471:
371:
851:, who were skeptical of OSS plans beyond collecting military intelligence and were ready to split the OSS between the Army and the Navy. While explaining the purpose and mission of his department and introducing various gadgets and tools, he reportedly casually dropped into a waste basket a Hedy, a panic-inducing explosive device in the shape of a firecracker, which shortly produced a loud shrieking sound followed by a deafening boom. The presentation was interrupted and did not resume since everyone in the room fled. In reality, the Hedy, jokingly named after Hollywood movie star
1261:
675:, etc.) were passed on to Allied general staffs in order to enable Allied bombers to get accurate air strikes. The Maier group informed very early about the mass murder of Jews through its contacts with the Semperit factory near Auschwitz. The group was gradually dismantled by the German authorities because of a double agent who worked for both the OSS and the Gestapo. This uncovered a transfer of money from the Americans to Vienna via Istanbul and Budapest, and most of the members were executed after a People's Court hearing.
40:
1142:. Donovan, inspired by Britain's SOE, assembled an outstanding group of clinical psychologists to carry out evaluations of potential OSS candidates at a variety of sites, primary among these was Station S in Northern Virginia near where Dulles International Airport now stands. Recent research from remaining records from the OSS Station S program describes how those characteristics (independent thought, effective intelligence, interpersonal skills) were found among OSS candidates
973:, which included parachute, sabotage, self-defense, weapons, and leadership training to support guerrilla or partisan resistance. Considered most mysterious of all was the "cloak and dagger" Secret Intelligence, or SI branch. Secret Intelligence employed "country estates as schools for introducing recruits into the murky world of espionage. Thus, it established Training Areas E and RTU-11 ("the Farm") in spacious manor houses with surrounding horse farms."
155:
1512:
455:
4347:
679:
3093:
957:(then known as Chopawamsic Recreational Demonstration Area) was the site of an OSS training camp that operated from 1942 to 1945. Area "C", consisting of approximately 6,000 acres (24 km), was used extensively for communications training, whereas Area "A" was used for training some of the OGs (Operational Groups).
1294:. The recruits were assigned to OSS Detachments 101 and 202, in the China-Burma-India Theater. "Once deployed, they were to interrogate prisoners, translate documents, monitor radio communications, and conduct covert operations... Detachment 101 and 102's clandestine operations were extremely successful."
647:
by OSS operatives. The OSS was responsible for training German and
Austrian individuals for missions inside Germany. Some of these agents included exiled communists and Socialist party members, labor activists, anti-Nazi prisoners-of-war, and German and Jewish refugees. The OSS also recruited and ran
1009:
branch of the OSS, its first overseas facility, was at 70 Grosvenor Street, W1. In addition to training local agents, the overseas OSS schools also provided advanced training and field exercises for graduates of the training camps in the United States and for
Americans who enlisted in the OSS in the
815:
The OSS espionage and sabotage operations produced a steady demand for highly specialized equipment. General
Donovan invited experts, organized workshops, and funded labs that later formed the core of the Research & Development Branch. Boston chemist Stanley P. Lovell became its first head, and
730:
groups in
Austria, Hungary, and Germany. Schwarz was able to convince Romanian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, and Swiss diplomatic couriers to smuggle American intelligence information into these territories and establish contact with elements antagonistic to the Nazis and their collaborators. Couriers and
698:
In 1943, the Office of
Strategic Services set up operations in Istanbul. Turkey, as a neutral country during the Second World War, was a place where both the Axis and Allied powers had spy networks. The railroads connecting central Asia with Europe, as well as Turkey's close proximity to the Balkan
878:
in
Washington D.C., in 1942. The OSS not only bought into the concept, they hired Lambertsen to lead the program and build up the dive element for the organization. His responsibilities included training and developing methods of combining self-contained diving and swimmer delivery including the
764:
RYPE was the codename of the airborne unit who was dropped in the
Norwegian mountains of Snåsa on March 24, 1945 to carry out sabotage actions behind enemy lines. From the base at the Gjefsjøen mountain farm, the group conducted successful railroad sabotages, with the intention of preventing the
891:
The bulk of the OSS, after the expansion out of and away from COI, eventually found itself headquartered at a complex near 23rd Street and E Street in
Washington, D.C. This complex was unassuming, appearing to be a mix of normal government offices and apartment buildings to nearby residents and
1242:
was a Swiss, French and
American soldier, physician and researcher, who distinguished himself as an agent of Allied intelligence in German-occupied France during World War II. He received the US Army Distinguished Service Cross for his actions with the OSS, after the war he became a Physician,
361:
I was soon requested to draft a blueprint for an
American intelligence agency, the equivalent of BSC and based on these British wartime improvisations... detailed tables of organisation were disclosed to Washington... among these were the organisational tables that led to the birth of General
738:
While the OSS "Dogwood-chain" produced a lot of information, its reliability was increasingly questioned by British intelligence. By May 1944, through collaboration between the OSS, British intelligence, Cairo, and Washington, the entire Dogwood-chain was found to be unreliable and dangerous.
843:
that made it possible for operatives on the ground to establish secure contact with a plane that was preparing to land or drop cargo. The OSS Research & Development also printed fake German and Japanese-issued identification cards, and various passes, ration cards, and counterfeit money.
726:) who came to be known as "Dogwood" and ended up establishing the Dogwood information chain. Dogwood in turn hired a personal assistant named Walter Arndt and established himself as an employee of the Istanbul Western Electrik Kompani. Through Schwarz and Arndt the OSS was able to infiltrate
2852:
750:, protested that this violated an agreement President Roosevelt made with the Soviet Union not to interfere with Soviet cipher traffic from the United States. General Donovan might have copied the papers before returning them the following January, but there is no record of
403:(BSC), under the direction of Ellis, trained the first OSS agents in Canada, until training stations were set up in the US with guidance from BSC instructors, who also provided information on how the SOE was arranged and managed. The British immediately made available their
1004:
The main OSS training camps abroad were located initially in Great Britain, French Algeria, and Egypt; later as the Allies advanced, a school was established in southern Italy. In the Far East, OSS training facilities were established in India, Ceylon, and then China. The
366:
After submitting his (and Ellis's) work, "Memorandum of Establishment of Service of Strategic Information", Donovan was appointed "Coordinator of Information" on July 11, 1941, heading the new organization known as the Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI).
1133:
was quoted as saying, "I'd rather have a young lieutenant with enough guts to disobey a direct order than a colonel too regimented to think for himself." In a matter of a few short months, he formed an organization which equalled and then rivalled Great Britain's
572:
war, organizing and coordinating anti-Nazi resistance groups in Europe, and providing military training for anti-Japanese guerrilla movements in Asia, among other things. At the height of its influence during World War II, the OSS employed almost 24,000 people.
858:
Not all projects worked. Some ideas were odd, such as a failed attempt to use insects to spread anthrax in Spain. Stanley Lovell was later quoted saying, "It was my policy to consider any method whatever that might aid the war, however unorthodox or untried".
1146:
4443:
393:
to liaise with BSC in the Rockefeller Center". According to Thomas F. Troy, paraphrasing Stephenson, Ellis 'was the tradecraft expert, the organization man, the one who furnished Bill Donovan with charts and memoranda on running an intelligence
1128:
Donovan sought independent thinkers, and in order to bring together those many intelligent, quick-witted individuals who could think out-of-the box, he chose them from all walks of life, backgrounds, without distinction to culture or religion.
1338:(CIG), which was the direct precursor to the CIA. SSU assets, which now constituted a streamlined "nucleus" of clandestine intelligence, were transferred to the CIG in mid-1946 and reconstituted as the Office of Special Operations (OSO). The
820:". Throughout the war years, the OSS Research & Development successfully adapted Allied weapons and espionage equipment, and produced its own line of novel spy tools and gadgets, including silenced pistols, lightweight sub-machine guns, "
429:, that Ellis was not only writing blueprints but involved in on-the-ground, logistical programs: "Dick Ellis, experienced British pro, helped establish training centres, mostly around Washington." United States Assistant Secretary of State
1212:
739:
Planting phony information into the OSS was intended to misdirect the resources of the Allies. Schwarz's Dogwood-chain, which was the largest American intelligence gathering tool in occupied territory, was shortly thereafter shut down.
