly due to a system that has developed to support them. The concept of privilege calls into question the idea that society is a
262:, and others. Race and gender tend to have the highest impacts given that one is born with these characteristics and they are immediately visible. However, religion, sexuality and physical ability are also highly relevant. Some such as social class are relatively stable and others, such as age, wealth, religion and attractiveness, will or may change over time. Some attributes of privilege are at least partly determined by the individual, such as level of education, whereas others such as race or class background are entirely involuntary.
405:
achievement, and attainment for certain groups of students." In other words, it is "the disparity in access to quality schools and the resources needed for all children to be academically successful." Concretely this can be seen in the United States by considering how, according to the Schott
Foundation's Opportunity to Learn Index, "students from historically disadvantaged families have just a 51 percent Opportunity to Learn when compared to White, non-Latino students."
3216:
131:
546:
non-privileged groups when in fact it needs to take account the role of interacting effects and an individual's multiple group identities. "White privilege", Michael
Monahan argued, would be more accurately described as the advantages gained by whites through historical disenfranchisement of non-whites rather than something that gives whites privilege above and beyond normal human status.
1937:
176:, white Americans did not think much about African-Americans, nor about the effects of racial discrimination. In 1935, Du Bois wrote about what he called the "wages of whiteness" held by white Americans. He wrote that these included courtesy and deference, unimpeded admittance to all public functions, lenient treatment in court, and access to the best schools.
288:
489:
also found that this framing was stronger amongst certain nationalities, suggesting that identity and privilege may be more central in certain countries. Often people construct themselves in relation to the majority, so ties to identity and therefore degrees of privilege can be stronger for more marginalized groups.
274:
teachers, workplace managers and other authorities, which researchers argue leads to a sense of entitlement and the assumption that the privileged person will succeed in life, as well as protecting the privileged person from worry that they may face discrimination from people in positions of authority.
476:
Privilege theory argues that each individual is embedded in a matrix of categories and contexts, and will be in some ways privileged and other ways disadvantaged, with privileged attributes lessening disadvantage and membership in a disadvantaged group lessening the benefits of privilege. This can be
467:
Beyond this, institutions such as marriage stop homosexual partners from accessing each other's health insurance, tax benefits or adopting a child together. Same sex marriage is legal in only 27 countries, mostly in the northern hemisphere. This results in an inability for non-heterosexual couples to
273:
In the context of the theory, privileged people are considered to be "the norm", and, as such, gain invisibility and ease in society, with others being cast as inferior variants. Privileged people see themselves reflected throughout society both in mass media and face-to-face in their encounters with
488:
Intersections of forms of identity can either enhance privilege or decrease its effects. Psychological analysis has found that people tend to frame their lives on different elements of their identity and therefore frame their lives through the privilege they do or do not have. However, this analysis
404:
Nowadays the opportunity gap pinpoints how educational racism is present in societies. The term refers to "the ways in which race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, English proficiency, community wealth, familial situations, or other factors contribute to or perpetuate lower educational aspirations,
205:
do not want to acknowledge, and which leads to them being confident, comfortable, and oblivious about racial issues, while non-white people become unconfident, uncomfortable, and alienated. McIntosh's essay has been credited for stimulating academic interest in privilege, which has been extensively
400:
in 1831, which forcefully integrated indigenous children into schools aimed at erasing their ethnic, linguistic and cultural specificities in order to assimilate them into a white settler society. Until the last residential school closed in 1996, Canada had an educational system which specifically
269:
uses the metaphor of a wind to explain the concept. He explains that when you walk into the wind you have to struggle for each step that you take. When you walk with the wind, you do not feel the wind at all but you still move faster than you would otherwise. The wind is social privilege and if it
192:
published "White
Privilege and Male Privilege: A Personal Account of Coming to See Correspondences through Work in Women's Studies". Here, McIntosh documented forty-six privileges which she, as a white person, experienced in the United States. As an example, "I can be sure that if I need legal or
109:, and other differentiating factors. Individuals can be privileged in one area, such as education, and not privileged in another area, such as health. The amount of privilege any individual has may change over time, such as when a person becomes disabled, or when a child becomes a young adult.
