31:
329:. Under established United States law and tradition, the protection from government search did not extend to borders: "the historical practice of warrantless searches and their acceptance at the time the Bill of Rights was adopted indicate that border searches are inherently 'reasonable,' and thus exempt from the Fourth Amendment's probable cause and warrant requirements."
349:
In a six to three decision, the
Supreme Court ruled that "searches made at the border, pursuant to the longstanding right of the sovereign to protect itself by stopping and examining persons and property crossing into this country, are reasonable simply by virtue of the fact that they occur at the
337:
The government used the evidence it obtained from opening the letters when charging
Charles W. Ramsay and James W. Kelly with violating federal laws related to drug trafficking. Ramsay and Kelly argued that the evidence was inadmissible, as the result of an illegal search. At issue was whether
406:
1388:
2943:
2214:
398:
1348:
520:
375:
142:
122:
82:
472:
606:
343:
299:
277:
164:
1282:
961:
2948:
2120:
2112:
717:
2061:
2938:
2160:
1509:
2567:
597:
2933:
2257:
2128:
2032:
1793:
2799:
2773:
2724:
291:
35:
2300:
845:
725:
2016:
2000:
2040:
1194:
2428:
2144:
2069:
882:
2625:
2308:
1145:
757:
314:
2222:
733:
590:
2152:
1810:
945:
645:
2455:
1925:
898:
669:
2684:
1858:
1834:
1826:
1802:
1664:
1611:
1536:
1463:
1444:
1089:
1073:
653:
2617:
1979:
1709:
1619:
1105:
993:
487:
2867:
2644:
2276:
2168:
1991:
1893:
1700:
1643:
1380:
1306:
1298:
1274:
1226:
969:
921:
810:
802:
709:
685:
583:
339:
138:
567:
2559:
2374:
2096:
2008:
1688:
1560:
1250:
1234:
1113:
1001:
874:
741:
693:
350:
border," declaring the warrantless search of the envelopes to be legal and the evidence to be admissible.
190:
110:
63:
2743:
2609:
2447:
1933:
1757:
1733:
1627:
1409:
1036:
985:
837:
818:
701:
677:
661:
637:
524:
379:
146:
126:
74:
2104:
540:
294:
case in which the Court held the search of letters or envelopes from foreign countries falls under the
2859:
2656:
2600:
2393:
2187:
1818:
1741:
1680:
1603:
1372:
1166:
865:
793:
749:
2579:
2500:
2476:
2412:
2358:
2077:
1909:
1874:
1781:
1765:
1725:
1717:
1655:
1635:
1584:
1258:
1129:
1121:
765:
222:
2711:
2292:
2284:
2136:
1971:
1842:
1552:
1544:
1484:
1475:
1400:
1364:
1356:
1290:
1218:
1202:
977:
303:
558:
2894:
2588:
2543:
2316:
2206:
2052:
1749:
1576:
1137:
1097:
1028:
890:
234:
226:
210:
2902:
2851:
2508:
2484:
2366:
2249:
1952:
1917:
1773:
1672:
1568:
1528:
1425:
1314:
1266:
1242:
1081:
1009:
953:
853:
773:
549:
295:
182:
160:
430:
321:" drug business, opened eight envelopes from Thailand. This search was conducted without a
2781:
2735:
2692:
2665:
2492:
2420:
2241:
1866:
1850:
781:
575:
531:
2805:
1901:
1417:
1210:
1061:
929:
445:
382:
214:
198:
2927:
1335:
1186:
937:
322:
2875:
2467:
77:
346:'s requirement of either a search warrant or probable cause to conduct a search.
