2880:
40:
1020:, state actions in this area tend to be seen through the prism of war or national self-defense, not terror." According to Dr Myra Williamson, the meaning of "terrorism" has undergone a transformation. During the reign of terror a regime or system of terrorism was used as an instrument of governance, wielded by a recently established revolutionary state against the enemies of the people. Now the term "terrorism" is commonly used to describe terrorist acts committed by
1162:. ... Yet even if all evidence were accepted ... it would add up to no more than systematic support, not control. Hence the comparison to Eastern Europe appears grossly overstated. And from the fact that we give assistance to countries that practice terror it is too much to conclude that "Washington has become the torture and political murder capital of the world." Chomsky's and Herman's indictment of US foreign policy is thus the mirror image of the
1009:. According to U.S. law (22 U.S.C. 2656f(d)(2)) terrorism is defined as "premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audience". There is no international consensus on a legal or academic definition of terrorism. United Nations conventions have failed to reach consensus on definitions of non-state or state terrorism.
1046:
1143:, stated that Falk's definition of terrorism hinges on some unstated definition of "permissible"; this, says Schorr, makes the judgment of what is terrorism inherently "subjective", and furthermore, he claims, leads Falk to label some acts he considers impermissible as "terrorism", but others he considers permissible as merely "terroristic".
1032:
terrorism against the state is to force governments to change their policies, to overthrow governments or even to destroy the state. The objective of state terrorism is to eliminate people who are considered to be actual or potential enemies, and to discourage those actual or potential enemies who are not eliminated.
1031:
Frederick F. Gareau writes that the intent of terrorism is to intimidate or coerce both targeted groups and larger sectors of society that share or could be led to share the values of targeted groups by causing them "intense fear, anxiety, apprehension, panic, dread and/or horror". The objective of
1173:
Fishkin praises
Chomsky and Herman for documenting human rights violations, but argues that this is evidence "for a far lesser moral charge", namely, that the United States could have used its influence to prevent certain governments from committing acts of torture or murder but chose not to do so.
1265:
says that the complicity of the United States and its
Western allies in the massacres "is beyond doubt," as they "provided the Indonesian armed forces with lists of Communists who were to be assassinated" and "egged on the Army to conduct these massacres." He adds they covered up this "absolute
1282:
Washington did everything in its power to encourage and facilitate the army-led massacre of alleged PKI members, and U.S. officials worried only that the killing of the party's unarmed supporters might not go far enough, permitting
Sukarno to return to power and frustrate the Administration's
1168:
rhetoric they criticize: it rests on the illusion of
American omnipotence throughout the world. And because they refuse to attribute any substantial independence to countries that are, in some sense, within America's sphere of influence, the entire burden for all the political crimes of the
1103:
As many critics have pointed out, terrorism is not an enemy. It is a tactic. Because the United States itself has a long record of supporting terrorists and using terrorist tactics, the slogans of today's war on terrorism merely makes the United States look hypocritical to the rest of the
1232:. But ... the United States was not the principal foreign supplier of Indonesia when the generals seized power (nor is there any credible evidence of American involvement in the coup). Within the period of American assistance to Indonesia, and in particular during the period of the
884:, all were US client states. Worldwide they claimed that 74% of regimes that used torture on an administrative basis were U.S. client states, receiving military and other support from the U.S. to retain power. They concluded that the global rise in state terror was a result of
1128:
Falk has argued that the repudiation of authentic non-state terrorism is insufficient as a strategy for mitigating it. Falk also argued that people who committed "terrorist" acts against the United States could use the
891:
Chomsky concluded that all powers backed state terrorism in client states. At the top were the U.S. and other powers, notably the United
Kingdom and France, that provided financial, military, and diplomatic support to
1252:
in the campaign of mass killings which followed
Suharto's seizure of power. Without the support of the U.S. and its Western allies, the massacres would not have happened. In 2016, an international tribunal in
2150:
The new telegrams confirm the US actively encouraged and facilitated genocide in
Indonesia to pursue its own political interests in the region, while propagating an explanation of the killings it knew to be
1124:
If 'terrorism' as a term of moral and legal opprobrium is to be used at all, then it should apply to violence deliberately targeting civilians, whether committed by state actors or their non-state enemies.
