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organizes and attends official ceremonies and functions of state either along with, or in place of, the president. Lisa Burns identifies four successive main themes of the first ladyship: as public woman (1900–1929); as political celebrity (1932–1961); as political activist (1964–1977); and as political interloper (1980–2001).
763:. The original exhibition opened in 1914 and was one of the first at the Smithsonian to prominently feature women. Originally focused largely on fashion, the exhibition now delves deeper into the contributions of first ladies to the presidency and American society. In 2008, "First Ladies at the Smithsonian" opened at the
284:; however, no written record of this eulogy exists, nor did any of the newspapers of her day refer to her by that title. Sometime after 1849, the title began being used in Washington, D.C., social circles. The first person to have the title applied to her while she was actually holding the office was
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to describe the spouse or hostess of an executive began in the United States. In the early days of the republic, there was not a generally accepted title for the wife of the president. Many early first ladies expressed their own preference for how they were addressed, including the use of such titles
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Several women (at least thirteen) who were not presidents' wives have served as first lady, as when the president was a bachelor or widower, or when the wife of the president was unable to fulfill the duties of the first lady herself. In these cases, the position has been filled by a female relative
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Since the 1900s, the role of first lady has changed considerably. It has come to include involvement in political campaigns, management of the White House, championship of social causes, and representation of the president at official and ceremonial occasions. Additionally, over the years individual
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Hall of Fame in 1965. Mamie
Eisenhower was named one of the twelve best-dressed women in the country by the New York Dress Institute every year that she was First Lady. The "Mamie Look" involved a full-skirted dress, charm bracelets, pearls, little hats, and bobbed, banged hair. Michelle Obama also
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as part of its reopening year celebration. That exhibition served as a bridge to the museum's expanded exhibition on first ladies' history that opened on
November 19, 2011. "The First Ladies" explores the unofficial but important position of first lady and the ways that different women have shaped
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The Office of the First Lady of the United States is accountable to the first lady for her to carry out her duties as hostess of the White House, and is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House. The first lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff, press
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The position of the first lady is not an elected one and carries only ceremonial duties. Nonetheless, first ladies have held a highly visible position in
American society. The role of the first lady has evolved over the centuries. She is, first and foremost, the hostess of the White House. She
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became president. She wrote that "The first lady of the nation still preserved the habits of early life. Indulging in no indolence, she left the pillow at dawn, and after breakfast, retired to her chamber for an hour for the study of the scriptures and devotion."
327:
took control of her husband's schedule in 1919 after he had a debilitating stroke, one
Republican senator labeled her "the Presidentress who had fulfilled the dream of the suffragettes by changing her title from First Lady to Acting First Man". According to the
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was most frequently suggested for Bill
Clinton, although as a former president himself, he might have been called "Mr. President". In addition, state governors' male spouses are typically called the First Gentleman of their respective state (for example,
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Over the course of the 20th century, it became increasingly common for first ladies to select specific causes to promote, usually ones that are not politically divisive. It is common for the first lady to hire a staff to support these activities.
751:, to establish state residency. She resumed her duties as first lady after winning her senatorial campaign, and retained her duties as both first lady and a U.S. senator for the seventeen-day overlap before Bill Clinton's term came to an end.
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Each of the 45 presidents of the United States have been males, and all have either had their wives, or a female hostess, assume the role of first lady. Thus, a male equivalent of the title of first lady has never been needed; in 2016, as
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Historically, when a president has been unmarried or a widower, he has usually asked a relative to act as White House hostess. Since the early 20th century, the first lady has been assisted by official staff, known as the
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popularized the first ladyship by engaging in efforts to assist orphans and women, by dressing in elegant fashions and attracting newspaper coverage, and by risking her life to save iconic treasures during the
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168:, concurrent with the president's term in office. Although the first lady's role has never been codified or officially defined, she figures prominently in the political and social life of the United States.
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Since the 1920s, many first ladies have become public speakers, adopting specific causes. It also became common for the First Lady to hire a staff to support her agenda. Recent causes of the First Lady are:
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served two non-consecutive terms, so he is counted twice, as both the 22nd and 24th president. Here, "presidents" refers to the 45 people who have held the office and not the 46 presidencies that have been
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in the 1930s. Roosevelt traveled widely and spoke to many groups, often voicing personal opinions to the left of the president's. She authored a weekly newspaper column and hosted a radio show.
