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warn against putting together the agricultural and nutrition parts. However, doing so helps to bridge some of the politically relevant cultural differences that exist between legislators of urban and rural, coastal and heartland areas of the country. Traditionally, the agriculture programs have been more important for rural areas of the heartland, while urban and coastal regions have been more concerned with the nutrition assistance programs. There are stakeholders outside of the government that are also interested in food and agriculture issues. These include national farm groups, commodity associations, state organizations, nutrition and public health officials, advocacy groups representing conservation, recreation, rural development, faith-based interests, local food systems, and organic production. Putting nutrition and agriculture topics together allows for stakeholders and advocacy coalitions with different interests to find common ground on topics that are potentially contentious between them.
353:. These programs provided support to farmers when crop prices or revenues fell below certain reference levels. The bill further enhanced the crop insurance safety net by offering additional choices for insurance coverage, including options for different levels of protection against yield losses and price declines. With a forecasted budget reduction of $ 17 billion over ten years, the federally subsidized crop insurance program received an annual disbursement of $ 1.4 billion to provide farmers with policies. Meanwhile, the food stamp program remained unaltered, shouldering 62 percent of farmers' premium expenditures.
184:
production if they were not interested in government subsidy. Those who participated tended to remove land from production that was already producing poorly, thereby reducing their yield as little as possible, and ultimately limiting the effectiveness of the Act. The AAA was short-lived as the
Supreme Court deemed it unconstitutional on January 6, 1936. This was partially due to the processing tax that was used to finance payments to farmers and partially because the Court ruled government regulation of agricultural production within the states unconstitutional.
269:
also mandates the expansion of conservation land retirement programs and places an emphasis on environmental practices on the farm. Importantly, it restores the eligibility of legal immigrants to food stamps. Additionally, the 2002 farm bill relaxes the rules of the previous farm bill so that more borrowers may be eligible for
Federal farm credit assistance, includes several commodities in the list of those that require labeling from their country of origin, and includes new provisions on the welfare of animals.
157:(CCC) made 12-month loans of cash against the farmers newly planted crops at a fixed price. If the market price rose higher, the farmer could pay off the loan by selling the crop for a profit. If the market price dropped below the fixed loan price, the farmer would give the harvested crop to the CCC. That would cancel the debt and leave the CCC with a storage issue. In effect CCC set a minimum price for crops such as corn, cotton and wheat. The second program was the
91:
congressional appropriators to designate funding to them because they are not funded directly in the farm bill. Cost projections for funding estimates are calculated by the
Congressional Budget Office using a baseline, which is an estimate of future costs over ten years if the existing costs were to continue unchanged. Adjustments to funding levels between programs generally occurs from one year to the next, incrementally.
242:(1981–1989) were not very successful, even as the rest of the economy soared. Federal budget outlays reached $ 60 billion during his first term, but real farm income declined to its lowest level in postwar years. The price of farmland declined, causing a series of bankruptcies to farmers who had borrowed to buy neighboring acreage, as well as bankruptcies of local banks. Reagan advisor
230:, a leading Democrat, in 1953 convinced bipartisan majorities in Congress to use the Commodity Credit Corporation's store of surplus crops as part of American foreign aid. The idea was that needy nations could buy grain with local currencies rather than scarce dollars, thereby exporting American surpluses and become a major part of American foreign trade policy during the Cold War.
613:"It is a symbol of everything that’s wrong with Congress, revealing how life-sustaining policies can be taken hostage by a handful of parochial lawmakers; how incredibly difficult it is to make even minor changes that would actually help consumers and small businesses; and how intractable the divide on Capitol Hill has become, particularly between urban and rural legislators."
260:
order to receive farm payments. This led to years of the highest farm subsidies in
American history. Direct payments also began in the late 1990s as a way to support struggling farmers, regardless of crop output. These payments allowed grain farmers to receive a government check every year based on yields and acreage of the farm as recorded the previous decade.
