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These reasons have been given for the delay between the introduction of Intel-based
Macintosh computers and the availability of third-party applications in universal binary format. Apple's delivery of Intel-based computers several months ahead of their previously announced schedule is another factor in this gap.
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There are two general alternative solutions. The first is to simply provide two separate binaries, one compiled for the x86 architecture and one for the PowerPC architecture. However, this can be confusing to software users unfamiliar with the difference between the two, although the confusion can be
193:
have used the term "universal" to refer to a fat binary that includes builds for both i386 (32-bit Intel) and x86_64 systems. The same mechanism that is used to select between the PowerPC or Intel builds of an application is also used to select between the 32-bit or 64-bit builds of either PowerPC or
364:
in mind might require very few changes to compile as a universal binary, but a complex application designed to take advantage of architecture-specific features might require substantial modification. Applications originally built using other development tools might require additional modification.
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Universal binaries are larger than single-platform binaries, because multiple copies of the compiled code must be stored. However, because some non-executable resources are shared by the two architectures, the size of the resulting universal binary can be, and usually is, smaller than the combined
197:
Apple, however, continued to require native compatibility with both PowerPC and Intel in order to grant third-party software publishers permission to use Apple's trademarks related to universal binaries. Apple does not specify whether or not such third-party software publishers must (or should)
213:
detects a universal binary by its header, and executes the appropriate section for the architecture in use. This allows the application to run natively on any supported architecture, with no negative performance impact beyond an increase in the storage space taken up by the larger binary.
217:
Starting with Mac OS X Snow
Leopard, only Intel-based Macs are supported, so software that specifically depends upon capabilities present only in Mac OS X 10.6 or newer will only run on Intel-based Macs and therefore does not require Intel/PPC fat binaries. Additionally, starting with
222:, only 64-bit Intel Macs are supported, so software that specifically depends on new features in OS X 10.7 or newer will only run on 64-bit processors and therefore does not require 32-bit/64-bit fat binaries. Fat binaries would only be necessary for software that is designed to have
419:
with version 11 - after that time most were made Intel-only apps. Non-Universal 32-bit PowerPC programs will run on Intel Macs running Mac OS X 10.4, 10.5, and 10.6 (in most cases), but with non-optimal performance, since they must be translated on-the-fly by
273:
of one architecture by a system running the other architecture. This approach results in lower performance, and is generally regarded an interim solution to be used only until universal binaries or specifically compiled binaries are available as with
372:
2.4 takes the concept of universal binaries even further, by allowing four-architecture binaries to be created (32- and 64-bit for both Intel and PowerPC), therefore allowing a single executable to take full advantage of the CPU capabilities of any
912:
205:
as a means to ease the transition from the existing PowerPC architecture to systems based on Intel processors, which began shipping in 2006. Universal binaries typically include both PowerPC and
385:
Many software developers have provided universal binary updates for their products since the 2005 WWDC. As of
December 2008, Apple's website listed more than 7,500 Universal applications.
720:"Does Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" run on Macs with a 32-bit EFI? How does the performance of Mac OS X 10.7 "Lion" compare to Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow Leopard" in "real-world" tests? @ EveryMac.com"
436:
applications by default on multiple occasions of architectural co-existence: around 2010 during the armv6-armv7-armv7s transition and around 2016 during the armv7-arm64 transition. The
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in late 2020. To aid in this transition, a new
Universal 2 binary was introduced to enable applications to be run on either
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automatically thins the binaries. No trade names were derived for this practice, as it is only a concern of the developer.
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binary format was introduced at the 2020 Worldwide
Developers Conference. Universal 2 allows applications to run on both
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2.1 supports the creation of these files, a new feature in that release. A simple application developed with
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From 2006 to 2010, many Mac OS X applications were ported to
Universal Binary format, including
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processors to PowerPC in the mid-1990s. These dual-platform executables are called
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systems can identify Mach-O universal binaries and report architecture support.
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The main tool for handling (creating or splitting) universal binaries is the
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673:"Mac OS X Universal Logo: Guidelines for Mac OS X Universal Logo Licenses"
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On June 22, 2020, Apple announced a two-year permanent transition from
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Apple previously used a similar technique during the transition from
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750:"This is Apple's roadmap for moving the first Macs away from Intel"
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849:"Apple announces macOS 11, "Big Sur," with an emphasis on design"
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sizes of two individual binaries. They also do not require extra
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Apple has used the same binary format as
Universal Binaries for
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archive as the binary format underlying the universal binary.
