253:, on February 9, 1874. There were a number of differences between the United Order of Enoch and United Order communities established years earlier by Joseph Smith. Under Young's leadership, producers would generally deed their property to the Order, and all members of the Order would share the cooperative's net income, often divided into shares based on the amount of property originally contributed. Sometimes, the members of the Order would receive wages for their work on the communal property.
335:
stewardship. The "residue," or property which was over and above what the owner and his family required for themselves, was used by the church to provide to the less fortunate, who would be required to pay it back either monetarily or by labor. The private property owner was not forced to participate in the Order nor was his property forcefully confiscated. Private property owners were free to join or leave the orders and were in control of their stewardship.
99:) all their property to the United Order, which would in turn deed back an "inheritance" (or "stewardship") which allowed members to control the property; private property was not eradicated but was rather a fundamental principle of this system. At the end of each year, any excess that the family produced from their stewardship was voluntarily given back to the Order. The Order in each community was operated by the local
771:
abide this law in its fulness, and, in consequence, the lesser law of tithing was given; but the saints confidently await the day in which they will devote not merely a tithe of their substance but all that they have and all that they are, to the service of their God; a day in which no man will speak of mine and thine, but all things shall be the Lord's and theirs.
314:. The households were simple in structure and were usually two to three bedrooms. There were about three children per mother in every household and polygamous wives lived in the same home as well. Large families in all Mormon communities were regarded as a spiritual practice and the child to woman ratio in Kanab reflected that.
359:
In things that pertain to celestial glory there can be no forced operations. We must do according as the spirit of the Lord operates upon our understandings and feelings. We cannot be crowded into matters, however great might be the blessing attending such procedure. We cannot be forced into living a
277:
Some leaders and members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints believe that the United Order will be reestablished some time in the future. Many leaders have taught that the church's present system of welfare and humanitarian aid is a predecessor or stepping stone to the renewed practice
373:
Leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the 20th century sought to make a clear distinction between
Marxist communism and the law of consecration as practiced by the United Order, teaching that the practices differed as related to the topics of free will, private property, and
773:
In this expectation they indulge no vague dream of communism, encouraging individual irresponsibility and giving the idler an excuse for hoping to live at the expense of the thrifty; but rather, a calm trust that in the promised social order, such as God can approve, every man will be a steward in
770:
A system of unity in temporal matters has been revealed to the Church in this day; such is currently known as the Order of Enoch, or the United Order, and is founded on the law of consecration. As already stated, in the early days of the latter-day Church the people demonstrated their inability to
369:
This United Order was an attempt to eradicate poverty and promote a sense of unity and brotherhood within Latter Day Saint communities. The LDS Church's view is that the doctrine and the various attempts at practicing it should not be seen as part of the 19th-century utopian movement in the United
347:
The fundamental principle of this system was the private ownership of property. Each man owned his portion, or inheritance, or stewardship, with an absolute title, which he could alienate, or hypothecate, or otherwise treat as his own. The church did not own all of the property, and the life under
325:
By 1880, the United Order at Kanab had greatly decreased. Only 32 families remained of the original 81 families that came within the first year of its establishment. Many eventually migrated to
Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, and Mexico. The young men tended to leave home before they were married and
321:
Many suffered hardships while living on the frontier and tended to move frequently, around the same area to escape the harsh conditions and seek greater opportunities. It also made it easy to migrate since most of the wealth people had was movable. The number of families moving three or more times
298:
was established in 1870. That year, John R. Young and the local bishop, Levi
Stewart, began colonizing this area and twelve families followed to begin this endeavor. There was confusion as to who was the leader of this society. LDS Church authorities appointed the bishop and only they could revoke
334:
Private property was not abolished and sharing of goods was voluntary under the United Order. Members of the church who chose to participate in the United Order voluntarily deeded their properties to the church, which would then give all or a portion of it back to the original property owner as a
317:
