42:
467:. It fell to Oppenheimer, as chairman of the AEC General Advisory Committee (GAC), to decide whether the United States should develop the Super in response. The Super design used large quantities of tritium, which could only be manufactured in a reactor, and therefore at the expense of plutonium production for smaller weapons, so the GAC advised against it. Nonetheless, Truman approved the Super on January 31, 1950. Because of the secrecy surrounding the decision, accounts published in the 1950s incorrectly portrayed Oppenheimer as obstructing its development on political grounds, and this was a factor in the
292:
787:
708:. There was widespread public ignorance of issues surrounding nuclear weapons, and associated environmental concerns. Day and Morland hoped that by demystifying nuclear weapons, they would promote more critical public debate, and improve the prospects for nuclear disarmament. Morland claimed that "I am precisely the type of person the First Amendment was intended to protect: a political advocate whose ideas are unpopular with the general public and threatening to the government."
1028:, and pose a threat to the peace and security of the world." However, the court still found that "a mistake in ruling against the United States could pave the way for thermonuclear annihilation for us all. In that event, our right to life is extinguished and the right to publish becomes moot", and that publication could indeed cause "grave, direct, immediate and irreparable harm to the United States", thereby meeting the test the Supreme Court had enunciated in the
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720:. Morland identified the features of the Teller–Ulam design as staging, with a fission primary and a fusion secondary inside opposite ends of a hollow container, and the use of radiation from the exploding primary to compress, or implode, the secondary. "The notion that X-rays could move solid objects with the force of thousands of tons of dynamite," noted Morland, "was beyond the grasp of the science fiction writers of the time."
3240:
943:. At the request of both parties, the hearing was postponed to March 26 so they would have more time to file their briefs and affidavits. The parties were therefore back in court again on March 26 for a hearing on the government's request for a preliminary injunction. Warren decided not to hold an evidentiary hearing at which the opposing teams of experts could be cross examined. He also declined a suggestion by the
1085:, the Chairman of the United States Senate Subcommittee on Energy, Nuclear Proliferation and Federal Services. They were concerned about information being leaked, in particular by the government's tacit acknowledgement that Morland's bomb design was substantially correct, something that could not otherwise have been deduced from unclassified information. These included the affidavits by the
228:, particularly Germany, to accelerate their own nuclear projects, or undertake covert operations against the project. The military and scientific leaders of the Manhattan Project anticipated a need to release details of their wartime accomplishments, principally as a form of recognition for the participants who had labored in secrecy. Press releases were prepared in advance of the
3252:
1024:. The government did not go so far as to claim that publication might pose an immediate or inevitable danger, only that it "would substantially increase the risk that thermonuclear weapons would become available or available at an earlier date to those who do not now have them. If this should occur, it would undermine our nonproliferation policy, irreparably impair the
2011:
394:, vigorously defended the section against counterarguments. She dismissed objections that it would "give away the secret of the bomb", asserting that America's advantage in nuclear weapons could only be temporary, whereas the bill could perpetuate the U.S. lead in scientific research. Truman signed the compromise bill into law as the
1113:, and George Rathjens—had leaked sensitive information about thermonuclear weapons, for which no action had been taken. In this, Hansen was mistaken: Taylor had indeed been reprimanded, and Teller was not the source of the information that Hansen attributed to him. Hansen made copies of his letter available to several newspapers.
665:
647:, 427 U.S. 539 (1976), the court was called upon to decide whether news reportage of a lurid mass murder case in a small town in Nebraska would justify prior restraint in order to protect the defendant's right to a fair trial. In this case, the court ruled unanimously that it would not. Most of the justices viewed
2021:
1104:, who collected information about nuclear weapons as a hobby. He had run a competition to design an H-bomb, the winner of which would be the first person to have their design classified by the DOE. It now began to occur to him that his hobby might not be legal. On August 27, he wrote a letter to Senator
712:
and had never had any access to classified nuclear weapons documents, although it is possible that some classified information or ideas were accidentally or deliberately leaked to him. His scientific background was minimal; he had taken five undergraduate courses in physics and chemistry as part of his
1192:
Hearings on the case were held by Glenn's subcommittee and by the House
Subcommittee on Government Information and Individual Rights. The subcommittees looked into the implications of the decision with regards to nuclear proliferation. They also examined the doctrine of "classified at birth", but did
482:
felt that Teller had committed the nation to an expensive crash program on the basis of a model that he knew was flawed. However, in
February 1951, Ulam had a new idea, in which the shock wave from an atomic bomb "primary" stage, through an arrangement he called "hydrodynamic lensing", would compress
350:
introduced an alternative bill on atomic energy, which quickly became known as the McMahon bill. This was initially a very liberal bill towards the control of scientific research, and was broadly supported by scientists. McMahon framed the controversy as a question of military versus civilian control
711:
Over a period of six months, Morland systematically pieced together a design for a hydrogen bomb. He visited a number of nuclear weapons facilities and interviewed government employees, with the permission of the DOE, usually identifying himself and his purpose. He did not have a security clearance,
198:
The article was eventually published after the government lawyers dropped their case during the appeals process, calling it moot after other information was independently published. Despite its indecisive conclusion, law students still study the case, which "could have been a law school hypothetical
1168:
with updates based on information that he had gathered during the trial from UCRL-4725, Chuck Hansen's letter and other sources. In
Morland's opinion, the article contributed to a wave of anti-nuclear activism in the late 1970s and early 1980s that resulted in, amongst other things, the closure of
1064:
in
Chicago, claiming that the two documents had been on the shelves for a considerable period of time. The government now advanced the argument that "technical data" was not protected by the First Amendment. The motions for an expedited review were denied because the magazine's lawyers had waived
590:
remarked that in wartime, "no one would question but that a government might prevent actual obstruction to its recruiting service or the publication of the sailing dates of transports or the number and location of troops." He further suggested that obscenity or incitement to insurrection would be
459:, his wife Francoise Ulam, who performed the calculations, and their collaborator, Cornelius Everett, worked on the Super design through 1949. There was no push from the military for the weapon, because the AEC regarded it as too secret to inform either its own Military Liaison Committee or the
1092:
and government expert witness Jack
Rosengren. Copies of the letter were sent to major newspapers, but with a cover note explaining that it was for background information and not publication. After about four weeks, the Glenn subcommittee forwarded it to the DOE, which classified it.