2319:
2187:
According to
Simpson, these previously unseen cables, telegrams, letters, and reports "contain damning details that the U.S. was willfully and gleefully pushing for the mass murder of innocent people."
945:. Mark Aarons posits that right-wing authoritarian regimes and dictatorships backed by Western powers committed atrocities and mass killings that rival the Communist world, citing examples such as the
2879:
1012:
According to professor Mark Selden, "American politicians and most social scientists definitionally exclude actions and policies of the United States and its allies" as terrorism. Historian
1297:
903:
The alleged involvement of major powers in state terrorism in developing countries has led scholars to study it as a global phenomenon rather than study individual countries in isolation.
900:, particularly in the arms and security industries. In addition, other developing countries outside the Western sphere of influence carried out state terror supported by rival powers.
2515:
1592:
173:
1208:
There is only one regime which has received arms and aid from the United States, and which has a record of brutality that is even a noticeable fraction of the brutality of
3308:
1476:
980:
asserts that "hundreds of thousands of Latin
Americans were tortured, abducted or killed by right-wing military regimes as part of the US-led anti-communist crusade."
3303:
3126:
1996:
542:
2309:
583:
2174:
3270:
1317:
1190:
1185:
said: "Chomsky says in the book that the United States is a leading terrorist state. That's a preposterous and ridiculous claim. ... What we have done is
929:
Among other scholars, Ruth J. Blakeley says that the United States and its allies sponsored and deployed state terrorism on an "enormous scale" during the
668:
31:
3131:
2821:
247:
2069:
Volume II: After the
Cataclysm: Postwar Indochina and the Reconstruction of Imperial Ideology by Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman (South End Press)".
2065:
Fishkin, James S. (September 6–13, 1980). "American Dream/Global Nightmare: The Dilemma of U.S. Human Rights Policy by Sandy Vogelgesang (W. W. Norton)
1322:
2286:
976:, the number of repression victims in Latin America alone far surpassed that of the U.S.S.R. and its East European satellites between 1960 and 1990.
918:
throughout the world. Gareau states that the number of deaths caused by non-state terrorism (3,668 deaths between 1968 and 1980, as estimated by the
1853:
1737:
1679:
1096:
1249:
950:
3313:
3280:
673:
1154:
holds that the authors' case for accusing the United States of state terrorism is "shockingly overstated". Fishkin writes of Chomsky and Herman:
1950:
1248:
In 2017, declassified documents from the U.S. Embassy in Jakarta have confirmed that the United States government, from the very beginning, was
3226:
2854:
701:
638:
204:
968:
argues that during the last two decades of the Cold War, the number of American client states practicing mass murder outnumbered those of the
922:(CIA)) is "dwarfed" by those resulting from state terrorism in US-backed regimes such as Guatemala (150,000 killed, 50,000 missing during the
2790:
2771:
2756:
2738:
2717:
2692:
2660:
2635:
2609:
2576:
1911:
1863:
1794:
1639:
1441:
793:
3206:
3196:
628:
623:
505:
821:(2005). Of these, Ruth J. Blakeley considers Chomsky and Herman as being the foremost writers on the United States and state terrorism.
1447:
3241:
3216:
2130:
2094:
1244:, a former colony of Portugal that Indonesia is attempting to take over by force ... not as part of its normal process of domestic rule.
