19:
619:), established a law office to defend Polish-speaking Upper Silesians in German Upper Silesia. The office was managed by Joseph Musiol, chairman of the Union of Upper Silesians and former deputy of the Prussian parliament (who had just lost his seat). He represented the Catholic People's Party, after being expelled from the German Centre Party in April 1921 for his independence activities. Musiol sent questionnaires about discrimination against Polish-speaking Upper Silesians on behalf of the Union of Upper Silesians and was its chairman until 1924, when it dissolved.
376:. In summer 1919, the Union of Upper Silesians sent a petition to the Paris Peace Conference criticising the treaty for its limitations on Upper Silesian plebiscite options to Poland and Germany. In the name of "many hundred thousands of Upper Silesians", the union demanded to change article 88 of the treaty so an Upper Silesian plebiscite would have the "option of neutral free state". According to the petition, "Upper Silesian nation, in majority with oneself, indivisibility and independence of Upper Silesia". In late 1919 the United States, influenced by the
218:) travelled to Czechoslovakia, Poland and Germany to sound out the countries' positions on Upper Silesian independence. Only in Prague did officials inform Upper Silesian Committee representatives Ewald Latacz, Thomas Reginek, Jan Reginek and Fritz Wenske that the Western allies would consider the creation of an independent Upper Silesian state. Jan Reginek, representative of the Upper Silesian councils, requested recognition for the new status in
1122:
494:, with a circulation of 20,000 copies in 1920, 40,000 copies in winter 1921 and several hundred thousand copies in 1921. The union was the most influential Silesian organisation of its time; in February 1921, it had 198 local chapters with 400,000 members. In the fall of 1920 editor Georg Cibis moved from the Union of Upper Silesians to the German Plebiscite Commission, succeeded at
230:, the seat of the Polish People's Council, where he failed to persuade Kazimierz Czapla (the Upper Silesian representative in Poland) to support Upper Silesian independence. Another unsuccessful attempt to persuade the Germans was made by Thomas Reginek, Ewald Latacz and a representative of Upper Silesian industrialists.
274:) that the time had come when Silesians would count "to enlightened nations", supporting the creation of a Silesian League "to support Silesian nationality". At meetings organised by Józef Szafranek were chants of "Long live Silesian nationality", and calls were made to unite Prussian Upper Silesia and
510:
won with 59.6 per cent of the vote. Ewald Latacz published an appeal: "Upper
Silesians!! Upper Silesia stay undivided! ... Who wants to chop our country to pieces to inherit something from us. But we want to live; we Polish- and German-speaking Upper Silesians want to live together in peace and lead
449:
was sympathetic to the
Silesian People's Party. The article "Free Upper Silesian state, the midpoint of all world policy" said, "The Upper Silesian people in large majority demand independence and indivisibility of their own country and connection with brothers in Austrian Silesia separated from it
515:
says that he will defend it to his last drop of blood. Upper
Silesians, we warn you. You don't change your homeland in a desert. If there is bloodshed, it will not be Upper Silesian blood and not in Upper Silesia. Upper Silesians don't resort to terrorist acts; terrorism must be nipped in the bud.
177:
to take the lead in political, economic and social questions and create an independent state similar to
Switzerland, where all linguistic groups would have equal rights. Its author predicted that the incorporation of Upper Silesia into Poland would be an economic catastrophe for the region; Upper
316:
Latacz, thanks to his broad connections to German politicians in Upper
Silesia, was released on probation in spring 1919 and forbidden any "verbal and written" support of Upper Silesian independence. Against this prohibition, the leader of the Upper Silesians, published the anonime edited
1068:, Silesia and Central European Nationalisms: The Emergence of National and Ethnic Groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848-1918 (Ser: Central European Studies; foreword by Professor Charles W. Ingrao). 2007. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 386 pp.
626:
told Alfons Proske, president of the province of Upper
Silesia, "The idea of a free state is still alive in German Upper Silesia". In areas bordering Poland, former members of the Union of Upper Silesians returned to political parties—primarily the Catholic People's Party
250:, edited by brothers. On 19 December 1920 the Poles broke up a meeting in Rubnik which had been organised by Ewald Latacz with the agenda, "Upper Silesia for Upper Silesians". Organisers of the meeting were beaten, and the Poles described it as "propaganda".