727:. Siegel gave his draft copy to George Rathjens, a professor of political science there in February 1979. For many years, Rathjens had issued a challenge to his graduate students to produce a workable design for a hydrogen bomb, but no one had ever succeeded. Rathjens phoned
251:, and Smyth agreed that information could be publicly released if it was essential for an understanding of the project, or was already generally known or deducible, or had no significance to the production of atomic bombs. The first copies went on sale on August 12, 1945.
271:
took a similar line in his first speech to
Congress on nuclear matters that month, proclaiming that "the essential theoretical knowledge upon which the discovery is based is already widely known." In November 1945, Groves instructed Tolman to draw up a policy for the
385:
had passed information about the
Manhattan Project to Soviet agents. The more conservative elements in Congress now moved to toughen the act. Section 10, which was formerly titled "Dissemination of Information", now became "Control of Information". Representative
1200:
From a legal standpoint, the case "proved to be a victory for no one", due to the indecisive nature of its conclusion. Yet it remains a celebrated case nonetheless. In 2004, the 25th anniversary of the decision was commemorated with an academic conference at the
924:
However, the court's role was to rule on whether publication was legal, not whether it was wise. In keeping with the usual practice of keeping a temporary restraining order in effect for as short a time as possible, Warren ordered that hearings be held on a
640:
would likely harm the national interest, it would not result in "direct, immediate or irreparable harm to our Nation or its people". Failure to provide a clear line inevitably meant that the court had to deal with prior restraint on a case-by-case basis. In
1205:, attended by many of the participants, at which papers were presented. Law students still study the case, which "could have been a law school hypothetical designed to test the limits of the presumption of unconstitutionality attached to prior restraints."
276:
of the
Manhattan Project's documents. Tolman assembled a committee, which took a list of the Manhattan Project's activities and assigned each a classification. Four reviewers assessed the documents and declassified about 500 of them by the end of the year.
1060:. According to the government, the reports had been inadvertently declassified. On June 15, Warren therefore denied the motion on the grounds that such an error did not place the documents in the public domain. The appellants immediately appealed to the
1181:. However, many mainstream media organizations still remained reluctant to test the law by publishing. On September 30, 1980, the Justice Department issued a statement that it would not prosecute alleged violations of the Atomic Energy Act during the
817:
editors declined to obtain clearances, as they would have had to sign non-disclosure agreements that would have prevented them from publishing the article. This resulted in the lawyers being restricted in their communications with their clients.
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detailing how much information he had deduced from publicly available sources. This included his own design, one not as good as
Morland's, which Hansen had not seen. Hansen further charged that government scientists—including Edward Teller,
538:
in August 1953, newspapers proclaimed that the
Soviets had tested a hydrogen bomb. In fact it was only a boosted fission device, but the veil of secrecy covering the thermonuclear program prevented scientists from informing the public.
1047:
UCRL-4725, "Weapons Development During June 1956", and UCRL-5280, "Weapons Development During June 1958", which contained detailed information on thermonuclear weapon design. One of them, UCRL-4725, gave details about
491:
possible, is now known as the Teller–Ulam design. Although it was not what Truman had approved, the design did work, and was capable of producing multi-megaton explosions. "Rarely in the history of technology", wrote
995:, and was therefore neither a threat to national security nor covered by the Atomic Energy Act, which in any case did not authorize prior restraint, or was unconstitutional if it did. In this, counsel relied on the
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not to assist non-nuclear states in acquiring nuclear weapons. In granting the temporary restraining order on March 9, Warren said that he would have "to think long and hard before I gave the hydrogen bomb to
776:
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and urged that the article not be published. When the editors dismissed his suggestion, he sent the draft to the DOE. "Apparently," wrote Morland, "I had earned a passing grade on the Rathjens challenge".
533:
denied the Rosenbergs clemency on the grounds that their actions "could well result in the deaths of many, many thousands of innocent citizens", and they were executed. After the Soviet Union detonated
310:
If there was no secret, then there was no reason for security. The scientists, in particular, chafed under the wartime controls, which were not lifted with the surrender of Japan. On September 1, 1945,
917:, who had leaked the Pentagon Papers, told Morland that he believed that nuclear weapon designs should be kept secret. Because of the horrific nature of thermonuclear weapons, and the expectation that
440:'s F-1 group had worked on under Fermi's direction. The technical problem was figuring out a way to get a fusion reaction to initiate and propagate, which required temperatures attainable only with a
1009:. The government's lawyers argued, on the contrary, that there was sensitive information in the article, which was not in the public domain, and which, if published, would harm arms control efforts.
991:
s legal team argued that the government had not established a case sufficient "to overcome the First Amendment's presumption against prior restraint". The article was based upon information in the
3068:
Tuerkheimer, Frank (March 2005). "Transcript of Weapons of Mass Destruction, National Security and a Free Press: Seminal Issues as Viewed Through the Lens of the Progressive Case: The Case".
3089:
Williamson, Brady (March 2005). "Transcript of Weapons of Mass Destruction, National Security and a Free Press: Seminal Issues as Viewed Through the Lens of the Progressive Case: The Case".
837:, so it did not matter that it was an original work of the author. They noted that prior restraint had been upheld by the courts before in matters of national security, and argued that the
319:
to call for freedom to research and develop atomic energy. He told the press that if controls were not removed, nuclear scientists might turn to the study of the color of butterfly wings.