202:
1170:
318:
118:
114:
89:
431:
Functional
Equivalents of the Border, Sovereignty, and the Fourth Amendment
159:
The search of letters or envelopes from foreign countries falls under the
1174:
326:
107:
2832:
2531:
2339:
1507:
1333:
1164:
1059:
618:
579:
30:
488:"United States v. Ramsey – Case Brief Summary (Supreme Court)"
251:
Rehnquist, joined by Burger, Stewart, White, Blackmun, Powell
2944:
United States
Supreme Court cases of the Burger Court
2886:
2843:
2792:
2765:
2758:
2722:
2703:
2676:
2655:
2636:
2599:
2578:
2551:
2542:
2466:
2439:
2404:
2385:
2350:
2268:
2233:
2198:
2179:
2088:
2051:
1990:
1963:
1944:
1885:
1792:
1699:
1654:
1595:
1520:
1474:
1455:
1436:
1399:
1020:
913:
864:
829:
792:
629:
338:opening mailed letters was within the scope of the
271:
263:
255:
247:
242:
171:
153:
133:
102:
97:
69:
59:
49:
42:
23:
300:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
278:Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution
1283:Hiibel v. Sixth Judicial District Court of Nevada
2121:National Treasury Employees Union v. Von Raab
591:
8:
393:
391:
2062:Michigan Department of State Police v. Sitz
2840:
2829:
2762:
2548:
2539:
2528:
2347:
2336:
2161:Safford Unified School District v. Redding
1517:
1504:
1396:
1330:
1161:
1056:
789:
626:
615:
598:
584:
576:
20:
2113:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
718:Skinner v. Railway Labor Executives Ass'n
54:United States v. Charles W. Ramsey et al.
2568:Silverthorne Lumber Co. v. United States
2949:United States Fourth Amendment case law
2258:Florence v. Board of Chosen Freeholders
359:
367:
365:
363:
325:. The envelopes were found to contain
2180:Property of probationers and parolees
2129:Vernonia School District 47J v. Acton
2033:United States v. Montoya De Hernandez
434:, 52 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1119 (1985).
18:1977 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2386:Seizure of premises awaiting warrant
476:, 71 Am. J. Int'l L. 787 (1977).
267:Stevens, joined by Brennan, Marshall
2774:Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents
1456:Warrants directed at third parties
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2939:United States Supreme Court cases
2301:County of Riverside v. McLaughlin
2089:Students, employees, and patients
1886:Breathalyzers, blood samples, DNA
1510:Exceptions to warrant requirement
846:Dow Chemical Co. v. United States
726:United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez
527:606 (1977) is available from:
409:from the original on June 5, 2017
2351:Distinguishing stops and arrests
2017:United States v. Martinez-Fuerte
2001:Almeida-Sanchez v. United States
141:(D.C. Cir. 1977); cert. denied,
29:
2844:Unreasonable search and seizure
2041:United States v. Flores-Montano
1437:Neutral and detached magistrate
1195:United States v. Brignoni-Ponce
302:, which prohibits unreasonable
2934:1977 in United States case law
2145:Ferguson v. City of Charleston
2070:City of Indianapolis v. Edmond
1389:Los Angeles County v. Rettelle
607:United States Fourth Amendment
137:Conviction affirmed, 561 F.2d
1:
2440:Detention during vehicle stop
2309:Atwater v. City of Lago Vista
2234:Searches in jails and prisons
1146:District of Columbia v. Wesby
620:Scope of the Fourth Amendment
290:, 431 U.S. 606 (1977), was a
2834:Incorporation against States
2405:Detention incident to search
2223:City of Los Angeles v. Patel
315:United States customs agents
2153:Board of Education v. Earls
1811:United States v. Rabinowitz
1794:Searches incident to arrest
946:United States v. Mendenhall
292:United States Supreme Court
2965:
2456:Rodriguez v. United States
2199:Administrative inspections
1926:Birchfield v. North Dakota
899:Carpenter v. United States
670:Silverman v. United States
2839:
2828:
2685:Wong Sun v. United States
2538:
2527:
2346:
2335:
2215:Camara v. Municipal Court
1859:Thornton v. United States
1835:United States v. Chadwick
1827:United States v. Robinson
1803:Trupiano v. United States
1665:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1612:Schneckloth v. Bustamonte
1537:United States v. Chadwick
1516:
1503:
1464:Zurcher v. Stanford Daily
1445:Coolidge v. New Hampshire
1343:
1329:
1181:
1160:
1090:Spinelli v. United States
1074:Brinegar v. United States
1068:
1055:
1021:Fourth Amendment standing
654:Olmstead v. United States
625:
614:
446:"United States v. Ramsey"
399:"United States v. Ramsey"
276:
176:
158:
106:Conviction reversed, 538
28:
2618:Herring v. United States
1980:South Dakota v. Opperman
1710:Carroll v. United States
1620:United States v. Matlock
1349:Johnson v. United States
1171:Investigative detentions
1106:Ornelas v. United States
994:United States v. Drayton
471:
429:
2868:Elkins v. United States
2645:Murray v. United States
2429:Bailey v. United States
2277:United States v. Watson
2169:City of Ontario v. Quon
2025:United States v. Ramsey
1894:Schmerber v. California
1644:Fernandez v. California
1381:United States v. Grubbs
1307:Heien v. North Carolina
1299:Navarette v. California
1275:United States v. Arvizu
1227:United States v. Cortez
970:California v. Hodari D.