946:
885:
739:
643:
633:
537:
2499:
Donahue, Laura K. "Terrorism and counter-terrorist discourse". In Hor, Michael Yew Meng, Ramraj, Victor Vridar and Roach, Kent (Eds.),
2213:
1645:
937:, but Blakeley contends it was also a means by which to buttress the interests of U.S. business elites and to promote the expansion of
3186:
3167:
2555:
2529:
2470:
2422:
2391:
2357:
1612:
1572:
1373:
1302:
618:
3141:
2594:
2508:
2250:
1979:
1532:"During the 1970s and 1980s, the number of American client states practicing mass-murderous politics exceeded those of the Soviets."
1379:
1814:
1116:
institutions, have obfuscated the true character and scope of terrorism, promulgating a one-sided view from the standpoint of
3253:
3233:
2919:
2814:
2494:
1526:
1492:
652:
496:
1473:
2256:
3260:
1186:
1201:. ... Do we have faults and imperfections? Of course. The notion that we're a leading terrorist state is preposterous."
3074:
2169:
1271:
914:
powers sponsored terror in developing countries. It concluded that the U.S. and its allies were the main supporters of
281:
2000:
3136:
3025:
2428:
1484:
1261:
and it also ruled that the United States and other Western governments were complicit in the crimes. Indian historian
919:
392:
361:
290:
79:
2044:
2955:
2924:
2859:
2242:
1564:
897:
853:
706:
194:
179:
43:
Protester with a sign reading "The U.S. is the #1 Terrorist State" at a demonstration against the Iraq War in 2003.
1197:. We have provided sanctuary for people of all faiths, including Islam, in the United States. We tried to help in
3048:
2807:
2414:
2164:
1056:
658:
608:
386:
377:
2208:
1474:
The Legacy of Nuremberg: Civilising Influence or Institutionalised Vengeance? (International Humanitarian Law).
993:
1266:
atrocity" and that the US in particular refuses to fully declassify its records for this period. According to
1283:
emerging plans for a post-Sukarno Indonesia. This was efficacious terror, an essential building block of the
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3064:
2995:
2844:
2138:
1307:
1258:
1002:
732:
598:
564:
429:
306:
296:
69:
1631:
Understanding terrorism and political violence: the life cycle of birth, growth, transformation, and demise
30:
This article is about allegations of US state terrorism. For terrorism sponsored by the United States, see
3010:
1822:
518:
474:
209:
158:
104:
2278:
1725:
1667:
2936:
2458:
The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World
2379:
The Jakarta Method: Washington's Anticommunist Crusade and the Mass Murder Program that Shaped Our World
1544:
1233:
1159:
973:
849:
311:
149:
124:
39:
3162:
2967:
2909:
2849:
2783:
War and State Terrorism: The United States, Japan, and the Asia-Pacific in the Long Twentieth Century
1947:
1221:
954:
923:
865:
511:
335:
219:
129:
74:
1270:, the Indonesian mass killings were not an aberration, but the apex of a loose network of US-backed
3248:
3069:
2945:
2941:
2904:
2894:
1588:
977:
907:
869:
861:
802:
761:
711:
648:
588:
424:
276:
252:
154:
139:
114:
109:
2067:
The Political Economy of Human Rights Volume I: The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism
1786:
Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001
3110:
2980:
2457:
2378:
1198:
725:
663:
367:
357:
321:
51:
17:
2652:
2646:
1240:. Finally, the current brutality of the Suharto regime is being directed against the people of
957:" in Guatemala during the civil war, and the assassinations and state terrorism associated with
2199:
3079:
3000:
2950:
2864:
2786:
2767:
2752:
2734:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2656:
2631:
2605:
2590:
2572:
2551:
2525:
2504:
2490:
2466:
2418:
2387:
2353:
2246:
1975:
1907:
1859:
1810:
1790:
1635:
1608:
1604:
1568:
1552:
1548:
1522:
1488:
1437:
1431:
1369:
1130:
999:
696:
459:
439:
237:
169:
2517:
State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)
2086:
1890:
1869:
1784:
1597:
State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)
1500:
1496:
1468:
1365:
1361:
2314:
2071:
1840:
1629:
1511:
1357:
1312:
1151:
965:
958:
841:
788:
454:
316:
2203:
1936:
Odom, General William (December 2007). "American Hegemony: How to Use It, How to Lose It".