191:, as they would have had to sign non-disclosure agreements that would have put restraints on their free speech (including, significantly, in written form), and so were not present at the
1061:
966:, whom Judge Warren cited as the star witness for the plaintiff. The defense side had no experts with direct knowledge of nuclear weapon design, until the unexpected appearance of
2087:
1193:
not decide to amend the Atomic Energy Act to remove such provisions. Thus far, fears of thermonuclear proliferation have not proven founded; whether any country has successfully
1134:
published the Argonne letter in its entirety on June 13. In September, the DOE declared the Hansen letter to be classified and obtained a temporary restraining order prohibiting
845:. Moreover, the Pentagon Papers were historical, whereas the hydrogen bomb was a current military weapon. Finally, they pointed out that the government had obligations under the
678:
was a left-wing American monthly magazine of politics, culture and opinion with a circulation of around 40,000. In 1978, its managing editor, Sam Day Jr., a former editor of the
351:
of atomic energy, although the May-Johnson bill also provided for civilian control. Section 10 assigned the patent for any invention related to atomic energy to the commission.
3299:
3047:(March 2005). "Transcript of Weapons of Mass Destruction, National Security and a Free Press: Seminal Issues as Viewed Through the Lens of the Progressive Case: Context".
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in late 1945, revived such projects in order to entice scientists to remain at, or return to, Los Alamos. One of these projects was the "Super", a nuclear weapon using
483:
a "secondary" stage of deuterium fusion fuel wrapped around a plutonium rod or "spark plug". On being informed, Teller immediately grasped the potential for using the
358:
in Canada, and the subsequent arrest of 22 people. The members of Congress debating the bill feared that "atomic secrets" were being systematically stolen by Soviet
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1043:
the decision on the grounds that the information contained in Morland's article was already in the public domain. The basis for this claim was two reports from the
701:
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restraints upon publication, and not in freedom from censure for criminal matter when published." The Supreme Court had however never held that prior restraint was
509:
reluctantly agreed to stop the presses and make changes in the article, and to recall and burn the 3,000 copies that had already been printed. The 1951 arrest of
953:
brief that a panel of experts be charged with examining the issue. The case relied on written affidavits and briefs, and the opposing counsels' oral arguments.
962:. The government affiants included classification officers, weapon lab scientists, the Secretaries of Energy, State, and Defense, and Nobel physics laureate
937:, stating that the information contained in the Morland article could be derived by any competent physicist from Teller's article on the hydrogen bomb in the
474:
Ulam still only gave the design a "50–50 chance" of success in February 1950. At the end of March, he reported that it would not work at all. Scientists like
978:. Kidder was able to credibly dispute government arguments in the battle of affidavits, leveling the technical playing field. Because of the importance of
195:
hearings. Their lawyers did obtain clearances so that they could participate, but were forbidden from conveying anything they heard there to their clients.
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In March 1979, the editors sent a final draft to the DOE for comment. DOE officials, first in phone calls and then in person, attempted to dissuade
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Testimony was introduced entirely in the form of sworn affidavits, the most important of which were deemed classified and presented to the court
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to justify prior restraint, but the concurring justices gave differing opinions about where the line should be drawn. In his opinion, Justice
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913:, when asked hypothetically if prior restraint could ever be justified, had told the court that he would draw the line at the hydrogen bomb.
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standards, the court was concerned about the prospect of publication causing the proliferation of nuclear weapons, and potentially a global
643:
592:
460:
264:": the knowledge of how to build an atomic bomb had been "the common property of scientists throughout the world for the last five years".
177:. Because of the sensitive nature of information at stake in the trial, two separate hearings were conducted, one in public, and the other
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in civilian fusion research, Kidder had been quietly waging a campaign to declassify it for some years prior to the Progressive case.
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1130:), published excerpts from the Argonne letter on June 11, the DOE obtained a court order to prevent further publication. Undeterred,
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Day sent draft copies of Morland's article out to reviewers in late 1978 and early 1979, including Ron Siegel, a graduate student at
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editors were not persuaded, and told the officials that they intended to proceed with publishing Morland's article. The DOE filed a
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to write an article on the secrecy surrounding nuclear weapons production in America. In October 1978, Morland got Representative
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would probably lose the case, mainstream media organizations feared that the result would be an erosion of freedom of the press.
375:
323:
warned that "unless research is free and outside of control, the United States will lose its superiority in scientific pursuit".
240:, was commissioned in April 1944 to provide a history of the project for public release. The Director of the Manhattan Project,
2697:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
2670:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
2651:. A History of the United States Atomic Energy Commission. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press.
602:
367:
327:
2737:
Kaiser, David (2005). "The Atomic Secret in Red Hands? American Suspicions of Theoretical Physicists during the Cold War". In
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who, according to FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover, "stole the basic secrets of nuclear fission", caused great concern. President
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one week after the March 9 temporary restraining order. On March 16, the Progressive's attorneys filed an affidavit from
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Unaware of this, Hugh DeWitt, a physicist at the Lawrence Livermore nuclear weapons laboratory, forwarded a copy to
700:(DOE), the successor to the AEC. The DOE responded by classifying the questions. In September and October 1978, the
154:. Though the information had been compiled from publicly available sources, the DOE claimed that it fell under the "
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editors discovered only from the court. The preliminary injunction therefore remained in effect for six months.
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2599:
Entin, Jonathan L. (1980). "United States v. Progressive, Inc.: The Faustian Bargain and the First Amendment".
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not to publish an article by Bethe that it claimed revealed classified information about the hydrogen bomb.
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legal correspondent, predicted that the government would win the case. In an editorial on March 11, 1979,
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628:. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled 6–3 that the government had not reached the standard required by
1118:
1006:
441:
425:
387:
974:. One of Kidder's jobs in 1962 had been to evaluate designs of the 29 thermonuclear devices tested in
2447:"Ideas & Trends: The Atomic Club; If the Bomb Is So Easy to Make, Why Don't More Nations Have It?"
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in 1956. It was found on the shelves of the Los Alamos library by Dmitri Rotow, a researcher for the
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on March 8, 1979. There was only one judge in the Western District of Wisconsin at the time, Judge
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Telford, Thomas L.; Herbeck, Dale A. "United States v. Progressive, Inc. (Text of the decision)".
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771:, but he recused himself as a friend of the magazine. The case was therefore brought before Judge
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as providing the only grounds for prior restraint, and declined to expand its scope any further.
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United States of America v. Progressive, Inc., Erwin Knoll, Samuel Day, Jr., and Howard Morland.