318:(D-Ill.) and Tom Coburn (R-Okla.), it would also reduce crop insurance subsidies by 15 percent for the top 1 percent of U.S. wealthiest farmers, those with a gross annual income of more than $ 750,000. The new bill also proposed a new insurance program for dairy producers which would cut costs by eliminating other dairy subsidies and price supports.
629:
in particular has also had numerous attempts at repeal, but each time has thus far as of 2023 failed to be repealed, artificially raising the price of sugar for domestic United States consumers of any product containing sugar, while at the same time personally enriching domestic sugar producers. The
410:
Encourages the development of farm and community renewable energy systems through various programs, including grants and loan guarantees. It funds research and development of energy obtained from agricultural or forestry feedstocks, commonly called bioenergy. The most prevalent form of bioenergy is
168:
Farm bills gave financial assistance to farmers who were struggling due to an excess crop supply creating low prices, and also to control and ensure an adequate food supply. The limited benefit to farmers was supposed to outweigh the ongoing hurt to consumers who paid higher food prices. On May 12,
268:
The first farm bill of the new millennium was the Farm
Security Act of 2002, which was signed into law on May 13, 2002. Some of the bill's major changes in comparison to the 1996 bill include an alteration of the farm payment program and the introduction of counter-cyclical farm income support. It
86:
since 2018). Congress is polarized along lines of ideology and interest groups. Republicans are more conservative, represent rural areas, and are tied to agricultural and businesses groups, while
Democrats are more liberal and tied to environmentalists, cities, and labor unions. Critics sometimes
259:
In 1996, the first major structural change was made to the farm bill when
Congress decided farm incomes should be determined by free market forces and stopped subsidizing farmland and purchasing extra grain. Instead, the government began requiring farmers to enroll in a crop insurance program in
298:
In 2012, while writing the new farm bill, known as the
Agriculture Reform, Food and Jobs Act, Congress proposed many ways to cut down the overall cost of the bill, including stricter eligibility standards for food stamps and moving away from direct payments to farmers. However, food stamps and
145:
When the Great
Depression began in 1929, farm prices fell sharply, and exports fell as well. In this time of agricultural crisis, farmers continued to produce as much as possible in the hopes that selling high quantities would make up for low prices, further contributing to the surplus and low
246:
concluded: "One can hardly imagine a more disastrous policy outcome." The 1981 farm bill involved only small changes and continued the policy of restricting supply rather than increasing demand. The 1984 budget proposal was designed to cut subsidies rather than reform the system, but
Congress
183:
President Roosevelt's New Deal agriculture focused legislation paid farmers to reduce the number of productive acres on their farms, hoping to limit the supply of commodity crops on the market. This was, however, a voluntary program, meaning farmers were not required to remove farm acres from
46:
Congress makes amendments to provisions of permanent law, reauthorizes, amends, or repeals provisions of preceding temporary agricultural acts, and puts forth new policy provisions for a limited time into the future. Beginning in 1933, farm bills have included sections ("titles") on commodity
403:
Supports forestry management programs run by USDA's Forest Service. Some of the areas that relate to climate change are wildland fire management, forest management, and restoration and protection of water sources and watersheds. Provisions are included to protect, restore, or improve greater
332:
on February 7, 2014, two years late, as authority under its predecessor, the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 had expired September 30, 2012. Instating modifications across multiple fronts, the bill optimized conservation programs, targeted adjustments to the Supplemental Nutrition
90:
Some of the programs that are authorized in a farm bill fall into the spending category of mandatory, while others are discretionary. Programs with mandatory funding have their funds authorized directly within the farm bill. On the other hand, programs with discretionary funding require for
369:
on December 20, 2018. It primarily reauthorized many programs in the 2014 Farm Bill. About three-quarters of the budget was allocated for nutritional programs such as SNAP, though the remaining quarter placed a higher emphasis on conservation efforts. With the introduction of the
299:
nutrition remained the largest portion of the bill's cost, amounting to a proposed $ 768.2 billion over ten years. The 2012 bill ultimately failed to pass in the House, which caused Congress to extend the 2008 bill until September 30, 2013. This was enacted as part of the
251:(1989–1993) again continued the same policies. Niskanen said: "The U.S. farm program is still a scandal—raising the price of food to the hungry of the world, increasing the burden to U.S. taxpayers, and restricting the output of the world's most productive farmers."
