280:
attendance dropped at the Fort Apache school. The tribe began to plan for use of the buildings and sought designation as a historic site. When the federal government wanted to turn the property over to the tribe for use, the tribe found that the property had deteriorated and sued for damages to the property. The trial court denied the tribe's claim, but the
Circuit Court of Appeals reversed, holding that the federal government had a duty to take care of the property. The government then appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, arguing that the tribe could not make a claim without Congressional authorization. The tribe argued that the 1960 act created the trust and authorized damages.
603:
31:
659:. Some of these were critical of the majority approach, stating that it went beyond the plain meaning of the text to open up the federal government to liability where none existed. Other reviews merely analyzed the decision and how it affected government-tribe trust cases. Alex Tallchief Skibine opined that the case was almost unique, and he did not foresee that it would be significant for other tribes.
436:. The appellate court found that various federal laws required the DOI and BIA to maintain historic buildings and to maintain Indian trust properties, but that they did not authorize monetary damages. The court then looked to the 1960 act and determined that this act did create a trust relationship that could be enforced with monetary damages. This was based on
379:. By 1993, the tribe had adopted a master plan to try to preserve the buildings and commissioned a study to determine what the cost would be to restore the property. The U.S. government acknowledged that some of the thirty-five buildings were in poor shape, but maintained that the rest were properly maintained. In 1998, the site was designated by the
399:, seeking $ 14,000,000 in damages for breach of trust by DOI. The tribe argued that the United States had exclusive control over the buildings and allowed them to fall into disrepair, a violation of the trust relationship established by the 1960 statute. Additionally, the tribe claimed that the Snyder Act and the
634:
The loss in court prompted the federal government to settle with the tribe for approximately $ 12 million in 2005. In 2007, the government transferred 27 buildings to the tribe along with the $ 12 million, plus interest. They are managed by the Fort Apache
Heritage Foundation, a nonprofit corporation
444:
to outline that a trust requires a trustee (the United States), a beneficiary (the tribe), and a trust body (the land and buildings). The court noted that both parties agreed that there was a trust, but not that damages were authorized. The court held that where the United States had control over the
283:
The
Supreme Court affirmed the appellate court, holding that the federal government used the property it held in trust, and that it therefore had a duty to maintain the property. Justice Ginsburg issued a concurring opinion, while Justice Thomas dissented. The loss led the government to settle with
662:
As with law reviews, the case has been cited in numerous books, especially those dealing with federal litigation or Indian law. It has been cited extensively in regards to the trust relationship between BIA and the tribes, and has been used as an example of the fiduciary duty held by the government.
363:
In 1960, Congress provided that Fort Apache was to be held in trust for the White
Mountain Apache Tribe, but allowed the DOI to use the property for "administrative or school purposes." By the 1970s, most of the other tribes had obtained their own schools, and the school normally had fewer than 100
279:
Although the tribe owned the Fort Apache buildings, they were held in trust and used exclusively by the federal government for an Indian school. This was a continuation of the building's use from when the federal government retained title. As more schools were built at other Indian reservations,
477:
Robert C. Brauchli, an attorney from
Arizona, argued the case for the White Mountain Apache Tribe. As respondent, Brauchli argued that the 1960 act, by using the term "trust", did create liability for monetary damages. Since a trust was formed by law, the Indian Tucker Act allowed a lawsuit for
555:
The three defenses presented by the United States were deemed without merit. First, the concept that the 1960 act "carved out" the buildings used by the government goes against the plain language of the statute. Second, the fact that the statute does not explicitly state that the government is
473:
argued the case for the United States. As the petitioner, Garre argued that the 1960 act did not authorize monetary damages for a breach of trust duties. Their position was that while a trust was formed, the tribe could not make a claim for damages without explicit congressional authorization.
474:
Further, he argued, the exclusive control does not create liability; only the explicit language of statutes and regulations could allow monetary damages. The position of the United States was that "in trust" meant was that the land was not subject to alienation or to state taxation.
284:
the tribe for $ 12 million. The buildings are managed by the Fort Apache
Heritage Foundation and the case, along with several others define the Indian Trust Doctrine. The case has been widely discussed in legal literature and books, primarily in the area of Indian trusts.
497:
1977:
2894:
445:
use and maintenance of the buildings to the exclusion of the tribe, a fiduciary duty was created that authorized the tribe to seek monetary damages. The court then reversed and remanded the decision of the trial court. The United States appealed, and the
347:
school, using both laboratory animals and Indian children for experiments to treat the eye disease. During World War II, the school taught students from a good number of southwestern tribes. During the 1950s, as the tribe was fighting against
594:, where the government has exercised control in a "manner irreconcilable with its caretaker obligations". Ginsburg stated that the government had clearly failed its caretaker duties. Ginsburg was joined by Justice Breyer in the concurrence.