595:). A Catholic Silesian party, opposing Catholic German and Polish parties, was doomed to failure without support and Joseph Musiol did not stand for election. With little support for Skowronek's list, his candidates returned to the Catholic People's Party (
516:
Upper
Silesians, remember that we are a homogeneous, fraternal nation. Let's shake hands with ourselves, let's live in a peaceful, free and undivided Upper Silesia ... and celebrate our resurrection as free citizens in the Upper Silesian State".
206:. The attendees formed the Silesian Commission, with the Centre Party's Hans Lukaschek its chairman. The commission implemented the Upper Silesian Committee, with a mandate "to direct and expand the separatist vision in Upper Silesia".
233:
On 19–20 December 1918 the Upper
Silesian Committee published a bilingual brochure, "Appeal for the Creation of an Upper Silesian Free State", as a supplement in two popular Catholic Centre Party newspapers. There were 294 editions of
336:, Upper Silesian Catholic People's Party (Katholische Volkspartei) chairman Carl Ulitzka rejected Upper Silesian independence as a "utopia impossible to realise". Ulitzka began a campaign to incorporate Prussian Upper Silesia into
388:
basin in the former
Austrian Silesia. Because of French opposition, the United States withdrew from supporting a Silesian state. In fall 1919 the Reginek brothers accepted autonomy for Silesian lands which would be included into
1107:
538:, Heinrich Skowronek and Wiktor Durynek demanded independence for Upper Silesia, and Adam Napieralski negotiated on behalf of Poland. Ewald Latacz met with German Interior Minister Georg Gradnauer and Chancellor
293:; Section 96 of the act forbade public meetings about Upper Silesian independence. German authorities suspended the activity of the Union of Upper Silesians, arresting its leaders. Latacz and Jan Reginek became
558:
and architect Bruno Petzel, a former member of the Polish People's
Council. On 4 December 1921 Ewald Latacz resigned from the Union of Upper Silesians and retired from politics at the organisation's meeting in
450:
over 150 years ago ... The Upper Silesian people are strongly connected for hundreds of years by culture, employment and Slavic-Germanic blood ... almost three million souls, of whom 600,000 are in Austria".
474:. On 17 November 1920, 300 representatives of 175 local groups of the Union of Upper Silesia (representing about 300,000 members) met in Bytom. The conference was led by Latacz, from Wodzisław Śląski;
1040:, Historia Narodu Śląskiego. Prawdziwe dzieje ziem śląskich od średniowiecza do progu trzeciego tysiąclecia. (History of Silesian Nation), second edition (implemented and corrected), Zabrze 2006
1100:
421:
and delegates from German parties to create an independent Silesian state, or autonomy in Czechoslovakia. Because of the Slavic-Germanic Silesian people and a similar industrial structure in
406:
629:
597:
576:
162:
89:
36:
1093:
531:
appeared in bold type, "Every Upper Silesian is an open or secret member of the Union of Upper Silesians". According to the union, in fall 1921 it numbered about 500,000 members.
380:, organised the creation of a "coal and steel state" under international protection which included the Upper Silesian Industrial Circle (Oberschlesische Industriebezirk) and the
321:, in which it premised the shrinking German majority at the time a plebiscite and showed the need for the creation of an independent Upper Silesian state with the argument that
156:("Upper Silesia – independent/autonomous free state", probably written by Thomas Reginek) was published by the Committee for the Creation of the Upper Silesian Free State in
393:, left the Union of Upper Silesians and joined the Polish Plebiscite Commission. At the time the chairman of the Union of Upper Silesians was Ewald Latacz, assisted by
202:'s Polish party did not attend. At the conference, Upper Silesian Committee chairman Ewald Latacz spoke about the creation of an independent, neutral Upper Silesian
195:
1224:
714:
511:
our country to prosperity. This is possible only when Upper Silesia is undivided. We demand a plebiscite on whether Upper Silesia will be divided or not ...