1904:
State terrorism and the United States : from counterinsurgency to the war on terrorism
3157:
3105:
3043:
2914:
1954:
1758:
1556:
1480:
1182:
989:
845:
757:
573:
484:
464:
242:
164:
2481:
2410:
Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968
1347:
3020:
2975:
2931:
2547:
2452:
2373:
2349:
1968:
1267:
1013:
1006:
501:
419:
352:
286:
184:
119:
3297:
2899:
2869:
2566:
2539:
2462:
2383:
2341:
1701:
1518:
1262:
1164:
1136:
938:
911:
877:
857:
777:
753:
479:
214:
1826:
2985:
1287:
policies that the West would attempt to impose on Indonesia after Sukarno's ouster.
1275:
1217:
1109:
1092:
969:
942:
881:
873:
837:
828:, who concentrate on non-state terrorism and the state terrorism of dictatorships.
784:
773:
489:
414:
2602:
State Terrorism in Latin America: Chile, Argentina, and International Human Rights
2310:"US, UK, Australia complicit in Indonesia's 1965 mass killings: People's Tribunal"
2728:
2236:
1117:
893:
814:
402:
397:
301:
1759:"Country Reports on Terrorism - Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism"
860:
and murder. Chomsky and Herman argued that terror was concentrated in the U.S.
3100:
3015:
2024:
1284:
1241:
1194:
1113:
896:
regimes kept in power through violence. These governments acted together with
769:
449:
444:
407:
1702:"Title 22 > Chapter 38 > § 2656f - Annual country reports on terrorism"
2830:
2521:
2486:
1999:. The Transnational Foundation for Peace and Future Research. Archived from
1600:
1433:
The United Nations and other international institutions: a critical analysis
1353:
1254:
1229:
934:
915:
825:
59:
2408:
1593:"Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America"
2990:
1213:
930:
765:
382:
92:
1158:
They infer an extent of American control and coordination comparable to
768:. According to them, state terrorism is used to protect the interest of
1225:
1209:
434:
372:
2514:
Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein, eds. (2011).
3005:
2749:
When States Kill: Latin America, the U.S., and Technologies of Terror
1595:. In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.).
469:
2648:
Killing Hope: U.S. Military and CIA Interventions Since World War II
2279:"Tribunal finds Indonesia guilty of 1965 genocide; US, UK complicit"
2544:
Washington Bullets: A History of the CIA, Coups, and Assassinations
2346:
Washington Bullets: A History of the CIA, Coups, and Assassinations
2204:"Documents show US participation in 1965-66 massacres in Indonesia"
2238:
The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66
1763:
National Counterterrorism Center: Annex of Statistical Information
926:– 93% of whom Gareau classifies as "victims of state terrorism").
38:
2803:
1112:
holds that the US and other rich states, as well as mainstream
844:
wrote a series of books on the United States' involvement with
824:
This work has proved controversial with mainstream scholars of
2764:
Terrorism and the State: A Critique of Domination Through Fear
2727:
Jackson, Richard; Smyth, Marie; Gunning, Jeroen, eds. (2009).
1039:
1970:
Revolutionaries and Functionaries: The Dual Face of Terrorism
1704:. Cornell University Law School, Legal Information Institute.
1471:." In David A. Blumenthal and Timothy L. H. McCormack (eds).
880:. They argued that of ten Latin American countries that had
780:, co-operating with regional elites to rule through terror.
2799:
2671:
Death Squads in Global Perspective: Murder with Deniability
2131:"Telegrams confirm scale of US complicity in 1965 genocide"
2022:
Falk, Richard (June 28, 1986). "Thinking About Terrorism".