2769:
2192:
263:
held in a 5–4 decision that when the federal government used land or property held in trust for an Indian tribe, it had the duty to maintain that land or property and was liable for any damages for a breach of that duty. In the 1870s, the
567:
The court affirmed the decision of the
Circuit Court and remanded it to the Court of Federal Claims for actions consistent with the ruling. Souter was joined in the majority opinion by Justices Stevens, O'Connor, Ginsburg, and Breyer.
403:
applied in this case. The Snyder Act deals with appropriations to the BIA, and the
National Historic Preservation Act discussed federal assistance for preservation programs. The United States moved for dismissal on the basis of lack of
2184:
2152:
512:
and held that a waiver was granted by the Indian Tucker Act if there were statutory grounds in another federal statute or regulation. Souter then noted the difference between a "limited" or bare trust obligation, as was outlined in
537:, the United States held the land in trust to prevent alienation and to exempt the land from state taxation, but the tribe occupied and controlled the property. In such cases, the government did not have a fiduciary duty. In
560:, which it was not prepared to do. Instead, the court will continue to use a "fair inference" from the law to determine if damages are authorized. Finally, the United States argued that the only appropriate relief would be
121:
Affirmed
Circuit Court, held that when the federal government used land or property held in trust for an Indian tribe, it had the duty to maintain that land or property and was liable for any damages for a breach of that
2605:
2950:
2854:
3311:
2597:
541:, the United States also held the land in trust, but actively controlled the property through comprehensive timber management regulations. Here, the government did have a fiduciary duty to the tribe.
2200:
352:, the emphasis of the school was on vocational and technical training. Beginning in 1960, the BIA contracted for schools to be built near other tribes, and attendance at the school started to drop.
1885:
548:
and then went beyond that to allow the United States to use the land and buildings for a school and administrative purposes. This control was at least as great as that exercised over the timber in
2557:
2549:
2176:
1877:
618:" to allow monetary damages. He stated that the majority had devised a new test: whether liability could be allowed on a "fair inference" of congressional authorization. Thomas believed that
3306:
3286:
3089:
356:
1993:
384:
584:
and the imposition of damages to compensate "for the harm caused by maladministration of the property." She stated that the opinion of the court was consent with other cases, such as
433:
626:
were present in this case. He further said that without a clear and unambiguous intent by
Congress to make the United States liable, there could be no finding of monetary damages.
2982:
1861:
1738:
1513:
1342:
1315:
72:
2533:
2224:
2862:
1845:
364:
students. With the reduction in the number of students, the BIA budget for Fort Apache also dropped, causing deferred maintenance and the demolition of several buildings.
324:
land. From 1897 to 1922 the fort was in the middle of the reservation. Under the terms of the transfer, 400 acres (1.6 km) were set aside for the Theodore Roosevelt
2461:
2038:
647:, define the state of the Indian Trust Doctrine. The United States has subsequently taken various actions to reduce the government's exposure to trust claims by tribes.
2974:
2030:
2477:
614:
dissented, joined by Chief Justice Rehnquist and Justices Scalia and Kennedy. Thomas stated that the test has always been if the statute in question could be "fairly
3296:
1794:
2240:
692:"Subject to the Right of the Secretary of the Interior": The White Mountain Apache Reclamation of the Fort Apache and Theodore Roosevelt School Historic District
2573:
2381:
297:
In 1869 Major John Green led a force to the White River area and recommended that an outpost be established there. In 1870 Fort Apache was established by the
2581:
1853:
556:
subject to monetary damages is also without merit. Souter noted that, were the court to accept that reasoning, it would require that the court to overturn
3291:
2272:
2055:
400:
2485:
3054:
2966:
3301:
2050:
376:
2753:
1782:
564:
relief instead of damages. Souter stated that this was clearly wrong and merely postponed the cost to the government to repair the buildings.
2232:
2001:
1897:
590:
479:
396:
325:
3316:
2998:
2493:
2337:
368:
2072:
3211:
2120:
1916:
2886:
2288:
1829:
1791:
1287:
1067:
1042:
996:
971:
716:
446:
260:
242:
233:
35:
3144:
1755:
2248:
525:
424:, the acts governing claims in the Federal Court of Claims. The trial court dismissed the suit on the failure to state a claim.
2589:
2280:
1808:
1134:
1059:
1034:
988:
963:
946:
815:
757:
708:
470:
552:. Since the government had exclusive use and control of the property, it could "not allow it to fall into ruin on his watch."