161:(AAA). It paid farmers to replace part of their cash crops with soil conservation grasses. This hoped to reduce the crop supply on the open market and was intended to artificially inflate prices. The CCC and AAA were permanent. The third program was the temporary
396:
Provides assistance to agricultural producers to address environmental resource concerns on private land. It encourages environmental stewardship and improved management through land retirement, conservation easements, working lands assistance, and partnership
2494:
554:
120:
Farmers demanded relief as the agricultural depression grew steadily worse in the mid-1920s, while the rest of the economy flourished. Farmers had a powerful voice in Congress, and demanded federal subsidies, most notably the
314:(SNAP), and nearly doubled in size. The proposed 2013 bill would cut funding to SNAP by about $ 400 million a year, which amounts to half a percent of spending from previous years. Under an amendment introduced by Senators
564:
374:(CLEAR 30) and the Soil Health and Income Protection Pilot Program (SHIPP), greater emphasis was placed on soil and water quality, thereby advancing conservation initiatives. It also introduced the declassification of
647:
180:. The AAA established a primary federal role in limiting the production of certain agricultural crops including wheat, corn, and cotton hoping to reduce supply in order to artificially inflate food crop prices.
2499:
617:
Numerous attempts have been made to repeal the need to continue to reauthorize any sort of so-called "farm bill" at all, and instead leave farm and food prices to market forces, these attempts have failed.
294:
had vetoed the 2008 bill because of its size and cost. However, the veto was overridden by Congress. In 2007, it was found that about 62 percent of farmers did not receive subsidies from the farm bill.
54:, the environment, the food supply, food safety, and the economies of rural America. Powerful interest groups are poised to intervene, including organizations claiming to represent farmers (such as the
594:
Incentivizing the farming of only a select small number of crops, making Americans and global consumers less healthy by focusing diets more and more on fewer and fewer commodity food items, harming
276:. The bill included approximately $ 100 billion in annual spending for Department of Agriculture programs, around 80 percent of which was allocated for food stamps and other nutritional programs.
378:
and hemp seed products, entrusting the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to oversee hemp production and application. Resulting in the formation of the CBD Policy Working Group, the FDA employed
2414:
580:
Critics have alleged that, regardless of the initial intent of farm bills dating back to 1933, farm bills dating from at least the 1990s to the present have numerous harms, including:
2525:
2279:
2274:
522:
517:
207:
was a 1949 proposal of "compensatory payments" to farmers in response to the problem of large agricultural surpluses stemming from price supports for farmers. It was proposed by
2484:
2209:
2439:
2239:
2089:
2444:
2088:
Zulauf, Carl and David Orden, "The U.S. Agricultural Act of 2014: Overview and Analysis." (International Food Policy Research Institute discussion paper 01393, 2014)
2111:
Zobbe, Henrik. "On the foundation of agricultural policy research in the United States." (Dept. of Agricultural Economics Staff Paper 02–08, Purdue University, 2002)
1384:
2254:
497:
2284:
1061:
836:
527:
2464:
2204:
133:
to modernize farming, by bringing in more electricity, more efficient equipment, better seeds and breeds, more rural education, and better business practices.
2404:
2324:
1641:
2399:
1417:
433:
2289:
532:
279:
The 2008 Farm bill increased spending to $ 288Bn therefore causing controversy at the time by increasing the budget deficit. It increased subsidies for
273:
1942:
1868:
1322:
591:
Making high dollar subsidized payouts to large corporate farms and farmers while giving little to nothing to smaller and independent farms and farmers.