922:Counselman v. Hitchcock
883:United States v. Miller
811:Oliver v. United States
803:Hester v. United States
710:California v. Greenwood
686:United States v. Knotts
517:United States v. Ramsey
473:United States v. Ramsey
372:United States v. Ramsey
340:border search exception
287:United States v. Ramsey
24:United States v. Ramsey
2626:Davis v. United States
2560:Weeks v. United States
2375:United States v. Place
2097:New Jersey v. T. L. O.
2009:United States v. Ortiz
1689:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1561:Brigham City v. Stuart
1251:Minnesota v. Dickerson
1235:United States v. Place
1114:Whren v. United States
1002:Brendlin v. California
875:United States v. White
758:United States v. Jones
742:Kyllo v. United States
694:United States v. Place
191:William J. Brennan Jr.
2744:Kimmelman v. Morrison
2610:United States v. Leon
2580:Impeachment exception
2448:Pennsylvania v. Mimms
1934:Mitchell v. Wisconsin
1758:California v. Acevedo
1734:United States v. Ross
1628:Illinois v. Rodriguez
1521:Exigent circumstances
1410:Boyd v. United States
1037:Byrd v. United States
986:Soldal v. Cook County
914:Definition of seizure
838:California v. Ciraolo
819:United States v. Dunn
734:Bond v. United States
702:United States v. Karo
678:Katz v. United States
662:Abel v. United States
638:Boyd v. United States
304:searches and seizures
43:Argued March 30, 1977
2887:Warrant requirements
2860:Rochin v. California
2657:Inevitable discovery
2601:Good-faith exception
2394:Illinois v. McArthur
2188:Samson v. California
1819:Chimel v. California
1742:California v. Carney
1681:Horton v. California
1604:Stoner v. California
1373:Maryland v. Garrison
1167:Reasonable suspicion
866:Third-party doctrine
794:Open-fields doctrine
750:Illinois v. Caballes
646:United States v. Lee
630:Definition of search
2501:Plumhoff v. Rickard
2477:Tennessee v. Garner
2413:Michigan v. Summers
2359:Dunaway v. New York
2269:Warrantless arrests
2078:Illinois v. Lidster
1910:Missouri v. McNeely
1875:Riley v. California
1782:Collins v. Virginia
1766:Wyoming v. Houghton
1726:Arkansas v. Sanders
1718:Chambers v. Maroney
1636:Georgia v. Randolph
1585:Lange v. California
1259:Illinois v. Wardlow
1130:Devenpeck v. Alford
1122:Maryland v. Pringle
830:Aerial surveillance
766:Florida v. Jardines
568:Library of Congress
317:, investigating a "
223:Lewis F. Powell Jr.
88:97 S. Ct. 1972; 52
45:Decided Jun 6, 1977
2712:Hudson v. Michigan
2637:Independent source
2293:Welsh v. Wisconsin
2285:Payton v. New York
2137:Chandler v. Miller
2105:O'Connor v. Ortega
1972:Cady v. Dombrowski
1964:Inventory searches
1843:New York v. Belton
1553:Welsh v. Wisconsin
1545:Payton v. New York
1485:Wilson v. Arkansas
1476:Knock-and-announce
1401:Mere evidence rule
1365:Ybarra v. Illinois
1357:Franks v. Delaware
1291:Arizona v. Johnson
1219:Ybarra v. Illinois
1203:Delaware v. Prouse
978:Florida v. Bostick
187:Associate Justices
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2895:Ker v. California
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2754:
2753:
2704:No-knock searches
2589:James v. Illinois
2544:Exclusionary rule
2523:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2317:Virginia v. Moore
2207:Frank v. Maryland
1945:Protective sweeps
1750:Florida v. Jimeno
1577:Caniglia v. Strom
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1325:
1324:
1156:
1155:
1138:Florida v. Harris
1098:Illinois v. Gates
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1029:Rakas v. Illinois
909:
908:
891:Smith v. Maryland
428:Paul Rosenzweig,
283:
282:
227:William Rehnquist
211:Thurgood Marshall
2956:
2903:Aguilar v. Texas
2852:Wolf v. Colorado
2841:
2830:
2800:42 U.S.C. § 1983
2763:
2549:
2540:
2529:
2509:Mullenix v. Luna
2485:Graham v. Connor
2367:Florida v. Royer
2348:
2337:
2250:Hudson v. Palmer
1953:Maryland v. Buie
1918:Maryland v. King
1774:Florida v. White
1701:Vehicle searches
1673:Arizona v. Hicks
1596:Consent searches
1569:Kentucky v. King
1529:Warden v. Hayden
1518:
1505:
1426:Warden v. Hayden
1397:
1331:
1315:Kansas v. Glover
1267:Florida v. J. L.