411:
2859:
1361:
currently manages the OSS' mandate to provide strategic military intelligence to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Secretary of Defense and to coordinate human espionage activities across the United States Armed Forces (through the
1045:
were trained at the "Spy School" and also sent for parachute, weapons, and commando training, and Morse code and encryption lessons at STS 102. After completion of their spy training, these agents were sent back on missions to the
4709:
441:
and to conduct special operations not assigned to other agencies. During the war, the OSS supplied policymakers with facts and estimates, but the OSS never had jurisdiction over all foreign intelligence activities. The
4940:
3256:
1331:(formerly Donovan's Deputy Director for Intelligence in OSS) became the new SSU director. He oversaw the liquidation of the OSS and managed the institutional preservation of its clandestine intelligence capability.
398:
Donovan had responsibilities but no actual powers and the existing US agencies were skeptical if not hostile to the British. Until some months after Pearl Harbor, the bulk of OSS intelligence came from the UK.
4578:
1302:
On September 20, 1945, President Truman signed Executive Order 9621, terminating the OSS. Due to administrative error, the order only allowed the agency ten days to close. The State Department took over the
1001:, are composed (in part) of a former OSS survival training camp. The National Park Service commissioned a study of OSS National Park training facilities by Professor John Chambers of Rutgers University.
792:; to report by radio. But the Kϋbelwagon was put out of action while in the glider; three tires and the long-range radio were shot up (German gunners were told to attack the gliders not the tow planes).
3446:
169:
4823:
4780:
4374:
879:
Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit for the OSS "Operational Swimmer Group". Growing involvement of the OSS with coastal infiltration and water-based sabotage eventually led to creation of the
1496:
4281:
2166:
832:, compasses hidden in uniform buttons, playing cards that concealed maps, a 16mm Kodak camera in the shape of a matchbox, tasteless poison tablets ("K" and "L" pills), and cigarettes laced with
699:
states, placed it at a crossroads of intelligence gathering. The goal of the OSS Istanbul operation called Project Net-1 was to infiltrate and extenuate subversive action in the old Ottoman and
2984:
437:
The Office of Strategic Services was established by a Presidential military order issued by President Roosevelt on June 13, 1942, to collect and analyze strategic information required by the
433:
commented: "The really active head of the intelligence section in Donovan's group is ... in other words, assistant in the British intelligence is running Donovan's intelligence service."
4624:
2432:
1491:
735:
and hid it in their shoes or hollowed pencils. Through this process information about the Nazi regime made its way to Macfarland and the OSS in Istanbul and eventually to Washington.
4800:
3197:
Lenzenweger, Mark F. (2015). "Factors Underlying the Psychological and Behavioral Characteristics of Office of Strategic Services Candidates: The Assessment of Men Data Revisited".
1290:
In late 1943, a representative from OSS visited the 442nd Infantry Regiment looking to recruit volunteers willing to undertake "extremely hazardous assignment." All selected were
4828:
4818:
174:
170:
1282:, both Japanese political dissidents who were imprisoned in Japan for protesting its militarist regime, worked for the OSS in psychological warfare against the Japanese Empire.
4950:
4935:
4684:
171:
4955:
4879:
3263:
896:." The OSS Society and State Department have engaged in efforts with the National Park Service to add the Headquarters complex to the National Register of Historic Places.
481:
OSS proved especially useful in providing a worldwide overview of the German war effort, its strengths and weaknesses. In direct operations it was successful in supporting
4790:
4704:
4930:
4367:
425:, who headed up OSS's Europe-based human-intelligence operations, the Secret Intelligence Branch, and went on to become director of the CIA, wrote in his autobiography,
4960:
4699:
1249:(code name Sampson) was recruited by the OSS in 1942 because of his hand-to-hand combat and language skills as well as his deep knowledge of the Italian geography and
1114:. The 750,000 pages in the 35,000 personnel files include applications of people who were not recruited or hired, as well as the service records of those who served.
4775:
470:
4965:
4810:
4636:
4884:
4874:
4616:
1051:
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in French North Africa in 1942, where it identified pro-Allied potential supporters and located landing sites. OSS operations in neutral countries, especially
3407:
3382:
173:
4945:
4689:
4590:
4360:
3454:
2506:
1063:
706:
The head of operations at OSS Istanbul was a banker from Chicago named Lanning "Packy" Macfarland, who maintained a cover story as a banker for the American
3310:
4833:
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2977:
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1239:
4848:
4739:
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was left responsible for intelligence work in Latin America, and the Army and Navy continued to develop and rely on their own sources of intelligence.
4729:
589:
2981:
924:, to instruct trainees. Many members of the Office of Strategic Services also were trained there. It was dubbed "the school of mayhem and murder" by
788:
in March 1945 to infiltrate and report from behind enemy lines, but none succeeded. Team S&S had two agents in Wehrmacht uniforms and a captured
4864:
4628:
4438:
1354:
264:
69:
950:
Commander N.G.A Woolley was loaned to COI by the British Navy and helped Donovan and Goodfellow to organize underwater training and craft landing.
4744:
4734:
4612:
4450:
770:
871:
769:
was the only U.S. operation on German-occupied Norwegian soil during WW2. The group consisted mainly of Norwegian Americans recruited from the
2553:. Center for the Study of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, Washington, DC, 20505 (Vol. 54, No. 2 ed.). Studies in Intelligence.
228:
The OSS was dissolved a month after the end of the war. Intelligence tasks were shortly later resumed and carried over by its successors, the
4925:
4843:
4433:
3930:
3735:
2123:
172:
4679:
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4383:
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1939:
1580:
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agents memorized information and produced analytical reports; when they were not able to memorize effectively they recorded information on
268:
4594:
4546:
4402:
2480:
1550:
1308:
1182:, who played 15 seasons in the major leagues. As a Secret Intelligence agent, he was dispatched to seek information on German physicist
233:
98:
1062:
The names of all 13,000 OSS personnel and documents of their OSS service, previously a closely guarded secret, were released by the US
4869:
4640:
3499:
3132:
3109:
3011:
2959:
2928:
2897:
2833:
2801:
2769:
2737:
2681:
1639:
994:
801:
3001:
2610:"A Terrible Mistake: H.P. Albarelli's Investigation into CIA Scientist's Murder, at the Crossroads of Mind Control and Assassination"
4719:
4669:
4657:
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3901:
3821:
3776:
3676:
3103:
3038:
2196:
1889:
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1802:
1777:
1676:
1328:
260:
229:
139:
136:
1121:. Other members included foreign nationals including displaced individuals from the former czarist Russia, an example being Prince
839:
The OSS also developed innovative communication equipment such as wiretap gadgets, electronic beacons for locating agents, and the
4674:
4428:
4264:
Sutton, M. A. (2019). Double crossed: The Missionaries Who Spied for the United States During the Second World War. Basic Books.
986:
4970:
4838:
4563:
443:
272:
3887:
Spies and Saboteurs: Anglo-American Collaboration and Rivalry in Human Intelligence Collection and Special Operations, 1940–45
3338:"English: OSS created this false ID for Joe Savoldi - posing as Giuseppe De Leo while infiltrating the black market in Naples"
370:
4455:
4328:
4269:
4256:
4228:
4214:
4179:
4165:
4151:
4137:
4123:
4106:
4092:
4071:
4022:
4008:
3987:
3873:
3859:
3807:
3749:
3710:
3696:
3662:
3639:
3625:
3594:
2067:
1620:
1565:
1047:
550:
534:
400:
3425:
1960:
3372:
by Anthony Cave Brown page 352 and Savoldi's personal notes from July 8–16, 1943 (now in the possession of family members.)
4785:
4694:
2417:
2342:
1906:
Honorable Treachery: A History of U. S. Intelligence, Espionage, and Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA
1339:
127:
953:
From these incipient beginnings, the Office of Strategic Services opened camps in the United States, and finally abroad.