1278:
during the Cold War. According to historian Brad Simpson:
764:' use of state terrorism, particularly in relation to the
2482:
State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South
1815:"The UN's fight against terrorism: five years after 9/11"
1349:
State Terrorism and Neoliberalism: The North in the South
1298:
Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1071:
1016:
wrote that "Even when definitions of terrorism allow for
1067:
2669:
Campbell, Bruce B., and Brenner, Arthur D., eds. 2000.
1063:
1169:
non-communist world can be brought home to Washington.
3176:
3150:
3119:
3093:
3057:
3036:
2965:
2887:
2837:
2503:. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2005
2747:MenjĂvar, Cecilia and RodrĂguez, NĂ©stor, editors,
1997:"Gandhi, Nonviolence and the Struggle Against War"
1967:
933:. The justification given for this was to contain
2730:Critical terrorism studies: a new research agenda
2115:Morris, Stephen, Chomsky on U.S. foreign policy,
1938:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1469:Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide
1313:Targeted killings by the United States government
1204:Stephen Morris also criticized Chomsky's thesis:
1099:under President Reagan's administration, wrote:
2075:. Vol. 183, no. 10/11. pp. 37–38.
1561:The Cambridge History of the Cold War (Volume 3)
2815:
2568:Death Squad: The Anthropology of State Terror
1700:U.S. Department of State (February 1, 2010).
1407:
1405:
1066:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
733:
8:
2785:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
2604:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
1549:"The Cold War in Central America, 1975–1991"
1318:United States and state-sponsored terrorism
848:. Their writings coincided with reports by
760:. They have written about the US and other
32:United States and state-sponsored terrorism
2822:
2808:
2800:
2060:
2058:
1858:. Cambridge University Press. p. 20.
1341:
1339:
1337:
1308:Perceptions of the United States sanctions
740:
726:
558:
97:
46:
1436:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 246.
1323:War crimes committed by the United States
3309:Terrorism committed by the United States
2766:. New York: Praeger Press. p. 240.
1236:, the number of political prisoners has
1097:director of the National Security Agency
195:Special-interest / Single-issue
2781:Selden, Mark, ed. (November 28, 2003).
2600:Wright, Thomas C. (February 28, 2007).
2165:"Uncovering Indonesia's Act of Killing"
1765:. U.S. State Department. April 30, 2007
1333:
607:
572:
228:
193:
138:
58:
3304:Foreign relations of the United States
3127:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
1906:. Atlanta: Clarity Press. p. 14.
543:Charities accused of ties to terrorism
27:Terrorism allegations against the U.S.
2762:Perdue, William D. (August 7, 1989).
1148:The Political Economy of Human Rights
1057:too many or overly lengthy quotations
1029:State terrorism and the United States
811:State Terrorism and the United States
794:The Political Economy of Human Rights
7:
2571:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2501:Global anti-terrorism law and policy
2163:Scott, Margaret (October 26, 2017).
1855:Global anti-terrorism law and policy
1146:In a review of Chomsky and Herman's
2705:On The Justice of Roosting Chickens
2626:Alexander, George (December 1991).
1634:. Taylor & Francis. p. 8.
1257:ruled that the killings constitute
1181:, former US Secretary of Education
1150:, Yale political science professor
951:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
947:Indonesian occupation of East Timor
3168:Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial
3132:Designated terrorist organizations
2087:"American Morning with Paula Zahn"
1995:Falk, Richard (January 28, 2004).
1789:. Ashgate Publishing. p. 38.
1303:Iran and state-sponsored terrorism
752:Several scholars have accused the
25:
2751:, University of Texas Press 2005,
2589:. Nova Science Publishers, 2006.
1160:the Soviet role in Eastern Europe
1141:Revolutionaries and Functionaries
1022:non-state or subnational entities
1005:excludes acts done by recognized
972:. According to Latin Americanist
772:elites, and the U.S. organized a
18:United States and State terrorism
2878:
2651:. Common Courage Press. p.
2308:Yosephine, Liza (21 July 2016).