652:
311:
20:
371:
2178:
1978:
998:
36:
2504:
2429:
2334:
2169:
1796:
736:
Johnson, R. and Monke, J. (8 March 2019). 2018 Farm Bill Primer: What is the Farm Bill?. Congressional Research Service Report. Retrieved from
212:
158:
2384:
1508:
427:
284:
2329:
1285:
1037:
812:
177:
2469:
300:
176:
The AAA of 1933 was an abrupt change in policy and was designed as an emergency response to the low prices of commodity crops during the
2489:
2454:
2299:
2214:
542:
462:
457:
342:
188:
1253:
122:
115:
2374:
1666:
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which the World Bank has named as one of three most important contributors, along with high fuel prices and price speculation, to the
1917:
751:
47:
programs, trade, rural development, farm credit, conservation, agricultural research, food and nutrition programs, marketing, etc.
2009:
247:
rejected it. Instead, Congress continued the same policies in the 1985 farm bill, which Reagan reluctantly signed. The succeeding
2459:
2264:
2259:
2244:
638:
candidates to lobby to keep the sugar subsidy and keep out international competition from the American market demands for sugar.
635:
631:
507:
502:
487:
248:
2054:
Mozaffarian, Dariush, Timothy Griffin, and Jerold Mande. "The 2018 Farm Bill—implications and opportunities for public health."
1443:
2535:
2530:
2474:
1869:"Updated EWG Farm Subsidy Database shows largest producers reap billions, despite climate crisis | Environmental Working Group"
55:
2389:
2449:
2424:
2076:
450:
1083:
310:
Between the passage of the 2008 farm bill and the creation of the 2013 bill, the food stamp program changed its name to the
223:
in June 1950 made the surpluses a vital weapon and prices soared as surpluses were used up, making the proposal irrelevant.
1557:
125:. It was passed but vetoed by President Coolidge. Coolidge instead supported the alternative program of Commerce Secretary
2479:
1394:
346:
71:
1613:
1589:
1462:
630:
largest donors in support of this particular aspect of the farm bill is the Fanjul brothers, infamous for giving to both
386:
362:
192:
154:
134:
98:
1225:
2349:
2199:
239:
170:
146:
prices. At the same time, the urban areas faced high unemployment, so the entire nation was struggling economically.
2034:
Gardner, Bruce L. "The federal government in farm commodity markets: Recent reform efforts in a long-term context."
2008:(1965-2021), highly detailed coverage of each presidency since Truman; extensive coverage of agricultural policies.
2344:
2162:
1763:
162:
2419:
2354:
2269:
1484:
512:
2294:
2249:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
1277:
537:
492:
482:
477:
472:
467:
325:
173:(AAA) of 1933 into law. The AAA also included a nutrition program for consumers, the precursor to food stamps.
2369:
1918:"Inside the next $ 1.5 trillion farm bill that will shape how America eats with a former Agriculture official"
780:
768:
1183:
749:
CRS Report for Congress: Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms Programs and Laws, 2005 Edition – Order Code 97-905
2434:
2379:
2019:
438:
137:(1929–1933), Hoover set up the Federal Farm Board to promote efficiency and assist funding of cooperatives.
2394:
40:
1642:"USDA Makes Changes Requested by Hunting and Fishing Community to Boost the Conservation Reserve Program"
2194:
2155:
421:
2142:
2099:
1961:
Zeitschrift fĂĽr die gesamte Staatswissenschaft / Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics
1327:
924:
Zeitschrift fĂĽr die gesamte Staatswissenschaft / Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics
411:
ethanol. Title IX provides some financing for commercial scale production of such energy resources.
243:
51:
1843:
365:, or Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, was passed by Congress and signed into law by President
350:
2359:
2339:
2029:
1055:
939:
830:
130:
2147:
568:
558:
2364:
2319:
2112:
1814:
1771:
1565:
1281:
1198:
1043:
1033:
931:
818:
808:
595:
334:
2081:
Taylor, Mykel R., et al. "Is it good to have options? The 2014 farm bill program decisions."