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because only one of those two copies is loaded for execution.
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Universal binaries were introduced into Mac OS at the 2005
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architectures in general, some software publishers such as
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remedied through improved documentation, or the use of
698:"Mac OS X: 64-bit kernel frequently asked questions"
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The concept of a universal binary originated with "
775:"Macintosh Products Guide: Universal Applications"
168:", and the concept is more generally known as a
875:"Mac OS X: Trimming fat from Mach-O fat files"
198:bundle separate builds for all architectures.
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558:-based processors or ARM64-based processors.
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41:Logo used to indicate a Universal application
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830:"lipo - iOS fat binaries and thinning out"
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651:"Firefox 4 for Mac OS X: Under the Hood"
209:versions of a compiled application. The
907:Universal Binary Programming Guidelines
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353:, referring to their larger file size.
302:, the main architectural foundation of
47:
269:. The other alternative is to rely on
160:-based Macs. The format originated on
203:Apple Worldwide Developers Conference
185:, and before that, since the move to
27:Apple multi-architecture binary files
7:
901:Developer Transition Resource Center
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580:command on macOS and several other
611:Mac transition to Intel processors
25:
592:provides this information on the
140:that run natively either on both
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2038:
806:. April 16, 2007. Archived from
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57:
1679:Apple Push Notification service
616:Mac transition to Apple silicon
800:"Adobe Ships Creative Suite 3"
748:Axon, Samuel (June 22, 2020).
1:
913:Universal Binary Introduction
847:Amadeo, Ron (June 22, 2020).
700:. Apple Inc. October 4, 2012
1924:System Integrity Protection
873:stany (September 6, 2005).
296:Multi-Architecture Binaries
254:transition to Apple silicon
230:running on older hardware.
166:Multi-Architecture Binaries
2087:
29:
2035:denote upcoming products.
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392:announced the release of
338:. NeXTSTEP and macOS use
252:computers, to enable the
606:Apple–Intel architecture
497:Developer Transition Kit
94:Developer Transition Kit
30:Not to be confused with
2066:Executable file formats
1929:Uniform Type Identifier
1626:Remote Install Mac OS X
1490:Bluetooth File Exchange
482:ARM architecture family
226:with older versions of
136:format is a format for
1814:Grand Central Dispatch
678:. Apple Inc. June 2007
394:Adobe Creative Suite 3
381:Universal applications
362:processor-independence
224:backward compatibility
42:
542:-based processors to
413:Microsoft Office 2008
194:Intel architectures.
183:Mac OS X Snow Leopard
40:
409:Adobe Creative Suite
181:With the release of
32:Universal Hex Format
1996:Classic Environment
1565:Migration Assistant
1520:Digital Color Meter
1402:Former Applications
1264:Notification Center
877:. theconsultant.net
653:. November 10, 2010
388:On April 16, 2007,
1644:Technologies &
1621:ODBC Administrator
1580:System Information
1066:10.8 Mountain Lion
626:Rosetta (software)
487:Universal 2 binary
43:
18:Universal 2 binary
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2024:
2023:
1669:Apple File System
1639:
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1525:Directory Utility
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1453:
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1379:Interface Builder
1157:Core Applications
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1102:10.13 High Sierra
1045:10.6 Snow Leopard
570:command found in
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452:Mac transition to
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49:Mac transition to
16:(Redirected from
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1934:Universal binary
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1590:Universal Access
1530:DiskImageMounter
1485:Audio MIDI Setup
1470:Activity Monitor
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1289:Quicktime Player