316:. The frequent reporting on Lucy Hayes' activities helped spread use of the title outside Washington. A popular 1911 comedic play about Dolley Madison by playwright Charles Nirdlinger, titled
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used the phrase to describe her in an 1860 article about her duties as White House hostess. Another of the earliest known written examples comes from a
November 3, 1863, diary entry of
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the role to make their own contributions to the presidential administrations and the nation. The exhibition features 26 dresses and more than 160 other objects, ranging from those of
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Lugo-Lugo, Carmen R. & Bloodsworth-Lugo, Mary K. (2011). "Bare Biceps and
American (In) Security: Post-9/11 Constructions of Safe(ty), Threat, and the First Black First Lady".
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204:, the first U.S. president (1789–1797), is considered to be the inaugural first lady of the United States. During her lifetime, she was often referred to as "Lady Washington".
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Many first ladies became significant fashion trendsetters. Some have exercised a degree of political influence by virtue of being an important adviser to the president.
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was often referred to as "Lady
Washington". One of the earliest uses of the term "First Lady" was applied to her in an 1838 newspaper article that appeared in the
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487:("gentleman" replacing "lady" in the title) making it likely that any future male spouse of a president will be given the title of first gentleman. If Harris'
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Martha
Washington created the role and hosted many affairs of state at the national capital (New York and Philadelphia). This socializing became known as the
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Since 1964, the incumbent and all living former first ladies are honorary members of the board of trustees of the
National Cultural Center, the
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Gould, Lewis L. "First Lady as Catalyst: Lady Bird Johnson and Highway Beautification in the 1960s". Environmental Review 10.2 (1986): 77–92.
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to have gone on to become first ladies during their spouses' terms as president. While the title was not in general use until much later,
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747:. When First Lady Hillary Clinton decided to pursue a run for Senator of New York, she set aside her duties as first lady and moved to
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First Ladies of the Republic: Martha Washington, Abigail Adams, Dolley Madison, and the Creation of an Iconic American Role
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first ladies have held influence in a range of sectors, from fashion to public opinion on policy, as well as advocacy for
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became the first woman to hold a nationally elected office when she took office as vice president, making her husband
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became the first woman to win a major party's presidential nomination, questions were raised as to what her husband
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780:, personal possessions and other objects from the Smithsonian's unique collection of first ladies' materials.
551:. Madison set the standard for the ladyship and her actions were the model for nearly every first lady until
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and provided elite women with opportunities to play backstage political roles. Both Martha Washington and
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257:, the author, "Mrs. Sigourney", discusses how Martha Washington had not changed, even after her husband
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is said to be the first wife of a president to be referred to as "First Lady" (at her funeral in 1849).
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Established in 1912, the First Ladies Collection has been one of the most popular attractions at the
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has served as the first lady of the United States since 2021, being the wife of the 46th president,
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472:, served as governor). Ultimately, Hillary Clinton lost the election, rendering this a moot point.
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1971:
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1952:"The Rise of the Rhetorical First Lady: Politics, Gender Ideology, and Women's Voice, 1789-2002"
62:
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Watson, Robert P. (2003). "Toward the Study of the First Lady: The State of Scholarship".
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The Health of the First Ladies: Medical Histories from Martha Washington to Michelle Obama
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656:, Hillary Clinton became the first first lady to seek political office, when she ran for
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became identified with supporting military families and tackling childhood obesity; and
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the first male spouse of a nationally elected officeholder. Emhoff assumed the title of
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was referred to as first lady in 1849 at her funeral in a eulogy delivered by President
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1365:"Poised To Be America's 1st Second Gentleman, Doug Emhoff Shakes Up Gender Stereotypes"
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743:. The Office of the First Lady is an entity of the White House Office, a branch of the
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1461:"The Republican Court and the Historiography of a Women's Domain in the Public Sphere"
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Affairs of State The Rise and Rejection of the Presidential Couple Since World War II
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would be titled if she were to win the presidency. During the campaign, the title of
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304:. The title first gained nationwide recognition in 1877, when newspaper journalist
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1751:"The Race Won, the Senator-Elect Resumes Her First Lady Duties at the White House"
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at the "National Garden Gala, A Tribute to America's First Ladies", May 11, 1994.