850:
2409:
321:
The 2013 farm bill was approved in the Senate on June 10, 2013, but did not pass the House.
19:
1826:
1358:
1230:
1210:
1030:
The fault lines of farm policy : a legislative and political history of the farm bill
755:
622:
389:
fund efforts to reduce the environmental impact of farming and to address climate change.
227:
216:
208:
1741:
737:
2066:
1353:
1278:
Global Economic Prospects: Commodities at the Crossroads, World Bank Report 2009 page 52
972:
Wayne D. Rasmussen, "The New Deal farm programs: What they were and why they survived."
748:
453:
primer about the 2018 farm bill, eighteen farm bills have been enacted since the 1930s.
2130:
2049:
1974:
1971:
Farm policies of the United States, 1790-1950: a study of their origins and development
961:
303:, passed by Congress on January 1, 2013, and signed into law the next day by President
291:
126:
2495:
Federal Crop Insurance Reform and Department of Agriculture Reorganization Act of 1994
555:
Federal Agriculture Reform and Risk Management Act of 2013 (H.R. 1947; 113th Congress)
195:
limited farm acreage and purchased surplus crops to maintain high prices for farmers.
2519:
2024:
Coppess, Jonathan, et al. "The Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018: Initial Review."
1532:
1389:
1297:
602:
598:
by highly centralizing the food production and supply chain within the United States.
349:(ACRE) programs. In their place, it introduced new commodity programs, including the
341:. Introduced as part of the Agricultural Act of 2008, the 2014 Farm Act repealed the
2016:
The Fault Lines of Farm Policy: A Legislative and Political History of the Farm Bill
922:
BENEDICT, MURRAY R. (1950). "The Trend in American Agricultural Policy 1920-1949".
626:
366:
329:
304:
204:
59:
32:
333:
Assistance Program (SNAP), and broadened initiatives for upcoming farmers, crops,
94:
In November 2023, President Joe Biden signed into law H.R. 6363 that extended the
351:
Price Loss Coverage (PLC) program and the Agriculture Risk Coverage (ARC) program
1509:"Farm Bill Title I Commodity Programs – ARC, PLC and Marketing Assistance Loans"
876:
Twentieth Century Populism: Agricultural Discontent in the Middle West 1900–1939
379:
315:
584:
Increasing the cost of food for lower- and middle-income consumers, especially
2071:
Sumner, Daniel A. "Farm subsidy tradition and modern agricultural realities."
1047:
822:
220:
63:
2094:
Zulauf, Carl, and David Orden. "80 Years of Farm Bills—Evolutionary Reform."
1775:
1569:
935:
621:
The aspect of the bill that specifically benefits big domestic sugar and the
165:(FCA) which refinanced farm mortgages in 1934–1935, at lower interest rates.
1893:
338:
1959:
Benedict, Murray R. "The Trend in American Agricultural Policy 1920-1949".
1690:
769:
https://www.niskanencenter.org/explaining-the-urban-rural-political-divide/
673:
2061:
Orden, David and Carl Zulauf. "Political economy of the 2014 farm bill."
1724:
1707:
701:
280:
150:
79:
16:
Primary agricultural and food policy instrument of the federal government
1985:
Framing the Farm Bill: Interests, Ideology, and Agricultural Act of 2014
1964:
943:
605:
in terms of authorizing certain pesticides to be used without oversight.
1153:
977:
892:
565:
Agriculture Reform, Food, and Jobs Act of 2013 (S. 954; 113th Congress)
382:
as an active ingredient in pediatric treatments and other innovations.
75:
67:
2039:
1558:"Senate Passes Long-Stalled Farm Bill, With Clear Winners and Losers"
1797:"Food security issues, farmers' pessimism greet the 2023 farm bill"
1418:"Senate votes 59–33 to reduce subsidies for the wealthiest farmers"
648:
Alternative Agricultural Research and Commercialization Corporation
2500:
Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Reform Act of 1998
1485:"USDA ERS - Agricultural Act of 2014: Highlights and Implications"
1150:
The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
585:
83:
18:
958:
Depression Decade : from New Era through New Deal, 1929-1941
887:
Martin L. Fausold, "President Hoover's farm policies 1929-1933."