The main source of income for the community was raising livestock. Most of their wealth was in livestock, vehicles, and shares of stock in corporate enterprises. The land and the improvements made up the remainder of their wealth. This particular United Order was wealthy, but within the society,
267:
Like the United Order established by Smith, Young's experiment with the United Order was short-lived. By the time of Young's death in 1877, most of his United Orders had failed. By the end of the 19th century, the Orders were essentially extinct. Historian Andrew Karl Larson pointed out that the
398:
Communism and all other similar isms bear no relationship whatever to the United Order. They are merely the clumsy counterfeits which Satan always devises of the Gospel plan ... The United Order leaves every man free to choose his own religion as his conscience directs. Communism destroys man's
374:
deity. The law of consecration and the United Order can be compared to the shared economic arrangement presented in the New
Testament as practiced by 1st-century Christians in Jerusalem. In the 20th century, leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, including
1388:
194:
Smith said he had received a revelation directing the Latter Day Saints to impart of their land and money to the church. Partridge assigned the incoming saints from New York lots according to another revelation. Smith directed
Colesville immigrants to settle in
272:
The habits of an acquisitive society were too strongly forged to be broken without the utmost devotion and selflessness to the cause, and rugged individualism triumphed over the abortive attempt at communal ownership and communal living
213:
Originally, the United Order was intended to be "an everlasting order for the benefit of my church, and for the salvation of men until I come". In practice, however, the Order was relatively short-lived during Smith's life.
318:
there were major gaps. Everyone owned property, but some pieces of land were better than others. Eventually, Brigham Young ordered the community to diminish the financial gap that set them apart from the other communities.
78:
designed to achieve income equality, eliminate poverty, and increase group self-sufficiency. The movement had much in common with other communalist utopian societies formed in the United States and Europe during the
83:, which sought to govern aspects of people's lives through precepts of faith and community organization. The Latter Day Saint United Order was more family- and property-oriented than the utopian experiments at
310:
Other families followed that were either unhappy in their own lives or were from other failing colonies. By 1874, there were 81 families and about 17% of the men that lived in this community practiced
260:. Most of the communities held out for only two or three years before returning to a more standard economic system. One of the last United Order corporations established the new community of
459:
115:
774:
the full enjoyment of liberty to do as he will with the talents committed to his care; but with the sure knowledge that an account of his stewardship shall be required at his hands.
399:
God-given free agency; the United Order glorifies it. Latter-day Saints cannot be true to their faith and lend aid, encouragement, or sympathy to any of these false philosophies.
1413:
206:
Partridge attempted to implement the United Order in
Thompson; however, disagreements broke out and he was unsuccessful. Shortly after, Smith announced a revelation directing
360:
celestial law; we must do this ourselves, of our own free will. And whatever we do in regard to the principle of the United Order, we must do it because we desire to do it.
1418:
1398:
1038:
223:
484:
303:
Brigham Young. This conflict of power lasted until
January 5, 1875, when Levi Stewart became the president. Eventually, Stewart resigned from his position and
91:. Membership in the United Order was voluntary, although during a period in the 1830s, it was a requirement of continued church membership. Participants would
161:
who later converted to
Mormonism. Many of these communalists also joined the new church and several, including Isaac Morley, served in leadership positions.
1288:
454:
414:, "And the Lord called his people Zion, because they were of one heart and one mind, and dwelt in righteousness; and there was no poor among them."
172:. Revenue was needed for the church to publish books and tracts. At this time, Smith and Rigdon were both in economic distress. Smith and his wife
1428:
264:, in 1877. In 1880, the Bunkerville cooperative dissolved under pressure from limited water and a lack of individual dedication and initiative.
256:
The cooperative plan was used in at least 200 Mormon communities, most of them in rural areas outlying the central Mormon settlements near the
196:
1265:
1226:
967:
355:, a president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also highlighted the United Order's preservation of individual free will:
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880:
300:
542:
444:
127:
1438:
1355:
1051:
619:
394:, claimed that communism is a "counterfeit" version of the law of consecration. In 1942, the church issued the following statement:
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818:
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68:
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32:
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records an early event wherein a "family member" stole his pocket watch and sold it, claiming it was "all in the family."