2926:
2878:
2216:
2128:
317:
478:
damages to go forward. The tribe noted that the trust relationship was "one of the primary cornerstones of Indian law". The
2958:
2687:
2312:
2296:
1985:
272:. The case involved Fort Apache, a collection of buildings on the reservation which were transferred to the tribe by the
2990:
2902:
2373:
2096:
2022:
2013:
2671:
2112:
2088:
515:
405:
265:
508:
delivered the opinion of the court. Souter noted that any suit against the United States required a clear waiver of
3227:
2429:
2304:
1908:
1775:
1720:
Cultural Property Law: A Practitioner's Guide to the Management, Protection, and Preservation of Heritage Resources
580:
concurred in the opinion of the majority. Ginsburg expanded on the differences between the lack of liability under
302:
3038:
2397:
349:
3259:
3030:
2679:
2469:
2437:
2144:
1924:
602:
340:
1606:
The Apaches finally win one; Tribe takes control of Fort Apache - after almost 137 years of federal governance
622:
was the proper case to compare with this one, as none of the detailed control and responsibilities present in
2565:
3243:
3235:
3172:
2814:
2453:
2445:
2264:
1961:
441:
310:
3006:
2724:
2421:
2160:
2104:
2080:
1837:
413:
273:
153:
3113:
3014:
2846:
2541:
2525:
2501:
2405:
2365:
1768:
1742:
1517:
1346:
1319:
372:
64:
421:
380:
339:
children, and additional buildings were constructed to accommodate them. Between 1933 and 1939, the
2830:
2806:
2716:
2663:
2349:
2136:
1820:
577:
301:
in Arizona and remained an active military installation until 1922, when it was transferred to the
181:
3219:
3105:
3062:
2918:
2798:
2699:
2517:
2357:
2256:
1952:
509:
298:
3251:
3119:
3097:
3081:
3046:
3022:
2777:
2613:
2509:
2413:
2064:
1932:
1869:
355:
145:
137:
1978:
Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.
3156:
2621:
2168:
1940:
523:), and those which could impose fiduciary duties and carry monetary damages, as outlined in
466:
313:
306:
3203:
3164:
2910:
2870:
2822:
2389:
1760:
611:
177:
165:
1226:
1710:
88 (Garrick A. Bailey, William C. Sturtevant, & Smithsonian Institution, eds. 2008).
2934:
2895:
Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State
2838:
2789:
2761:
2642:
1969:
1745:
1520:
1349:
1322:
189:
157:
3280:
2745:
2708:
1695:
Treaties with American Indians: An Encyclopedia of Rights, Conflicts, and Sovereignty
484:
332:
237:
2942:
729:
505:
169:
1291:
1071:
1046:
246:
67:
1000:
720:
2193:
C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
975:
656:
336:
2770:
Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City
828:
Responsible Remedies: Suggestions for Indian Tribes in Trust Relationship Cases
561:
450:
437:
417:
321:
2185:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
2153:
Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma
108:
79:
2736:
2654:
904:
409:
344:
1063:
712:
496:
1038:
992:
967:
269:
2606:
Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.
761:
1138:
950:
826:, 537 U.S. at 469; Holt at 428; Welch at 54, 59–60; Brett J. Stavin,
819:
544:
Souter stated that the 1960 act set up a trust in the same manner as
1110:
1108:
2951:
Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.
2855:
United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures
601:
495:
354:
104:
3191:
3142:
2640:
2598:
JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.
2335:
1806:
1764:
30:
2201:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
690:
413, 427 n.80 (2005); John R. Welch & Robert C. Brauchli,
1886:
Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.
2558:
Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.
2550:
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle
2177:
Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.
1878:
Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States
1559:, 537 U.S. at 482 (Thomas, dissenting) (original emphasis).
987:
National Historic Preservation Act, Oct. 15, 1966, 80
3090:
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
1994:
Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.
1722:
112-13 (Sherry Hutt & Caroline M. Blanco, eds. 2004).
1252:
Br. of White Mountain Apache Tribe 14–15; Welch at 62–63.
3312:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
1583:, 537 U.S. at 483–84 (Thomas, dissenting); Holt at 432.
320:, with the actual fort being held by the government as
1535:, 537 U.S. at 480 (Ginsburg, concurring); Holt at 431.
1500:, 537 U.S. at 481 (Ginsburg, concurring); Holt at 431.
434:
United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
2983:
Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn
1862:
England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners
932:
537 U.S. 465 (2003); Holt at 428-29; Stavin at 1760;
206:
Souter, joined by Stevens, O'Connor, Ginsburg, Breyer
2534:
Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida
2225:
City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York
1846:
Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux
606:
Justice Thomas, the author of the dissenting opinion
3073:
2863:
Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War
2788:
2735:
2698:
2653:
2049:
2012:
1951:
1896:
1819:
1243:
Br. of White Mountain Apache Tribe 10; Welch at 63.
1232:
The Oyez Project at IIT Chicago-Kent College of Law
1011:
1009:
226:
218:
210:
202:
197:
126:
115:
92:
87:
59:
49:
42:
23:
2462:Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley
500:Justice Souter, the author of the majority opinion
412:. In addition, the United States claimed that the
3307:United States federal sovereign immunity case law
3287:United States Constitution Article Three case law
2478:American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.