4500:
3953:
2379:
2359:
2304:
2270:
1555:
1425:
1404:
1320:
1304:
1139:
970:
913:
331:
3028:
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4415:
4410:
3169:
2251:
1363:
1358:
1347:
1343:
1135:
327:
307:, deeming it an inappropriate function for the diplomatic arm, because "gentlemen don't read each other's mail.") The
288:
241:
93:
613:
3075:
William J. Donovan, William Fairbairn, William Stephenson, Frank Gleason, Guy D'Artois, Helias Doundoulakis (2014).
1264:
OSS created this false ID for Joe Savoldi - posing as Giuseppe De Leo while infiltrating the black market in Naples.
4754:
4482:
4470:
2885:
1570:
1409:
1346:, which then took up some OSS functions. The direct descendant of the paramilitary component of the OSS is the CIA
1335:
1312:
1191:
1118:
1030:
978:
954:
932:
672:
237:
218:
103:
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1417:
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1254:
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receiving them, and CIA and NSA archives have no surviving copies. This codebook was in fact used as part of the
407:
to Europe, Africa, and the Far East and provided equipment for agents until American production was established.
3311:"Arlington burial for Saranac Lake WWII spy is March 29 | News, Sports, Jobs - Adirondack Daily Enterprise"
1982:
Hansjakob Stehle "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)" In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996.
334:(SOE). Donovan envisioned a single agency responsible for foreign intelligence and special operations involving
4904:
4521:
4465:
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3166:
National Archives Identifier 1593270: Personnel Files, compiled 1942 - 1945, documenting the period 1941 - 1945
2916:
1394:
974:
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to obtain three tracts of land to be dedicated as training camps for both SA/G and SA/B. In March, he assigned
404:
248:
4319:
2947:
4894:
4602:
3976:
1525:
1463:
1324:
1095:
863:
700:
389:"to Washington to open a sub-station to facilitate daily liaison with Donovan, who reciprocated by sending
3840:
Ford, Corey, MacBain A. "Cloak and Dagger: The Secret Story of O.S.S." (New York: Random House 1945,1946)
3076:
39:
3161:
1357:, founded in 1987, uses the same spearhead design on its insignia, as homage to its indirect lineage. The
958:
747:
130:
17:
3866:
Alliance of Enemies: The Untold Story of the Secret American and German Collaboration to End World War II
560:, the Office of Strategic Services was conducting multiple activities and missions, including collecting
3923:
The Dirty Tricks Department: Stanley Lovell, the OSS, and the Masterminds of World War II Secret Warfare
2411:
2336:
1201:
1149:
1038:
940:
848:
510:
438:
315:
214:
162:
3559:
3477:"Executive Order 9621—Termination of the Office of Strategic Services and Disposition of Its Functions"
1702:
1260:
3994:
The Shadow War Against Hitler: The Covert Operations of America's Wartime Secret Intelligence Service
3528:
1560:
1517:
1269:
917:
668:
2609:
4505:
3754:
3646:
3146:
2943:
2912:
1585:
1540:
944:
925:
840:
597:
593:
343:
202:
3682:
Burke, Michael. "Outrageous Good Fortune: A Memoir" (Boston-Toronto: Little, Brown and Company)
259:
Prior to the formation of the OSS, the various departments of the executive branch, including the
4573:
4064:
Piercing the Reich: The Penetration of Nazi Germany by American Secret Agents During World War II
3222:
1724:
1575:
1535:
1450:
1231:
1130:
982:
965:, was the site of OSS training Area "B" where the first Special Operations, or SO, were trained.
821:
817:
707:
530:
463:
459:
386:
323:
319:
284:
280:
1936:
874:) and demonstrated it to the OSS—after already being rejected by the U.S. Navy—in a pool at the
742:
The OSS purchased Soviet code and cipher material (or Finnish information on them) from émigré
154:
4314:
4265:
4252:
4238:
4224:
4210:
4196:
4175:
4161:
4147:
4133:
4119:
4102:
4088:
4067:
4018:
4004:
3983:
3965:
3936:
3926:
3897:
3869:
3855:
3841:
3831:
3817:
3803:
3789:
3772:
3764:
3745:
3731:
3706:
3692:
3672:
3658:
3635:
3621:
3607:
3590:
3495:
3214:
3099:
3034:
3007:
2955:
2924:
2893:
2829:
2797:
2786:
2765:
2733:
2677:
2440:
2391:
2316:
2282:
2192:
2119:
1885:
1848:
1823:
1798:
1773:
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1635:
1616:
1389:
1316:
1235:
1183:
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1042:
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867:
805:
785:
691:
347:
322:, the senior British intelligence officer in the western hemisphere, Roosevelt requested that
3054:
2818:
2754:
2722:
2698:
2666:
2138:
OSS SPECIAL WEAPONS & EQUIPMENT by H. Keith Melton (Author) 1 April 1991, ISBN 0806982381
1204:, he went on to join the OSS and to be the most highly decorated US Marine in the OSS during
4332:
4323:
4292:
Collection of Documents at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Museum and Library, Part 1
4111:
3685:
3337:
3206:
3150:
2071:
1429:
1250:
1034:
893:
633:
629:
625:
526:
422:
3587:
Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service
1272:. He was sequestered by the OSS early in the war and had a long career behind enemy lines.
592:
fighting the Japanese Army. Among other activities, the OSS helped arm, train, and supply
3908:
Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942–1945
3543:
3124:
2988:
2532:
2467:
Foreign Intelligence · Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services 1942-1945
2364:
2170:
1943:
1477:
1168:
1122:
1091:
1087:
1067:
1022:
909:
847:
On August 28, 1943, Stanley Lovell was asked to make a presentation in front of a hostile
715:
643:
One of the greatest accomplishments of the OSS during World War II was its penetration of
588:
and other indigenous irregular forces for sabotage as well as guides for Allied forces in
518:
498:
482:
300:
4295:
4291:
2551:
Training for War and Espionage: Office of Strategic Services Training During World War II
1228:
1107:
892:
office workers. It is known as the "Navy Hill Complex," "Potomac Hill Complex," and the "
4583:
4515:
4352:
3408:"Taro Yashima: an unsung beacon for all against 'evil on this Earth' - The Japan Times"
2146:
2144:
1197:
1187:
1157:
875:
855:
for her ability to distract men, later saved the lives of some trapped OSS operatives.
766:
751:
683:
656:
430:
339:
4193:
Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency
4919:
4511:
3961:
3599:
2278:
1444:
1279:
1172:
1103:
1099:
1075:
1011:
921:
833:
828:("Black Joe") or bags of Chinese flour ("Aunt Jemima"), acetone time delay fuses for
789:
774:
617:
585:
350:
activities. Donovan worked closely with Australian-born British intelligence officer
304:
296:
206:
4444:
Joint Functional Component Command for Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance
4130:
Creating the Secret State: The Origins of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1943–1947
3720:
2705:
2640:
1973:
Peter Broucek "Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945" (2008), p 163.
1770:
In the ruins of empire : the Japanese surrender and the battle for postwar Asia
378:
Ellis, described as Donovan's "right-hand man", "effectively ran the organization".
217:(JCS) to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for all branches of the
4899:
4795:
4078:
From Hitler's Doorstep: The Wartime Intelligence Reports of Allen Dulles, 1942–1945
3781:
3226:
3168:, from Record Group 226: Records of the Office of Strategic Services, 1919 - 2002;
1275:
1205:
1083:
1071:
825:
743:
727:
644:
605:
557:
506:
454:
390:
210:
4174:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972; Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005)
3095:
The Secret Rescue: An Untold Story of American Nurses and Medics Behind Nazi Lines
2152:
Wild Bill Donovan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage
912:, an "assassination and elimination" training program was operated by the British
711:
655:
From 1943 the OSS was in contact with the Austrian resistance group around Kaplan
3288:
3210:
2360:"Christian J. Lambertsen, OSS officer who created early scuba device, dies at 93"
1257:
and took part in missions in North Africa, Italy, and France during 1943–1945.