123:
1383:
1257:
1218:
787:
764:
464:
1169:
911:
661:
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633:
605:
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the United Order was not a communal life. ... The United Order is an individualistic system, not a communal system.
184:
100:
1342:
1076:
111:
20:
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429:
404:
60:
226:(LDS Church) once again considered living under the United Order. During this period, under the leadership of
47:
church which had "all things in common". These early versions ended after a few years. Later versions within
1318:
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550:
503:
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Many United Order communities were set up amongst Mormon towns beginning in 1874. One in particular was the
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1080:
672:
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644:
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311:
107:
80:
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745:
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of the church. Five days later, on
February 9, 1831, Smith described a second revelation detailing the
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1210:
158:
106:
The United Order is not practiced within mainstream
Mormonism today; however, a number of groups of
469:
439:
434:
261:
188:
40:
36:
1189:
1156:
403:
Nevertheless, communal unity and equality are central tenets of the Latter Day Saint doctrine of
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1271:
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1222:
1122:
1089:
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814:
238:, but these deeds were never acted upon perhaps due to the community disruption caused by the
118:(FLDS Church), have revived the practice. The United Order was also practiced by the liberal
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88:
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his status. But many wanted to elect John R. Young as president because he was related to
257:
322:
was below 50. Only 23 families moved four times or more and 13 moved five times or more.
35:
programs. Early versions of the Order beginning in 1831 attempted to fully implement the
1119:"I Was Called to Dixie": The Virgin River Basin: Unique Experiences on Mormon Pioneering
1033:
375:
169:
146:
52:
1389:
Defunct organizational subdivisions of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
1063:"In Defense of Capitalism: Church Leaders on Property, Wealth, and the Economic Order"
1377:
1160:
935:
408:
379:
291:
227:
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Smith was troubled because of the number of members joining the church in poverty in
154:
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44:
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150:
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138:
96:
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59:
programs, many of which were very successful. The Order's full name invoked the
56:
1151:
173:
84:
1365:
1314:
1275:
1236:
1215:
Great Basin Kingdom: An Economic History of the Latter-day Saints, 1830-1900
1126:
1093:
48:
1137:(Winter 1976), "People on the Mormon Frontier: Kanab's Families of 1874",
239:
1193:
1254:
Building the City of God: Community & Cooperation Among the Mormons
268:
failure of these ventures are rooted in the frailties of human nature:
149:, who had established a cooperative venture based on statements in the
141:
learned of a group of about 50 people known as "the family" living on
1185:
179:
On February 4, 1831, Smith said he had received a revelation calling
119:
370:
States, and is distinct from both Marxist communism and capitalism.
474:
16:
19th-century collectivist program in the Latter Day Saint movement
686:
543:
Section 51 - Bishop Edward Partridge and the Law of Consecration
231:
92:
67:
as having such a virtuous and pure-hearted people that God had
460:
Mormonism and the national debate over socialism and communism
203:. Saints from Seneca County were assigned to the Morley farm.
153:. Members of "The Morley family" were originally followers of
210:
to lead the saints on the Copley farm to settle in Missouri.
1170:"Kanab United Order: The President's Nephew and the Bishop"
116:
Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
590:
1082:
Church History in the Fulness of Times: Religion 341-43
199:, a few miles east of Kirtland, on a farm owned by
1015:, "Message of the First Presidency," 112th Annual
1039:No Man Knows My History: The Life of Joseph Smith
902:
900:
871:
869:
840:
838:
1008:
1006:
547:Doctrine and Covenants Institute Student Manual
245:It was not until 1874 that Young initiated the
224:the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
176:lived on the Morley farm for a period of time.