545:
would be better understood as rights; Blum suggested that privilege theory should distinguish between "spared injustice" and "unjust enrichment" as some effects of being privileged are the former and others the latter. Blum also argued that privilege can end up homogenising both privileged and
492:
Forms of privilege one might have can actually be decreased by the presence of other factors. For example, the feminization of a gay man may reduce his male privilege in addition to already lacking heterosexual privilege. When acknowledging privilege, multifaceted situations must be understood
333:
McIntosh wrote that most people are reluctant to acknowledge their privilege, and instead look for ways to justify or minimize the effects of privilege stating that their privilege was fully earned. They justify this by acknowledging the acts of individuals of unearned dominance, but deny that
112:
The concept of privilege is generally considered to be a theoretical concept used in a variety of subjects and often linked to social inequality. Privilege is also linked to social and cultural forms of power. It began as an academic concept, but has since been invoked more widely, outside of
365:
is the belief that groups of humans possess different behavioral traits corresponding to physical appearance and can be divided based on the superiority of one race over another. This can result in particular ethnic and cultural groups having privileged access to a multitude of resources and
385:, seeking out an education was punishable by the law for them. This thus served to keep African Americans illiterate and only value them as a workforce. However, even after these institutional and legal changes, African Americans were still targeted by educational racism in the form of
321:
Some academics, such as Peggy McIntosh, highlight a pattern where those who benefit from a type of privilege are unwilling to acknowledge it. The argument may follow that such a denial constitutes a further injustice against those who do not benefit from the same form of privilege.
214:
Historically, academic study of social inequality focused mainly on the ways in which minority groups were discriminated against, and ignored the privileges accorded to dominant social groups. That changed in the late 1980s, when researchers began studying the concept of privilege.
481:, which was coined by Kimberle Crenshaw in 1989. When applying intersectionality to the concept of social privilege, it can be understood as the way one form of privilege can be mitigated by other areas in which a person lacks privilege, for example, a black man who has
412:
Students of color are pushed toward academic failure and continued social disenfranchisement. Racist policies and beliefs, in part, explain why children and young adults from racially marginalized groups fail to achieve academically at the same rate as their White
1889:
Cooley, Erin; Brown-Iannuzzi, Jazmin (29 April 2019). "Complex intersections of race and class: Among social liberals, learning about White privilege reduces sympathy, increases blame, and decreases external attributions for White people struggling with poverty".
549:
Psychologist Erin Cooley reported in a study published in 2019 that reading about white privilege decreased social liberals' sympathy for poor whites and increased their will to punish/blame but did not increase their sympathy for poor blacks.
536:
Blum agreed that privilege exists and is systemic yet nonetheless criticized the label itself, saying that the word "privilege" implies luxuries rather than rights, and arguing that some benefits of privilege such as unimpeded access to
338:, which researchers have argued is particularly unsettling for Americans for whom belief that they live in a meritocracy is a deeply held cultural value, and one that researchers commonly characterize as a
501:
The concept of privilege has been criticized for ignoring relative differences among groups. For example, Lawrence Blum argued that in
American culture there are status differences among
464:
in 2005 and has enshrined the protection of the human rights of all people of all sexual orientations, there is still societal bias against those who do not conform to heterosexuality.
425:
can be defined as "the rights and unearned advantages bestowed on heterosexuals in society". There are both institutional and cultural forces encouraging heterosexuality in society.
378:
374:
349:, Michael Kimmel wrote that when people at all levels of privilege do not feel personally powerful, arguments that they have benefited from unearned advantages seem unpersuasive.
2292:
369:
Educational racism has been entrenched in
American society since the creation of the United States of America. A system of laws in the 18th and 19th century known as the
33:
is an advantage or entitlement that benefits individuals belonging to certain groups, often to the detriment of others. Privileged groups can be advantaged based on
3020:
2895:
1671:
Coston, Bethany M.; Kimmel, Michael (19 March 2012). "Seeing
Privilege Where It Isn't: Marginalized Masculinities and the Intersectionality of Privilege".
2905:
113:
academia. This subject is based on the interactions of different forms of privilege within certain situations. It can be understood as the inverse of
3163:
397:
3280:
1647:"Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics"
2061:
3012:
2950:
386:
1051:
Gender in the
Therapy Hour: Voices of Female Clinicians Working with Men (The Routledge Series on Counseling and Psychotherapy with Boys and Men)
3285:
2992:
2323:
1969:
2987:
675:
117:, in that it focuses on how power structures in society aid societally privileged people, as opposed to how those structures oppress others.
2997:
3275:
3030:
3178:
3158:
3137:
1291:
1263:
1238:
1210:
1185:
1117:
1086:
1058:
1033:
1005:
947:
908:
879:
854:
742:
452:
in society, particularly at the individual level. Between 2014 and 2018, 849 sexual orientation related hate crimes were committed in
58:
485:
but no white privilege. It is also argued that members of privileged social identity groups often do not recognize their advantages.
184:
Early concepts that would lead to the term White
Privilege were developed by the Weather Underground in the 1960s. In 1988, American
3142:
3025:
2868:
1758:
1722:
1495:
1355:
1318:
1150:
815:
468:
benefit from the institutional structures that are based on heterosexuality, resulting in privilege for those who are heterosexual.
2890:
330:" or microinvalidation that negates the experiences of people who do not have privilege and minimizes the impediments they face.