191:) with a built-in requirement to update it every five years. The
1190:
1167:
Reaganomics: An Insider's Account of the Policies and the People
375:
50:
Some provisions are highly controversial. Provisions can impact
2151:
1943:"9 Things in the Farm Bill That Affect (Almost) Every American"
1533:"Crop Insurance Provisions in the 2014 Farm Bill (P.L. 113-79)"
1992:
The Development of American Agriculture: A Historical Analysis
1088:
1003:
219:'s cabinet. It was blocked by conservatives. The start of the
999:"The Farm Bill: From Charitable Start To Prime Budget Target"
1725:"Forest Management Provisions Enacted in the 115th Congress"
1148:
Willard W. Cochrane, "Public Law 480 and Related Programs."
1184:"The 2002 Farm Bill: Provisions and Economic Implications"
328:, was passed by Congress and signed into law by President
187:
In 1938, Congress created a more permanent farm bill (the
43:
typically passes a new farm bill every five to six years.
2415:
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954
1764:"The Farm Bill Is Everything That's Wrong With Congress"
2127:
Agriculture in the United States: A Documentary History
805:
Food policy in the United States : an introduction
153:
started three closely related programs after 1933. The
2280:
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996
2275:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
1254:"Rockefeller blasts Bush on threatened farm bill veto"
738:
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11126
523:
Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996
518:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
96:
Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, also known as the
1667:"Hemp Production and the 2018 Farm Bill - 07/25/2019"
2485:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
2210:
Soil Conservation and Domestic Allotment Act of 1936
1444:"At the trough: An awful farm bill faces opposition"
1298:"Congress passes farm bill over Bush veto - CNN.com"
2440:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972
2308:
2185:
1226:"Farm, food aid programs face debate about budgets"
1084:"Why The Farm Bill's Provisions Will Matter To You"
1795:Mario H. Lopez, Opinion Contributor (2022-09-01).
1708:"Agricultural Conservation in the 2018 Farm Bill"
1463:"Sense of urgency as farm bill conference begins"
1385:"Senate Passes Farm Bill, Moving Debate to House"
169:1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the
2445:Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 1974
709:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service
703:Farm Bills: Major Legislative Actions, 1965-2018
681:. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service
2255:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973
498:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973
2285:Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002
2046:Farm policies and politics in the Truman years
1137:Hubert Humphrey: The Conscience of the Country
1111:Farm Policies and Politics in the Truman Years
672:Johnson, Renée; Monke, Jim (October 5, 2017).
528:Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002
2526:United States federal agriculture legislation
2465:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983
2205:Agricultural Adjustment Act Amendment of 1935
2179:United States federal agriculture legislation
2163:
905:Farm policies of the United States, 1790-1950
372:Clean Lakes, Estuaries, and Rivers Initiative
8:
2405:Agricultural Marketing Agreement Act of 1937
2325:Agricultural Experiment Stations Act of 1887
1894:"AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD MARKETING MANAGEMENT"
992:
990:
988:
986:
767:Explaining the Urban-Rural Political Divide
1994:(2nd ed. U of Minnesota Press, 1993) 512pp.
1646:Theodore Roosevelt Conservation Partnership
1378:
1376:
1347:
1345:
215:from 1948 to 1953 as a member of President
2290:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
2170:
2156:
2148:
2063:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
1997:Cochrane, Willard W. and Mary Ellen Ryan.
1060:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
974:American Journal of Agricultural Economics
835:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
781:"American Farm Bureau Political Donations"
571:) – passed the Senate, failed in the House
533:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
274:Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
312:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
272:In 2008, the farm bill was passed as the
2385:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act (1934)
2083:Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy
997:Kathleen Masterson (26 September 2011).