300:, in which he referred to gossip about "the First Lady in the Land", referring to
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1304:"US election: What will Bill Clinton's title be if Hillary wins the presidency?"
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in October 1991. Mrs. Bush, who championed literacy as first lady, is reading
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227:, who was referred to as "Lady Washington" during her husband's presidency,
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1967:
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2058:"America's First Ladies on Twentieth-Century Issues: A Common Core Unit"
2027:
First Ladies: The Saga of the Presidents Wives and Their Power 1789–1961
1975:
1951:
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First Ladies and the Fourth Estate: Press Framing of Presidential Wives
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took over much of the first lady's role. Victorious, Clinton served as
312:
as "the First Lady of the Land" while reporting on the inauguration of
805:
received significant attention for her fashion choices: style writer
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Some first ladies have garnered attention for their dress and style.
724:, absent due to illness, died 8 days after this photograph was taken.
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is successful, Emhoff himself will presumably be granted that title.
630:
supported women's rights groups, and encouraged childhood literacy.
2001:
Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies
1525:
Troy, Gil (2001). "Jacqueline Kennedy's White House renovations".
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were treated as if they were "ladies" of the British royal court.
498:
329:
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First Women: The Grace and Power of America's Modern First Ladies
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from 2001 to 2009, when she resigned to become President Obama's
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Rating The First Ladies: The Women Who Influenced the Presidency
2106:
The Role of First Ladies: A Comparison Between the US and Europe
1813:. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.
1674:
1581:
2801:
2431:
2410:
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First Ladies: An Intimate Group Portrait of White House Wives
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She was one of us: Eleanor Roosevelt and the American worker
638:
used her position to help children, including prevention of
347:
787:
Official portrait of Jacqueline Kennedy at the White House
468:
was the first gentleman of South Carolina while his wife,
350:
642:
and support for those whose lives are affected by drugs.
602:
encouraged volunteerism and traveled extensively abroad;
559:
led an effort to redecorate and restore the White House.
367:) was first used in 1983 by Donnie Radcliffe, writing in
356:
2218:
First Ladies and American Women: In Politics and at Home
1335:"What happens when a man takes over role of first lady?"
27:
Hostess of the White House, usually the president's wife
598:
pioneered environmental protection and beautification.
2396:
Alphabetical List of First Ladies of the United States
2199:
Edith Kermit Roosevelt: Creating the Modern First Lady
1950:
Parry-Giles, Shawn J.; Blair, Diane M. (Winter 2002).
249:
as "Lady", "Mrs. President" and "Mrs. Presidentress";
359:
341:
37:"FLOTUS" redirects here. For the Lambchop album, see
1597:"Melania Trump Filling Out Her Agenda as First Lady"
626:
sought to reform the healthcare system in the U.S.;
353:
344:
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2840:
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2144:. "The Role of First Lady" in Graff, Henry F., ed.
1459:Shields, David S. & Teute, Fredrika J. (2015).
338:
139:
120:
110:
98:
90:
80:
51:
2315:
2255:
2024:
1438:. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press.
2308:Ties That Bound: Founding First Ladies and Slaves
1868:Ultimate Style: The Best of the Best Dressed List
1781:"A Day of Firsts As Mrs. Clinton Takes the Oath"
1128:"Does the First Lady Position Put Ladies First?"
997:Second ladies and gentlemen of the United States
1870:. New York, NY: Assouline. pp. 64–69, 90.
1407:Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (September 26, 2008).
647:John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
332:database, the abbreviation FLOTUS (pronounced
2813:
2443:
1132:Australian Institute of International Affairs
863:: Environmental protection and Beautification
730:Office of the First Lady of the United States
30:For a complete list of the first ladies, see
8:
3548:United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms
2011:. New York New York University Press, 2018.
1371:. National Public Radio. November 25, 2020.
1201:In Full Bloom: Tales of Women in Their Prime
511:, with a "Parents as Teachers" group at the
992:List of current United States first spouses
2837:
2820:
2806:
2798:
2450:
2436:
2428:
1891:Sibley, Katherine A. S. (March 14, 2016).
160:) is the title held by the hostess of the
61:
2282:(2nd ed.). New York: Citadel Press.
2070:Curriculum unit based on primary sources.
1839:. The International Hall of Fame: Women.
831:attending a "Be Best" rally with children
32:List of first ladies of the United States
1721:"Mrs. Clinton to Be Official New Yorker"
2108:(eBook ed.). Munich: GRIN Verlag.