802:(4 ed.). Fourth Edition. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2016. Revised edition of Privilege, 2014.: Routledge. pp. 1–11.
429:
is a repeated romantic, sexual or emotional attraction to one or multiple genders. There are a variety of categories including
2880:
493:
individually. Privilege is a nuanced notion and an intersectional understanding helps bridge gaps in the original analysis.
3250:
3173:
2945:
2940:
2424:
218:
Privilege, as understood and described by researchers, is a function of multiple variables of varying importance, such as
3168:
3002:
2967:
2918:
2642:
924:
831:
3270:
3122:
3112:
2979:
2187:
1717:. Niemann, Yolanda Flores., González, Carmen G., Harris, Angela P. Utah: Utah State University Press. pp. 29–39.
457:
390:
370:
82:
1941:
3265:
3102:
2441:
1962:
389:. In the 20th century the fight against educational racism reached its climax with the landmark Supreme Court case
3240:
3127:
3067:
701:
Black, Linda L.; Stone, David (2005). "Expanding the
Definition of Privilege: The Concept of Social Privilege".
3260:
3255:
3245:
3072:
3062:
2419:
2231:
382:
1786:
1457:
Review of
Research in Education Vol. 31, Difference, Diversity, and Distinctiveness in Education and Learning
762:
3219:
3117:
3052:
1595:
160:
139:
1256:
Privilege: The Making of an Adolescent Elite at St. Paul's School (Princeton Studies in Cultural Sociology)
3077:
2706:
2448:
589:
422:
193:
medical help, my race will not work against me", and "I do not have to educate my children to be aware of
3132:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3082:
2935:
2003:
1955:
1377:
584:
579:
306:
173:
663:
3193:
3188:
3092:
2962:
2913:
2307:
2273:
2258:
2094:
2041:
1620:
1431:
302:
2577:
2382:
2357:
2337:
2241:
1542:
574:
1335:
2734:
2716:
2711:
2699:
2533:
2352:
2332:
2302:
2084:
2056:
1915:
1871:
1855:
1809:
1156:
918:
872:
W.E.B. Du Bois and the Problems of the Twenty-First Century: An Essay on Africana Critical Theory
825:
526:
518:
426:
102:
1109:
1103:
2739:
2657:
2394:
2347:
2285:
2114:
1907:
1863:
1764:
1754:
1728:
1718:
1569:
1518:"Answers to Your Questions For a Better Understanding of Sexual Orientation and Homosexuality"
1491:
1351:
1314:
1287:
1259:
1234:
1206:
1181:
1146:
1113:
1082:
1054:
1029:
1001:
943:
904:
875:
850:
811:
738:
671:
650:
506:
478:
461:
231:
114:
1133:
McIntosh, Peggy (4 July 2019), "White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack (1989) 1",
401:
harmed and targeted indigenous children. An estimated 6,000 children died under that system.
3183:
3057:
2787:
2595:
2485:
2436:
2409:
2162:
2157:
2010:
1899:
1847:
1801:
1680:
1483:
1343:
1138:
803:
710:
640:
604:
522:
502:
297:
251:
165:
155:
134:
74:
62:
2928:
2620:
2431:
2177:
2167:
1751:
Understanding Intersectionality through Subjective Experiences of Privilege and Oppression
614:
514:
510:
430:
327:
323:
235:
198:
194:
169:
90:
1646:
17:
2885:
2829:
2668:
2625:
2553:
2297:
2268:
2193:
2147:
2089:
2046:
897:
758:
714:
609:
594:
564:
482:
373:, criminalized the access to education for black people. Until the introduction of the
266:
239:
189:
94:
1543:"Police-reported hate crime, by type of motivation, Canada (selected police services)"
3234:
2726:
2523:
2312:
2182:
2172:
2130:
2104:
2099:
2036:
1996:
1919:
1875:
1813:
1715:
Presumed Incompetent : the Intersections of Race and Class for Women in Academia
1684:
1160:
227:
797:
396:
Educational racism also took other forms throughout history such as the creation of
2759:
2686:
2465:
2455:
2374:
2124:
2031:
1981:
767:
202:
78:
34:
1475:
1851:
1308:
2923:
2754:
2744:
2694:
2676:
2587:
2548:
2342:
2253:
2236:
442:
339:
335:
243:
148:
130:
66:
1487:
2769:
2109:
1768:
1517:
1403:
796:
S. Kimmel, Michael (17 April 2018). Kimmel, Michael S; Ferber, Abby L (eds.).
449:
270:
flows with you, it simply propels you forward with little effort of your own.