2039:Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.
1086:, 46 Fed. Cl. at 29; Holt at 429; Welch at 61–62.
635:chartered by the tribe. The case, together with
2975:Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
2031:District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman
1392:, 537 U.S. at 474; Holt at 431; Stavin at 1761;
777:, 537 U.S. at 468; Holt at 427; Welch at 51–52.
259:, 537 U.S. 465 (2003), was a case in which the
2241:Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York
1638:
1636:
1261:Br. of White Mountain Apache Tribe 17 (citing
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1102:537 U.S. 465 (2003); Holt at 430; Welch at 62.
2574:Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor
2382:American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton
1776:
801:
799:
797:
787:
785:
783:
682:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
8:
2582:Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson
2209:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
1854:United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.
1752:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
1735:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
1096:White Mountain Apache Tribe v. United States
922:White Mountain Apache Tribe v. United States
880:, 537 U.S. at 469; Holt at 428; Welch at 57.
725:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
367:The tribe resolved to place the site on the
256:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
222:Thomas, joined by Rehnquist, Scalia, Kennedy
101:White Mountain Apache Tribe v. United States
97:White Mountain Apache Tribe v. United States
54:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
24:United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe
3188:
3139:
2650:
2637:
2486:Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.
2332:
2273:Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.
1816:
1803:
1783:
1769:
1761:
1058:Indian Tucker Act, Aug. 13, 1946, 60
20:
1671:Teaching Indian Law in an Anti-Tribal Era
1547:, 537 U.S. at 481 (Ginsburg, concurring).
727:, 537 U.S. 465, 468 (2003); Holt at 427;
3055:FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine
2967:Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
432:The tribe then appealed the case to the
1595:, 537 U.S. at 487 (Thomas, dissenting).
1571:, 537 U.S. at 482 (Thomas, dissenting).
1227:United States v. White Mt. Apache Tribe
671:
359:Seal of the White Mountain Apache Tribe
3297:United States Native American case law
736:Litigation with the Federal Government
2233:Dolan v. United States Postal Service
2002:Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States
1216:Br. of United States 12; Welch at 63.
1198:Br. of United States 11; Welch at 63.
480:National Congress of American Indians
397:United States Court of Federal Claims
395:In 1999, the tribe filed suit in the
343:(BIA) used the site for its regional
18:2003 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2999:Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
2494:Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States
655:The case has been cited in numerous
3212:Osborn v. Bank of the United States
2754:Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner
2121:Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
1917:Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy
1420:, 537 U.S. at 475; Stavin at 1761;
684:and Suggestions for True Reparation
680:Treat All Men Alike: An Analysis of
2887:Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India
2289:Jam v. International Finance Corp.
1830:Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.
1472:, 537 U.S. at 478; Stavin at 1761.
1189:, 537 U.S. at 471; Holt at 430–31.
1098:, 249 F.3d 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2001),
1033:Tucker Act, Mar. 3, 1887, 24
962:Snyder Act, Nov. 2, 1921, 42
401:National Historic Preservation Act
316:from 1871 to 1877 established the
261:Supreme Court of the United States
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3292:United States Supreme Court cases
2073:The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon
440:, with the court referencing the
2249:Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons
1484:, 537 U.S. at 479; Holt at 431;
1177:, 249 F.3d at 1383; Welch at 62.
953:; Holt at 429 n.92; Welch at 61.
928:249 F.3d 1364 (Fed. Cir. 2001),
864:, 537 U.S. at 469; Holt at 428;
428:Federal Circuit Court of Appeals
331:The school initially housed 250
29:
2590:Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.
2281:OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs
1708:Indians in Contemporary Society
1408:, 537 U.S. at 475; Holt at 431.
268:was placed on a reservation in
3302:2003 in United States case law
2927:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife
2879:Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois
2217:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
2129:Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez
1697:955 (Donald Fixico, ed. 2007).
1510:United States v. Navajo Nation
1267:Handbook of Federal Indian Law
814:Act of Mar. 18, 1960, 74
707:Act of Jan. 24, 1923, 42
591:United States v. Navajo Nation
442:Restatement (Second) of Trusts
318:Fort Apache Indian Reservation
1:
2959:DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno
2688:Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer
2297:Republic of Sudan v. Harrison
1986:Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
1604:Welch at 66; Karl A. Hoerig,
1234:(last visited July 30, 2013).
756:Act of June 7, 1897, 30
2903:City of Los Angeles v. Lyons
2097:Schillinger v. United States
2023:Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.
526:United States v. Mitchell II
488:brief supporting the tribe.