4310:
2088:
1545:
1367:
1246:
1222:
1145:
1079:
852:
829:
723:
710:. Macfarland hired Alfred Schwarz, an Austrian businessman (* 25. April 1904 in
649:
637:
601:
502:
3529:"71. Presidential Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities"
3447:"Japanese Americans in World War II Intelligence — Central Intelligence Agency"
2583:
3957:
3940:
3184:
Assessment of men: Selection of personnel for the Office of Strategic Services
2274:
1530:
1507:
1165:
1017:
The OSS's Mediterranean training center in Cairo, Egypt, known to many as the
998:
962:
809:
758:
664:
660:
609:
577:
569:
522:
497:
station set up agent networks in France that supported the Allied invasion of
351:
222:
4099:
Stalking the History of the Office of Strategic Services: An OSS Bibliography
3723:; chapters 1-2 and 8-11 provide a useful summary history of OSS by a scholar.
2444:
2214:. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs, Central Intelligence Agency, 2000, p. 33.
916:, assigning exceptional masters in the art of knife-wielding combat, such as
318:
was concerned about American intelligence deficiencies. On the suggestion of
2890:
Classical Spies: American Archaeologists with the OSS in World War II Greece
1471:
1111:
990:
761:
effort, which helped uncover large-scale Soviet espionage in North America.
732:
678:
621:
561:
514:
486:
475:
335:
3218:
2395:
2320:
800:
780:
The OSS sent four teams of two under Captain Stephen Vinciguerra (codename
4221:
The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War
3835:
3768:
3165:
4341:
4242:
4066:(New York: Viking, 1979) Reprinted in 1997 by Barnes & Noble Books.
1179:
1153:
687:
565:
4200:
3845:
3611:
2227:. Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, Dept. of the Army, 1992.
1211:
4282:"The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency"
3969:
3793:
2286:
1194:
939:(at this time still known as SA/G within the COI), negotiated with the
719:
542:
410:
292:
247:
On December 14, 2016, the organization was collectively honored with a
4172:
OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency
3759:
3383:"SEAL History: First Airborne Frogmen - National Navy UDT-SEAL Museum"
3358:
Cloak and Dagger: The Secret Story of the Office of Strategic Services
2012:
Erich Cibulka: Deckname Dogwood. Erinnerungen an Alfred Schwarz (2022)
1922:
OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency
1190:. One of the most highly decorated and flamboyant OSS soldiers was US
4235:
The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency
3894:
The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture
3717:
OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II
2826:
OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II
2794:
OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II
2762:
OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II
2730:
OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II
2707:
OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II
2674:
OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II
1868:
The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940-1945
1054:
where their accents would not pose a problem for their assimilation.
1006:
905:
755:
538:
494:
490:
311:
was responsible for domestic security and anti-espionage operations.
4097:
Pinck, Daniel C., Jones, Geoffrey M.T. and Pinck, Charles T. (eds.)
3644:
Bernstein, Barton J. "Birth of the U.S. biological warfare program"
2212:
The Office of Strategic Services America's First Intelligence Agency
690:, during his first mission in November 1943. His second mission was
4337:
3632:
The OSS and Ho Chi Minh: Unexpected Allies in the War against Japan
3125:"The Recipe for Adventure: Chef Julia Child's World War II Service"
493:, provided in-depth information on German advanced technology. The
295:. (A previous code-breaking operation of the State Department, the
1467:
1291:
1259:
1210:
1144:
799:
677:
581:
546:
469:
453:
409:
369:
3705:(Washington: National Archives and Records Administration, 1991)
3703:
The Secrets War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II
3479:. September 20, 1945 – via The American Presidency Project.
836:(an extract of Indian hemp) to induce uncontrollable chattiness.
3492:
CIA and the Pursuit of Security: History, Documents and Contexts
2892:, Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan, p. 134,
1366:) and was awarded status as an OSS Heritage organization by the
1268:
One of the forefathers of today's commandos was Navy Lieutenant
1243:
Researcher and was a co-founder of The American Trauma Society.
1216:
279:
basis, with no overall direction, coordination, or control. The
184:
4356:
3560:"Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Organization and Functions"
2076:
The Mitrokhin Archive, Volume 1: The KGB in Europe and the West
1703:"Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Organization and Functions"
1225:, who later authored cookbooks, worked directly under Donovan.
985:, was the primary OSS training facility. The Facilities of the
183:
film describing OSS recruitment, training, and missions during
4001:
OSS Special Weapons and Equipment: Spy Devices of World War II
3162:
Office of Strategic Services Personnel Files from World War II
2569:
2118:. New York: Scribner/Simon & Schuster. pp. 126, 246.
1947:
326:
draft a plan for an intelligence service based on the British
308:
275:
Departments, conducted American intelligence activities on an
180:
4941:
Agencies of the United States government during World War II
4300:
4080:(University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996)
977:
training included psychological warfare and propaganda. The
4305:
2796:. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service. p. 558.
2481:"The Preservation of the Intelligence History of Navy Hill"
1847:. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. pp. 95–96.
1033:
in Haifa, Palestine. Americans whose heritage stemmed from
648:
one of the war's most important spies, the German diplomat
576:
From 1943 to 1945, the OSS played a major role in training
4195:(Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1981)
2828:. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service. p. 43.
2764:. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service. p. 35.
2732:. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service. p. 40.
2676:. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service. p. 40.
1066:
on August 14, 2008. Among the 24,000 names were those of
525:
weapons. It revealed some of the secret German efforts in
4052:. Guns & Weapons for Law Enforcement. 15(2):24-29,72.
2305:"Lambertsen and O2: beginnings of operational physiology"
2533:"National Register of Historic Places Registration Form"
2433:"Former OSS spies on a mission to save old headquarters"
2089:"First Run Features: THE MAN NOBODY KNEW: William Colby"
1916:
1914:
1669:
Encyclopedia of United States Army Insignia and Uniforms
509:
that provided extensive information on German strength,
99:
Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research
4287:
National Park Service Report on OSS Training Facilities
1884:. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. p. 97.
1822:. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. p. 95.
1797:. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. p. 96.
1598:
Paulson, Alan (1995). "Required reading: OSS Weapons".
4801:
National Museum of Intelligence and Special Operations
4237:(Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 2001)
4057:
Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage
3742:
The Catcher was a Spy: The Mysterious Life of Moe Berg
3182:
Office of Strategic Services Assessment Staff (1948).
2020:
2018:
1990:
1988:
221:. Other OSS functions included the use of propaganda,
3618:
From OSS to Green Berets: The Birth of Special Forces
3262:. USMC Training and Education Command. Archived from
3257:"A Different War: Marines in Europe and North Africa"
2469:. Cambridge, Mass., London: Harvard University Press.
240:(CIG), the intermediary precursor to the independent
3531:. U.S. State Department Historian. January 22, 1946.
2252:
Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects As Weapons of War
354:, who has been credited with writing the blueprint.
4857:
4809:
4763:
4718:
4656:
4539:
4481:
4401:
4390:
4158:
The Shadow Warriors: OSS and the Origins of the CIA
3671:. Phillips Publications, Williamstown, N.J., 1994.
3634:(Lawrence : University Press of Kansas, 2006)
3147:"Documents: Julia Child part of WW II-era spy ring"
1937:"Chef Julia Child, others part of WWII spy network"
1772:(1st ed.). New York: Random House. p. 8.
1029:. It was modeled after the SOE's training facility
784:, teams Alsace, Poissy, S&S and Student), with
686:behind enemy lines in German-occupied Serbia, as a
659:. As a result, plans and production facilities for
303:, had been shut down in 1929 by Secretary of State
120:
112:
86:
78:
62:
54:
49:
4791:Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System
4085:Journey to Peking: A Secret Agent in Wartime China
3915:Strategic Intelligence for American Foreign Policy
765:withdrawal of German forces from northern Norway.
4132:(Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2000)
3728:Deckname Dogwood. Erinnerungen an Alfred Schwarz.
3164:– overview page, search links, digital excerpts;
2853:"(U) Chambers-OSS Training in WWII-with Notes.fm"
1924:. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
947:to be the Training Director of these facilities.
4700:Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity
4685:National Counterintelligence and Security Center
3925:(First ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press.