2129:Melvin, Jess (20 October 2017).
1819:U.N. Action to Counter Terrorism
1430:Gareau, Frederick Henry (2002).
1044:
2565:Sluka, Jeffrey A., ed. (1999).
2431:from the original on 2018-06-25
2322:from the original on 2018-07-27
2289:from the original on 2018-06-13
2259:from the original on 2018-08-20
2216:from the original on 2018-07-27
2177:from the original on 2018-06-25
2097:from the original on 2012-10-26
1740:from the original on 2011-10-05
1682:from the original on 2011-10-05
1648:from the original on 2016-05-02
1450:from the original on 2016-05-06
1382:from the original on 2015-06-14
3314:Terrorism in the United States
2677:Chomsky, Noam (January 1988).
2673:. New York: St. Martin's Press
2585:Taylor, Antony James William.
2277:Perry, Juliet (21 July 2016).
2235:Robinson, Geoffrey B. (2018).
2119:December–January 1981, pg. 26.
1852:Hor, Michael Yew Meng (2005).
856:of a new global "epidemic" of
1:
2630:. Polity Press. p. 276.
2587:Justice as a basic human need
2117:Harvard International Review,
2043:Schorr, Daniel (1 May 1988).
1902:Gareau, Frederick H. (2004).
1120:privilege. He has said that:
961:throughout South America. In
836:Beginning in the late 1970s,
2170:The New York Review of Books
2683:. South End Press. p.
1485:Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
1272:anti-communist mass killing
920:Central Intelligence Agency
809:(1991), Frederick Gareau's
538:Designated terrorist groups
3330:
2860:Anti-terrorism legislation
2243:Princeton University Press
2045:"The Politics of Violence"
1565:Cambridge University Press
987:
906:In 1991, a book edited by
898:multinational corporations
854:human rights organizations
707:Anti-terrorism legislation
29:
3142:Islamic terrorist attacks
3049:State-sponsored terrorism
2996:Environmental destruction
2876:
2855:International conventions
2415:Stanford University Press
2407:Simpson, Bradley (2010).
1783:Williamson, Myra (2009).
1730:Perspectives on Terrorism
1726:"How to Define Terrorism"
1672:Perspectives on Terrorism
1668:"How to Define Terrorism"
702:International conventions
609:State-sponsored terrorism
2733:. Taylor & Francis.
2702:Churchill, Ward (2003).
2680:The Culture of Terrorism
2479:Blakeley, Ruth (2009).
2209:World Socialist Web Site
1946:. Online copy available
1628:Gupta, Dipak K. (2008).
1177:Commenting on Chomsky's
1064:summarize the quotations
994:Definitions of terrorism
565:Violent non-state actors
3065:Clandestine cell system
2628:Western State Terrorism
2245:. pp. 22–23, 177.
2139:University of Melbourne
1346:Blakeley, Ruth (2009).
1259:crimes against humanity
1003:definition of terrorism
910:also argued that other
807:Western State Terrorism
799:The Real Terror Network
307:Clandestine cell system
3011:Propaganda of the deed
2645:Blum, William (1995).
2135:Indonesia at Melbourne
1966:Falk, Richard (1988).
1724:Sinai, Joshua (2008).
1666:Sinai, Joshua (2008).
1545:Coatsworth, John Henry
1289:
1246:
1171:
1126:
1106:
475:Propaganda of the deed
44:
3151:Memorials and museums
1823:Real Instituto Elcano
1467:Mark Aarons (2007). "
1280:
1234:Carter administration
1206:
1156:
1122:
1101:
974:John Henry Coatsworth
850:Amnesty International
691:Response to terrorism
312:Leaderless resistance
42:
3163:Topography of Terror
2850:History of terrorism
2708:. AK Press. p.
2548:Monthly Review Press
2386:. pp. 238–243.
2350:Monthly Review Press
1974:. New York: Dutton.
1813:(6 September 2006).