3317:White Mountain Apache Tribe
2672:Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez
2113:United States v. Wunderlich
1593:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1581:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1569:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1557:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1545:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1533:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1498:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1482:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1470:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1458:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1446:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1434:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1418:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1406:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1390:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1378:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1366:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1296:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1187:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1175:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1163:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1115:White Mountain Apache Tribe
1084:White Mountain Apache Tribe
878:White Mountain Apache Tribe
862:White Mountain Apache Tribe
824:White Mountain Apache Tribe
775:White Mountain Apache Tribe
516:United States v. Mitchell I
471:Assistant Solicitor General
406:subject matter jurisdiction
266:White Mountain Apache Tribe
3333:
3228:Mistretta v. United States
2454:Burton v. United States II
2430:City of St. Louis v. Myers
2305:Opati v. Republic of Sudan
1909:Murdock v. City of Memphis
1689:at 286; Martin Reinhardt,
369:National Historic Registry
303:Department of the Interior
214:Ginsburg, joined by Breyer
3198:
3187:
3151:
3138:
3039:TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez
2649:
2636:
2446:Burton v. United States I
2398:United States v. Jackalow
2374:Martin v. Hunter's Lessee
2344:
2331:
1815:
1802:
1339:United States v. Mitchell
1312:United States v. Mitchell
1024:Holt at 429; Welch at 61.
715:, codified as amended at
385:100 most endangered sites
375:designated the site as a
231:
131:
120:
28:
3260:Bank Markazi v. Peterson
3031:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
2680:Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski
2470:Muskrat v. United States
2438:Barrett v. United States
2145:United States v. Stanley
1925:Fox Film Corp. v. Muller
1900:independent state ground
1669:Alex Tallchief Skibine,
1612:, Mar. 19, 2007, at 11A.
924:, 46 Fed. Cl. 20 (1999)
912:(July 30, 2013 4:21 PM).
410:failure to state a claim
341:Bureau of Indian Affairs
99:, 46 Fed.Cl. 20 (1999);
3244:United States v. Hatter
3236:Peretz v. United States
3173:Cramer v. United States
2815:Massachusetts v. Mellon
2566:Thomas v. Union Carbide
2265:United States v. Bormes
2014:Rooker–Feldman doctrine
1962:United States v. Hudson
630:Subsequent developments
416:had run under both the
43:Argued December 2, 2002
3007:Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins
2725:Nixon v. United States
2422:United States v. Klein
2313:Trump v. United States
2161:Saudi Arabia v. Nelson
2105:Feres v. United States
2081:Mississippi v. Johnson
1838:Burford v. Sun Oil Co.
1066:, codified as amended
1041:, codified as amended
995:, codified as amended
970:, codified as amended
732:& Michael F. Noone
607:
501:
414:statute of limitations
377:National Historic Site
360:
274:United States Congress
3165:United States v. Burr
3114:Rucho v. Common Cause
3015:Texas v. Pennsylvania
2991:Bond v. United States
2847:Sierra Club v. Morton
2542:Arizona v. New Mexico
2526:Glidden Co. v. Zdanok
2502:Wisconsin v. Illinois
2406:Ex parte Vallandigham
2366:United States v. More
2056:presidential immunity
1368:, 537 U.S. at 473–74.
651:Law reviews and books
605:
499:
373:National Park Service
358:
78:123 S. Ct. 1126; 155
45:Decided March 4, 2003
2089:United States v. Lee
910:World Monuments Fund
764:(1897); Holt at 427.
492:Opinion of the Court
391:Federal Claims Court
381:World Monuments Fund
2831:Altvater v. Freeman
2807:Fairchild v. Hughes
2717:Goldwater v. Carter
2664:DeFunis v. Odegaard
2350:Chisholm v. Georgia
2137:Nixon v. Fitzgerald
1756:Oral Argument (MP3)
1298:, 537 U.S. at 473;
1165:, 249 F.3d at 1377.
1117:, 249 F.3d at 1373.
578:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
305:(DOI). A series of
182:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
154:Sandra Day O'Connor
3220:Forrester v. White
3106:Vieth v. Jubelirer
3063:Murthy v. Missouri
2919:Diamond v. Charles
2799:Bailiff v. Tipping
2700:Political question
2518:Colegrove v. Green
2358:Marbury v. Madison
2257:Samantar v. Yousuf
2051:Sovereign immunity
1953:Federal common law
1792:U.S. Supreme Court
1460:, 537 U.S. at 478.
1448:, 537 U.S. at 477.
1436:, 537 U.S. at 476.
1380:, 537 U.S. at 473.
834:1743, 1760 (2012).
608:
510:sovereign immunity
502:
361:
299:United States Army
142:Associate Justices
3274:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3252:Stern v. Marshall
3183:
3182:
3134:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3120:Benisek v. Lamone
3098:Davis v. Bandemer
3047:Biden v. Nebraska
3023:Trump v. New York
2778:Trump v. New York
2632:
2631:
2614:Bowles v. Russell
2510:Crowell v. Benson
2414:Ex parte McCardle
2327:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2065:Little v. Barreme
1933:Harrison v. NAACP
1870:Younger v. Harris
1015:Holt at 429 n.92.