17:
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United States of America v. Progressive, Inc., Erwin Knoll, Samuel Day, Jr., and Howard Morland
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2749:: Office for History of Science and Technology, University of California. pp. 185–216.
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While the bill was being debated, the news broke on February 16, 1946, of the defection of
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Atoms for Peace and War, Volume III, 1953–1961 Eisenhower and the Atomic Energy Commission
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868:. This was probably unnecessary, for the media were supportive of the government's case.
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produced by the primary explosion for hydrodynamic lensing. This arrangement, which made
342:. Their draft bill ran into strong opposition, particularly from the influential Senator
1177:, in 1988. This was subsequently expanded to a self-published five volume work entitled
420:
program to produce a nuclear weapon. Along the way, promising ideas had been set aside.
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was never lucky enough to get: a real First Amendment loser." The newspaper called on
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was used to run a computer simulation of the Super in December 1945 and January 1946.
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case—the government had sought to prevent the publication of classified material by
496:, "has such a seemingly daunting problem turned out to have such a nifty solution."
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Igniting the Light Elements: The Los Alamos Thermonuclear Weapon Project, 1942–1952
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1002:
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2775:(March 2005). "Weapons of Mass Destruction, National Security, and a Free Press".
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Although the case was filed in the Western District of Wisconsin, the judge there
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himself as a friend of the magazine. The case was therefore brought before Judge
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on September 16. The government then moved to dismiss their cases against both
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Prior restraint has generally been regarded by U.S. courts, particularly the
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and Groves were called to appear. Groves revealed that the British physicist
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decision did not apply as the Atomic Energy Act specifically allowed for
557:, as being "the most serious and least tolerable" of restrictions on the
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88:
3320:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin cases
3295:
United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin cases
1005:
ruled that information in the public domain could not be covered by the
810:
that allowed them to access restricted nuclear information. Morland and
1040:
334:. Legislation to create it was drafted by two War Department lawyers,
744:
from publishing the article on the grounds that it contained "secret
3140:
2837:
2724:. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History.
2570:
Born Secret: The H-Bomb, the Progressive Case and National Security
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similar grounds for prior restraint. The court subsequently upheld
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761:
United States District Court for the Western District of Wisconsin
696:
to submit a series of questions about plutonium production to the
663:
535:
484:
464:
449:
290:
59:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin
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case, "as a press-versus-government First Amendment contest, is
224:. This was carried out in secret, lest its discovery induce the
3181:. University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School. Archived from
2126:. University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School. Archived from
1138:
from publishing it, but the Hansen letter was published by the
864:, telephoned leading newspapers and warned them not to support
1919:
1917:
1160:
Morland's article was published in the November 1979 issue of
330:
envisaged that the Manhattan Project would be superseded by a
2818:"Prior Restraints and the Presumption of Unconstitutionality"
315:
used the occasion of the announcement of the founding of the
146:
to prevent the publication of an article written by activist
2743:
Reappraising Oppenheimer: Centennial Studies and Reflections
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On April 25, 1979, a group of scientists who worked at the
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3141:"The H-Bomb Secret: How we got it, why we're telling it"
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case. The preliminary injunction was therefore granted.
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voluntarily underwent security reviews and were granted
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near Denver. Chuck Hansen went on to publish a book,
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The first atomic bombs were developed by the wartime
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1052:, a three-stage thermonuclear device tested during
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260:took the position, emphasized with italics, that "
199:designed to test the limits of the presumption of
61:(after the Western District judge recused himself)
2631:(PhD). Virginia Polytechnic Institute. LA-13577-T
2364:, pp. 14, 113, 178–179, 278-280 (pdf pages).
2088:"Bomb Article Said Less Useful Than Encyclopedia"
402:(AEC) as the controlling body for atomic energy.
2954:Powe, Lucas A. (1990). "The H-Bomb Injunction".
2514:"The Radioactive Signature of the Hydrogen Bomb"
2820:. University of Missouri-Kansas City Law School
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3157:. Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. Archived from
463:about it. In September 1949, the Soviet Union
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183:. The defendants, Morland and the editors of
150:that purported to reveal the "secret" of the
35:United States of America v. Progressive, Inc.
8:
2020:. March 11, 1979. p. C6. Archived from
933:, an employee of the Department of Energy's
499:In 1950, the Atomic Energy Commission asked
2184:
1998:
1923:
1711:
1687:
1624:
1552:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1164:. A month later he published an erratum in
2838:"The H-Bomb Secret: To Know is to Ask Why"
2470:
1950:
595:such as restrictions on demonstrations in
31:
3300:United States Free Speech Clause case law
3155:"Picture of Morland and his model H-bomb"
2982:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb
2794:William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal
448:calculations involved were daunting, and
230:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3200:"The Holocaust Bomb: A Question of Time"
3150:November 1979 . Retrieved March 4, 2012.
3124:. Boston: Boston College. Archived from
2400:"The Holocaust Bomb: a Question of Time"
2385:
2232:
1908:
1881:
1857:
1830:
1651:
1636:
1175:U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History
1100:. Hansen was a computer programmer from
901:to "forget about publishing it". In the
790:The cover of the November 1979 issue of
618:403 U.S. 713 (1971)—better known as the
390:, who sponsored the McMahon bill in the
232:, and an official account, known as the
3223:
3175:"Preliminary injunction ruling against
2722:Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb
2373:
2220:
2160:
2120:"Preliminary injunction ruling against
1803:
1791:
1213:
748:" as defined by the Atomic Energy Act.
3121:Freedom of Speech in the United States
2497:The 1979 Bethe - Kidder Correspondence
2445:Easterbrook, Gregg (January 4, 2004).