1589:McSherry, J. Patrice
924:Guatemalan Civil War
872:carried out by U.S.
866:developing countries
130:Right-wing/Far-right
2202:(25 October 2017).
1139:, reviewing Falk's
1000:United States legal
978:J. Patrice McSherry
908:Alexander L. George
886:U.S. foreign policy
870:human rights abuses
862:sphere of influence
819:America's Other War
803:Alexander L. George
783:Such works include
762:liberal democracies
712:Terrorism insurance
513:Rockets and mortars
253:Resistance movement
2981:Aircraft hijacking
2049:The New York Times
1953:2011-06-14 at the
1829:on April 11, 2011.
1553:Leffler, Melvyn P.
1479:2016-01-05 at the
756:of involvement in
358:Aircraft hijacking
115:Left-wing/Far-left
45:
3291:
3290:
3037:State involvement
2865:Counter-terrorism
2792:978-0-7425-2391-3
2773:978-0-275-93140-7
2757:978-0-292-70647-7
2740:978-0-415-45507-7
2719:978-1-902593-79-1
2694:978-0-89608-334-9
2662:978-1-56751-052-2
2637:978-0-7456-0931-7
2611:978-0-7425-3721-7
2578:978-0-8122-1711-7
2003:on August 2, 2007
1913:978-0-932863-39-3
1865:978-0-521-10870-6
1796:978-0-7546-7403-0
1641:978-0-415-77164-1
1443:978-0-8304-1578-6
1274:campaigns in the
1131:Nuremberg Defense
1089:
1088:
1036:General critiques
1024:against a state.
868:, and documented
797:(1979), Herman's
750:
749:
697:Counter-terrorism
682:
681:
440:Individual terror
261:
260:
238:Violent extremism
16:(Redirected from
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1152:James S. Fishkin
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966:Daniel Goldhagen
959:Operation Condor
842:Edward S. Herman
789:Edward S. Herman
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120:Narcotics-driven
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858:state torture
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832:Notable works
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3254:Soviet Union
3111:White Terror
3058:Organisation
2986:Bioterrorism
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2005:. Retrieved
2001:the original
1990:
1969:
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1937:
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1874:. Retrieved
1870:the original
1854:
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1827:the original
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1384:. Retrieved
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1276:Global South
1247:
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1189:, helped in
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1110:Richard Falk
1107:
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1093:William Odom
1090:
1077:
1062:Please help
1054:
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1026:
1021:
1017:
1011:
997:
970:Soviet Union
962:
943:Global South
928:
905:
902:
890:
882:death squads
838:Noam Chomsky
835:
823:
818:
813:(2004), and
810:
806:
798:
792:
785:Noam Chomsky
782:
774:neo-colonial
751:
659:Saudi Arabia
653:Soviet Union
593:
589:Soviet Union
415:Bioterrorism
378:Animal-borne
36:
3026:Palestinian
2991:Car bombing
2937:Nationalist
2920:Palestinian
2888:By ideology
1889:Williamson
1714:Gupta, p. 8
1411:Sluka, p. 9
1399:Sluka, p. 8
1356:. pp.
1118:First World
894:Third World
815:Doug Stokes
302:Death squad
205:Suffragette
125:Nationalist
70:Definitions
3298:Categories
3277:Venezuela
3177:By country
3101:Red Terror
3094:Historical
3016:Proxy bomb
2966:Types and
2910:Right-wing
2845:Definition
2495:0415686172
2446:References
2435:2018-07-27
2263:2018-07-27
2200:Head, Mike
2025:The Nation
1876:2016-11-12
1769:2017-06-25
1744:2011-07-06
1686:2011-07-06
1652:2016-01-05
1603:. p.