1689:"Hillary Clinton Makes a Historic Move"
1627:"The Kennedy Center: Board of Trustees"
1595:Superville, Darlene (October 9, 2017).
1514:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1179:from the original on September 15, 2019
1048:
1024:
1375:from the original on November 30, 2021
1173:"First Lady Biography: Dolley Madison"
857:: White House restoration and the Arts
610:aided those with mental disabilities;
48:
2175:Lady Bird Johnson and the Environment
1931:from the original on January 18, 2017
1791:from the original on January 14, 2021
1761:from the original on January 14, 2021
1731:from the original on January 14, 2021
1701:from the original on January 14, 2021
1665:from the original on January 14, 2021
1607:from the original on January 14, 2021
1572:from the original on January 14, 2021
1546:Lady Bird Johnson and the environment
1491:from the original on October 10, 2018
1093:. World Almanac Library. p. 10.
485:Second Gentleman of the United States
7:
1817:from the original on August 19, 2012
1633:from the original on August 14, 2011
660:. During the campaign, her daughter
461:First Gentleman of the United States
2416:The First Ladies at the Smithsonian
2310:(U of Chicago Press, 2017), 420 pp.
2146:The presidents: A Reference History
1653:"Executive Office of the President"
1218:from the original on March 28, 2023
1107:from the original on March 28, 2023
1087:Figueroa, Acton (January 1, 2003).
977:First Ladies National Historic Site
971:First Ladies: Influence & Image
765:National Museum of American History
516:Ferguson-Florissant School District
192:. Jill Biden is also one of twelve
2411:The National First Ladies' Library
2381:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2003.tb00038.x
2250:On media images of Michelle Obama.
2192:Helen Taft: Our Musical First Lady
2074:Berkin, Carol, ed. (Spring 2013).
2031:. New York: Quill/William Morrow.
1175:. National First Ladies' Library.
696:First ladies (from left to right)
566:First ladies (from left to right)
25:
3705:First ladies of the United States
2459:First ladies of the United States
2334:By a leading political historian.
1345:from the original on May 15, 2021
1314:from the original on May 15, 2021
1068:from the original on May 15, 2019
1058:"First Lady: United States title"
1004:, pioneer scholar on First Ladies
939:", increasing education for girls
745:Executive Office of the President
2954:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2220:(UP of Kansas, 2017); 269 pages;
2023:Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (1992).
1138:from the original on May 9, 2021
1126:Mitchell, Zoe (March 10, 2021).
334:
2755:First Lady of the United States
1242:"On Language; Potus And Flotus"
802:International Best Dressed List
154:First Lady of the United States
2369:Presidential Studies Quarterly
2342:. New York: Facett Columbine.
2123:Brower, Kate Andersen (2016).
652:Near the end of her husband's
507:, joined by Missouri governor
294:Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper
166:president of the United States
1:
1548:. University Press of Kansas.
1465:Journal of the Early Republic
1411:. America.gov. Archived from
1278:. Retrieved January 28, 2020.
987:First Spouse $ 1 Coin Program
932:", reducing childhood obesity
676:nominee for president in the
276:According to popular belief,
228:
2152:Deppisch, Ludwig M. (2015).
1921:"First Lady Fashion Fatigue"
1837:"World's Best Dressed Women"
1601:U.S. News & World Report
1409:"The Role of the First Lady"
1204:. August House. p. 30.
1161:. August 7, 1838. p. 1.
737:White House Social Secretary
666:junior senator from New York
234:; the painting hangs at the
2828:Spouses of national leaders
2208:September 27, 2022, at the
2184:September 27, 2022, at the
2167:September 20, 2022, at the
2100:Popular essays by scholars.
2056:Bailey, Tim (Spring 2013).
1956:Rhetoric and Public Affairs
1893:A Companion to First Ladies
755:Exhibitions and collections
584:Clinton Presidential Center
75:since January 20, 2021
3721:
1998:
1510:O'Farrell, Brigid (2010).
949:", cyberbullying awareness
798:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
727:
722:Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
606:supported women's rights;
489:2024 presidential campaign
382:of the president, such as
318:The First Lady in the Land
164:, usually the wife of the
36:
29:
2750:
2480:Martha Jefferson Randolph
2465:
2360:January 14, 2021, at the
2338:Truman, Margaret (1996).