98:
1867:
1859:
1805:
1732:
2815:
2810:
2777:
2749:
2637:
2632:
2568:
2543:
2490:
2404:
2119:
2051:
1203:
Handbook of Racial-Cultural Psychology and Counseling, Training and Practice
1142:
538:
259:
152:
54:
42:
1911:
1432:"Opportunity Gap - Talking Points | Schott Foundation for Public Education"
654:
1936:
1347:
1079:
Deconstructing Privilege: Teaching and Learning as Allies in the Classroom
807:
2824:
2796:
2782:
2649:
2615:
2573:
2558:
2518:
2263:
599:
247:
185:
106:
70:
645:
628:
2820:
2805:
2801:
2563:
2513:
2505:
2495:
2399:
2387:
2246:
2142:
2136:
1903:
1835:
1231:
Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation
559:
542:
445:. Heterosexual is considered the normative form of sexual orientation.
438:
147:
Arguably, the history of privilege as a concept dates back to American
629:"I ain't no fortunate one: On the motivated denial of class privilege"
2792:
2605:
2538:
2478:
2473:
2280:
1455:
Bryan McKinley Jones Brayboy, Angelina E. Castagno and Emma Maughan.
530:
453:
362:
255:
223:
219:
86:
50:
38:
1178:
Psychological Perspectives on Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Experiences
2600:
2528:
2079:
569:
129:
46:
899:
Classical and Contemporary Sociological Theory: Text and Readings
2610:
2152:
942:. Peter Lang International Academic Publishers. pp. 60–62.
2854:
2211:
1951:
1947:
847:
Revealing Whiteness: The Unconscious Habits of Racial Privilege
434:
281:
1105:
Intercultural Communication: Globalization and Social Justice
197:
for their own daily physical protection". McIntosh described
1378:"Residential Schools in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia"
1286:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 67, 191.
1284:
Seeing White: An Introduction to White Privilege and Race
1625:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
965:
Acid Christ: Ken Kesey, LSD, and the Politics of Ecstasy
366:
opportunities, including education and work positions.
379:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
375:
Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
448:
Heterosexual privilege is based in the existence of
3151:
3043:
3011:
2978:
2904:
2867:
2768:
2725:
2685:
2667:
2586:
2504:
2464:
2373:
2366:
2321:
2224:
2070:
2024:
1135:
On Privilege, Fraudulence, and Teaching as Learning
703:
Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development
201:as an "invisible package of unearned assets" which
896:
1836:"The concept of privilege: a critical appraisal"
1258:. Princeton University Press. pp. 107–108.
849:. Indiana University Press. pp. 121–123.
627:Phillips, L. Taylor; Lowery, Brian S. (2020).
1963:
1568:Branch, Legislative Services (20 July 2005).
1342:, SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 640–643,
8:
2647:
982:. Wayne State University Press. p. 222.
633:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
1892:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
763:"Check your privilege! Whatever that means"
670:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 473–474.
2873:
2864:
2851:
2370:
2221:
2208:
2021:
1970:
1956:
1948:
1402:Partnership, Great Schools (15 May 2013).
1180:. Columbia University Press. p. 391.
326:has referred to such denial as a form of "
27:Theory of special advantage or entitlement
644:
398:Canadian Indian residential school system
1310:Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology
1000:. Westview Press. pp. 1, 5, 13–26.
1340:Sociology of Education: An A-to-Z Guide
696:
694:
690:
387:school segregation in the United States
1744:
1742:
1666:
1664:
1426:
1424:
916:
823:
1780:
1778:
1713:Gutiérrez y Muhs, Gabriella. (2012).
1594:Branch, Legislative Services (1985).
1469:
1467:
1465:
1277:
1275:
1224:
1222:
1171:
1169:
1072:
1070:
1019:
1017:
991:
989:
668:The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociology
7:
1787:"'White privilege': A mild critique"
791:
789:
787:
785:
728:
726:
724:
666:. In Ritzer, G.; Ryan, J.M. (eds.).
1840:South African Journal of Philosophy
2213:
1522:American Psychological Association
1480:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society
1313:. SAGE Publications. p. 471.
1028:. SAGE Publications. p. 418.
1026:Encyclopedia of Gender and Society
715:10.1002/j.2161-1912.2005.tb00020.x
25:
1651:University of Chicago Legal Forum
477:further supported by the idea of
3215:
3214:
1935:
1794:Theory and Research in Education
1685:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01738.x
1408:The Glossary of Education Reform
733:Twine, France Winddance (2013).
286:
1621:"Gay Marriage Around the World"
164:. Here, he wrote that although
2856:
1382:www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca
1307:Jackson, Yolanda Kaye (2006).
1108:. SAGE Publications. pp.
903:. 304-305: SAGE Publications.
874:. Lexington Books. p. 3.
206:studied in the decades since.
1:
3286:Concepts in social philosophy
1137:, Routledge, pp. 29–34,
1081:. Routledge. pp. 63–64.
408:According to McKinley et al.
1852:10.1080/02580136.2014.892681
1834:Monahan, Michael J. (2014).