1527:1586487698
1493:9004156917
1454:2016-01-05
1386:2015-06-12
1285:neoliberal
1242:East Timor
1114:mass media
1108:Professor
1091:Professor
1072:Wikisource
988:See also:
984:Definition
852:and other
776:system of
770:capitalist
599:Uzbekistan
584:Kazakhstan
450:Kidnapping
445:Insurgency
393:Improvised
220:Misogynist
3281:Sponsored
3271:Sponsored
3261:Sri Lanka
3242:Sponsored
3234:Palestine
3227:Sponsored
3223:Pakistan
3217:Sponsored
3207:Sponsored
3197:Sponsored
3187:Sponsored
3137:Incidents
3080:Lone wolf
3070:Financing
2946:Christian
2942:Religious
2905:Left-wing
2895:Communist
2831:Terrorism
2522:Routledge
2487:Routledge
1944:(4): 410.
1821:. Spain:
1601:Routledge
1354:Routledge
1255:The Hague
1230:Indonesia
1220:, or the
1068:Wikiquote
1055:contains
935:Communism
916:terrorism
826:terrorism
674:Venezuela
555:Adherents
455:Lone wolf
368:Beheading
317:Lone wolf
277:Financing
270:Structure
155:Christian
140:Religious
110:Communist
105:Anarchist
80:Incidents
60:Terrorism
2542:(2020).
2455:(2020).
2429:Archived
2376:(2020).
2344:(2020).
2326:July 27,
2320:Archived
2293:July 27,
2287:Archived
2257:Archived
2220:July 27,
2214:Archived
2181:July 27,
2175:Archived
2144:July 27,
2095:Archived
2007:July 10,
1951:Archived
1738:Archived
1680:Archived
1646:Archived
1591:(2011).
1559:(eds.).
1547:(2012).
1514:(2009).
1477:Archived
1448:Archived
1380:Archived
1292:See also
1238:declined
1214:Idi Amin
1193:and the
931:Cold War
801:(1985),
766:Cold War
639:Pakistan
497:Stabbing
480:Shooting
322:Domestic
282:Fronting
150:Buddhist
93:ideology
52:a series
50:Part of
3203:Kuwait
3193:Israel
3001:Nuclear
2968:tactics
2951:Islamic
2944: (
2925:Zionist
2151:untrue.
1839:Selden
1226:Suharto
1210:Pol Pot
1199:Somalia
1195:Balkans
953:, the "
912:Western
504: (
460:Nuclear
425:Dry run
385: (
373:Bombing
360: (
342:Tactics
339:Methods
170:Islamic
75:History
3249:Russia
3238:Qatar
3213:Libya
3006:Piracy
2956:Jewish
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2101:7 July
1978:
1910:
1862:
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1638:
1611:
1571:
1529:p.537
1525:
1499:&
1491:
1440:
1372:
1191:Bosnia
1104:world.
1007:states
949:, the
649:Russia
629:Kuwait
624:Israel
485:School
470:Piracy
403:Threat
398:Letter
291:online
180:Jewish
159:Mormon
3183:Iran
3120:Lists
3075:Front
2900:Green
1891:p. 43
1736:(4).
1678:(4).
1551:. In
1501:80–81
1362:20-23
1329:Notes
664:Syria
644:Qatar
634:Libya
490:Spree
465:Paper
408:Proxy
165:Hindu
2787:ISBN
2768:ISBN
2753:ISBN
2735:ISBN
2714:ISBN
2689:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2632:ISBN
2606:ISBN
2591:ISBN
2573:ISBN
2552:ISBN
2526:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2467:ISBN
2419:ISBN
2388:ISBN
2354:ISBN
2328:2018
2295:2018
2247:ISBN
2222:2018
2183:2018
2146:2018
2103:2011
2009:2007
1976:ISBN
1948:here
1908:ISBN
1860:ISBN
1841:p. 4
1791:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1569:ISBN
1523:ISBN
1495:pp.
1489:ISBN
1438:ISBN
1370:ISBN
1179:9-11
998:The
992:and
840:and
787:and
619:Iran
506:list
387:list
362:list
185:Sikh
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2091:CNN
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1942:151
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