2306:Schwartz, Marie Jenkins.
2300:January 14, 2021, at the
2278:Roberts, John B. (2004).
2226:Women's Studies Quarterly
2049:January 14, 2021, at the
1895:. John Wiley & Sons.
1270:January 14, 2021, at the
618:drug awareness campaign;
388:Martha Jefferson Randolph
236:National Portrait Gallery
176:and headquartered in the
58:
2421:August 19, 2012, at the
2401:Office of the First Lady
2104:Böck, Magdalena (2009).
2076:"America's First Ladies"
1866:Zilkha, Bettina (2004).
1544:Gould, Lewis L. (1988).
1198:Creeden, Sharon (1999).
1159:St. Johnsbury Caledonian
851:and humanitarian efforts
688:Office of the First Lady
255:St. Johnsbury Caledonian
174:Office of the First Lady
18:United States First Lady
2355:excerpt and text search
2295:excerpt and text search
2044:excerpt and text search
1434:Burns, Lisa M. (2008).
1062:Encyclopædia Britannica
761:Smithsonian Institution
377:Non-spouses in the role
2782:National Historic Site
2216:Hummer, Jill Abraham.
1843:. 1965. Archived from
832:
819:Causes and initiatives
788:
725:
587:
582:at the opening of the
525:
521:Brown Bear, Brown Bear
298:William Howard Russell
273:
239:
2959:Republic of the Congo
2238:10.1353/wsq.2011.0030
1968:10.1353/rap.2003.0011
1757:. November 10, 2000.
1727:. November 24, 1999.
1661:. December 23, 2014.
1477:10.1353/jer.2015.0033
1289:"Grover Cleveland—24"
1254:on September 9, 2018.
1157:"Martha Washington".
826:
786:
741:Chief Floral Designer
728:Further information:
695:
672:. Later, she was the
565:
502:
398:and his wife's niece
268:
242:The use of the title
223:
2406:First Lady's Gallery
2274:Heavily illustrated.
2254:Pastan, Amy (2008).
2127:. New York: Harper.
2007:Abrams, Jeanne E. .
1603:. Associated Press.
1310:. October 29, 2016.
1240:(October 12, 1997).
1056:Caroli, Betty Boyd.
959:", military families
922:: Childhood literacy
916:in the United States
906:: Childhood literacy
658:United States Senate
446:Potential male title
408:Mary Elizabeth Bliss
216:Origins of the title
3591:Heads of government
3304:Trinidad and Tobago
1787:. January 4, 2001.
1694:The Washington Post
1527:White House Studies
1333:THOMPSON, KRISSAH.
749:Chappaqua, New York
622:promoted literacy;
432:Mary Arthur McElroy
416:Mary Harrison McKee
396:Sarah Yorke Jackson
370:The Washington Post
314:Rutherford B. Hayes
124:April 30, 1789
2989:Dominican Republic
2834:Republican leaders
2680:Jacqueline Kennedy
2510:Angelica Van Buren
2314:Troy, Gil (1997).
2194:(UP Kansas, 2010).
2177:(UP Kansas, 1988)
2142:Caroli, Betty Boyd
1811:"The First Ladies"
1785:The New York Times
1755:The New York Times
1725:The New York Times
1339:delawareonline.com
1247:The New York Times
1090:Washington, Part 3
878:: Women's rights,
855:Jacqueline Kennedy
833:
789:
726:
670:secretary of state
588:
557:Jacqueline Kennedy
526:
274:
240:
210:female empowerment
3692:
3691:
3559:governors-general
3451:
3450:
2795:
2794:
2685:Lady Bird Johnson
2665:Eleanor Roosevelt
2615:Frances Cleveland
2605:Caroline Harrison
2600:Frances Cleveland
2585:Lucretia Garfield
2565:Mary Todd Lincoln
2470:Martha Washington
2349:978-0-449-22323-9
2289:978-0-8065-2608-9
2269:978-0-7894-7398-1
2134:978-0-06-243965-9
2115:978-3-640-42153-4
2090:on March 18, 2013
2038:978-0-688-11272-1
2017:978-1-4798-8653-1
1675:National Archives
1582:National Archives
1445:978-0-87580-391-3
1100:978-0-8368-5162-5
935:Michelle Obama: "
900:", drug awareness
861:Lady Bird Johnson
841:Eleanor Roosevelt
792:Fashion influence
778:White House china
770:Martha Washington
702:Lady Bird Johnson
596:Lady Bird Johnson
553:Eleanor Roosevelt
513:Greater St. Louis
428:Chester A. Arthur
412:Benjamin Harrison
302:Mary Todd Lincoln
251:Martha Washington
225:Martha Washington
202:George Washington
198:Martha Washington
151:
150:
115:Martha Washington
54:the United States
16:(Redirected from
3712:
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2838:
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2675:Mamie Eisenhower
2650:Florence Harding
2550:Abigail Fillmore
2490:Elizabeth Monroe
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2429:
2384:
2353:
2333:
2321:
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2197:Gould, Lewis L.