1243:Michigan v. Long
1162:
1082:Aguilar v. Texas
1057:
1010:Torres v. Madrid
954:Florida v. Royer
854:Florida v. Riley
790:
774:Klayman v. Obama
627:
616:
600:
593:
586:
577:
572:
566:
563:
557:
554:
548:
545:
539:
536:
530:
503:
502:
500:
498:
484:
478:
477:
475:
470:Alona E. Evans,
467:
461:
460:
458:
456:
442:
436:
435:
433:
425:
419:
418:
416:
414:
395:
386:
369:
344:Fourth Amendment
296:border exception
183:Warren E. Burger
172:Court membership
165:Fourth Amendment
161:border exception
149:1062 (1978).
33:
32:
21:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2909:
2882:
2835:
2812:
2788:
2782:Egbert v. Boule
2750:
2736:Stone v. Powell
2718:
2699:
2693:Utah v. Strieff
2672:
2666:Nix v. Williams
2651:
2632:
2595:
2574:
2534:
2515:
2493:Scott v. Harris
2468:Excessive force
2462:
2435:
2421:Muehler v. Mena
2400:
2381:
2342:
2323:
2264:
2242:Bell v. Wolfish
2229:
2194:
2175:
2084:
2047:
1992:Border searches
1986:
1959:
1940:
1881:
1867:Arizona v. Gant
1851:Knowles v. Iowa
1788:
1695:
1650:
1591:
1512:
1491:
1470:
1451:
1432:
1395:
1339:
1321:
1177:
1152:
1064:
1043:
1016:
905:
860:
825:
788:
782:ACLU v. Clapper
621:
610:
604:
570:
564:
561:
555:
552:
546:
543:
537:
534:
528:
512:
507:
506:
496:
494:
486:
485:
481:
469:
468:
464:
454:
452:
444:
443:
439:
427:
426:
422:
412:
410:
397:
396:
389:
370:
361:
356:
335:
312:
235:John P. Stevens
225:
213:
201:
129:815 (1976).
93:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2907:
2899:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2847:
2845:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2806:Monroe v. Pape
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2778:
2769:
2767:
2760:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2689:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2630:
2622:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2584:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2564:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2536:
2535:
2532:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2505:
2497:
2489:
2481:
2472:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2452:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2436:
2434:
2433:
2425:
2417:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2371:
2363:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2281:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2254:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
1902:Cupp v. Murphy
1898:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1798:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1705:
1703:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1677:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1573:
1565:
1557:
1549:
1541:
1533:
1524:
1522:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1480:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1418:Hale v. Henkel
1414:
1405:
1403:
1394:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1311:
1303:
1295:
1287:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1255:
1247:
1239:
1231:
1223:
1215:
1211:Brown v. Texas
1207:
1199:
1191:
1182:
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1187:Terry v. Ohio
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2876:Mapp v. Ohio
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2095:
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2068:
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2039:
2031:
2024:
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2015:
2007:
1999:
1978:
1970:
1951:
1932:
1924:
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1892:
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495:. Retrieved
491:
482:
465:
453:. Retrieved
449:
440:
423:
411:. Retrieved
402:
385: (1977).
371:
348:
336:
313:
286:
285:
284:
272:Laws applied
230:
218:
206:
194:
98:Case history
81:
53:
15:
2677:Attenuation
2053:Checkpoints
1338:requirement
256:Concurrence
203:Byron White
121:. granted,
2928:Categories
2759:Civil suit
1656:Plain view
403:Casebriefs
354:References
319:mail-order
310:Background
134:Subsequent
60:Docket no.
497:April 21,
455:April 21,
413:April 21,
115:D.C. Cir.