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1081:10.11 El Capitan
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324:Sun Microsystems
211:operating system
138:executable files
134:universal binary
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79:Universal binary
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1909:Speakable items
1879:Preference Pane
1859:Mission Control
1749:Core Foundation
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1631:Software Update
1616:Network Utility
1599:
1575:System Settings
1560:Keychain Access
1480:Archive Utility
1475:AirPort Utility
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1389:Quartz Composer
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1341:Developer Tools
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1304:version history
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810:on July 8, 2012
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1604:Discontinued
1535:Disk Utility
1505:Configurator
1372:Former tools
1331:Time Machine
1150:Applications
1107:10.14 Mojave
1097:10.12 Sierra
1040:10.5 Leopard
1030:10.3 Panther
1015:10.0 Cheetah
965:Architecture
879:. Retrieved
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853:Ars Technica
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808:the original
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784:December 22,
782:. Retrieved
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757:. Retrieved
754:Ars Technica
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728:. Retrieved
726:. Kyle Media
724:everymac.com
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1759:Core OpenGL
1729:Command key
1694:Audio Units
1684:AppleScript
1545:Help Viewer
1358:Instruments
1274:Photo Booth
1219:Game Center
1122:12 Monterey
1025:10.2 Jaguar
1010:Public Beta
881:October 18,
814:October 18,
704:October 18,
682:October 18,
444:Universal 2
401:QuarkXPress
244:-based and
235:Universal 2
156:-based and
152:or on both
144:-based and
2060:Categories
1958:Deprecated
1894:Quick Look
1874:Option key
1849:Menu extra
1809:Gatekeeper
1804:Foundation
1779:Cover Flow
1769:Core Video
1754:Core Image
1739:Core Audio
1674:Apple menu
1204:DVD Player
1199:Dictionary
1174:Calculator
1137:15 Sequoia
1127:13 Ventura
1117:11 Big Sur
1035:10.4 Tiger
1005:Server 1.0
730:October 6,
637:References
621:Fat binary
267:hybrid CDs
260:Motivation
171:fat binary
2006:QuickTime
1914:Spotlight
1794:FileVault
1764:Core Text
1744:Core Data
1724:ColorSync
1595:VoiceOver
1555:Installer
1540:Font Book
1500:ColorSync
1495:Boot Camp
1459:Utilities
1414:Front Row
1409:Dashboard
1363:FileMerge
1311:Shortcuts
1294:Reminders
1234:Launchpad
1169:Automator
1164:App Store
1132:14 Sonoma
1061:10.7 Lion
1020:10.1 Puma
582:Unix-like
492:Rosetta 2
438:App Store
377:machine.
271:emulation
250:Macintosh
220:OS X Lion
84:Boot Camp
2045:Category
1834:Keychain
1714:CloudKit
1585:Terminal
1446:Sherlock
1384:Dashcode
1326:TextEdit
1321:Stickies
1269:Podcasts
1244:Messages
1209:FaceTime
1189:Contacts
1179:Calendar
997:Mac OS X
989:Versions
980:Software
858:June 23,
759:June 23,
657:March 3,
631:Xslimmer
600:See also
476:M series
375:Mac OS X
368:Apple's
356:Apple's
308:Motorola
304:Mac OS X
300:NeXTSTEP
233:The new
228:Mac OS X
162:NeXTStep
154:Intel 64
2033:Italics
2001:Inkwell
1949:XQuartz
1899:Rosetta
1839:launchd
1704:Bonjour
1659:AirDrop
1510:Console
1439:history
1284:Preview
1224:Grapher
960:History
546:-based
422:Rosetta
336:PA-RISC
290:History
276:Rosetta
248:-based
191:Mozilla
148:-based
142:PowerPC
89:Rosetta
69:PowerPC
2043:
2011:Spaces
1991:Carbon
1939:WebKit
1919:Stacks
1889:Quartz
1869:OpenCL
1844:Mach-O
1824:iCloud
1784:Darwin
1709:Bundle
1664:AppKit
1434:iTunes
1424:iPhoto
1299:Safari
1279:Photos
1214:Finder
975:Server
911:Apple
905:Apple
899:Apple
574:. The
556:x86-64
540:x86-64
415:, and
340:Mach-O
330:, and
242:x86-64
187:64-bit
2071:MacOS
2016:Xgrid
1981:BootX
1854:Metal
1799:Fonts
1719:Cocoa
1429:iSync
1419:iChat
1350:Xcode
1259:Notes
1254:Music
1184:Chess
1090:macOS
949:macOS
676:(PDF)
596:tab.
572:Xcode
562:Tools
544:ARM64
537:Intel
370:Xcode
358:Xcode
328:SPARC
316:Intel
298:" in
246:ARM64
239:Intel
158:ARM64
1965:HFS+
1819:icns
1789:Dock
1774:CUPS
1689:Aqua
1611:Grab
1316:Siri
1249:News
1239:Mail
1229:Home
1054:OS X
883:2013
860:2020
816:2013
786:2008
761:2020
732:2017
706:2013
684:2013
659:2017
577:file
568:lipo
312:m68k
164:as "
150:Macs
132:The
1944:XNU
588:'s
434:iOS
428:iOS
347:68k
334:'s
326:'s
320:x86
318:'s
310:'s
284:RAM
207:x86
146:x86
2062::
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