2505:Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000
2430:Agricultural Fair Practices Act of 1967
2335:Agricultural Appropriations Act of 1922
1614:"What's New: FSA and the 2018 Farm Bil"
664:
37:agricultural and food policy instrument
2018:(University of Nebraska Press, 2018).
1822:
1812:
1206:
1196:
1053:
828:
653:Farmers' suicides in the United States
609:One expert said of the farm bill that:
434:Bankhead–Jones Farm Tenant Act of 1937
213:United States Secretary of Agriculture
159:Agricultural Adjustment Administration
2470:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983
2400:Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenant Act (1937)
2330:Agriculture Appropriation Act of 1905
2129:(4 vol, Random House, 1975) 3661pp.
1838:
1836:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1182:USDA Farm Policy Team (22 May 2002).
1177:
1175:
1023:
1021:
917:
915:
913:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
416:Non–farm bill agriculture legislation
404:sage-grouse and/or mule-deer habitat.
7:
2490:National Wool Act Amendments of 1993
1383:Mary Clare Jalonick (10 June 2013).
1323:"The Senate farm bill, in one graph"
798:
796:
794:
301:American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012
2455:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980
2300:Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018
2215:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
1987:(University Press of Kansas, 2017).
1028:Coppess, Jonathan (December 2018).
543:Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018
463:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
458:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933
343:Direct and Counter-Cyclical Program
189:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938
105:History of farm bills: 1914 to 1981
2200:Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933)
1252:Mannix Porterfield (16 May 2008).
874:Theodore Saloutos and John Hicks,
14:
2375:Agricultural Marketing Act (1929)
1941:Levy, Gabrielle (June 27, 2018).
807:(Second ed.). New York, NY.
428:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act
324:The 2014 farm bill, known as the
285:2007–2008 world food price crisis
2460:National Aquaculture Act of 1980
2355:Wheat Price Guarantee Act (1919)
2265:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
2260:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
2245:Food and Agriculture Act of 1965
1742:"Farm Bill Primer: Energy Title"
1352:Alison Crissman (12 June 2013).
508:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
503:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
488:Food and Agriculture Act of 1965
249:George H. W. Bush administration
2475:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987
1999:American Farm Policy: 1948-1973
1590:"USDA ERS - Farm Bill Spending"
1513:American Farm Bureau Federation
1461:Kick, Chris (1 November 2013).
1354:"Senate approves new farm bill"
1224:Dennis Sherer (30 April 2012).
561:) – failed passage in the House
211:, who served as the fourteenth
56:American Farm Bureau Federation
2450:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978
2425:Federal Plant Pest Act of 1957
1113:(Harvard UP, 1967) pp 191–221.
451:Congressional Research Service
123:McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill
116:McNary–Haugen Farm Relief Bill
1:
2480:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988
2395:Commodity Exchange Act (1936)
2073:The 2007 Farm Bill and Beyond
2001:(U of Minnesota Press, 1976).
1844:"In the Kingdom of Big Sugar"
1762:Shephard, Alex (2018-05-18).
1665:Abernethy, Amy (2019-07-25).
1082:Scott Neuman (13 June 2013).
385:The following titles in the
347:Average Crop Revenue Election
72:Pioneer Hi Bred International
2195:Federal Farm Loan Act (1916)
1321:Brad Plumer (14 June 2012).
1124:Hubert Humphrey: A biography
193:Commodity Credit Corporation
155:Commodity Credit Corporation
101:, until September 20, 2024.
99:2018 United States farm bill
1640:Earl, Andrew (2021-04-22).
1416:Cox, Ramsey (23 May 2013).
803:Wilde, Parke (2018-04-09).
700:Monke, Jim (May 31, 2018).
307:. (Public Law No: 112-240)
240:presidency of Ronald Reagan
171:Agricultural Adjustment Act
39:of the federal government.