773:25 U.S.C. § 277;
422:Indian Tucker Act
252:
251:
138:William Rehnquist
3324:
3189:
3157:Ex parte Bollman
3140:
2651:
2638:
2622:Patchak v. Zinke
2333:
2169:Clinton v. Jones
1941:Michigan v. Long
1817:
1804:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1762:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1677:777, 783 (2006).
1676:
1667:
1661:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1487:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1381:
1375:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1336:
1330:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1235:
1233:
1223:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1184:
1178:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1131:
1118:
1112:
1103:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1056:
1050:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1004:
985:
979:
960:
954:
943:
937:
935:
919:
913:
911:
901:
896:
890:
887:
881:
875:
869:
867:
859:
853:
850:
844:
843:Welch at 54, 60.
841:
835:
833:
812:
806:
803:
792:
789:
778:
771:
765:
754:
748:
745:
739:
737:
733:
705:
699:
697:
689:
676:
467:Gregory G. Garre
314:Ulysses S. Grant
307:Executive Orders
240:
127:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3266:
3204:Stuart v. Laird
3194:
3179:
3147:
3126:
3069:
2911:Allen v. Wright
2871:Warth v. Seldin
2823:Ex parte Levitt
2784:
2731:
2694:
2645:
2628:
2390:Sheldon v. Sill
2340:
2319:
2054:
2045:
2008:
1947:
1899:
1892:
1811:
1798:
1789:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1660:Stavin at 1761.
1659:
1655:
1651:Holt at 436–39.
1650:
1646:
1641:
1634:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1360:
1337:
1333:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1286:
1282:
1278:Welch at 64–65.
1277:
1273:
1269:221 (1982 ed.).
1266:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1185:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1132:
1121:
1113:
1106:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1057:
1053:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1003:et seq. (1994).
986:
982:
961:
957:
944:
940:
933:
920:
916:
909:
899:
897:
893:
888:
884:
876:
872:
865:
860:
856:
851:
847:
842:
838:
831:
813:
809:
804:
795:
790:
781:
772:
768:
755:
751:
746:
742:
735:
730:Gregory C. Sisk
728:
706:
702:
695:
687:
677:
673:
669:
653:
632:
612:Clarence Thomas
600:
574:
494:
464:
459:
430:
393:
371:. In 1976, the
295:
290:
232:
180:
178:Clarence Thomas
168:
166:Anthony Kennedy
156:
146:John P. Stevens
83:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3330:
3328:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3256:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3143:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3110:
3102:
3094:
3086:
3082:Hayburn's Case
3077:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2935:Raines v. Byrd
2931:
2923:
2915:
2907:
2899:
2891:
2883:
2875:
2867:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2839:Flast v. Cohen
2835:
2827:
2819:
2811:
2803:
2794:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2774:
2766:
2762:Laird v. Tatum
2758:
2750:
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2713:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2657:
2647:
2646:
2643:Justiciability
2641:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2578:
2570:
2562:
2554:
2546:
2538:
2530:
2522:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2490:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2141:
2133:
2125:
2117:
2109:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2060:
2058:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2035:
2027:
2018:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1974:
1970:Swift v. Tyson
1966:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1904:
1902:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1858:
1850:
1842:
1834:
1825:
1823:
1813:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1799:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1749:
1730:
1729:External links
1727:
1725:
1724:
1712:
1699:
1691:Trust Doctrine
1679:
1662:
1653:
1644:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1610:Tucson Citizen
1597:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1502:
1490:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1438:
1426:
1410:
1398:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1331:
1304:
1288:28 U.S.C.
1280:
1271:
1263:Felix S. Cohen
1254:
1245:
1236:
1218:
1209:
1200:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1119:
1104:
1088:
1076:
1068:28 U.S.C.
1051:
1043:28 U.S.C.
1026:
1017:
1005:
997:16 U.S.C.
980:
972:25 U.S.C.
955:
938:
914:
891:
882:
870:
854:
845:
836:
832:Ariz. St. L.J.
807:
793:
779:
766:
749:
740:
717:25 U.S.C.
700:
698:47, 49 (2010).
696:Wicazo Sa Rev.
678:Joel A. Holt,
670:
668:
665:
652:
649:
631:
628:
599:
596:
573:
570:
493:
490:
463:
460:
458:
455:
429:
426:
392:
389:
383:as one of the
294:
291:
289:
286:
250:
249:
243:28 U.S.C.