486:. The Upper Silesian national symbol and the national emblem of the Upper Silesian Republic was agreed as the coat of arms of the Upper Silesian line of the
1182:
178:
Silesia would be "a source of income and taxes" for the Polish state, and Silesians would be treated as "second-category citizens" by Polish officials.
1234:
289:
According to a 31 December 1918 decree by the president of the Regency of Opole, supporters of an independent Upper Silesian republic were guilty of
1085:
644:
with the slogan "Upper Silesia for Upper Silesians". The Union of Upper Silesian Defence was founded in 1925 by former Polish activists, with
1073:
1045:
425:, its demands to unite with Prussian Upper Silesia encouraged Latacz to hope for an economically strong, united Silesian state similar to
132:
Workers' and Soldiers' Council chairman Jan Reginek. The Rybnik Upper Silesian Committee demanded an "independent political stance" from
1203:
437:
advised the chairman of the Union of Upper Silesians. On 17 March 1920 editor Georg Cibis in Bytom began publishing the bilingual
377:
1146:
641:
266:. In April 1849 painter and poet Jan Gajda published an appeal "to the Upper Silesian people" in the Polish-language newspaper
1239:
1244:
18:
1151:
574:). Instead of the Union of Upper Silesians, his election list was named for the Upper Silesian Catholic People's Party (
365:
1229:
567:
began to be published irregularly; two months later it ceased publication, with a final circulation of 40,000 copies.
523:, a bloody civil war, erupted. Leaders of the uprising demanded the "proclamation of a sovereign Silesian state" from
137:
622:
After the Union of Upper Silesians, the idea of Upper Silesian independence remained; in 1925 the chief of police in
1187:
1167:
1141:
673:
667:
570:
The following November, Heinrich Skowronek stood for election to the regional assembly of Upper Silesian Province (
442:
430:
418:
279:
76:
72:
152:. The committee had little structure, and no political programme. On 5 December 1918 a German-language brochure,
117:
563:, and was succeeded by Musiol. Upper Silesian industrialists withdrew their support; in March 1922 the weekly
1177:
1249:
187:
133:
191:
1037:
23:
903:
Rudolf Vogel, Deutsche Presse und Propaganda des Abstimmungkampfes in Oberschlesien, Beuthen O.S. 1931.
678:
490:: a golden eagle on a blue shield. This became part of the headlines of the weekly bilingual newspaper
434:
263:
68:
1172:
527:, which he rejected. Upper Silesia was divided, which was advantageous for Poland. In the weekly
520:
294:
479:
467:
1069:
1041:
712:
Andrea Schmidt-Rösler, "Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922" in
524:
512:
483:
345:
199:
56:
912:
Maksymilian Harden, "Wolne państwo górnośląskie punktem środkowym polityki wszechświatowej",
1079:
1078:
Upper Silesia 1870-1920: Between Region, Religion, Nation and Ethnicity: journal article by
1065:
994:
Andrea Schmidt-Rösler, "Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922",
275:
729:
Ugrupowania i kierunki separatystyczne na Górnym Śląsku i w Cieszyńskiem w latach 1918-1939
633:
601:
588:
580:
422:
283:
166:
141:
101:
93:
48:
40:
309:
with a Polish passport; there, the leader of the Polish National Party informed him that
226:
and Helmuth von Gerlach) favoured independence for Upper Silesia. Thomas Reginek went to
262:
should be a separate nation was not new in Prussian Upper Silesia; it dated back to the
373:
1218:
983:
Ein Politiker in der Abstimmungzeit, Confinium – materiały do historii Górnego Śląska
688:
662:
555:
535:
487:
475:
463:
394:
353:
298:
64:
927:
Die separatistische Bewegung in Oberschlesien nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg (1918-1922)
657:
539:
290:
121:
352:). He was supported by four members of the Catholic People's Party and opposed by
186:
A conference of Upper Silesian political parties was organized by German Catholic
640:), which said that it represented Germans and "German-disposed Silesians" in the
1121:
683:
369:
368:
for the German delegation on 16 June 1919, the Western allies assigned southern
145:
129:
693:
645:
560:
385:
239:
223:
259:
174:
306:
301:
was granted immunity by the Prussian parliament. Thomas Reginek escaped to
227:
755:
Miarodajne czynniki niemieckie a sprawa Górnego Śląska w grudniu 1918 roku
611:
After the election Adam Napieralski, editor of Polish-language newspaper
203:
157:
405:
171:
Komitee zur Vorbereitung eines oberschlesischen Freistaates in Kattowitz
1116:
623:
507:
426:
414:
381:
349:
341:
337:
149:
471:
390:
329:
310:
219:
125:
113:
109:
1060:
Carl Ulitzka (1873–1953) oder Oberschlesien zwischen den Weltkriegen
942:, nr. 13, 27.03.1921; Latacz, "Dla niepodzielnego Górnego Śląska",
758:
302:
247:
1053:
Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922
970:
Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922
938:
Ewald Latacz, "Górnoślązacy!! Górny Śląsk zostaje niepodzielny",
879:
Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922
827:
Praca zbiorowa, Wypisy do dziejów Rybnika i Wodzisławia Śląskiego
772:
Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922
462:) met at its headquarters in Bytom. In attendance were chairman
333:
1089:
892:
Czechosłowacja wobec problemu Górnego Śląska w latach 1919-1921
194:. Representatives of the Upper Silesian communists (KPOS), the
458:
On 18 August 1920, 68 member of the Union of Upper Silesians (
785:
Niemieckie plany separatystyczne w listopadzie i grudniu 1918
323:
Upper Silesian nation is homogeneous people about mixed blood
63:) was an early 20th-century movement for the independence of
846:), second edition (implemented and corrected), Zabrze, 2006.
313:
supported Polish opposition to Upper Silesian independence.
1055:, „Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa" Forschung 1999, Heft 1.
972:, "Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa" Forschung 1999, Heft 1.
881:, "Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa" Forschung 1999, Heft 1.
774:, "Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa” Forschung 1999, Heft 1.
1119:
nationalist or/and separatist associations/organizations
173:). The brochure was an Upper Silesian Committee appeal to
87:
The movement was founded by the Upper Silesian Committee (
75:, it dissolved in 1924 but has influenced the present-day
554:
and retired from political activity. He was succeeded by
124:; Thomas Reginek, a priest from Mikulczyce (present-day
550:
In November 1921, Wiktor Durynek resigned as editor of
214:
In December, leaders of the Upper Silesian Committee (
855:, Górny Śląsk dostał się na subhastę, Bytom G.Ś. 1920
1196:
1160:
1129:
190:leader Carl Ulitzka and held on 9 December 1918 in
959:, wyd. II (uzupełnione i poprawione), Zabrze, 2006
26:proposed by the Union of Upper Silesians in 1920.
470:and two aldermen, one from Bytom and one from
196:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
1101:
328:In spring 1919, after negotiations in Paris,
154:"Oberschlesien – ein Selbständiger Freistaat"
144:and guaranteed neutrality similar to that in
8:
981:Stefan Pioskowik, Ewald Latacz (1885-1953).
810:Opolszczyzna pod rządami Lukaschka i Wagnera
460:Związku Górnoślązaków-Bund der Oberschlesier
1183:Jurassic-Silesian Association European Home
866:Oder Oberschlesien zwischen den Weltkriegen
742:Oder Oberschlesien zwischen den Weltkriegen
482:, and Hubert Kraft (Count Strachwitz) from
1108:
1094:
1086:
278:. These aspirations were also held by the
67:. The movement had its genesis during the
1147:Association of Defense of Upper Silesians
894:, "Zaranie Śląskie", styczeń–marzec 1968.
715:Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung
1082:; East European Quarterly, Vol. 38, 2004
466:from Bytom, secretary Hugo Kotulla from
404:
17:
864:Guido Hitze, Carl Ulitzka (1873-1953),
740:Guido Hitze, Carl Ulitzka (1873-1953),
705:
585:Oberschlesische Katholische Volkspartei
413:In the winter of 1920 Latacz went to
7:
1225:Defunct political parties in Europe
593:Górnośląska Katolicka Partia Ludowa
14:
506:In the 20 March 1921 plebiscite,
222:. However, only two politicians (
116:by three Catholics: attorney and
1235:Separatism in the Czech Republic
1120:
606:Katolische Volkspartei - Zentrum
478:from Bytom; Wiktor Durynek from
378:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
344:and its establishment as a free
996:Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa
787:, "Prawo XXXIV", Wrocław, 1971.
642:Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship
364:In the final conditions of the
340:, demanding its exclusion from
844:History of the Silesian Nation
1:
1188:People of the Silesian Nation
757:, "Studia Śląskie" tom XIII,
608:and the German Centre Party.
1152:Silesian Separatist Movement
823:Ziemia rybnicko-wodzisławska
210:Negotiations with neighbours
731:, Warszawa i Kraków (1972).
417:to attend a meeting of the
319:Oberschlesien auf Subhasta!
1266:
1204:German Minority in Silesia
1168:Silesian Autonomy Movement
670:, a modern political party
668:Silesian Autonomy Movement
258:The political belief that
77:Silesian Autonomy Movement
957:Historia Narodu Śląskiego
840:Historia Narodu Śląskiego
317:German-language brochure
120:Workers Council chairman
108:) on 27 November 1918 in
1137:Union of Upper Silesians
356:and Heinrich Skowronek.
98:Oberschlesisches Komitee
32:Union of Upper Silesians
1178:Silesian Regional Party
1142:Silesian People's Party
1051:Andrea Schmidt-Rösler,
998:Forschung 1999, Heft 1.
968:Andrea Schmidt-Rösler,
877:Andrea Schmidt-Rösler,
770:Andrea Schmidt-Rösler,
674:Silesian People's Party
638:Katholische Volkspartei
443:Silesian People's Party
431:Silesian People's Party
419:Silesian People's Party
401:Silesian People's Party
280:Silesian People's Party
244:Oberschlesische Zeitung
236:Oberschlesischer Kurier
73:Silesian People's Party
637:
605:
592:
584:
410:
366:Paris Peace Conference
272:Upper Silesian Journal
170:
105:
97:
52:
45:Bund der Oberschlesier
44:
27:
1240:Separatism in Germany
542:on 4 September 1921.
521:third Polish uprising
408:
400:
182:Kędzierzyn conference
61:Ferajn Gůrnoślůnzokůw
53:Związek Górnoślązaków
24:flag of Upper Silesia
21:
1245:Separatism in Poland
1022:Śląski ruch narodowy
1020:Dariusz Jerczyński,
1009:Śląski ruch narodowy
1007:Dariusz Jerczyński,
955:Dariusz Jerczyński,
946:, nr. 14, 3.04.1921.
916:, no. 20, 1.08.1920.
868:, Düsseldorf (2002).
838:Dariusz Jerczyński,
799:, nr. 5 z 8.01.1919.
744:. Düsseldorf (2002).
502:After the plebiscite
409:Józef Kożdoń in 1923
268:Dziennik Górnośląski
242:and 293 editions of
128:), and educator and
929:, Wiesbaden (1987).
727:Piotr Dobrowolski,
498:by Wiktor Durynek.
295:political prisoners
264:revolutions of 1848
106:Komitet Górnośląski
69:revolutions of 1848
1230:History of Silesia
1173:Silesians Together
1062:, Düsseldorf 2002.
1038:Dariusz Jerczyński
944:Der Bund – Związek
940:Der Bund – Związek
914:Der Bund – Związek
825:, Katowice, 1970;
565:Der Bund – Związek
552:Der Bund – Związek
529:Der Bund – Związek
519:On 2 May 1921 the
496:Der Bund – Związek
492:Der Bund – Związek
447:Der Bund – Związek
429:. At the meeting,
411:
71:. Allied with the
28:
1212:
1211:
1074:978-1-55753-371-5
1046:978-83-60540-55-8
821:J. Ligęza (ed.),
812:, Katowice, 1958.
572:Provinziallandtag
525:Wojciech Korfanty
200:Wojciech Korfanty
1257:
1124:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1080:Tomasz Kamusella
1066:Tomasz Kamusella
1025:
1024:, Zabrze (2006).