2172:
1699:
1675:
1600:
1588:
1306:
1241:
1045:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
1026:national security of the United States
972:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
305:United States Atomic Energy Commission
46:Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse,
2295:
2208:
2148:
2073:
1986:
1845:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1723:
1369:
1342:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1253:
725:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
706:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty
128:1979), was a lawsuit brought against
7:
2790:"The H-Bomb and the First Amendment"
2042:
1938:
1128:University of California at Berkeley
829:was about to break the law, causing
688:, commissioned freelance journalist
644:Nebraska Press Association v. Stuart
461:Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
3202:. Federation of American Scientists
2668:Atomic Shield, Volume II, 1947–1952
2500:, Federation of American Scientists
2402:. Federation of American Scientists
970:, a nuclear weapon designer at the
615:New York Times Co. v. United States
607:Times Film Corp. v. City of Chicago
3310:United States Department of Energy
2602:Northwestern University Law Review
2264:United States v. Progressive, Inc.
2246:United States v. Progressive, Inc.
1222:United States v. Progressive, Inc.
1087:United States Secretary of Defense
796:United States Department of Energy
136:United States Department of Energy
25:
2956:University of Colorado Law Review
2666:—; Duncan, Francis (1969).
2086:Pincus, Walter (March 18, 1979).
1203:Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
1065:that right—something Morland and
945:Federation of American Scientists
825:, government lawyers argued that
681:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
416:The Manhattan Project had been a
412:History of the Teller–Ulam design
3305:United States government secrecy
3262:
3250:
3238:
3226:
2986:. New York: Simon and Schuster.
1062:Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals
847:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
636:wrote that while publication of
346:. On December 20, 1945, Senator
236:after its author, the physicist
40:
18:United States v. The Progressive
2693:—; Holl, Jack M. (1989).
2563:DeVolpi, A.; Marsh, Gerald E.;
2352:, pp. 8, 171–172, 182–183.
368:Federal Bureau of Investigation
254:In its October 8, 1945, issue,
3285:1979 in United States case law
1058:American Civil Liberties Union
833:. The data in the article was
704:held hearings on the proposed
702:House Armed Services Committee
430:Los Alamos National Laboratory
1:
2741:; Hollinger, David A (eds.).
2647:; Anderson, Oscar E. (1962).
2521:Science & Global Security
777:Eastern District of Wisconsin
317:Institute for Nuclear Studies
262:there is no secret to be kept
175:Eastern District of Wisconsin
2576:. New York: Pergamon Press.
2322:, pp. 172–173, 180–181.
2012:"John Mitchell's Dream Case"
469:Oppenheimer security hearing
2512:De Geer, Lars-Erik (1991).
1433:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1418:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1406:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1394:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1382:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1355:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1331:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1319:Hewlett & Anderson 1962
1079:Argonne National Laboratory
1012:In attempting to apply the
935:Argonne National Laboratory
823:temporary restraining order
601:, 312 U.S. 569 (1941), and
138:(DOE) in 1979. A temporary
3336:
2622:Fitzpatrick, Anne (1999).
2567:; Stanford, G. S. (1981).
2253: (W.D. Wis. 1979).
1229: (W.D. Wis. 1979).
911:United States Constitution
893:'s dream case—the one the
546:
527:Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
465:detonated a nuclear device
409:
284:
247:, his scientific adviser,
2541:10.1080/08929889108426372
2271: (7th Cir. 1979).
1613:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1577:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1565:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1541:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1529:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1517:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1505:Hewlett & Duncan 1969
1195:developed a hydrogen bomb
1102:Mountain View, California
1001:decision, in which Judge
779:, and heard by Warren in
455:The Polish mathematician
396:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
301:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
287:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
160:Atomic Energy Act of 1954
39:
2866:The Secret that Exploded
2649:The New World, 1939–1946
2398:Morland, Howard (1999).
2310:, pp. 7–8, 256–257.
1227:467 F. Supp. 990
1197:since 1979 is disputed.
1141:Madison Press Connection
659:
400:Atomic Energy Commission
2720:Jones, Vincent (1985).
2533:1991S&GS....2..351D
2185:Bethe & Kidder 2002
1712:Hewlett & Holl 1989
1688:Hewlett & Holl 1989
716:degree in economics at
563:Blackstone Commentaries
2337:, pp. 7, 181–182.
2251:486 F. Supp. 5
998:United States v. Heine
940:Encyclopedia Americana
927:preliminary injunction
799:
672:
609:, 365 U.S. 43 (1961).
605:of motion pictures in
593:free speech exceptions
577:. On the contrary, in
362:. McMahon convened an
307:
216:Secrecy and disclosure
3315:Nuclear weapon design
3045:Schlesinger, James R.
2788:Knoll, Erwin (1994).
2388:, pp. 1375–1376.
1860:, pp. 1366–1377.
1639:, pp. 1405–1406.
1150:The Daily Californian
1136:The Daily Californian
1132:The Daily Californian
1119:The Daily Californian
1007:Espionage Act of 1917
789:
759:the article with the
667:
583:283 U.S. 697 (1931),
489:thermonuclear weapons
426:J. Robert Oppenheimer
410:Further information:
398:. It established the
388:Helen Gahagan Douglas
294:
285:Further information:
2747:Berkeley, California
2376:, pp. 223, 226.
2269:610 F.2d 819
1179:Swords of Armageddon
895:Nixon Administration
858:James R. Schlesinger
698:Department of Energy
598:Cox v. New Hampshire
567:freedom of the press
531:Dwight D. Eisenhower
344:Arthur H. Vandenberg
142:was granted against
48:Milwaukee, Wisconsin
3185:on December 3, 2010
3128:on January 15, 2013
2645:Hewlett, Richard G.
2435:, pp. 214–215.
2433:DeVolpi et al. 1981
2421:DeVolpi et al. 1981
2362:DeVolpi et al. 1981
2350:DeVolpi et al. 1981
2335:DeVolpi et al. 1981
2320:DeVolpi et al. 1981
2308:DeVolpi et al. 1981
2298:, pp. 540–541.
2281:DeVolpi et al. 1981
2197:DeVolpi et al. 1981
2130:on December 3, 2010
2092:The Washington Post
2062:DeVolpi et al. 1981
2017:The Washington Post
1989:, pp. 711–712.
1975:DeVolpi et al. 1981
1963:DeVolpi et al. 1981
1897:DeVolpi et al. 1981
1870:DeVolpi et al. 1981
1816:DeVolpi et al. 1981
1794:, pp. 106–109.