2190:Gould, Lewis L.
2173:Gould, Lewis L.
2157:
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2095:
2086:. Archived from
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1988:
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534:Republican Court
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394:daughter-in-law
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2715:Hillary Clinton
2700:Rosalynn Carter
2640:Margaret Wilson
2625:Edith Roosevelt
2545:Margaret Taylor
2530:Priscilla Tyler
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910:Hillary Clinton
885:Rosalynn Carter
880:substance abuse
821:
812:The Daily Beast
809:praised her in
794:
776:, and includes
757:
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710:Rosalynn Carter
706:Hillary Clinton
690:
624:Hillary Clinton
608:Rosalynn Carter
578:and first lady
572:Hillary Clinton
568:Rosalynn Carter
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453:Hillary Clinton
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288:, the niece of
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2520:Jane Harrison
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2505:Sarah Jackson
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2475:Abigail Adams
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2063:
2059:
2054:
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2048:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1943:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1917:Givhan, Robin
1912:
1909:
1904:
1902:9781118732182
1898:
1894:
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1879:
1877:2-84323-513-8
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1533:(3): 395–404.
1532:
1528:
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1503:
1490:
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1072:September 30,
1067:
1063:
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1052:
1049:
1042:
1033:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1013:Dolly Johnson
1011:
1009:
1008:Sally Hemings
1006:
1003:
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943:Melania Trump
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889:Mental health
886:
883:
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868:
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859:
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850:
846:
842:
839:
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829:Melania Trump
825:
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687:
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679:
678:2016 election
675:
671:
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659:
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643:
641:
640:cyberbullying
637:
636:Melania Trump
633:
629:
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591:
585:
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569:
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545:
541:
539:
538:Abigail Adams
535:
530:
523:
522:
517:
514:
510:
509:John Ashcroft
506:
501:
494:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
477:Kamala Harris
473:
471:
467:
466:Michael Haley
462:
458:
454:
445:
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437:
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429:
425:
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397:
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385:
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364:
331:
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321:
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256:
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237:
226:
222:
215:
213:
211:
205:
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199:
195:
194:second ladies
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
146:
142:
138:
123:
119:
116:
113:
109:
106:
103:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
83:
79:
72:
64:
57:
50:
47:
43:
41:
33:
19:
3557:Commonwealth
3438:Soviet Union
3328:
3319:Turkmenistan
3264:South Africa
3249:Sierra Leone
2851:non-spouses)
2849:(may include
2842:First ladies
2754:
2710:Barbara Bush
2705:Nancy Reagan
2645:Edith Wilson
2635:Ellen Wilson
2620:Ida McKinley
2590:Mary McElroy
2560:Harriet Lane
2495:Louisa Adams
2372:
2368:
2339:
2317:
2307:
2279:
2258:First Ladies
2257:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2198:
2191:
2174:
2156:. McFarland.