2552:
2390:Bankhead–Jones Act of 1935
2370:Capper–Volstead Act (1922)
2350:Grain Standards Act (1916)
1465:. Farm and Dairy newspaper
960:(1947) pp 64-69, 179-227.
163:Farm Credit Administration
129:and Agriculture Secretary
113:
27:In the United States, the
2420:National Wool Act of 1954
2360:Future Trading Act (1921)
2345:Cotton Futures Act (1916)
2340:Cotton Futures Act (1914)
2270:Food Security Act of 1985
2125:Rasmussen, Wayne D., ed.
1556:Nixon, Ron (2014-02-04).
513:Food Security Act of 1985
2410:Federal Seed Act of 1939
2365:Grain Futures Act (1922)
2295:Agricultural Act of 2014
2250:Agricultural Act of 1970
2240:Agricultural Act of 1961
2235:Agricultural Act of 1956
2230:Agricultural Act of 1954
2225:Agricultural Act of 1949
2220:Agricultural Act of 1948
2065:97.5 (2015): 1298–1311.
1691:"What is the Farm Bill?"
754:August 10, 2011, at the
538:Agricultural Act of 2014
493:Agricultural Act of 1970
483:Agricultural Act of 1956
478:Agricultural Act of 1954
473:Agricultural Act of 1949
468:Agricultural Act of 1948
326:Agricultural Act of 2014
238:Farm programs under the
2435:Farm Credit Act of 1971
2380:Farm Credit Act of 1933
2006:Congress and the Nation
1450:. Chicago. 1 June 2013.
976:65.5 (1983): 1158-1162
439:Farm Credit Act of 1971
394:Title II, Conservation:
2536:Agricultural economics
2531:Agricultural subsidies
2058:321.9 (2019): 835–836.
2038:70.2 (1996): 177–195.
1537:www.everycrsreport.com
675:What is the Farm Bill?
634:candidates as well as
615:
62:corporations (such as
24:
2085:39.4 (2017): 533–546.
2010:online free to borrow
1990:Cochrane, Willard W.
1963:(1950) 106#1: 97–122
1169:(1988) pp 44-46, 260.
1165:William A. Niskanen,
891:51.2 (1977): 362-377
611:
422:Federal Farm Loan Act
401:Title VIII, Forestry:
264:Farm bills since 1996
114:Further information:
22:
2098:(2016) 31#4 pp 1–7
2036:Agricultural History
1983:Bosso, Christopher.
1969:Benedict, Murray R.
1696:. November 30, 2023.
1152:331.1 (1960): 14-19
903:Murray R. Benedict,
889:Agricultural History
35:that is the primary
2014:Coppess, Jonathan.
1744:. November 1, 2022.
1621:Farm Service Agency
1328:The Washington Post
549:Proposed farm bills
244:William A. Niskanen
52:international trade
23:2008 Farm Bill logo
2044:Matusow, Allen J.
1825:has generic name (
1562:The New York Times
1209:has generic name (
1135:Arnold A. Offner,
1109:Allen J. Matusow,
956:Broadus Mitchell,
907:(1955) pp 239–275.
878:(1951) pp. 372–403
131:William M. Jardine
58:), as well as big
25:
2513:
2512:
2320:Hatch Act of 1887
1730:. April 17, 2019.
1713:. April 18, 2019.
1286:978-0-8213-7799-4
1039:978-1-4962-1254-2
814:978-1-315-47031-3
596:national security
408:Title IX, Energy:
335:rural development
78:since 2019), and
31:is comprehensive
2543:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2149:
2143:2018FarmBill.pdf
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1768:The New Republic
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1424:. Washington, DC
1413:
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1397:on June 19, 2013
1393:. Archived from
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855:national-content
851:"Farm Bill Home"
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636:Democratic Party
632:Republican Party
178:Great Depression
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2181:
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2120:Primary sources
2108:
2075:(2007): 29–33.
1956:
1954:Further reading
1951:
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228:Hubert Humphrey
217:Harry S. Truman
209:Charles Brannan
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