356:...enabl people around the world to use computers in any language, by providing freely-available specifications and data to form the foundation for software internationalization in all major operating systems, search engines, applications, and the World Wide Web. An essential part of this purpose is to standardize, maintain, educate and engage academic and scientific communities, and the general public about, make publicly available, promote, and disseminate to the public a standard character encoding that provides for an allocation for more than a million characters.
1615:
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45:
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626:, but on particularly contentious issues, votes may be necessary. After it meets, the UTC releases a public statement on each proposal it considered. Due to the volume of incoming proposals, various subcommittees, such as the Script Ad Hoc Group and Emoji Subcommittee, exist to submit recommendations to the full UTC
150:"To develop, extend and promote use of various standards, data, and open source software libraries which specify the representation of text in modern software ... allowing data to be shared across multiple platforms, languages and countries without corruption"
607:
The UTC accepts documents from any organization or individual, whether they are members of the
Unicode Consortium or not. The UTC holds its meetings behind closed doors. As of July 2020, the UTC rules on both emoji and script proposals at the same meeting.
1536:
Note: During the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic crisis, until further notice, all
Unicode Technical Committee meetings are held via video conference. Details for joining the meeting hosted on the Unicode Zoom account are listed on the logistics page for each
495:
Our goal is to make sure that all of the text on computers for every language in the world is represented but we get a lot more attention for emojis than for the fact that you can type
Chinese on your phone and have it work with another
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The
Unicode Technical Committee (UTC) meets quarterly to decide whether new characters will be encoded. A quorum of half of the Consortium's full members is required.
615:, the meetings, which used to be hosted on the campuses of various tech companies who would open their doors to the Consortium for free, were in 2020 held online via
2029:
538:, and the character sets are essentially identical, the Unicode standard imposes additional restrictions on implementations that ISO/IEC 10646 does not. Apart from
561:
icons used by the world's smartphones, based on submissions from individuals and organizations who present their case with evidence for why each one is essential.
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which was developed with the intention of replacing existing character encoding schemes that are limited in size and scope, and are incompatible with
486:. Mark Davis was the president of the Unicode Consortium from when the Consortium was incorporated in 1991 until 2023, when he changed roles to CTO.
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Members are usually but not limited to computer software and hardware companies with an interest in text-processing standards, including
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632:. The UTC is under no obligation to heed these recommendations, although in practice it usually does.
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The project to develop a universal character encoding scheme called
Unicode was initiated in 1987 by
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on
January 3, 1991, with the stated aim to develop, extend, and promote the use of the
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Unicode's success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread adoption in the
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1040:"A Summary of Unicode Consortium Procedures, Policies, Stability, and Public Access"
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841:"Q&A: Mark Davis, president of the Unicode Consortium, on the rise of emojis"
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1446:"I second that emoji: The standards, structures, and social production of emoji"
1303:
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511:
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1014:"Emoji contenders for 2019 include mixed-race couples, a sloth and wheelchairs"
44:
27:
Nonprofit organization that coordinates the development of the
Unicode Standard
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As of May 2024, there are nine full members, all of which are tech companies:
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2019:
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554:, and publishes related standards (UTS), reports (UTR), and utilities.
460:
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For the history leading up to the
Unicode Consortium's foundation, see
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1972:
1967:
1937:
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at a meeting of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2 in Hohhot, Inner
Mongolia, in 2017
408:
368:. The standard has been implemented in many technologies, including
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2051:
1962:
1957:
1952:
940:"Tacos, dumplings, bagels: the complicated politics of food emoji"
558:
505:
510:
Lisa Moore, vice president of the
Unicode Consortium, presenting
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2194:
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436:
412:
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1553:"Technical Committee Procedures for the Unicode Consortium"
1620:
341:, U.S. Its primary purpose is to maintain and publish the
1347:"Unicode Utilities: Internationalized Domain Names (IDN)"
988:"Facebook Joins as Full Member of the Unicode Consortium"
3214:
1122:"Apple is replacing the pistol emoji with a squirt gun"
232:
Anne Gundelfinger (Vice President and General Counsel)
3544:
Organizations based in Santa Clara County, California
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451:are made by the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC).
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51:
534:. While Unicode is often considered equivalent to
421:Omani Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs
333:non-profit organization incorporated and based in
546:(UAX), the Unicode Consortium also maintains the
501:Unicode Consortium co-founder and CTO, Mark Davis
352:The consortium describes its overall purpose as:
791:Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Tax
642:History of Unicode Release and Publication Dates
619:, although the discussions remain confidential.
493:
354:
1190:
1188:
3230:
1636:
1278:Web Standards: Mastering HTML5, CSS3, and XML
1197:"Who Decides Which Emojis Get The Thumbs Up?"
1073:"History of Unicode : Summary Narrative"
478:. The Unicode Consortium was incorporated in
8:
3539:Standards organizations in the United States
522:The Unicode Consortium cooperates with many
32:
3237:
3223:
3215:
3138:Cultural, political, and religious symbols
2191:
1877:
1738:
1643:
1629:
1621:
1613:
917:The Swift Programming Language (Swift 4.1)
785:
783:
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311:
31:
1457:
891:"How will you type the new Rupee symbol?"