238:§ 1491(a)
229:
228:
224:
223:
220:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
193:
192:
190:Stephen Breyer
158:Antonin Scalia
143:
140:
135:
129:
128:
124:
123:
118:
117:
113:
112:
94:
90:
89:
85:
84:
77:
61:
57:
56:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3329:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3190:
3186:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3141:
3137:
3122:
3121:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2746:Poe v. Ullman
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2709:Baker v. Carr
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2315:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1716:
1713:
1703:
1700:
1692:
1683:
1680:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1630:Hoerig at 11A
1627:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1391:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1352: (1983) (
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325: (1980) (
1324:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
984:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
959:
956:
952:
948:
942:
939:
931:
927:
923:
918:
915:
907:
906:
898:Holt at 429;
895:
892:
886:
883:
879:
874:
871:
863:
858:
855:
849:
846:
840:
837:
829:
825:
821:
817:
811:
808:
802:
800:
798:
794:
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
770:
767:
763:
759:
753:
750:
744:
741:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
704:
701:
693:
688:Akron L. Rev.
685:
681:
675:
672:
666:
664:
660:
658:
650:
648:
646:
645:Navajo Nation
642:
638:
629:
627:
625:
621:
617:
613:
604:
597:
595:
593:
592:
587:
583:
579:
571:
569:
565:
563:
559:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:
522:
518:
517:
511:
507:
498:
491:
489:
487:
486:
485:amicus curiae
481:
475:
472:
468:
461:
457:Supreme Court
456:
454:
452:
448:
447:Supreme Court
443:
439:
435:
427:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
402:
398:
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388:
386:
382:
378:
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365:
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351:
346:
342:
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329:
327:
326:Indian School
323:
319:
315:
312:
308:
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300:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
275:
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267:
262:
258:
257:
248:
244:
239:
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217:
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209:
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198:Case opinions
196:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:Chief Justice
133:
132:
130:
125:
119:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
95:
91:
86:
81:
75:
74:
69:
66:
62:
58:
55:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
3258:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3218:
3210:
3202:
3171:
3163:
3155:
3118:
3112:
3104:
3096:
3088:
3080:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2943:FEC v. Akins
2941:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2909:
2901:
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2861:
2853:
2845:
2837:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2805:
2797:
2776:
2768:
2760:
2752:
2744:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2686:
2678:
2670:
2662:
2620:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2548:
2540:
2532:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2492:
2484:
2476:
2468:
2460:
2452:
2444:
2436:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2404:
2396:
2388:
2380:
2372:
2364:
2356:
2348:
2338:Jurisdiction
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2191:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1939:
1931:
1923:
1915:
1907:
1898:Adequate and
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1751:
1734:
1715:
1702:
1690:
1682:
1675:N.D. L. Rev.
1670:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1642:Welch at 69.
1626:
1621:Welch at 67.
1617:
1605:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1523: (2003).
1509:
1505:
1497:
1493:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1417:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1365:
1361:
1353:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1311:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1274:
1257:
1248:
1239:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1207:Welch at 63.
1203:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1146:
1114:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1054:
1029:
1020:
983:
958:
941:
929:
925:
921:
917:
903:
894:
889:Holt at 429.
885:
877:
873:
861:
857:
852:Holt at 428.
848:
839:
827:
823:
810:
805:Welch at 54.
791:Welch at 53.
774:
769:
752:
747:Welch at 51.
743:
724:
703:
691:
683:
679:
674:
661:
654:
644:
640:
636:
633:
623:
619:
615:
609:
589:
585:
581:
575:
566:
557:
554:
549:
545:
543:
538:
534:
530:
524:
520:
514:
506:David Souter
503:
483:
476:
465:
431:
394:
366:
362:
330:
296:
282:
278:
255:
254:
253:
227:Laws applied
185:
173:
170:David Souter
161:
149:
100:
96:
88:Case history
71:
53:
15:
1795:Article III
1748: (2003)
1354:Mitchell II
1292:§ 1505
1072:§ 1505
1047:§ 1491
905:Fort Apache
738:286 (2006).
657:law reviews
641:Mitchell II
624:Mitchell II
616:interpreted
586:Mitchell II
572:Concurrence
558:Mitchell II
550:Mitchell II
539:Mitchell II
531:Mitchell II
350:termination
247:§ 1505
211:Concurrence
3281:Categories
1821:Abstention
1809:Federalism
1327:Mitchell I
1001:§ 470
721:§ 277
667:References
643:, and the
637:Mitchell I
620:Mitchell I
582:Mitchell I
562:injunctive
546:Mitchell I
535:Mitchell I
521:Mitchell I
451:certiorari
438:common law
418:Tucker Act
322:fee simple
288:Background
976:§ 13
482:filed an
462:Arguments
311:President
276:in 1960.
234:28 U.S.C.
109:Fed. Cir.
