371:(who oversaw the reform of the U.S. detention system in Iraq following the publicization of the atrocities committed at Abu Ghraib) noted the efforts made by the U.S. military to humanize the detainment facilities. These included offering vocational and educational programs in prison and fast-tracking releases for detainees who had committed no aggressions, posed no dangers, and had acted against the U.S. presence (if at all) for financial compensation, not on ideology. Under Stone's leadership, prison conditions reportedly improved by 2008 per interviews with prison personnel and with detainees.
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centers inevitably served as a recruiting ground for Al-Qaeda followers, insurgents, and sympathizers, as many of the longer-term prisoners were those denied release on ideological grounds. Many former detainees were radicalized while incarcerated in U.S. camps such as Bucca, fostering resentment of the U.S. due to the poor treatment they received while detained and interactions with radical jihadists detained in the same prison. The terrorist analyst organization
209:, suspected terrorists, and insurgents who were opposed to the American occupation. While reports vary, from 2003 onwards U.S. troops stationed in Iraq detained more than 100,000 prisoners in the American-held detention complexes. Many of these detainments were later determined to be unlawful, and the treatment of the prisoners, inhumane. While the most prominent case of unlawful imprisonment, torture, and prisoner abuse occurred at
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American-occupied prisons were underequipped to handle the mass influx of detainees, lacking critical personnel such as linguists and guards. In some cases, military contractors who were untrained in detainee operations were hired to compensate for low personnel. The military staff at Abu Ghraib were
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regime and held political enemies and minority populations that opposed the regime. Although not publicized and confirmed as explicitly as in the later 2004 leaks detailing
American abuse of Iraqi prisoners, reports of extreme prisoner abuses, human experimentation, and mass executions were frequent
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Leading up to the U.S. withdrawal from Iraq in 2011, detainees were gradually released or transferred to other prisons as camps were shut down and control was relinquished back to the Iraqi government. Many of the transferred detainees were juveniles. Over the course of the Iraq War, U.S. detention
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to obtain intelligence, contributing to the detainee abuse that made the prison infamous. Detainees who were captured and placed in detention camps were subject to verbal, physical, and sexual harassment and assault, the most egregious documented examples being outlined in leaked images and
415:. In 2008, more than half of the 33,600 detainees at the time were released as the United States shuttered camps and prisons. As the United States withdrew and thousands of prisoners were released, Iraq saw an uptick in attacks endorsed by
259:. Nearing the end of the war, Camp Bucca was recorded to have upwards of 20,000 detainees, making it the largest prison in the world at the time. With its large prisoner population, Camp Bucca notably became a recruiting ground for the
350:, under the reasoning that adherence to the Geneva Convention would limit the United States' efficacy in combating terrorism. The action was met with international backlash, particularly in light of revelations of the ongoings at the
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354:. Despite affirming that the Geneva Conventions would apply during the occupation of Iraq, U.S. forces continually violated the Conventions, denying detainees legal representation, due process, and humane treatment.
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was initially set up as a high value detention (HVD) site and held Saddam
Hussein for a brief time after his capture. Notably, it detained a large juvenile population in the years preceding U.S. withdrawal.
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Over the course of the Iraq War there were an estimated 5,500 to 26,000 Iraqi detainees at any time, with a reported increase from 7,000 prisoners in 2004 to as many as 51,000 in 2007.
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367:. Following further international backlash, the U.S. denied responsibility for the actions of individual guards and pushed for reform - at a press conference in 2008, U.S.
302:, American soldiers detained individuals that they determined posed a threat to national security or to occupying American forces. In addition to actual insurgents and
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was constructed by the
British Military at the beginning of the Iraq War as a detention center for Iraqi POWs. Upon its transfer to U.S. forces, it was renamed after
298:. Incapacitation theory assumed potential insurgents' future criminality and justified preemptive detainment as a means to prevent terrorism and opposition. Under
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led to a power vacuum in which insurgency arose to oppose the occupying U.S. forces. U.S. engagement of insurgents in the Middle East at the time was guided by
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Benard, Cheryl; O’Connell, Edward; Thurston, Cathryn
Quantic; Villamizar, Andres; Loredo, Elvira N.; Sullivan, Thomas; Goulka, Jeremiah (2011),
395:, the first caliph of the IS. Other persons of note who were at Bucca and likely interacted with al-Baghdadi included his immediate successor,
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was constructed for the Iraqi government in the 1960s by
British contractors. By the time of the Iraq War, it was under the control of
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By 2009, U.S. forces had transferred nearly all prisons in Iraq back to the Iraqi government, and fully withdrew from Iraq in 2011.