2153:
2145:
2124:
2105:
2092:. Retrieved
2088:the original
2083:
2079:
2065:
2061:
2026:
2008:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1924:
1911:
1892:
1886:
1867:
1861:
1851:February 15,
1849:. Retrieved
1845:the original
1840:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1805:
1795:February 19,
1793:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
1765:February 19,
1763:. Retrieved
1754:
1745:
1735:February 19,
1733:. Retrieved
1724:
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1692:
1683:
1673:– via
1667:. Retrieved
1656:
1647:
1635:. Retrieved
1621:
1609:. Retrieved
1600:
1590:
1580:– via
1574:. Retrieved
1563:
1554:
1545:
1539:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1511:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1468:
1464:
1454:
1435:
1429:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1377:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1338:
1328:
1316:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
1283:
1260:
1252:the original
1245:
1232:
1220:. Retrieved
1200:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1167:
1158:
1152:
1140:. Retrieved
1131:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1089:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1061:
1051:
1027:
981:Canton, Ohio
969:
904:Barbara Bush
894:Nancy Reagan
871:Volunteerism
849:civil rights
834:
810:
807:Robin Givhan
795:
758:
733:
718:Barbara Bush
698:Nancy Reagan
682:Donald Trump
651:
644:
620:Barbara Bush
614:founded the
612:Nancy Reagan
592:
589:
576:Barbara Bush
542:
531:
527:
519:
505:Barbara Bush
474:
460:
449:
424:Harriet Lane
414:'s daughter
406:'s daughter
380:
368:
325:Edith Wilson
322:
317:
308:referred to
306:Mary C. Ames
293:
286:Harriet Lane
275:
254:
243:
241:
206:
170:
157:
153:
152:
91:Abbreviation
46:
39:
3669:New Zealand
3581:New Zealand
3513:Netherlands
3428:Philippines
3269:South Korea
3214:Philippines
3179:North Korea
3079:Ivory Coast
3009:El Salvador
2670:Bess Truman
2575:Julia Grant
2555:Jane Pierce
2535:Julia Tyler
2080:History Now
2062:History Now
1935:October 30,
1841:Vanity Fair
1637:November 4,
1611:November 8,
930:Let's Move!
898:Just Say No
827:First lady
735:secretary,
616:Just Say No
549:War of 1812
503:First Lady
481:Doug Emhoff
436:Cleveland's
384:Jefferson's
232: 1825
182:White House
162:White House
105:White House
3498:Luxembourg
3374:companions
3372:Spouses or
3346:Uzbekistan
3294:Tajikistan
3154:Mozambique
3109:Madagascar
3094:Kyrgyzstan
3084:Kazakhstan
3024:The Gambia
2994:East Timor
2964:Costa Rica
2927:Cape Verde
2885:Bangladesh
2880:Azerbaijan
2742:Jill Biden
2727:Laura Bush
2695:Betty Ford
2660:Lou Hoover
2630:Helen Taft
2580:Lucy Hayes
2540:Sarah Polk
1999:See also:
1705:August 27,
1669:August 27,
1111:October 1,
1043:References
953:Jill Biden
920:Laura Bush
914:Healthcare
876:Betty Ford
714:Betty Ford
654:presidency
628:Laura Bush
604:Betty Ford
580:Laura Bush
430:'s sister
420:Buchanan's
245:First Lady
186:Jill Biden
132:1789-04-30
71:Jill Biden
3664:Mauritius
3604:Australia
3566:Australia
3433:Singapore
3408:Hong Kong
3351:Venezuela
3274:Sri Lanka
3169:Nicaragua
3134:Mauritius
3104:Lithuania
3069:Indonesia
3039:Guatemala
2865:Argentina
2846:gentlemen
2690:Pat Nixon
2094:March 22,
1984:144913911
1485:144440598
867:Pat Nixon
600:Pat Nixon
475:In 2021,
392:Jackson's
386:daughter
190:Joe Biden
178:East Wing
121:Formation
100:Residence
68:Incumbent
3699:Category
3679:Thailand
3659:Malaysia
3614:Cambodia
3543:Thailand
3503:Malaysia
3456:Monarchs
3361:Zimbabwe
3299:Tanzania
3279:Suriname
3259:Slovenia
3254:Slovakia
3224:Portugal
3204:Paraguay
3189:Pakistan
3149:Mongolia
3119:Maldives
3059:Honduras
3014:Ethiopia
2984:Djibouti
2942:Colombia
2922:Cameroon
2917:Bulgaria
2900:Botswana
2787:Category
2765:families
2419:Archived
2358:Archived
2298:Archived
2246:85344609
2206:Archived
2182:Archived
2165:Archived
2047:Archived
1976:41940289
1929:Archived
1919:(2012).