1121:, St. George, Utah: Dixie College Foundation,
724:
722:
561:
559:
527:
525:
523:
8:
1111:, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 536–562
230:, church members were instructed to prepare
1414:Religious organizations established in 1831
1071:, vol. 38, no. 3, pp. 89–107
968:"Church Welfare Services' Basic Principles"
575:
573:
1103:"An Economic Analysis of the United Order"
689:, The Edward Bunker Family Association at
485:Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution
1150:
31:) was one of several 19th-century church
1419:Utopian communities in the United States
1399:History of the Latter Day Saint movement
881:"The Purpose of Church Welfare Services"
455:History of the Latter Day Saint movement
496:
713:
701:
514:
290:, which was a settlement initiated by
687:Edward Bunker 1822-1901 Autobiography
541:, October 1942, p. 57; as quoted in "
7:
534:. "The United Order Vs. Communism,"
786:Nelson, William O. (January 1979).
728:
278:of the United Order in the future.
1217:(New ed.). Urbana, Illinois:
445:Communalism (political philosophy)
43:or communalism, modeled after the
14:
157:, a minister associated with the
1291:, in Powell, Allan Kent (ed.),
940:"Teach the Gospel of Salvation"
819:"Atonement: The Only Wholeness"
326:started families of their own.
1429:Latter Day Saint organizations
591:Church Educational System 2000
222:From 1855 to 1858, members of
1:
1332:Israelsen, L. Dwight (1992),
1117:Larson, Andrew Karl (1992) ,
1101:Israelsen, L. Dwight (1978),
480:Zion's Central Board of Trade
365:Relation to Marxist communism
124:United Order Family of Christ
74:The United Order established
55:, implemented less-ambitious
1258:University of Illinois Press
1252:; Fox, Feramorz Y. (1992) .
1219:University of Illinois Press
1168:Reilly, P.T. (Spring 1974),
1088:(2nd ed.), LDS Church,
1424:1831 establishments in Ohio
1289:"The United Order Movement"
1061:Bryson, Phillip J. (1999),
465:Mutualism (economic theory)
126:and the Cutlerite sect the
1455:
1152:10.1177/036319907600100202
1042:(2nd ed.), New York:
65:Latter Day Saint scripture
1343:Encyclopedia of Mormonism
1293:Utah History Encyclopedia
1174:Utah Historical Quarterly
1139:Journal of Family History
1077:Church Educational System
850:"A Witness and a Warning"
307:of Provo took his place.
112:Apostolic United Brethren
21:Latter Day Saint movement
1439:Enoch (ancestor of Noah)
1297:University of Utah Press
1295:, Salt Lake City, Utah:
1000:, April 1938, pp. 106–07
749:, Vol. 19, p.346, 349–50
430:Catholic social teaching
551:Church Education System
76:egalitarian communities
1434:19th-century Mormonism
1404:Latter Day Saint terms
1394:Doctrine and Covenants
1350:, pp. 1493–1495,
673:Doctrine and Covenants
659:Doctrine and Covenants
645:Doctrine and Covenants
631:Doctrine and Covenants
617:Doctrine and Covenants
603:Doctrine and Covenants
401:
362:
350:
128:Church of Jesus Christ
108:Mormon fundamentalists
81:Second Great Awakening
1409:Mormon fundamentalism
1246:Arrington, Leonard J.
1211:Arrington, Leonard J.
788:"To Prepare a People"
746:Journal of Discourses
396:
357:
345:
288:United Order of Kanab
247:United Order of Enoch
29:United Order of Enoch
1256:. Urbana, Illinois:
768:. pp. 439–440.
566:Acts 2:44-45
301:LDS Church president
159:Restoration Movement
1384:Christian socialism
912:"America's Promise"
470:Religious communism
440:Christian communism
435:Christian anarchism
425:Bishop's storehouse
262:Bunkerville, Nevada
218:Under Brigham Young
189:law of consecration
51:, primarily in the
41:Christian communism
37:law of consecration
1017:General Conference
910:(September 1979).