1780:DeVolpi et al. 1981
1767:, pp. 547–549.
1678:, pp. 198–202.
1666:, pp. 135–136.
1664:DeVolpi et al. 1981
1615:, pp. 438–441.
1603:, pp. 461–463.
1591:, pp. 460–461.
1543:, pp. 406–409.
1531:, pp. 382–383.
1519:, pp. 372–373.
1495:, pp. 259–260.
1483:, pp. 290–291.
1471:, pp. 120–121.
1459:, pp. 113–118.
1372:, pp. 576–578.
1345:, pp. 574–575.
1280:, pp. 558–559.
1268:, pp. 553–557.
1256:, pp. 253–255.
980:radiation implosion
909:, an expert on the
882:The Washington Post
862:Secretary of Energy
798:attempted to censor
638:The Pentagon Papers
507:Scientific American
502:Scientific American
428:as director of the
332:statutory authority
201:unconstitutionality
189:security clearances
187:, would not accept
3257:Nuclear technology
3091:Cardozo Law Review
3070:Cardozo Law Review
3049:Cardozo Law Review
3018:Cardozo Law Review
2928:Cardozo Law Review
2893:Cardozo Law Review
2777:Cardozo Law Review
800:
769:James Edward Doyle
757:motion to suppress
684:, and its editor,
673:
660:Morland's research
625:The New York Times
555:U.S. Supreme Court
376:Secretary of State
340:William L. Marbury
308:
238:Henry DeWolf Smyth
3198:Morland, Howard.
3010:Rudenstine, David
2919:— (2005b).
2887:— (2005a).
2836:(November 1979).
2283:, pp. 74–78.
1965:, pp. 59–61.
1818:, pp. 44–48.
1447:, pp. 83–88.
1183:Daily Californian
1171:Rocky Flats Plant
1124:college newspaper
1122:(the student-run
1081:wrote to Senator
1054:Operation Redwing
1022:nuclear holocaust
976:Operation Dominic
843:injunctive relief
775:, a judge in the
694:Ronald V. Dellums
588:Charles E. Hughes
580:Near v. Minnesota
364:executive session
336:Kenneth C. Royall
313:Samuel K. Allison
303:establishing the
281:Atomic Energy Act
222:Manhattan Project
173:, a judge in the
113:
112:
16:(Redirected from
3327:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3243:
3242:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3170:
3168:
3166:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3106:
3097:(4): 1358–1361.
3085:
3076:(4): 1362–1366.
3064:
3055:(4): 1342–1352.
3040:
3038:
3036:
3024:(4): 1337–1342.
3005:
2985:
2971:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2934:(4): 1401–1408.
2925:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2899:(4): 1366–1378.
2883:
2864:— (1981).
2860:
2858:
2856:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2809:
2784:
2768:
2733:
2716:
2689:
2662:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2618:
2595:
2575:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2494:(October 2002),
2474:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2442:
2436:
2430:
2424:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2284:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2230:
2224:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2200:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2164:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2029:
2024:on July 14, 2012
2008:
2002:
1999:Schlesinger 2005
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1927:
1924:Tuerkheimer 2005
1921:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1834:
1828:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1625:Fitzpatrick 1999
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1553:Fitzpatrick 1999
1550:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1493:Fitzpatrick 1999
1490:
1484:
1481:Fitzpatrick 1999
1478:
1472:
1469:Fitzpatrick 1999
1466:
1460:
1457:Fitzpatrick 1999
1454:
1448:
1445:Fitzpatrick 1999
1442:
1436:
1430:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1251:
1245:
1239:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1106:Charles H. Percy
1041:motion to vacate
990:
907:Alexander Bickel
905:case, Professor
878:
831:irreparable harm
816:
773:Robert W. Warren
754:
718:Emory University
714:Bachelor of Arts
575:unconstitutional
519:David Greenglass
274:declassification
257:The New Republic
205:prior restraints
171:Robert W. Warren
158:" clause of the
134:magazine by the
108:Robert W. Warren
99:Court membership
94:(W.D. Wis. 1979)
44:
32:
21:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3290:Nuclear secrecy
3275:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3251:
3249:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3205:
3203:
3197:
3188:
3186:
3177:The Progressive
3173:
3164:
3162:
3161:on May 10, 2013
3153:
3146:The Progressive
3131:
3129:
3117:
3114:
3109:
3088:
3067:
3043:
3034:
3032:
3008:
2994:
2976:Rhodes, Richard
2974:
2953:
2944:
2942:
2923:
2918:
2909:
2907:
2886:
2880:
2863:
2854:
2852:
2842:The Progressive
2834:Morland, Howard
2832:
2823:
2821:
2812:
2787:
2783:(4): 1389–1399.
2771:
2757:
2739:Carson, Cathryn
2736:
2719:
2705:
2692:
2678:
2665:
2659:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2621:
2598:
2584:
2573:
2562:
2553:
2551:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2501:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2473:, p. 1337.
2471:Rudenstine 2005
2469:
2465:
2455:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2360:
2356:
2348:
2341:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2235:, p. 1375.
2231:
2227:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2159:
2155:
2147:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2122:The Progressive
2118:
2117:
2106:
2096:
2094:
2085:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2001:, p. 1346.
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:, p. 1360.
1951:Williamson 2005
1949:
1945:
1937:
1930:
1926:, p. 1362.
1922:
1915:
1911:, p. 1373.
1907:
1903:
1899:, pp. 5–6.
1895:
1888:
1884:, p. 1370.
1880:
1876:
1872:, pp. 4–6.
1868:
1864:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1837:
1833:, p. 1366.
1829:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:, pp. 3–4.
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1654:, p. 1405.