1404:"Opportunity Gap Definition"
1254:Khan, Shamus Rahman (2012).
1049:Sweet, Holly Barlow (2012).
737:. Routledge. pp. 8–10.
662:Rohlinger, Deana A. (2010).
529:, and black immigrants from
525:, black immigrants from the
126:Writings of W. E. B. Du Bois
3281:Majority–minority relations
1702:(2nd ed.). p. 15.
1645:Crenshaw, Kimberle (1989).
1596:"Canadian Human Rights Act"
1482:, SAGE Publications, Inc.,
996:Kimmel, Michael S. (2009).
391:Brown v. Board of Education
295:It has been suggested that
180:Codification of the concept
3302:
3276:Social justice terminology
2062:Weberian (three-component)
1488:10.4135/9781412964517.n208
1201:Carter, Robert T. (2004).
1102:Sorrells, Kathryn (2012).
963:Christensen, Mark (2010).
938:Kincheloe, Joe L. (2008).
895:Appelrouth, Scott (2007).
845:Sullivan, Shannon (2006).
312:Proposed since April 2024.
3210:
2876:
2863:
2850:
2220:
2207:
2020:
1991:
1233:. Wiley. pp. 37–39.
1229:Sue, Derald Wing (2010).
1053:. Routledge. p. 71.
1024:O'Brien, Jodi A. (2008).
188:and anti-racism activist
3184:Pre-industrial East Asia
1806:10.1177/1477878508095586
1673:Journal of Social Issues
1476:"Heterosexual Privilege"
1474:Williford, Beth (2009),
940:Critical Pedagogy Primer
923:: CS1 maint: location (
870:Reiland, Rabaka (2007).
830:: CS1 maint: location (
735:Geographies of Privilege
456:. Despite the fact that
383:Civil Rights Act of 1866
18:Underprivileged children
2232:Administrative detainee
1785:Blum, Lawrence (2008).
1176:Garnets, Linda (2002).
1143:10.4324/9781351133791-4
161:The Souls of Black Folk
140:The Souls of Black Folk
2648:
1205:. Wiley. p. 432.
590:Ingroups and outgroups
423:Heterosexual privilege
418:Heterosexual privilege
415:
278:Awareness of privilege
144:
3189:Pre-industrial Europe
1348:10.4135/9781452276151
1336:"Racism in Education"
1282:Halley, Jean (2011).
808:10.4324/9780429494802
585:Horizontal inequality
580:First World privilege
410:
265:American sociologist
174:racial discrimination
133:
3251:Feminist terminology
3046: or countries
2857:By country or region
2095:Class discrimination
1944:at Wikimedia Commons
1600:Justice Laws Website
1570:"Civil Marriage Act"
1436:schottfoundation.org
1334:Bond, Helen (2013),
978:Sine, Peter (1995).
347:The Gendered Society
305:into this section. (
75:cultural differences
2578:Vanniar (Chieftain)
1459:(2007), pp. 159-194
998:Privilege: A Reader
967:. IPG. p. 264.
799:privilege: A Reader
646:10.1037/pspi0000240
575:Christian privilege
99:physical disability
71:geographic location
3271:Post-structuralism
3159:18th-century Spain
3013:Standard of living
2717:Upper middle class
2712:Lower middle class
2303:Political prisoner
2085:Chattering classes
2057:Spoon class theory
1904:10.1037/xge0000605
1700:Difference Matters
1077:Case, Kim (2013).
427:Sexual orientation
358:Educational racism
260:level of education
232:sexual orientation
168:were observant of
145:
103:sexual orientation
3266:Identity politics
3228:
3227:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3039:
3038:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2740:Lumpenproletariat
2242:illegal immigrant
2203:
2202:
2115:Classless society
1940:Media related to
1898:(12): 2218–2228.
1549:. 8 December 2014
1547:Statistics Canada
677:978-1-44-439264-7
523:African Americans
479:intersectionality
472:Intersectionality
462:same-sex marriage
319:
318:
314:
267:Michael S. Kimmel
172:and conscious of
166:African Americans
137:, the author of
115:social inequality
16:(Redirected from
3293:
3241:Social privilege
3218:
3217:
3045:
2946:Mexican-American
2874:
2865:
2852:
2653:
2596:Business magnate
2486:Knowledge worker
2371:
2259:dual or multiple
2222:
2209:
2163:Social exclusion
2158:Social cleansing
2072:
2022:
2011:Economic classes
1972:
1965:
1958:
1949:
1942:Social privilege
1939:
1924:
1923:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1791:
1782:
1773:
1772:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1574:Justice Laws Act
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1471:
1460:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1304:
1298:
1297:
1279:
1270:
1269:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1226:
1217:
1216:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1021:
1012:
1011:
993:
984:
983:
975:
969:
968:
960:
954:
953:
935:
929:
928:
922:
914:
902:
892:
886:
885:
867:
861:
860:
842:
836:
835:
829:
821:
793:
780:
779:
777:
775:
755:
749:
748:
730:
719:
718:
698:
681:
658:
648:
639:(6): 1403–1422.