815:King, Arthur Henry
731:, pp. 169–188
716:, pp. 145–164
339:, a member of the
134:Under Joseph Smith
69:taken it to heaven
1338:Ludlow, Daniel H.
1267:978-0-252-01879-4
1228:978-0-252-07283-3
964:Romney, Marion G.
908:Romney, Marion G.
877:Romney, Marion G.
848:(November 1979).
846:Benson, Ezra Taft
765:Articles of Faith
760:Talmage, James E.
580:Acts 4:32
504:Acts 2:44
27:(also called the
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1368:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1317:, archived from
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1186:10.2307/45059410
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1112:
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1013:Clark, J. Reuben
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991:Clark, J. Reuben
988:
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979:
978:
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938:(January 1973).
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532:Clark, J. Reuben
529:
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450:Communitarianism
407:as described in
388:Marion G. Romney
384:Ezra Taft Benson
341:First Presidency
251:St. George, Utah
183:to be the first
181:Edward Partridge
122:sect called the
89:Oneida Community
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1334:"United Orders"
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1203:Further reading
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1034:Brodie, Fawn M.
1032:
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1019:, 6 April 1942.
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392:J. Reuben Clark
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337:J. Reuben Clark
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305:L. John Nuttall
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258:Great Salt Lake
249:, beginning in
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63:, described in
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1180:(2): 144–164,
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1145:(2): 169–188,
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936:Lee, Harold B.
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817:(April 1975).
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620:42:30–39
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376:David O. McKay
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197:Thompson, Ohio
170:Kirtland, Ohio
147:Kirtland, Ohio
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110:, such as the
53:Utah Territory
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1357:0-02-904040-X
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45:New Testament
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38:
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30:
26:
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1346:, New York:
1341:
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1319:the original
1292:
1285:May, Dean L.
1253:
1250:May, Dean L.
1214:
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1173:
1142:
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1135:May, Dean L.
1118:
1106:
1081:
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1037:
994:
986:
975:. Retrieved
971:
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958:
947:. Retrieved
943:
930:
919:. Retrieved
915:
888:. Retrieved
884:
879:(May 1977).
857:. Retrieved
853:
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822:
809:
798:. Retrieved
796:. LDS Church
791:
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236:consecration
221:
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208:Newel Knight
205:
201:Leman Copley
193:
178:
167:
163:Levi Hancock
151:Book of Acts
143:Isaac Morley
139:Joseph Smith
137:
105:
73:
39:, a form of
33:collectivist
28:
25:United Order
24:
18:
1108:BYU Studies
1068:BYU Studies
714:Reilly 1974
702:Larson 1992
515:Brodie 1971
57:cooperative
1378:Categories
1325:2013-11-11
1306:0874804256
1026:References
996:Conference
977:2001-05-25
949:2001-05-25
921:2001-05-25
890:2001-05-25
859:2001-05-25
828:2001-05-25
800:2001-05-25
691:bunker.org
537:Conference
97:consecrate
85:Brook Farm
1348:Macmillan
1213:(2005) .
1161:143174417
1079:(2000) ,
49:Mormonism
1366:24502140
1315:30473917
1287:(1994),
1276:23940908
1237:55939621
1194:45059410
1127:58996590
1094:48119681
1036:(1971),
762:(1899).
729:May 1976
418:See also
330:Property
312:polygamy
240:Utah War
87:and the
1340:(ed.),
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854:Ensign
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793:Ensign
539:Report
390:, and
185:bishop
120:Mormon
101:bishop
23:, the
1336:, in
1190:JSTOR
1157:S2CID
1086:(PDF)
1044:Knopf
676:104:1
492:Notes
475:Tithe
409:Moses
296:Kanab
282:Kanab
273:here.
232:deeds
1362:OCLC
1352:ISBN
1311:OCLC
1301:ISBN
1272:OCLC
1262:ISBN
1233:OCLC
1223:ISBN
1123:OCLC
1090:OCLC
1048:ISBN
412:7:18
405:Zion
174:Emma
114:and
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