1650:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1575:
1571:
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1559:
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1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
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1491:
1487:
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1467:
1463:
1455:
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1439:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1305:
1296:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1240:
1233:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1187:The Progressive
1166:The Progressive
1162:The Progressive
1158:
1146:The Progressive
1075:
1067:The Progressive
1037:The Progressive
1030:Pentagon Papers
1018:Pentagon Papers
988:
986:The Progressive
931:Theodore Postol
919:The Progressive
915:Daniel Ellsberg
903:Pentagon Papers
899:The Progressive
887:The Progressive
876:
866:The Progressive
839:Pentagon Papers
835:born classified
827:The Progressive
814:
812:The Progressive
804:The Progressive
792:The Progressive
752:
750:The Progressive
746:restricted data
742:The Progressive
738:
736:Legal arguments
729:The Progressive
676:The Progressive
662:
657:
620:Pentagon Papers
559:First Amendment
551:
549:Prior restraint
545:
543:Prior restraint
424:, who replaced
422:Norris Bradbury
414:
408:
379:James F. Byrnes
372:J. Edgar Hoover
297:Harry S. Truman
289:
283:
269:Harry S. Truman
218:
213:
185:The Progressive
144:The Progressive
131:The Progressive
50:
28:
27:1979 court case
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3333:
3331:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3277:
3276:
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3271:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3213:
3212:
3195:
3171:
3151:
3138:
3113:
3112:External links
3110:
3108:
3107:
3086:
3065:
3041:
3012:(March 2005).
3006:
2992:
2972:
2951:
2916:
2884:
2879:978-0394512976
2878:
2861:
2830:
2810:
2800:(2): 705–714.
2785:
2769:
2755:
2734:
2717:
2703:
2690:
2676:
2663:
2657:
2641:
2619:
2609:(3): 538–569.
2596:
2582:
2560:
2527:(4): 351–363.
2509:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2475:
2463:
2451:New York Times
2437:
2425:
2413:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2354:
2339:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2285:
2273:
2255:
2237:
2225:
2223:, p. 354.
2213:
2211:, p. 551.
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2163:, p. 185.
2153:
2151:, p. 543.
2141:
2104:
2078:
2076:, p. 569.
2066:
2064:, p. 216.
2047:
2035:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1928:
1913:
1901:
1886:
1874:
1862:
1850:
1848:, p. 542.
1835:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1769:
1757:
1755:, p. 546.
1745:
1743:, p. 539.
1728:
1726:, p. 538.
1716:
1704:
1702:, p. 533.
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1579:, p. 440.
1569:
1567:, p. 439.
1557:
1545:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1507:, p. 369.
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1437:
1435:, p. 524.
1422:
1420:, p. 510.
1410:
1408:, p. 512.
1398:
1396:, p. 501.
1386:
1384:, p. 495.
1374:
1359:
1357:, p. 429.
1347:
1335:
1333:, p. 422.
1323:
1321:, p. 647.
1311:
1309:, p. 192.
1294:
1292:, p. 561.
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1231:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1157:
1154:
1074:
1071:
874:New York Times
737:
734:
690:Howard Morland
669:Howard Morland
661:
658:
656:
653:
634:Potter Stewart
572:
569:as "laying no
547:Main article:
544:
541:
494:Howard Morland
457:Stanislaw Ulam
434:nuclear fusion
407:
404:
328:War Department
282:
279:
263:
249:Richard Tolman
217:
214:
212:
209:
148:Howard Morland
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
96:
95:
85:
81:
80:
79:March 28, 1979
77:
73:
72:
67:
66:Full case name
63:
62:
56:
52:
51:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3332:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3270:
3269:United States
3260:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3224:
3220:
3215:
3201:
3196:
3184:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2993:0-684-80400-X
2989:
2984:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2952:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2921:"Born Secret"
2917:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2889:"The Article"
2885:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2756:0-9672617-3-2
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2704:0-520-06018-0
2700:
2696:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2677:0-520-07187-5
2673:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2658:0-520-07186-7
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2627:
2626:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2583:0-08-025995-2
2579:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2565:Postol, T. A.
2561:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2515:
2510:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2472:
2467:
2464:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2401:
2394:
2391:
2387:
2386:Morland 2005a
2382:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2301:
2297:
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2290:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2233:Morland 2005a
2229:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2199:, p. 63.
2198:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2145:
2142:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2045:, p. 57.
2044:
2039:
2036:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1980:
1977:, p. 61.
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1944:
1941:, p. 55.
1940:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:Morland 2005b
1905:
1902:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:Morland 2005b
1878:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1858:Morland 2005b
1854:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:Morland 2005b
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1714:, p. 59.
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1690:, p. 40.
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1652:Morland 2005a
1648:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1637:Morland 2005a
1633:
1630:
1627:, p. 25.
1626:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1558:
1555:, p. 14.
1554:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1446:
1441:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
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1214:
1208:
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1198:
1196:
1190:
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1172:
1167:
1163:
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1151:
1147:
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1121:
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1114:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
993:public domain
987:
983:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:
954:
952:
951:
950:amicus curiae
946:
942:
941:
936:
932:
928:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
891:John Mitchell
888:
884:
883:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
821:In seeking a
819:
813:
809:
805:
797:
793:
788:
784:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
751:
747:
743:
735:
733:
730:
726:
721:
719:
715:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
682:
677:
670:
666:
654:
652:
650:
646:
645:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:
621:
617:
616:
610:
608:
604:
600:
599:
594:
589:
586:
585:Chief Justice
582:
581:
576:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
550:
542:
540:
537:
532:
528:
524:
523:Morton Sobell
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:
497:
495:
490:
486:
481:
477:
472:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
438:Edward Teller
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
413:
406:Hydrogen bomb
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
384:
383:Alan Nunn May
380:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
356:Igor Gouzenko
352:
349:
348:Brien McMahon
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
306:
302:
298:
293:
288:
280:
278:
275:
270:
267:
261:
259:
258:
252:
250:
246:
245:Leslie Groves
243:
242:Major General
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
215:
210:
208:
206:
202:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
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163:
161:
157:
153:
152:hydrogen bomb
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
119:
118:
109:
106:
104:Judge sitting
102:
97:
93:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
60:
57:
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49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3214:
3204:. Retrieved
3187:. Retrieved
3183:the original
3176:
3163:. Retrieved
3159:the original
3144:
3130:. Retrieved
3126:the original
3120:
3094:
3090:
3073:
3069:
3052:
3048:
3033:. Retrieved
3021:
3017:
2981:
2959:
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2931:
2927:
2908:. Retrieved
2896:
2892:
2870:Random House
2868:. New York:
2865:
2853:. Retrieved
2841:
2822:. Retrieved
2814:Linder, Doug
2797:
2793:
2780:
2776:
2742:
2721:
2694:
2667:
2648:
2633:. Retrieved
2624:
2606:
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2552:. Retrieved
2524:
2520:
2502:, retrieved
2496:
2466:
2454:. Retrieved
2450:
2440:
2428:
2423:, p. 9.