80:L. Ed. 2d
60:Citations
2790:Standing
2737:Ripeness
2655:Mootness
1797:case law
1133:74
945:74
902:at 286;
822:(1960);
723:(1994);
610:Justice
576:Justice
504:Justice
449:granted
420:and the
345:trachoma
203:Majority
3145:Treason
1488:at 286.
1424:at 286.
1396:at 292.
1302:at 258.
1153:at 286.
1074:(1994).
1049:(1994).
978:(1994).
936:at 286.
868:at 286.
598:Dissent
293:History
270:Arizona
219:Dissent
116:Holding
3263:(2016)
3255:(2011)
3247:(2001)
3239:(1991)
3231:(1989)
3223:(1988)
3215:(1824)
3207:(1803)
3193:Others
3176:(1945)
3168:(1807)
3160:(1807)
3123:(2019)
3109:(2004)
3101:(1986)
3093:(1985)
3085:(1792)
3074:Others
3066:(2024)
3058:(2024)
3050:(2023)
3042:(2021)
3034:(2021)
3026:(2020)
3018:(2020)
3010:(2016)
3002:(2013)
2994:(2011)
2986:(2011)
2978:(2007)
2970:(2007)
2962:(2006)
2954:(2000)
2946:(1998)
2938:(1997)
2930:(1992)
2922:(1986)
2914:(1984)
2906:(1983)
2898:(1982)
2890:(1978)
2882:(1977)
2874:(1975)
2866:(1974)
2858:(1973)
2850:(1972)
2842:(1968)
2834:(1943)
2826:(1937)
2818:(1923)
2810:(1922)
2802:(1805)
2781:(2020)
2773:(1985)
2765:(1972)
2757:(1967)
2749:(1961)
2728:(1993)
2720:(1979)
2712:(1962)
2691:(2023)
2683:(2021)
2675:(2016)
2667:(1974)
2625:(2018)
2617:(2007)
2609:(2005)
2601:(2002)
2593:(1995)
2585:(1986)
2577:(1986)
2569:(1985)
2561:(1982)
2553:(1977)
2545:(1976)
2537:(1974)
2529:(1962)
2521:(1946)
2513:(1932)
2505:(1929)
2497:(1926)
2489:(1921)
2481:(1916)
2473:(1911)
2465:(1908)
2457:(1906)
2449:(1905)
2441:(1898)
2433:(1885)
2425:(1871)
2417:(1869)
2409:(1864)
2401:(1862)
2393:(1850)
2385:(1828)
2377:(1816)
2369:(1805)
2361:(1803)
2353:(1793)
2316:(2024)
2308:(2020)
2300:(2019)
2292:(2019)
2284:(2015)
2276:(2014)
2268:(2012)
2260:(2010)
2252:(2008)
2244:(2007)
2236:(2006)
2228:(2005)
2220:(2004)
2212:(2003)
2204:(2003)
2196:(2001)
2188:(1999)
2180:(1998)
2172:(1997)
2164:(1993)
2156:(1991)
2148:(1987)
2140:(1982)
2132:(1978)
2124:(1964)
2116:(1951)
2108:(1950)
2100:(1894)
2092:(1882)
2084:(1867)
2076:(1812)
2068:(1804)
2042:(2005)
2034:(1983)
2026:(1923)
2005:(1943)
1997:(1938)
1989:(1938)
1981:(1928)
1973:(1842)
1965:(1812)
1944:(1983)
1936:(1959)
1928:(1935)
1920:(1896)
1912:(1875)
1889:(1983)
1881:(1976)
1873:(1971)
1865:(1964)
1857:(1962)
1849:(1959)
1841:(1943)
1833:(1941)
1290:
1137:
1070:
1062:
1045:
1037:
999:
991:
974:
966:
949:
818:
760:
719:
711:
533:). In
333:Navajo
245:
236:
188:
186:·
184:
176:
174:·
172:
164:
162:·
160:
152:
150:·
148:
107:1364 (
103:, 249
1741:
1673:, 82
1516:
1345:
1318:
1135:Stat.
1100:aff'd
1060:Stat.
1035:Stat.
989:Stat.
964:Stat.
947:Stat.
930:aff'd
926:rev'd
816:Stat.
758:Stat.
709:Stat.
694:, 25
122:duty.
111:2001)
93:Prior
1743:U.S.
1687:Sisk
1518:U.S.
1486:Sisk
1422:Sisk
1394:Sisk
1347:U.S.
1320:U.S.
1300:Sisk
1151:Sisk
1064:1055
934:Sisk
900:Sisk
866:Sisk
713:1187
588:and
408:and
337:Hopi
335:and
105:F.3d
73:more
65:U.S.
63:537
2053:and
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1739:537
1521:488
1514:537
1350:206
1343:463
1323:535
1316:445
1039:505
993:915
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830:44
686:38
309:by
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3283::
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