1821:April 4,
1815:Archived
1789:Archived
1759:Archived
1729:Archived
1699:Archived
1663:Archived
1631:Archived
1605:Archived
1570:Archived
1495:July 24,
1489:Archived
1373:Archived
1343:Archived
1312:Archived
1308:BBC News
1268:Archived
1265:"FLOTUS"
1222:June 16,
1216:Archived
1183:March 1,
1177:Archived
1142:April 3,
1136:Archived
1105:Archived
1066:Archived
964:See also
3644:Ireland
3629:Germany
3624:Croatia
3599:Armenia
3478:Denmark
3473:Belgium
3463:Andorra
3443:Vietnam
3418:Ireland
3413:Iceland
3403:Germany
3393:Finland
3388:Estonia
3341:Uruguay
3324:Ukraine
3309:Tunisia
3244:Senegal
3229:Romania
3174:Nigeria
3164:Namibia
3159:Myanmar
3144:Moldova
3099:Lebanon
3029:Georgia
2999:Ecuador
2937:Bolivia
2890:Belarus
2875:Austria
2870:Armenia
2860:Albania
2775:memoirs
2201:(2012)
1379:May 15,
1349:May 15,
1318:May 15,
947:Be Best
662:Chelsea
586:in 2004
570:, Sen.
438:sister
180:of the
140:Website
130: (
42:(album)
3674:Sweden
3649:Israel
3619:Canada
3609:Belize
3576:Canada
3571:Belize
3533:Sweden
3518:Norway
3508:Monaco
3488:Jordan
3468:Bhutan
3398:France
3356:Zambia
3314:Turkey
3289:Taiwan
3239:Rwanda
3234:Russia
3219:Poland
3199:Panama
3139:Mexico
3114:Malawi
3074:Israel
3049:Guyana
3044:Guinea
2974:Cyprus
2905:Brazil
2770:firsts
2720:tenure
2346:
2326:
2286:
2266:
2244:
2203:online
2179:online
2162:online
2131:
2112:
2035:
2015:
1982:
1974:
1899:
1874:
1576:May 4,
1483:
1442:
1419:May 4,
1208:
1097:
739:, and
716:, and
422:niece
404:Taylor
259:George
158:FLOTUS
94:FLOTUS
40:FLOTUS
3654:Japan
3634:India
3538:Tonga
3528:Spain
3483:Japan
3423:Italy
3383:China
3284:Syria
3194:Palau
3129:Malta
3089:Kenya
3064:India
3054:Haiti
3034:Ghana
3019:Gabon
3004:Egypt
2932:Chile
2895:Benin
2242:S2CID
1980:S2CID
1972:JSTOR
1481:S2CID
1035:held.
1019:Notes
470:Nikki
330:Nexis
323:When
82:Style
3639:Iran
3523:Oman
3334:list
3209:Peru
3124:Mali
2969:Cuba
2947:list
2910:list
2344:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2284:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2129:ISBN
2110:ISBN
2096:2013
2033:ISBN
2013:ISBN
1937:2014
1897:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1853:2012
1823:2012
1797:2017
1767:2017
1737:2017
1707:2017
1671:2017
1639:2014
1613:2017
1578:2010
1497:2016
1440:ISBN
1421:2009
1381:2021
1351:2021
1320:2021
1224:2015
1206:ISBN
1185:2007
1144:2022
1113:2016
1095:ISBN
1074:2016
495:Role
457:Bill
434:and
2844:and
2377:doi
2234:doi
1964:doi
1473:doi
1369:NPR
955:: "
945:: "
928:: "
896:: "
772:to
212:.
3701::
2373:33
2371:.
2240:.
2230:39
2228:.
2084:35
2082:.
2078:.
2066:35
2064:.
2060:.
1978:.
1970:.
1958:.
1954:.
1927:.
1923:.
1783:.
1753:.
1723:.
1697:.
1691:.
1655:.
1629:.
1599:.
1568:.
1562:.
1529:.
1487:.
1479:.
1469:35
1467:.
1463:.
1389:^
1367:.
1341:.
1337:.
1306:.
1274:.
1244:.
1214:.
1134:.
1130:.
1103:.
1064:.
1060:.
912::
887::
869::
847:,
843::
712:,
708:,
704:,
700:,
684:.
649:.
574:,
442:.
426:,
418:,
410:,
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292:;
229:c.
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2292:.
2272:.
2248:.
2236::
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2118:.
2098:.
2068:.
2041:.
2019:.
1986:.
1966::
1960:5
1939:.
1905:.
1880:.
1855:.
1825:.
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1641:.
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1531:1
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1475::
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