2416:
2404:. Retrieved
2393:
2381:
2374:Morland 1981
2369:
2357:
2315:
2303:
2276:
2263:
2258:
2245:
2240:
2228:
2221:De Geer 1991
2216:
2204:
2192:
2180:
2168:
2161:Morland 1981
2156:
2144:
2132:. Retrieved
2128:the original
2121:
2095:. Retrieved
2091:
2081:
2069:
2038:
2026:. Retrieved
2022:the original
2015:
2006:
1994:
1982:
1970:
1958:
1946:
1904:
1877:
1865:
1853:
1811:
1804:Morland 1979
1799:
1792:Morland 1981
1787:
1782:, p. 3.
1760:
1748:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1632:
1620:
1608:
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1145:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1117:
1115:
1098:Chuck Hansen
1095:
1090:Harold Brown
1076:
1073:Case dropped
1066:
1049:
1036:
1035:Lawyers for
1034:
1029:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1003:Learned Hand
996:
985:
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957:
955:
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808:Q clearances
803:
802:Lawyers for
801:
794:, which the
791:
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629:
623:
613:
611:
606:
596:
578:
552:
506:
500:
498:
480:George Gamow
473:
454:
446:hydrodynamic
442:fission bomb
415:
360:atomic spies
353:
325:
321:Enrico Fermi
309:
255:
253:
234:Smyth Report
219:
203:attached to
197:
192:
184:
178:
164:
143:
129:
116:
115:
114:
69:
29:
3206:January 12,
3189:January 12,
3165:January 12,
2773:Kidder, Ray
2492:Kidder, Ray
2488:Bethe, Hans
2406:January 12,
2173:Kidder 2005
2134:January 12,
1700:Rhodes 1995
1676:Kaiser 2005
1601:Rhodes 1995
1589:Rhodes 1995
1307:Kaiser 2005
1242:Linder 2012
885:wrote that
870:Fred Graham
686:Erwin Knoll
511:Klaus Fuchs
226:Axis powers
156:born secret
3279:Categories
3233:Journalism
2554:August 24,
2504:August 16,
2480:References
2296:Entin 1980
2209:Entin 1980
2149:Entin 1980
2074:Entin 1980
1987:Knoll 1994
1846:Entin 1980
1765:Entin 1980
1753:Entin 1980
1741:Entin 1980
1724:Entin 1980
1370:Jones 1985
1343:Jones 1985
1290:Jones 1985
1278:Jones 1985
1266:Jones 1985
1254:Jones 1985
1111:Ted Taylor
1083:John Glenn
968:Ray Kidder
964:Hans Bethe
603:censorship
515:Harry Gold
476:Hans Bethe
299:signs the
295:President
211:Background
140:injunction
3103:0270-5192
3082:0270-5192
3061:0270-5192
3030:0270-5192
3014:"Welcome"
2968:0041-9516
2962:: 55–79.
2940:0270-5192
2905:0270-5192
2850:0033-0736
2806:1065-8254
2635:March 16,
2615:0029-3571
2549:1547-7800
2043:Powe 1990
2028:March 24,
1939:Powe 1990
1152:as moot.
959:in camera
781:Milwaukee
471:in 1954.
370:Director
366:at which
266:President
193:in camera
180:in camera
126:W.D. Wis.
3132:March 4,
3035:March 4,
3002:32509950
2978:(1995).
2945:March 4,
2910:March 4,
2855:March 4,
2844:: 3–12.
2824:March 6,
2816:(2012).
2765:64385611
2730:10913875
2713:82275622
2456:March 2,
1039:filed a
852:Idi Amin
571:previous
565:defined
436:, which
122:F. Supp.
89:F. Supp.
84:Citation
3219:Portals
2686:3717478
2592:7197387
2529:Bibcode
2097:May 10,
1189:cases.
1126:of the
1050:Bassoon
947:in its
765:Madison
671:in 2008
167:recused
76:Decided
3101:
3080:
3059:
3028:
3000:
2990:
2966:
2938:
2903:
2876:
2848:
2804:
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2684:
2674:
2655:
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2590:
2580:
2547:
2267:,
2249:,
1225:,
1156:Legacy
877:'s
872:, the
860:, the
815:'s
753:'s
561:. The
485:X-rays
444:. The
120:, 467
2924:(PDF)
2629:(PDF)
2574:(PDF)
2517:(PDF)
1209:Notes
1116:When
989:'
655:Trial
536:Joe 4
450:ENIAC
418:crash
392:House
124:990 (
55:Court
3208:2013
3191:2013
3167:2013
3134:2012
3099:ISSN
3078:ISSN
3057:ISSN
3037:2012
3026:ISSN
2998:OCLC
2988:ISBN
2964:ISSN
2947:2012
2936:ISSN
2912:2012
2901:ISSN
2874:ISBN
2857:2012
2846:ISSN
2826:2013
2802:ISSN
2761:OCLC
2751:ISBN
2726:OCLC
2709:OCLC
2699:ISBN
2682:OCLC
2672:ISBN
2653:ISBN
2637:2012
2611:ISSN
2588:OCLC
2578:ISBN
2556:2012
2545:ISSN
2506:2016
2458:2013
2408:2013
2136:2013
2099:2018
2030:2012
1169:the
1148:and
1016:and
1014:Near
649:Near
630:Near
525:and
478:and
338:and
326:The
87:467
3245:Law
2537:doi
1185:or
854:."
763:in
612:In
207:".
92:990
3281::
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2327:^
2288:^
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2050:^
2014:.
1931:^
1916:^
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