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Many detainees were captured simply for their physical proximity to insurgent activities. Upon embarking on
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doctrine, and military action included incapacitation strategy that reflected U.S. crime policy under the
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811:, U.S. Prisoner and Detainee Operations from World War II to Iraq, RAND Corporation, pp. 49–82,
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affiliates, several thousand civilians were also captured and placed in camps, most notably at
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put forth memoranda declaring that detainees captured under suspicion of ties to the
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713:"Detained in occupied Iraq: Deciphering the narratives for neocolonial internment"
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Behind Barbed Wire: An
Encyclopedia of Concentration and Prisoner-of-War Camps
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Blumstein, Alfred; Cohen, Jacqueline; Farrington, David P. (February 1988).
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Watson
Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University
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As of 2005, there were 16 operational, U.S.-occupied prisons in Iraq.
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top leaders had been incarcerated together at Camp Bucca, including
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Military operations of the Iraq War involving the United States
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The overthrowing of
Hussein's regime at the beginning of the
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What role did Camp Bucca play in al-Baghdadi's rise? | CNN
876:"The American prison that became the birthplace of Isis"
849:(1 ed.). Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 31–52.
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667:"Criminal Career Research: ITS Value for Criminology"
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and called out by humanitarian organizations such as
346:. The memoranda published were at the behest of the
358:advised to follow protocols established for use at
923:"Prisons in Iraq: a New Generation of Jihadists?"
972:United States military prisoner abuse scandals
419:, marking the beginning of the rise of ISIS.
8:
255:, an NYC fire marshal who was killed in the
765:"U.S. military reforms its prisons in Iraq"
50:Learn how and when to remove these messages
967:Extrajudicial prisons of the United States
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185:Learn how and when to remove this message
167:Learn how and when to remove this message
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
543:"Isis: the inside story | Martin Chulov"
342:were not entitled to POW rights per the
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387:reported in 2014 that nine of the
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397:Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi
31:This article has multiple issues.
518:"The "Surge" of Iraqi Prisoners"
516:Gilmartin, Ciara (May 7, 2008).
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987:Crimes against prisoners of war
763:Rubin, Alissa J. (2008-06-01).
39:or discuss these issues on the
140:To comply with MOS guidelines.
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805:"Detainee Operations in Iraq"
711:Welch, Michael (April 2010).
352:Guantanamo Bay detention camp
605:Council on Foreign Relations
568:"Camp Cropper prison, Iraq"
81:. The specific problem is:
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809:The Battle Behind the Wire
747:– via SAGE Journals.
77:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
601:"IRAQ: The Prison System"
399:, his second-in-command,
729:10.1177/1462474509357980
717:Punishment & Society
378:Withdrawal and aftermath
344:Fourth Geneva Convention
136:may need to be rewritten
977:Torture in the Iraq War
300:Operation Iraqi Freedom
277:U.S. occupation and use
138:. The reason given is:
401:Abu Muslim al-Turkmani
651:10.3390/socsci5040078
296:Reagan Administration
243:Amnesty International
393:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi
257:September 11 attacks
88:improve this article
827:10.7249/mg934osd.13
369:Major General Stone
83:To comply with MOS.
957:Occupation of Iraq
769:The New York Times
693:– via Wiley.
818:978-0-8330-5045-8
499:978-1-4408-5762-1
328:The War on Terror
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677:(1): 1–35.
671:Criminology
527:December 9,
363:subsequent
197:During the
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946:Categories
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909:2022-12-10
886:2022-12-10
832:2022-12-09
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553:2022-11-26
437:References
316:Abu Ghraib
308:Camp Bucca
282:Occupation
249:Camp Bucca
225:Background
215:Camp Bucca
205:to detain
36:improve it
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413:Abu Qasim
405:Haji Bakr
322:Detention
238:Ba'athist
42:talk page
417:Al-Qaeda
340:Al-Qaeda
304:Al-Qaeda
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336:Taliban
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