605:Privilege hazard
310:
298:Privilege hazard
290:
289:
282:
252:physical ability
156:W. E. B. Du Bois
135:W. E. B. Du Bois
63:physical fitness
31:Social privilege
21:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3261:Gender equality
3256:Feminist theory
3246:Critical theory
3231:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3198:
3147:
3035:
3007:
2974:
2958:Underprivileged
2900:
2859:
2858:
2834:
2764:
2721:
2681:
2663:
2582:
2500:
2460:
2362:
2317:
2216:
2215:
2199:
2178:Social position
2168:Social mobility
2066:
2016:
1987:
1986:
1976:
1932:
1927:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1816:
1789:
1784:
1783:
1776:
1761:
1748:
1747:
1740:
1725:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:Allen, Brenda.
1697:
1696:
1692:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1619:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1473:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1412:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1266:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1228:
1227:
1220:
1213:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1153:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1089:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1061:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1008:
995:
994:
987:
977:
976:
972:
962:
961:
957:
950:
937:
936:
932:
915:
911:
894:
893:
889:
882:
869:
868:
864:
857:
844:
843:
839:
822:
818:
795:
794:
783:
773:
771:
761:(5 June 2013).
759:Freeman, Hadley
757:
756:
752:
745:
732:
731:
722:
700:
699:
692:
688:
678:
661:
626:
623:
621:Further reading
615:White privilege
556:
499:
474:
420:
360:
355:
328:microaggression
324:Derald Wing Sue
315:
291:
287:
280:
236:gender identity
212:
199:white privilege
195:systemic racism
182:
170:white Americans
128:
123:
91:gender identity
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3179:Ottoman Empire
3176:
3171:
3166:
3164:Ancient Greece
3161:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3138:United Kingdom
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3031:Home-ownership
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2886:American Dream
2883:
2877:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2799:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2623:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2470:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2361:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2329:
2327:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2298:Migrant worker
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2218:
2217:
2214:By demographic
2212:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2194:Status Anxiety
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2148:Ranked society
2145:
2140:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2090:Class conflict
2087:
2082:
2076:
2074:
2073: topics
2068:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Mudsill theory
2044:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2026:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1931:
1930:External links
1928:
1926:
1925:
1881:
1826:
1800:(3): 309–321.
1774:
1759:
1749:Voltmer, Amy.
1738:
1723:
1705:
1690:
1660:
1637:
1612:
1586:
1560:
1534:
1509:
1496:
1461:
1448:
1420:
1394:
1369:
1356:
1326:
1319:
1299:
1293:978-1442203075
1292:
1271:
1265:978-0691156231
1264:
1246:
1240:978-0470491409
1239:
1218:
1212:978-0471386292
1211:
1193:
1187:978-0231124133
1186:
1165:
1151:
1125:
1119:978-1412927444
1118:
1094:
1088:978-0415641463
1087:
1066:
1060:978-0415885515
1059:
1041:
1035:978-1412909167
1034:
1013:
1007:978-0813344263
1006:
985:
970:
955:
949:978-1433101823
948:
930:
910:978-0761927938
909:
887:
881:978-0739116821
880:
862:
856:978-0253218483
855:
837:
816:
781:
750:
744:978-0415519618
743:
720:
709:(4): 243–255.
689:
687:
684:
683:
682:
676:
659:
622:
619:
618:
617:
612:
610:Social justice
607:
602:
597:
595:Male privilege
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
565:Body privilege
562:
555:
552:
498:
495:
483:male privilege
473:
470:
419:
416:
359:
356:
354:
351:
317:
316:
294:
292:
285:
279:
276:
211:
208:
190:Peggy McIntosh
181:
178:
127:
124:
122:
119:
95:neurodiversity
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3298:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3143:United States
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3044:Other regions
3042:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:United States
2866:
2862:
2853:
2849:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Socioeconomic
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2183:Social stigma
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:Social orphan
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:Nouveau riche
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2105:Class traitor
2103:
2101:
2100:Class society
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2037:Gilbert model
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1760:9780438047501
1756:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1724:9780874218701
1720:
1716:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1694:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1679:(1): 97–111.
1678:
1674:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:(1): 139–167.