3816:(Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing, 2023)
4776:Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency
2710:. U.S. National Park Service. pp. 195–199.
2699:"Chapter 6: Instructing for Dangerous Missions"
2380:"Closed-circuit oxygen diving in the U.S. Navy"
4637:Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence
4329:Works by or about Office of Strategic Services
3589:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
1334:In January 1946, President Truman created the
1323:) Branches, which were then housed in the new
1117:OSS soldiers were primarily inducted from the
4368:
3982:(Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998)
3360:Chapter IX "The Saga of Jumping Joe" page 150
3003:Foreign Fields: The Story of an SOE Operative
2847:
2845:
2398:. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008
2323:. Archived from the original on June 13, 2008
1010:war zones. The most famous of the latter was
466:, prior to their departure for China in 1945.
8:
4690:Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center
4591:DEA Office of National Security Intelligence
3896:(New York: Encounter Books, 2008, rev 2010)
2225:U.S. Army Special Operations in World War II
1497:2677th Office of Strategic Services Regiment
501:in 1944. Most famous were the operations in
32:
4951:Defunct United States intelligence agencies
4936:1945 disestablishments in the United States
4834:Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board
4771:Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
3910:(Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989)
3112:on March 15, 2017 – via Google Books.
2298:
2296:
928:who trained at the facility in the 1940's.
632:played a central role in OSS operations in
4956:Government agencies disestablished in 1945
4478:
4398:
4375:
4361:
4353:
3606:(New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1946)
3494:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 10.
3441:
3439:
3244:(Movie). United States, Japan, Yugoslavia.
3145:Blackledge, Brett J. and Herschaft, Randy
746:officers in late 1944. Secretary of State
18:United States Office of Strategic Services
4251:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996)
4209:(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996)
3980:Sisterhood of Spies: The Women of the OSS
3289:"Julia Child Dished Out ... Spy Secrets?"
213:. The OSS was formed as an agency of the
4931:1942 establishments in the United States
4865:Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse
4439:National Center for Medical Intelligence
3604:Sub Rosa: The OSS and American Espionage
3000:Wilkinson, Peter; Foot, M. R. D (2002).
2923:, Bloomington, IN: Xlibris, p. 99,
2255:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
2041:
2039:
1462:OSS Detachment 404: attached to British
1355:United States Special Operations Command
287:had separate code-breaking departments:
4961:Government agencies established in 1942
4829:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court
4740:President's Intelligence Advisory Board
4451:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
4320:Office of Strategic Services collection
4144:Operation Sunrise: The Secret Surrender
4142:Smith, Bradley F. and Agarossi, Elena.
4118:, two volumes (New York: Walker, 1976)
3852:Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles
2954:, Bloomington, IN: Xlibris, p. 2,
1961:"Interview with Archimedes L. A. Patti"
1655:
1492:2671st Special Reconnaissance Battalion
533:. Switzerland's station also supported
27:1940s United States intelligence agency
4491:Army Intelligence and Security Command
4045:. The Small Arms Review. 5(7):119-120.
4038:. Fighting Firearms. 3(2):20-21,80-81.
4003:(New York: Sterling Publishing, 1991)
2635:
2633:
2631:
2507:"Office of Strategic Services Society"
2409:
2354:
2352:
2334:
1932:
1930:
872:Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit
824:" grenades that exploded upon impact,
163:Overview: Office of Strategic Services
31:
4966:Intelligence services of World War II
4844:Information Security Oversight Office
4579:Directorate of Science and Technology
4434:Missile and Space Intelligence Center
4338:Works by Office of Strategic Services
4311:Works by Office of Strategic Services
3541:Waller, Douglas "CIA's Secret Army",
3426:"An unlikely heroine of World War II"
3255:Lieutenant Colonel Harry W. Edwards.
1566:Art Looting Investigation Unit (ALIU)
826:explosives disguised as lumps of coal
462:reviews Operational Group members in
7:
4781:National Security Division (Justice)
4705:Joint Intelligence Community Council
4680:National Counterproliferation Center
4384:United States Intelligence Community
4043:HDMS silenced .22 pistols in Vietnam
3691:(Washington: Regnery Gateway, 1988)
2817:Chambers II, John Whiteclay (2008).
2785:Chambers II, John Whiteclay (2008).
2753:Chambers II, John Whiteclay (2008).
2721:Chambers II, John Whiteclay (2008).
2697:Chambers II, John Whiteclay (2008).
2665:Chambers II, John Whiteclay (2008).
2641:"OSS: LTC Ellery Huntington's Staff"
2549:Whiteclay, John Chambers II (2010).
1459:OSS Detachment 303: New Delhi, India
841:"Joan-Eleanor" portable radio system
405:short-wave broadcasting capabilities
4946:Congressional Gold Medal recipients
4625:Office of Intelligence and Analysis
4613:Office of Intelligence and Analysis
4547:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
3788:(New York: Harper & Row, 1966)
2164:CIA Library: Weapons & Spy Gear
1551:Special Forces (United States Army)
1311:, The War Department took over the
1309:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
1200:. Enlisting early in the war, as a
1021:, was a lavish palace belonging to
816:Donovan humorously called him his "
234:Bureau of Intelligence and Research
4870:Counterintelligence Field Activity
4786:Army Intelligence Support Activity
4101:(Boston: OSS/Donovan Press, 2000)
1749:On Active Service in Peace and War
969:was modeled after Great Britain's
933:Colonel Millard Preston Goodfellow
25:
4670:Director of National Intelligence
4249:OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War
4017:(CPL Editions: Luxembourg, 1993)
3996:(2005), scholarly history of OSS.
3854:(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994)
3744:( New York: Vintage Books, 1994)
3199:Journal of Personality Assessment
2952:I was Trained to be a Spy-Book II
2431:Hendrix, Steve (April 15, 2023).
1485:US Army units attached to the OSS
1253:compound. He was assigned to the
862:In 1939, a young physician named
4675:National Counterterrorism Center
4429:National Intelligence University
4345:
3655:The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan
3370:Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero
3336:Baminvestor (January 20, 2004).
3324:Wild Bill Donovan: The Last Hero
1671:. University of Oklahoma Press.
1510:
987:Catalina Island Marine Institute
808:and compass hidden in a button,
385:Ellis was sent from New York by
167:
153:
38:
4839:Office of Management and Budget
4223:(New York: Random House, 1996)
4031:. Machine Gun News. 3(6):28-30.
3133:National Women's History Museum
3092:Lineberry, Cate (May 7, 2013).
3081:(Film). USA, Canada: YAP Films.
3030:A Most Ungentlemanly Way of War
2566:Camp X and the Birth of the CIA
2049:, page 168. Pharos Books, 1992.
1298:Dissolution into other agencies
4880:Military Intelligence Division
4456:National Reconnaissance Office
4146:(New York: Basic Books, 1979)
4087:(Naval Institute Press, 2003)
3889:(New York: St. Martin's, 1999)
3830:(Boston: Little, Brown, 1970)
3802:(Chicago: Rand McNally, 1982)
3657:(New York: Times Books, 1982)
3347:– via Wikimedia Commons.
3240:Lewin, Ben (Director) (2018).
1756:Bartlett's Familiar Quotations
1725:"US Public Law 114–269 (2016)"
935:, creator and Director of the
887:Headquarters and Field Offices
564:by spying, performing acts of
401:British Security Co-ordination
1:
4885:Military Intelligence Service
4875:Military Information Division
4819:Senate Intelligence Committee
4695:National Intelligence Council
3800:Donovan: America's Master Spy
3715:Chambers II, John Whiteclay.
3689:The Secret War Against Hitler
3620:(Novato, CA: Presidio, 1986)
3490:Huw, Dylan (April 30, 2020).
2154:. New York: Free Press, 2011.
1340:National Security Act of 1947
427:The Secret War Against Hitler
4926:Office of Strategic Services
4890:Office of Strategic Services
4849:Intelligence Oversight Board
4824:House Intelligence Committee
4501:Office of Naval Intelligence
4188:(New York: Metrobooks, 2000)
3868:, Thomas Dunne Books, 2006.