744:
742:
235:Greg Welch (Vice President of Marketing)
1671:ISO/IEC 10646 (Universal Character Set)
1012:Pelletiere, Nicole (October 25, 2018).
738:
447:. Technical decisions relating to the
3288:Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs
1547:
1545:
1520:"UTC Meeting Information and Minutes"
1444:Berard, Bethany (September 1, 2018).
1439:
1437:
1364:"Approved Minutes of UTC Meeting 160"
1358:
1356:
362:internationalization and localization
7:
3424:Man in Business Suit Levitating (🕴)
3293:Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs
2172:International Components for Unicode
2121:Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR)
1224:International Standards Organization
986:Unicode, Inc. (September 15, 2015).
613:COVID-19 pandemic's effect on travel
514:and Nashunwuritu with copies of the
229:(CTO & Cofounder; CLDR-TC Chair)
1275:Sikos, Leslie (December 29, 2014).
1245:Korpela, Jukka K. (June 21, 2006).
839:Wong, Queenie (February 12, 2016).
758:. September 6, 2019. Archived from
640:The Unicode Consortium maintains a
524:standards development organizations
3153:Mathematical operators and symbols
1219:"UNICODE - The Unicode Consortium"
722:Universal Character Set characters
653:The Unicode Standard, Version 12.0
445:University of California, Berkeley
25:
3559:1991 establishments in California
3554:Organizations established in 1991
1498:de Jong, Mea Dols (May 4, 2020).
693:The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0
671:The Unicode Standard, Version 5.0
3323:
3194:
3193:
3183:
3182:
3165:Phonetic symbols (including IPA)
1416:"Submitting Character Proposals"
965:"The Unicode Consortium Members"
750:"Tax Exempt Organization Search"
550:, collaborated with the IETF on
43:
1312:Internet Engineering Task Force
1120:Roy, Jessica (August 3, 2016).
897:. July 15, 2010. Archived from
866:"The Unicode Consortium Bylaws"
717:Comparison of Unicode encodings
695:. Addison-Wesley. August 2003.
655:. Web publication. March 2019.
1195:NPR Staff (October 25, 2015).
1:
2105:International Ideographs Core
1915:International Ideographs Core
1856:Alias names and abbreviations
1302:Kühne, Mirjam (May 7, 2007).
1038:McGowan, R. (February 2004).
727:Universal Coded Character Set
2327:CJK Unified Ideographs (Han)
2177:People involved with Unicode
1370:. October 7, 2019. L2/19-270
1171:"New Unicode Consortium CEO"
818:"Unicode Executive Officers"
3419:Face with Tears of Joy (😂)
1333:"Unicode Technical Reports"
1094:Yau, John (July 17, 2016).
622:The UTC prefers to work by
565:Unicode Technical Committee
397:Bangladesh Computer Council
3575:
2167:Ideographic Research Group
2162:ConScript Unicode Registry
458:
241:Ayman Aldahleh (Secretary)
3549:Mountain View, California
3414:Face with Heart Eyes (😍)
3321:
3305:Regional indicator symbol
3298:Transport and Map Symbols
3178:
2190:
2047:Regional indicator symbol
1756:Combining grapheme joiner
1390:"Members – Unicode"
796:February 5, 2020, at the
374:Java programming language
42:
37:
3263:Single emojis in Unicode
3200:Category: Unicode blocks
2005:Compatibility characters
1149:"Unicode History Corner"
913:"Strings and Characters"
805:Internal Revenue Service
755:Internal Revenue Service
199:37.411759°N 122.070958°W
3534:501(c)(3) organizations
1925:Comparison of encodings
1851:Halfwidth and fullwidth
1706:Universal Character Set
238:Iris Orriss (Treasurer)
2850:Inscriptional Parthian
2537:Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong
2199:and symbols in Unicode
1816:CJK Unified Ideographs
647:Publications include:
557:The group selects the
519:
504:
461:Unicode § History
358:
204:37.411759; -122.070958
57:; 33 years ago
3283:Miscellaneous Symbols
2986:Old Persian cuneiform
2845:Inscriptional Pahlavi
2740:Ancient North Arabian
2735:Anatolian hieroglyphs
2025:Precomposed character
1861:Whitespace characters
1790:Zero-width non-joiner
1579:"Script Ad Hoc Group"
1459:10.5210/fm.v23i9.9381
509:
441:Tamil Virtual Academy
2805:Egyptian hieroglyphs
2010:Duplicate characters
1826:Duplicate characters
1253:O'Reilly Media, Inc.
1173:. Unicode Consortium
1075:. Unicode Consortium
820:. Unicode Consortium
807:. December 31, 2018.