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1587:
1575:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1499:
1497:9781412909167
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1395:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1359:
1357:9781452205052
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1320:9781452265568
1316:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:9781351133791
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1095:
1090:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1003:
999:
992:
990:
986:
981:
974:
971:
966:
959:
956:
951:
945:
941:
934:
931:
926:
920:
912:
906:
901:
900:
891:
888:
883:
877:
873:
866:
863:
858:
852:
848:
841:
838:
833:
827:
819:
817:9780429494802
813:
809:
805:
801:
800:
792:
790:
788:
786:
782:
770:
769:
764:
760:
754:
751:
746:
740:
736:
729:
727:
725:
721:
716:
712:
708:
704:
697:
695:
691:
685:
679:
673:
669:
665:
660:
656:
652:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
625:
624:
620:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
557:
553:
551:
547:
544:
540:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
496:
494:
490:
486:
484:
480:
471:
469:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
417:
414:
409:
406:
402:
399:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:
364:
357:
352:
350:
348:
343:
341:
337:
331:
329:
325:
313:
308:
304:
300:
299:
293:
284:
283:
277:
275:
271:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
209:
207:
204:
200:
196:
191:
187:
179:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
162:
158:'s 1903 book
157:
154:
150:
142:
141:
136:
132:
125:
120:
118:
116:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
19:
3194:Soviet Union
3169:Ancient Rome
3026:Homelessness
2957:
2951:Upper Middle
2823: /
2804: /
2795: /
2760:Working poor
2656:
2643:Robber baron
2466:Intellectual
2456:Royal family
2420:Ancient Rome
2274:second-class
2192:
2135:
2134: /
2129:
2125:High society
2032:Elite theory
2009:
2002:
1995:
1982:Social class
1895:
1891:
1884:
1846:(1): 73–83.
1843:
1839:
1829:
1817:. Retrieved
1797:
1793:
1750:
1714:
1708:
1699:
1693:
1676:
1672:
1654:
1650:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1599:
1589:
1577:. Retrieved
1573:
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1546:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:
1512:
1501:, retrieved
1479:
1456:
1451:
1439:. Retrieved
1435:
1411:. Retrieved
1407:
1397:
1385:. Retrieved
1381:
1372:
1361:, retrieved
1339:
1329:
1309:
1302:
1283:
1255:
1249:
1230:
1202:
1196:
1177:
1134:
1128:
1104:
1097:
1078:
1050:
1044:
1025:
997:
979:
973:
964:
958:
939:
933:
898:
890:
871:
865:
846:
840:
798:
772:. Retrieved
768:The Guardian
766:
753:
734:
706:
702:
667:
636:
632:
548:
535:
521:, and among
500:
491:
487:
475:
466:
447:
431:heterosexual
421:
411:
407:
403:
395:
368:
361:
346:
344:
332:
320:
311:
296:
272:
264:
217:
213:
203:white people
183:
159:
146:
138:
111:
35:social class
30:
29:
3113:New Zealand
2830:Untouchable
2755:Proletariat
2745:Pea-pickers
2695:Bourgeoisie
2383:Aristocracy
2269:naturalized
2264:native-born
980:The Sixties
664:"Privilege"
371:Black Codes
336:meritocracy
244:citizenship
149:sociologist
67:nationality
3235:Categories
3103:Luxembourg
2993:Inequality
2658:Superclass
2449:Hereditary
2425:Post-Roman
2416:Patrician
2286:adolescent
2110:Classicide
1819:23 October
1769:1089398027
774:2 November
686:References
519:Cambodians
460:legalized
450:homophobia
85:category,
59:skin color
3128:Sri Lanka
3021:Education
2988:Household
2881:Affluence
2816:Rat tribe
2778:Ant tribe
2750:Precariat
2735:Lazzaroni
2677:Bohemians
2638:Overclass
2633:Old money
2569:Spartiate
2544:Kshatriya
2534:Hashashin
2491:Professor
2432:Political
2405:Oligarchy
2395:Hanseaten
2313:Stateless
2293:Convicted
2225:By status
2188:Subaltern
2120:Euthenics
2052:New class
1920:139104272
1876:145358447
1868:0258-0136
1860:2073-4867
1814:144471761
1733:843635973
1605:20 August
1579:20 August
1553:20 August
1527:20 August
1503:20 August
1441:20 August
1413:20 August
1387:21 August
1363:21 August
1161:199169416
919:cite book
826:cite book
539:education
527:Caribbean
497:Criticism
240:neurology
153:historian
43:education
3220:Category
3152:Historic
3073:Colombia
3063:Cambodia
2998:Personal
2896:Mobility
2825:Freedman
2811:Plebeian
2797:Prisoner
2783:Commoner
2669:Creative
2650:Seigneur
2616:Nobility
2574:Vanniyar
2559:Pendekar
2519:Cossacks
2153:Snobbery
2025:Theories
1912:31033321
655:32551742
600:Nobility
554:See also
507:Japanese
443:bisexual
381:and the
353:Examples
248:religion
210:Overview
186:feminist
107:religion
3123:Romania
3118:Nigeria
3003:Poverty
2906:Classes
2891:History
2802:Peasant
2788:Outcast
2727:Working
2707:Burgher
2564:Samurai
2554:Ocēlōtl
2514:Chhetri
2506:Warrior
2496:Scholar
2410:Russian
2400:Magnate
2388:Aristoi
2367:By type
2254:Citizen
2247:refugee
2143:Poverty
2137:Parvenu
2071:Related
2042:Marxian
2004:Stratum
560:Ableism
543:housing
515:Koreans
511:Indians
503:Chinese
439:lesbian
307:Discuss
121:History
3078:France
3058:Belize
3053:Africa
2980:Income
2936:Middle
2929:Gentry
2793:Outlaw
2700:Petite
2687:Middle
2621:Landed
2606:Gentry
2539:Knight
2479:Priest
2474:Clergy
2437:Family
2375:Ruling
2324:collar
2281:Clique
1997:Status
1918:
1910:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1812:
1767:
1757:
1731:
1721:
1630:19 May
1494:
1354:
1317:
1290:
1262:
1237:
1209:
1184:
1159:
1149:
1116:
1085:
1057:
1032:
1004:
946:
907:
878:
853:
814:
741:
674:
653:
531:Africa
517:, and
458:Canada
454:Canada
441:, and
413:peers.