3556:For all branch information:
3211:10.1080/00223891.2014.935980
1663:Emerson, William K. (1996).
1592:General and cited references
1556:X-2 Counter Espionage Branch
1305:Research and Analysis Branch
1140:Special Operations Executive
971:Special Operations Executive
914:Special Operations Executive
834:tetrahydrocannabinol acetate
773:. Operasjon Rype was led by
332:Special Operations Executive
195:Office of Strategic Services
133:, Coordinator of Information
33:Office of Strategic Services
4559:Central Intelligence Agency
4416:Defense Clandestine Service
4411:Defense Intelligence Agency
4344:(public domain audiobooks)
3948:Lovell, Stanley P. (1963).
3917:(Hamden, CT: Archon, 1965 )
3864:Hassell, A, and MacRae, S:
3630:Bartholomew-Feis, Dixee R.
2915:; Gafni, Gabriella (2014),
2884:Hueck Allen, Susan (2013),
2265:Lovell, Stanley P. (1963).
1768:Spector, Ronald H. (2007).
1364:Defense Clandestine Service
1359:Defense Intelligence Agency
1348:Special Activities Division
1344:Central Intelligence Agency
1136:Secret Intelligence Service
931:Beginning in January 1941,
352:Charles Howard 'Dick' Ellis
328:Secret Intelligence Service
289:Signal Intelligence Service
242:Central Intelligence Agency
142:, Director for Intelligence
94:Central Intelligence Agency
4987:
4510:Space Force Intelligence (
4471:Special Collection Service
4420:Defense Debriefing Service
3123:Patrick, Jeanette (2017).
2238:Deceptions of World War II
2169:February 21, 2014, at the
2114:Fenelon, James M. (2019).
1571:Millard Preston Goodfellow
1336:Central Intelligence Group
1202:French Foreign Legionnaire
1119:United States Armed Forces
979:Congressional Country Club
955:Prince William Forest Park
673:Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet
551:surrender of German forces
474:OSS missions and bases in
238:Central Intelligence Group
219:United States Armed Forces
104:Central Intelligence Group
70:Coordinator of Information
4750:Homeland Security Advisor
4745:Homeland Security Council
4735:National Security Council
4730:National Security Advisor
4710:Chief Information Officer
4569:Special Activities Center
4564:Directorate of Operations
4496:Marine Corps Intelligence
4050:WWII vintage silent .22LR
4015:U.S. Samurais in Bruyeres
3730:Buchschmiede, Wien 2022,
2416:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2341:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2191:. Phillips Publications.
2058:Hassell and MacRae, p.184
2033:Hassell and MacRae, p.167
2024:Hassell and MacRae, p.166
2003:Hassell and MacRae, p.159
1994:Hassell and McCrae, p.158
1634:. Phillips Publications.
1615:. Phillips Publications.
1456:OSS Detachment 202: China
1400:Operational Group Command
1327:(SSU). Brigadier General
1307:(R&A); it became the
1255:Special Operations Branch
1186:and his knowledge on the
937:Special Operations Branch
225:, and post-war planning.
37:
4905:Strategic Support Branch
4522:Coast Guard Intelligence
4466:Central Security Service
4461:National Security Agency
4207:Wild Bill & Intrepid
4160:(New York: Basic, 1983)
4076:Peterson, Neal H. (ed.)
3760:Trained to be an OSS Spy
3701:Chalou, George C. (ed.)
2974:Secret Intelligence (SI)
2921:Trained to be an OSS Spy
2249:Lockwood, Jeffrey Alan.
2240:. New York: Wiley, 2002.
1942:August 21, 2008, at the
1380:Censorship and Documents
1353:Today, the joint-branch
701:Austro-Hungarian Empires
636:and met frequently with
249:Congressional Gold Medal
4895:Office of Special Plans
4755:President's Daily Brief
4603:FBI Intelligence Branch
4170:Smith, Richard Harris.
3950:Of Spies and Stratagems
3814:The Eagle in the Mirror
3078:World War II Spy School
2978:Special Operations (SO)
2564:Mcintosh, Alex (2014).
2531:National Park Service.
2465:Katz, Barry M. (1989).
2267:Of Spies and Stratagems
1882:The Eagle in the Mirror
1845:The Eagle in the Mirror
1820:The Eagle in the Mirror
1795:The Eagle in the Mirror
1526:Charles Douglas Jackson
1464:South East Asia Command
1405:Research & Analysis
1383:Field Experimental Unit
1325:Strategic Services Unit
1096:Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
1025:brother-in-law, called
864:Christian J. Lambertsen
771:99th Infantry Battalion
718:; † 13. August 1988 in
616:in China (known as the
4971:World War II espionage
4506:Air Force Intelligence
4424:Defense Attaché System
3977:McIntosh, Elizabeth P.
3514:George C. Chalou, ed.
3291:. ABC. August 14, 2008
2982:Morale Operations (MO)
2187:Brunner, John (1994).
1630:Brunner, John (2005).
1611:Brunner, John (1991).
1265:
1219:
1161:
961:, now the location of
959:Catoctin Mountain Park
812:
748:Edward Stettinius, Jr.
695:
549:, and helped with the
478:
467:
435:
415:
396:
375:
364:
362:William Donovan's OSS.
131:William Joseph Donovan
4116:War Report of the OSS
3653:Brown, Anthony Cave.
3650:256: 116 – 121, 1987.
3414:. September 11, 2011.
3326:by Anthony Cave Brown
3242:The Catcher Was a Spy
3186:. New York: Rinehart.
3129:www.womenshistory.org
2987:May 25, 2011, at the
1386:Foreign Nationalities
1263:
1247:"Jumping Joe" Savoldi
1214:
1150:Major league baseball
1148:
995:Santa Catalina Island
941:National Park Service
849:Joint Chiefs of Staff
803:
681:
473:
457:
439:Joint Chiefs of Staff
420:
413:
383:
373:
359:
316:Franklin D. Roosevelt
215:Joint Chiefs of Staff
4186:The Intelligence War
4048:Paulson, A.C. 2003.
4041:Paulson, A.C. 2002.
4034:Paulson, A.C. 1995.
4027:Paulson, A.C. 1989.
3921:Lisle, John (2023).
3786:The Secret Surrender
3755:Doundoulakis, Helias
3740:Dawidoff, Nicholas.
3602:and Braden, Thomas.
3585:Aldrich, Richard J.
3033:. Toronto: Dundurn.
3027:Horn, Bernd (2016).
2944:Doundoulakis, Helias
2913:Doundoulakis, Helias
2093:firstrunfeatures.com
1880:Fink, Jesse (2023).
1843:Fink, Jesse (2023).
1818:Fink, Jesse (2023).
1793:Fink, Jesse (2023).
1561:History of espionage
1518:United States portal
1476:OSS Detachment 505:
918:William E. Fairbairn
866:developed an oxygen
669:Messerschmitt Bf 109
594:resistance movements
580:troops in China and
556:For the duration of
517:production, and the
87:Superseding agencies
4062:Persico, Joseph E.
4055:Persico, Joseph E.
4029:OSS Silenced Pistol
3647:Scientific American
2584:"How Camp X Worked"
2485:Inglorious Amateurs
2384:Undersea Hyperb Med
2368:(February 18, 2011)
2309:Undersea Hyperb Med
2236:Breuer, William B.
2175:Historical Document
2150:Waller, Douglas C.
2068:Andrew, Christopher
1586:Garland H. Williams
1541:Operation Paperclip
1410:Secret Intelligence
1313:Secret Intelligence
1164:One such agent was
945:Garland H. Williams
926:George Hunter White
900:Training Facilities
796:Weapons and gadgets
682:OSS 1st Lieutenant
535:resistance fighters
230:Department of State
203:intelligence agency
34:
4574:Open Source Center
4184:Steury, Donald P.
4156:Smith, Bradley F.
4128:Rudgers, David F.
3999:Melton, H. Keith.
3558:Clancey, Patrick.
3387:NavySealMuseum.com
3170:Personnel database
2568:. United Kingdom:
2511:www.osssociety.org
2378:Butler FK (2004).
2358:Shapiro, T. Rees.