1018:
1012:
1011:, Zabrze (2006).
1005:
999:
992:
986:
979:
973:
966:
960:
953:
947:
936:
930:
923:
917:
910:
904:
901:
895:
890:Jan Przewłocki,
888:
882:
875:
869:
862:
856:
853:
847:
836:
830:
819:
813:
806:
800:
794:
788:
781:
775:
768:
762:
751:
745:
738:
732:
725:
719:
710:
632:
600:
579:
454:Freedom fighters
441:(Silesian), the
346:state of Germany
276:Austrian Silesia
165:
118:Wodzisław Śląski
92:
39:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1208:
1192:
1156:
1125:
1114:
1034:
1029:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1006:
1002:
993:
989:
980:
976:
967:
963:
954:
950:
937:
933:
925:Günther Doose,
924:
920:
911:
907:
902:
898:
889:
885:
876:
872:
863:
859:
854:
850:
837:
833:
820:
816:
807:
803:
795:
791:
782:
778:
769:
765:
752:
748:
739:
735:
726:
722:
711:
707:
702:
654:
628:
596:
575:
548:
546:End of activity
504:
480:Tarnowskie Góry
468:Tarnowskie Góry
456:
423:Cieszyn Silesia
403:
362:
305:via Berlin and
284:Cieszyn Silesia
256:
212:
184:
161:
88:
85:
35:
12:
11:
5:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1013:
1000:
987:
974:
961:
948:
931:
918:
905:
896:
883:
870:
857:
848:
831:
829:, Opole, 1985.
814:
801:
797:Gazeta Opolska
789:
783:Edmund Klein,
776:
763:
753:Edmund Klein,
746:
733:
720:
718:Heft 1 (1999).
704:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
665:
660:
653:
650:
648:its chairman.
547:
544:
534:In April 1921
503:
500:
455:
452:
402:
399:
374:Czechoslovakia
361:
360:Western allies
358:
255:
252:
216:Górnośląskiego
211:
208:
183:
180:
138:Czechoslovakia
84:
81:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1262:
1251:
1250:Upper Silesia
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1220:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
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663:Joseph Musiol
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536:Joseph Musiol
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299:Joseph Musiol
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679:Józef Kożdoń
658:Ewald Latacz
621:
617:The Catholic
616:
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571:
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540:Joseph Wirth
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412:
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291:high treason
288:
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188:Centre Party
185:
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122:Ewald Latacz
86:
60:
31:
29:
15:
684:Josef Cichy
484:Lądek-Zdrój
445:newspaper.
198:(USPD) and
146:Switzerland
1219:Categories
700:References
694:Jan Kustos
646:Jan Kustos
472:Mikulczyce
433:chairman
372:county to
224:Hugo Haase
192:Kędzierzyn
985:, 2/2007.
630:‹See Tfd›
598:‹See Tfd›
577:‹See Tfd›
348:(such as
286:in 1909.
260:Silesians
175:Silesians
163:‹See Tfd›
90:‹See Tfd›
37:‹See Tfd›
1117:Silesian
652:See also
513:Korfanty
370:Racibórz
254:Activity
204:republic
158:Katowice
130:Racibórz
57:Silesian
1161:Current
1032:Sources
761:, 1968.
624:Gliwice
613:Katolik
561:Chorzów
508:Germany
427:Belgium
415:Cieszyn
386:Karviná
382:Ostrava
350:Bavaria
342:Prussia
338:Germany
240:Chorzów
150:Belgium
142:Germany
83:Origins
1130:Former
1072:
1044:
634:German
602:German
589:Polish
581:German
439:Ślązak
391:Poland
330:London
311:France
307:Poznań
297:, and
228:Poznań
220:Berlin
167:German
134:Poland
126:Zabrze
114:Poland
110:Rybnik
102:Polish
94:German
49:Polish
41:German
1197:Other
759:Opole
303:Paris
248:Bytom
1070:ISBN
1042:ISBN
334:Rome
332:and
148:and
140:and
30:The
22:The
282:in
1221::
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34:(
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