377:, the
363:Racism
303:merged
256:health
228:gender
143:(1903)
87:gender
83:racial
79:ethnic
55:height
39:wealth
3174:Aztec
3133:Tibet
3108:Nepal
3098:Italy
3088:India
3083:Haiti
3068:China
2968:Under
2963:Lower
2941:Black
2924:Donor
2919:Black
2914:Upper
2821:Slave
2770:Under
2626:Petty
2601:Elite
2588:Upper
2529:Harii
2524:Cuāuh
2358:White
2338:Green
2237:Alien
2080:Caste
1916:S2CID
1872:S2CID
1856:eISSN
1810:S2CID
1790:(PDF)
1157:S2CID
570:Caste
47:caste
3093:Iran
2806:Serf
2611:Lord
2549:Nair
2442:List
2353:Pink
2343:Grey
2333:Blue
2322:By "
1908:PMID
1864:ISSN
1821:2014
1765:OCLC
1755:ISBN
1729:OCLC
1719:ISBN
1655:1989
1632:2019
1607:2019
1581:2019
1555:2019
1529:2019
1505:2019
1492:ISBN
1443:2019
1415:2019
1389:2019
1365:2019
1352:ISBN
1315:ISBN
1288:ISBN
1260:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1207:ISBN
1182:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1055:ISBN
1030:ISBN
1002:ISBN
944:ISBN
925:link
905:ISBN
876:ISBN
851:ISBN
832:link
812:ISBN
776:2018
739:ISBN
672:ISBN
651:PMID
541:and
340:myth
220:race
151:and
2348:New
1900:doi
1896:148
1848:doi
1802:doi
1681:doi
1484:doi
1344:doi
1139:doi
804:doi
711:doi
641:doi
637:119
435:gay
345:In
301:be
224:age
81:or
51:age
3237::
1914:.
1906:.
1894:.
1870:.
1862:.
1854:.
1842:.
1838:.
1808:.
1796:.
1792:.
1777:^
1763:.
1753:.
1741:^
1727:.
1677:68
1675:.
1663:^
1653:.
1649:.
1623:.
1598:.
1572:.
1545:.
1520:.
1490:,
1478:,
1464:^
1434:.
1423:^
1406:.
1380:.
1350:,
1338:,
1274:^
1221:^
1168:^
1155:,
1145:,
1112:.
1110:63
1069:^
1016:^
988:^
921:}}
917:{{
828:}}
824:{{
810:.
784:^
765:.
723:^
707:33
705:.
693:^
649:.
635:.
631:.
533:.
513:,
509:,
505:,
437:,
433:,
393:.
342:.
258:,
254:,
250:,
246:,
242:,
238:,
234:,
230:,
226:,
222:,
105:,
101:,
97:,
93:,
89:,
77:,
73:,
69:,
65:,
61:,
57:,
53:,
49:,
45:,
41:,
37:,
2576:/
2326:"
1971:e
1964:t
1957:v
1922:.
1902::
1878:.
1850::
1844:3
1823:.
1804::
1798:6
1771:.
1735:.
1687:.
1683::
1634:.
1609:.
1583:.
1557:.
1531:.
1486::
1445:.
1417:.
1391:.
1346::
1323:.
1296:.
1268:.
1243:.
1215:.
1190:.
1141::
1122:.
1091:.
1063:.
1038:.
1010:.
952:.
927:)
913:.
884:.
859:.
834:)
820:.
806::
778:.
747:.
717:.
713::
680:.
657:.
643::
309:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