2116:Four Hours of Fury
2047:Istanbul Intrigues
1920:Smith, R. Harris.
1747:Stimson, Henry L.
1701:Clancey, Patrick.
1606:(2): 20–21, 80–81.
1576:William J. Donovan
1536:Operation Jedburgh
1451:OSS Detachment 101
1418:Special Operations
1266:
1251:Benito Mussolini's
1220:
1215:Col. Peter Ortiz,
1162:
983:Bethesda, Maryland
967:Special Operations
818:Professor Moriarty
813:
708:lend-lease program
696:
553:in Italy in 1945.
531:biological warfare
479:
468:
464:Bethesda, Maryland
460:William J. Donovan
416:
391:Allen Welsh Dulles
387:William Stephenson
376:
374:William J. Donovan
324:William J. Donovan
320:William Stephenson
82:September 20, 1945
4913:
4912:
4652:
4651:
4618:Homeland Security
4535:
4534:
4526:Homeland Security
4315:Project Gutenberg
4233:Warner, Michael.
4112:Roosevelt, Kermit
4083:Pinck, Daniel C.
3992:Mauch, Christof.
3932:978-1-250-28024-4
3878:Hunt, E. Howard.
3798:Dunlop, Richard.
3736:978-3-99139-139-5
3686:Casey, William J.
3667:Brunner, John W.
3518:(1992), pp 95-97.
3432:. March 18, 2007.
2590:. January 1, 1970
2177:, March 15, 2007.
2125:978-1-5011-7937-2
2072:Mitrokhin, Vasili
1600:Fighting Firearms
1395:Morale Operations
1317:Counter-Espionage
1184:Werner Heisenberg
1160:was an OSS agent.
1064:National Archives
975:Morale Operations
881:OSS Maritime Unit
806:T13 Beano Grenade
786:Operation Varsity
692:Operation Halyard
175:
149:
148:
121:Agency executives
16:(Redirected from
4978:
4722:of the President
4720:Executive Office
4479:
4399:
4377:
4370:
4363:
4354:
4349:
4348:
4333:Internet Archive
4324:Internet Archive
4219:Waller, John H.
4205:Troy, Thomas F.
4191:Troy, Thomas F.
4013:Moulin, Pierre.
3973:
3954:Englewood Cliffs
3944:
3892:Jones, Ishmael.
3763:(Xlibris, 2014)
3726:Cibulka, Erich.
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3554:
3548:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3525:
3519:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3457:on July 13, 2012
3453:. Archived from
3443:
3434:
3433:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3379:
3373:
3367:
3361:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3298:
3296:
3285:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3269:on June 15, 2011
3268:
3261:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3194:
3188:
3187:
3179:
3173:
3159:
3153:
3151:Associated Press
3143:
3137:
3136:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3108:. Archived from
3098:. Hachette+ORM.
3089:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3024:
3018:
3017:
2997:
2991:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2940:
2934:
2933:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2858:. Archived from
2857:
2849:
2840:
2839:
2823:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2791:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2759:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2727:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2671:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2637:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2375:
2369:
2356:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2303:Vann RD (2004).
2300:
2291:
2290:
2271:Englewood Cliffs
2262:
2256:
2247:
2241:
2234:
2228:
2223:Hogan, David W.
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2184:
2178:
2161:
2155:
2148:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2085:
2079:
2065:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2013:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1951:
1934:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1904:G.J.A. O'Toole,
1902:
1896:
1895:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1790:
1784:
1783:
1765:
1759:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1729:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1698:
1692:
1691:Dawidoff, p. 240
1689:
1683:
1682:
1660:
1645:
1626:
1607:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1430:counterespionage
1422:Special Projects
1342:established the
894:E Street Complex
634:French Indochina
630:Archimedes Patti
626:French Indochina
584:, and recruited
177:
176:
157:
116:13,000 estimated
63:Preceding agency
42:
35:
21:
4986:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4909:
4853:
4805:
4759:
4721:
4714:
4661:
4659:
4648:
4531:
4477:
4393:
4386:
4381:
4346:
4301:The OSS Society
4278:
4261:
3947:
3933:
3920:
3913:Kent, Sherman.
3906:Katz, Barry M.
3581:
3579:Further reading
3576:
3575:
3565:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3540:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3460:
3458:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3412:The Japan Times
3406:
3405:
3401:
3391:
3389:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3292:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3172:– complete list
3160:
3156:
3144:
3140:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3106:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3014:
2999:
2998:
2994:
2989:Wayback Machine
2972:
2968:
2962:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2868:
2866:
2865:on July 7, 2010
2862:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2843:
2836:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2789:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2757:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2701:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2639:
2638:
2629:
2619:
2617:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2593:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2548:
2547:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2515:
2513:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2449:
2447:
2437:Washington Post
2430:
2429:
2425:
2408:
2401:
2399:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2365:Washington Post
2357:
2350:
2333:
2326:
2324:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2248:
2244:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2171:Wayback Machine
2162:
2158:
2149:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2095:
2087:
2086:
2082:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1944:Wayback Machine
1935:
1928:
1919:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1746:
1742:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1642:
1629:
1623:
1610:
1597:
1594:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1482:
1478:Calcutta, India
1440:
1435:
1376:
1300:
1286:Nisei linguists
1173:Jewish American
1123:Serge Obolensky
1092:Saul K. Padover
1088:Arthur Goldberg
1068:Sterling Hayden
1060:
910:Whitby, Ontario
902:
889:
798:
716:Austria-Hungary
499:southern France
483:Operation Torch
452:
301:Herbert Yardley
257:
236:(INR), and the
191:
190:
189:
188:
187:
178:
168:
165:
158:
145:
108:
74:
50:Agency overview
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4984:
4982:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4918:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4815:
4813:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4724:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4634:
4622:
4610:
4600:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4584:CIA University
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4556:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4516:Space Delta 18
4508:
4503:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4485:
4476:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4468:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4418:
4407:
4405:
4396:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4372:
4365:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4289:
4284:
4277:
4276:External links
4274:
4273:
4272:
4260:
4259:
4245:
4231:
4217:
4203:
4189:
4182:
4168:
4154:
4140:
4126:
4109:
4095:
4081:
4074:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4011:
3997:
3990:
3974:
3964:. p. 79.
3945:
3931:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3862:
3850:Grose, Peter.
3848:
3838:
3828:Donovan of OSS
3824:
3810:
3796:
3779:
3752:
3738:
3724:
3713:
3699:
3683:
3680:
3665:
3651:
3642:
3628:
3614:
3600:Alsop, Stewart
3597:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3573:
3549:
3534:
3520:
3516:The Secret War
3507:
3501:978-1474428873
3500:
3482:
3468:
3435:
3417:
3399:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3328:
3316:
3302:
3280:
3247:
3232:
3205:(1): 100–110.
3189:
3174:
3154:
3138:
3115:
3104:
3084:
3067:
3046:
3039:
3019:
3013:978-1860647796
3012:
3006:. I.B.Tauris.
2992:
2966:
2961:978-1479716494
2960:
2935:
2930:978-1499059830
2929:
2904:
2899:978-0472117697
2898:
2876:
2841:
2835:978-1511654760
2834:
2809:
2803:978-1511654760
2802:
2777:
2771:978-1511654760
2770:
2745:
2739:978-1511654760
2738:
2713:
2689:
2683:978-1511654760
2682:
2657:
2627:
2601:
2575:
2556:
2541:
2523:
2498:
2487:. July 3, 2014
2472:
2457:
2423:
2370:
2348:
2292:
2281:. p. 79.
2257:
2242:
2229:
2216:
2204:
2197:
2179:
2156:
2140:
2131:
2124:
2105:
2080:
2060:
2051:
2035:
2026:
2014:
2005:
1996:
1984:
1975:
1966:
1952:
1926:
1910:
1897:
1890:
1872:
1860:
1853:
1835:
1828:
1810:
1803:
1785:
1778:
1760:
1740:
1716:
1693:
1684:
1677:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1641:978-0932572431
1640:
1632:OSS Weapons II
1627:
1621:
1608:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
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1528:
1522:
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1500:
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1415:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1299:
1296:
1158:Boston Red Sox
1059:
1056:
1027:Ras el Kanayas
901:
898:
888:
885:
876:Shoreham Hotel
797:
794:
767:Operasjon Rype
752:Arlington Hall
684:George Musulin
667:and aircraft (
657:Heinrich Maier
628:. OSS officer
451:
448:
394:organization".