90:L. Ed. 2d
70:Citations
2533:Remedies
2341:Seizures
609:case law
515:Text of
407:Archived
248:Majority
2766:Federal
2552:Origins
1336:Warrant
550:Findlaw
532:Cornell
492:Lawpipe
450:Quimbee
342:to the
323:warrant
298:to the
264:Dissent
163:to the
154:Holding
117:1976);
2906:(1964)
2898:(1963)
2879:(1961)
2871:(1960)
2863:(1952)
2855:(1949)
2809:(1961)
2785:(2022)
2777:(1971)
2747:(1986)
2739:(1976)
2728:review
2715:(2006)
2696:(2016)
2688:(1963)
2669:(1984)
2648:(1988)
2629:(2011)
2621:(2009)
2613:(1984)
2592:(1990)
2571:(1920)
2563:(1914)
2512:(2015)
2504:(2014)
2496:(2007)
2488:(1989)
2480:(1985)
2459:(2015)
2451:(1977)
2432:(2013)
2424:(2005)
2416:(1981)
2397:(2001)
2378:(1983)
2370:(1983)
2362:(1979)
2320:(2008)
2312:(2001)
2304:(1991)
2296:(1983)
2288:(1980)
2280:(1976)
2261:(2012)
2253:(1984)
2245:(1979)
2226:(2015)
2218:(1967)
2210:(1959)
2191:(2006)
2172:(2010)
2164:(2009)
2156:(2002)
2148:(2001)
2140:(1997)
2132:(1995)
2124:(1989)
2116:(1989)
2108:(1987)
2100:(1985)
2081:(2004)
2073:(2000)
2065:(1990)
2044:(2004)
2036:(1985)
2028:(1977)
2020:(1976)
2012:(1975)
2004:(1973)
1983:(1976)
1975:(1973)
1956:(1990)
1937:(2019)
1929:(2016)
1921:(2013)
1913:(2013)
1905:(1973)
1897:(1966)
1878:(2014)
1870:(2009)
1862:(2004)
1854:(1998)
1846:(1981)
1838:(1977)
1830:(1973)
1822:(1969)
1814:(1950)
1806:(1948)
1785:(2018)
1777:(1999)
1769:(1999)
1761:(1991)
1753:(1991)
1745:(1985)
1737:(1982)
1729:(1979)
1721:(1970)
1713:(1925)
1692:(1993)
1684:(1990)
1676:(1987)
1668:(1971)
1647:(2014)
1639:(2006)
1631:(1990)
1623:(1974)
1615:(1973)
1607:(1968)
1588:(2021)
1580:(2021)
1572:(2011)
1564:(2006)
1556:(1986)
1548:(1980)
1540:(1977)
1532:(1967)
1488:(1995)
1467:(1978)
1448:(1971)
1429:(1967)
1421:(1906)
1413:(1886)
1392:(2006)
1384:(2006)
1376:(1987)
1368:(1979)
1360:(1978)
1352:(1948)
1318:(2020)
1310:(2014)
1302:(2014)
1294:(2009)
1286:(2004)
1278:(2002)
1270:(2000)
1262:(2000)
1254:(1996)
1246:(1983)
1238:(1983)
1230:(1981)
1222:(1979)
1214:(1979)
1206:(1979)
1198:(1975)
1190:(1968)
1175:frisks
1149:(2018)
1141:(2013)
1133:(2004)
1125:(2003)
1117:(1996)
1109:(1996)
1101:(1983)
1093:(1969)
1085:(1964)
1077:(1949)
1040:(2018)
1032:(1978)
1013:(2021)
1005:(2007)
997:(2002)
989:(1992)
981:(1991)
973:(1991)
965:(1984)
957:(1983)
949:(1980)
941:(1968)
933:(1906)
925:(1892)
902:(2018)
894:(1979)
886:(1976)
878:(1971)
857:(1989)
849:(1986)
841:(1986)
822:(1987)
814:(1984)
806:(1924)
769:(2013)
761:(2012)
753:(2005)
745:(2001)
737:(2000)
729:(1990)
721:(1989)
713:(1988)
705:(1984)
697:(1983)
689:(1983)
681:(1967)
673:(1961)
665:(1960)
657:(1928)
649:(1927)
641:(1886)
571:
565:
562:
559:Justia
556:
553:
547:
544:
538:
535:
529:
327:heroin
259:Powell
233:
231:·
229:
221:
219:·
217:
209:
207:·
205:
197:
195:·
193:
64:76-167
2793:State
523:
378:
145:
125:
103:Prior
1173:and
525:U.S.
499:2019
457:2019
415:2019
380:U.S.
333:Case
147:U.S.
139:1022
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