540:The Unicode Standard
223:Toral Cowieson (CEO)
55:January 3, 1991
2870:Khitan small script
2307:Canadian Aboriginal
2042:Variation sequences
2000:Combining character
1910:Variation sequences
1821:Combining character
195: /
141:benefit corporation
34:
3458:Cultural influence
3315:Unicode Consortium
3110:Notational scripts
3061:Tagalog (Baybayin)
2770:Caucasian Albanian
2093:numeric references
2068:Domain names (IDN)
1888:Bidirectional text
1765:Right-to-left mark
1761:Left-to-right mark
1716:Character property
1666:Unicode Consortium
1583:Unicode Consortium
1559:. January 23, 2019
1557:Unicode Consortium
1524:Unicode Consortium
1420:Unicode Consortium
1394:Unicode Consortium
1368:Unicode Consortium
871:. November 6, 2015
604:, and Translated.
528:ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2
520:
323:Unicode Consortium
33:Unicode Consortium
3516:
3515:
3449:Hearts in Unicode
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3189:Category: Unicode
2226:Punctuation marks
2208:inherited scripts
2114:Related standards
2088:entity references
1986:
1985:
1869:
1868:
1785:Zero-width joiner
1504:(YouTube video).
1288:978-1-4842-0883-0
1261:978-0-596-10121-3
1248:Unicode Explained
1127:Los Angeles Times
901:on July 18, 2010.
762:on August 9, 2020
702:978-0-321-18578-5
684:978-0-321-48091-0
662:978-1-936213-22-1
382:operating systems
319:
318:
16:(Redirected from
3566:
3355:Shigetaka Kurita
3327:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3216:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3185:
3148:Control Pictures
3101:Zanabazar Square
2840:Imperial Aramaic
2723:historic scripts
2192:
2052:Emoji skin color
1878:
1795:Zero-width space
1739:
1726:Private Use Area
1711:Character charts
1645:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1611:
1609:Official website
1594:
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1540:
1539:
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1531:
1526:. April 24, 2020
1516:
1510:
1509:
1501:Beyond the emoji
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1304:"Plenary Report"
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1052:10.17487/RFC3718
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992:The Unicode Blog
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845:The Mercury News
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677:. October 2006.
673:(5th ed.).
666:
516:Unicode Standard
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484:Unicode Standard
449:Unicode Standard
425:Monotype Imaging
343:Unicode Standard
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3508:World Emoji Day
3478:The Emoji Movie
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3350:Michael Everson
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3174:
3158:List by subject
3131:Symbols, emojis
3126:
3105:
3021:Psalter Pahlavi
2722:
2716:
2577:Pracalit (Newa)
2392:Hanifi Rohingya
2240:
2216:Combining marks
2207:
2200:
2186:
2182:Han unification
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1743:Special purpose
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1494:Wayback Machine
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1422:. April 1, 2016
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1349:. Unicode, Inc.
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1335:. Unicode, Inc.
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938:Sugar, Rachel.
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798:Wayback Machine
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503:
500:
492:
464:
457:
349:environments.
302:
291:
288:
278:
275:
263:
254:
251:
244:
217:
203:
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197:
194:
189:
186:
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122:
91:
61:
59:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3572:
3570:
3562:
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3474:
3469:
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3459:
3455:
3454:
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3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3434:Pineapple (🍍)
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3403:
3397:
3396:
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3333:Related people
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3329:
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3320:
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3312:
3310:Implementation
3307:
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3300:
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3290:
3285:
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3259:
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2649:
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2639:
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2614:
2612:Sorang Sompeng
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
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2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
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2554:
2549:
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2502:Miao (Pollard)
2499:
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2245:Modern scripts
2242:
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2239:
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2195:
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2150:Related topics
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2110:
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2022:
2017:
2012:
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2002:
1996:
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1980:
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1935:
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1601:External links
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1570:
1541:
1511:
1506:Deutsche Welle
1481:
1433:
1407:
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1352:
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1151:. Unicode, Inc
1140:
1112:
1086:
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1044:tools.ietf.org
1030:
1004:
978:
967:. Unicode, Inc
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675:Addison-Wesley
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542:(TUS) and its
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3409:Eggplant (🍆)
3407:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3401:Notable emoji
3398:
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3389:
3387:
3384:
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3112:
3108:
3102:
3099:
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3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Tulu Tigalari
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3056:Sylheti Nagri
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3046:South Arabian
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:Old Hungarian
2969:
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2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Mende Kikakui
2490:
2488:
2487:Masaram Gondi
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2472:Lisu (Fraser)
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
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2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
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2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2372:Gunjala Gondi
2370:
2368:
2365:
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2360:
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2255:
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2250:
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2237:
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2222:
2219:
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2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2203:
2198:
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2189:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
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2163:
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2148:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
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2119:
2118:
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2112:
2106:
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2098:
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2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1898:ISO/IEC 14651
1896:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
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1408:
1396:. May 4, 2024
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1150:
1144:
1141:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1116:
1113:
1101:
1100:Hyperallergic
1097:
1096:"Better Days"
1090:
1087:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1005:
993:
989:
982:
979:
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867:
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835:
832:
819:
813:
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802:Unicode, Inc.
799:
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792:
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587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
564:
562:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:ISO/IEC 10646
533:
529:
525:
517:
513:
508:
497:
489:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
462:
454:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
385:
383:
380:, and modern
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
353:
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348:
344:
340:
336:
335:Mountain View
332:
328:
327:Unicode, Inc.
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163:Mountain View
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