340:disinformation
256:
253:
179:
166:
161:
160:
159:
152:
151:
150:
147:
146:
144:
143:
134:
124:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
107:
106:
101:
96:
90:
88:
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
73:
72:
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
52:
51:
47:
46:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4983:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4655:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4589:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4512:Space Delta 7
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4484:
4480:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4385:
4378:
4373:
4371:
4366:
4364:
4359:
4358:
4355:
4343:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4330:
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3826:Ford, Corey.
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3822:9781785305108
3819:
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3812:Fink, Jesse.
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2616:. May 4, 2010
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1283:
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1280:Mitsu Yashima
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1104:William Colby
1101:
1100:Bruce Sundlun
1097:
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1073:
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1023:King Farouk's
1020:
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428:
424:
423:William Casey
419:
418:Writes Fink:
412:
408:
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402:
395:
392:
388:
382:
381:Writes Fink:
379:
372:
368:
363:
358:
355:
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305:Henry Stimson
302:
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208:
207:United States
204:
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196:
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164:
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141:
140:John Magruder
138:
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115:
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105:
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100:
97:
95:
92:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
71:
68:
67:
65:
61:
58:June 13, 1942
57:
53:
48:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4900:Ritchie Boys
4889:
4796:Intellipedia
4662:Intelligence
4641:
4629:
4617:
4606:
4595:
4551:
4525:
4483:Armed Forces
4392:Intelligence
4248:
4234:
4220:
4206:
4192:
4185:
4171:
4157:
4143:
4129:
4115:
4098:
4084:
4077:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4035:
4028:
4014:
4000:
3993:
3979:
3949:
3922:
3914:
3907:
3893:
3886:
3885:Jakub, Jay.
3880:American Spy
3879:
3865:
3851:
3827:
3813:
3799:
3785:
3758:
3741:
3727:
3716:
3702:
3688:
3668:
3654:
3645:
3631:
3617:
3603:
3586:
3564:. Retrieved
3552:
3542:
3537:
3523:
3515:
3510:
3491:
3485:
3471:
3461:February 22,
3459:. Retrieved
3455:the original
3450:
3429:
3420:
3411:
3402:
3392:February 19,
3390:. Retrieved
3386:
3377:
3369:
3365:
3357:
3353:
3343:February 19,
3341:. Retrieved
3331:
3323:
3319:
3305:
3295:February 16,
3293:. Retrieved
3283:
3271:. Retrieved
3264:the original
3250:
3241:
3235:
3202:
3198:
3192:
3183:
3177:
3157:
3141:
3128:
3118:
3110:the original
3094:
3087:
3077:
3070:
3061:
3049:
3029:
3022:
3002:
2995:
2969:
2951:
2938:
2920:
2907:
2889:
2879:
2867:. Retrieved
2860:the original
2825:
2812:
2793:
2780:
2761:
2748:
2729:
2716:
2706:
2692:
2673:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2644:
2618:. Retrieved
2613:
2604:
2592:. Retrieved
2587:
2578:
2565:
2559:
2550:
2544:
2526:
2514:. Retrieved
2510:
2501:
2489:. Retrieved
2484:
2475:
2466:
2460:
2448:. Retrieved
2436:
2426:
2412:cite journal
2400:. Retrieved
2387:
2383:
2373:
2363:
2337:cite journal
2325:. Retrieved
2315:(1): 21–31.
2312:
2308:
2266:
2260:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2188:
2182:
2174:
2159:
2151:
2134:
2115:
2108:
2096:. Retrieved
2092:
2083:
2075:
2063:
2054:
2046:
2029:
2008:
1999:
1978:
1969:
1955:
1950:, 2008-08-14
1921:
1905:
1900:
1881:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1844:
1838:
1819:
1813:
1794:
1788:
1769:
1763:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1733:February 21,
1731:. Retrieved
1719:
1709:November 10,
1707:. Retrieved
1696:
1687:
1668:
1658:
1631:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1352:
1333:
1301:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1267:
1245:
1229:René Joyeuse
1227:
1221:
1206:World War II
1163:
1127:
1116:
1108:René Joyeuse
1084:Ralph Bunche
1072:Milton Wolff
1061:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1003:
981:(Area F) in
952:
949:
930:
903:
890:
861:
857:
846:
838:
830:limpet mines
814:
781:
779:
763:
744:Finnish army
741:
737:
728:anti-fascist
705:
697:
654:
645:Nazi Germany
642:
608:, including
606:World War II
575:
562:intelligence
558:World War II
555:
511:air defenses
507:Allen Dulles
480:
436:
426:
421:
417:
397:
384:
380:
377:
365:
360:
357:Said Ellis:
356:
313:
276:
258:
246:
227:
211:World War II
198:
194:
192:
44:OSS insignia
29:
4658:Director of
4036:OSS Weapons
3669:OSS Weapons
3451:www.cia.gov
3062:www.nps.gov
2645:www.cia.gov
2390:(1): 3–20.
2189:OSS Weapons
1546:Paramarines
1438:Detachments
1368:OSS Society
1270:Jack Taylor
1223:Julia Child
1198:Peter Ortiz
1188:atomic bomb
1080:Julia Child
1014:in France.
853:Hedy Lamarr
724:Switzerland
665:Tiger tanks
661:V-2 rockets
650:Fritz Kolbe
638:Ho Chi Minh
602:Axis powers
503:Switzerland
431:Adolf Berle
4920:Categories
4306:OSS Reborn
4270:0465052665
4257:159114986X
4229:0679448268
4215:0300065639
4180:0520020235
4166:0465077560
4152:0465052908
4138:0700610243
4124:0802705294
4107:0967573602
4093:1591146771
4072:076070242X
4023:2959998405
4009:0806982381
3988:1557505985
3970:B000LBAQYS
3958:New Jersey
3941:1343299425
3874:0312323697
3860:0395516072
3808:0528811177
3750:0679415661
3711:0911333916
3697:089526563X
3663:0812910214
3640:0700614311
3626:0891412719
3595:0521641861
3562:. HyperWar
3273:October 3,
2287:B000LBAQYS
2275:New Jersey
2045:Rubin, B:
1908:pp 418-19.
1758:, 16th ed.
1705:. HyperWar
1622:0932572154
1531:Dick Ellis
1166:Ivy League
1039:Yugoslavia
1019:Spy School
963:Camp David
868:rebreather
810:CIA Museum
790:Kϋbelwagon
759:decryption
620:) and the
610:Mao Zedong
578:Kuomintang
570:propaganda
450:Activities
414:Dick Ellis
330:(MI6) and
314:President
223:subversion
4811:Oversight
4394:Community
3836:836436423
3769:907008535
3055:"History"
2445:0190-8286
2402:April 20,
2327:April 20,
1650:Citations
1447:: Vietnam
1315:(SI) and
1112:John Ford
1058:Personnel
991:Toyon Bay
870:set (the
782:Algonquin
733:microfilm
712:Prostějov
640:in 1945.
622:Viet Minh
596:in areas
568:, waging
515:submarine
487:Stockholm
476:East Asia
348:guerrilla
336:commandos
299:, run by
201:) was an
113:Employees
79:Dissolved
4660:National
4630:Treasury
4540:Civilian
4342:LibriVox
4243:52058428
3566:July 12,
3219:25036728
2985:Archived
2946:(2012),
2650:June 27,
2620:June 26,
2614:HuffPost
2594:June 26,
2516:June 25,
2491:June 25,
2450:June 25,
2396:15233156
2321:15233157
2167:Archived
2098:July 28,
1940:Archived
1870:, p27-28
1751:(1948).
1581:The Pond
1504:See also
1414:Security
1374:Branches
1180:Moe Berg
1178:catcher
1176:baseball
1169:polyglot
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