604:
the pacific settlement of international disputes; respecting the limitation of the employment of force for the recovery of contract debts relative to the opening of hostilities; respecting the laws and customs of war on land; respecting the rights and duties of neutral powers and persons in case of war on land; relative to the status of enemy merchant-ships at the outbreak of hostilities; relative to the conversion of merchant-ships into war-ships; relative to the laying of automatic submarine contact mines; respecting bombardment by naval forces in time of war; for the adaptation to naval war of the principles of the Geneva
Convention; relative to certain restrictions with regard to the exercise of the right of capture in naval war; relative to the creation of an International Prize Court; concerning the rights and duties of neutral powers in naval war; and a declaration prohibiting the discharge of projectiles and explosives from balloons.
368:
sanitary regulations. It further declared arbitration to be a principle of
American International Law and obligatory "in all controversies concerning diplomatic and consular privileges, boundaries, territories, indemnities, the right of navigation, and the validity, construction and enforcement of treaties; and that it should be equally obligatory in all other cases, whatever might be their origin, nature or object, with the sole exception of those which in the judgment of one of the nations involved in the controversy, might imperil its independence; but that even in this case, while arbitration for that nation should be optional, it should be obligatory on the adversary power" (7 Moore Int. Law Dig. p. 7). One notable result of the conference was the establishment of the Bureau of the American Republics. All the republics of South America are represented in this bureau, which continues for periods of ten years subject to renewal.
595:, who subsequently gave their adhesion. The conference authorized the Governments of the United States and Mexico to negotiate with the other signatory powers for the adherence of other American nations. At this conference the project of a treaty for the arbitration of pecuniary claims was adopted, and the signatories agreed for a term of five years to submit to arbitration (preferably to the permanent court at The Hague) all claims for pecuniary loss or damage presented by their respective citizens and not capable of settlement through diplomatic channels, where they were of sufficient importance to warrant the expense of a court of arbitration.
648:
43:
225:, in the 24 countries with parliaments, serving as members of the IPU by 1914. Its aims were to encourage governments to solve international disputes by peaceful means and arbitration and annual conferences were held to help governments refine the process of international arbitration. The IPU's structure consisted of a Council headed by a President which would later be reflected in the structure of the League.
1350:
575:
was established at The Hague, composed representatives of each of the signatory powers appointed for a term of six years. Arbitrators called upon to form a competent tribunal may be chosen from a general list of the members of the court when any of the signatory powers desire to have recourse to the
305:
An effort to hold a congress was made by the governments of Chile and
Colombia in 1880, "to the end that the settlement by arbitration of each and every international controversy should become a principle of American public law". This congress did not meet, however, owing to a war between Chile and
603:
A second international peace conference was held at The Hague from 15 June to 18 October 1907. Forty-four States were represented, including the principal nations of Europe, North and South
America, and Asia. The conference drew up thirteen conventions and one declaration. They are as follows: for
494:
On 12 August 1898, in a circular letter addressed to the representatives of different nations, the
Emperor of Russia proposed to all governments, which had duly accredited representatives at the imperial court, the holding of a conference to consider the problem of the preservation of peace among
367:
assembled at
Washington on 2 October 1889. Eighteen American nations, including the United States, had their representatives. The conference adopted a plan of arbitration of international differences, together with various recommendations relating to trade, law, extradition, patents, customs, and
274:
Republics "for the purpose of bringing about not only a union and close alliance for defence, but also the acceptance of friendly mediation for the settlement of disputes between them, and the framing and promulgation of a code of penal laws to regulate their mutual relations". It does not appear
262:
for military as well as political purposes. One of its declared objects was "to promote the peace and union of
American nations and establish amicable methods for the settlement of disputes between them". This congress failed, as only four Spanish-American countries were represented and only one
115:), as an ambitious forum to carry out dispute resolution in international affairs, and prevent wars. This idea was widely promoted during the nineteenth century, anticipating the international bodies that would be set up in the twentieth century with comparable aims.
424:. The congress adopted resolutions urging limitation of armaments and the placing of a ban upon foreign loans for war purposes. Through the next decade, more congresses were convened in various cities without the development of anything new in principle or method.
321:
an invitation was issued by the president to Mexico, the
Central and South American Republics, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Brazil to join in a conference to be held in the city of Washington, the project being to consider:
317:, on 24 November 1882, "for the purpose of considering and discussing methods of preventing war between the nations of America". This meeting did not take place owing to a variety of reasons, but subsequently, by virtue of an
2556:
2605:
198:
in the nineteenth century in an attempt to maintain the status quo between
European states and so avoid war. This period also saw the development of international law with the first
2615:
2008:
1658:
2590:
1638:
2444:
1577:
2530:
364:
587:, 22 October 1901, to 31 January 1902, a plan was adopted looking to adhesion to The Hague convention, the protocol being signed by all of the delegations except
2459:
1711:
299:, for the purpose of forming an alliance of American republics. The United States was invited but as it was then at war with Mexico it sent no representative.
2663:
2637:
1133:
580:
2595:
499:
and on 4 September the formal notification of the ratification of the convention for the pacific settlement of international disputes was given by the
2600:
2412:
302:
Another congress was held by representatives from the
Argentine Republic, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Peru, and Venezuela, in 1864.
2561:
2526:
655:
A series of international peace congresses called Universal Peace Congress (French: Congrès universel de la paix) took place between 1889 and 1939.
1360:
2703:
2632:
2678:
2230:
2144:
1628:
2331:
1898:
2683:
2536:
2488:
318:
168:
had a plan for the establishment of a "European Dyet, Parliament or Estates". He was followed by other writers of different nationalities.
64:
1779:
1643:
1277:
Official report of the seventeenth Universal Congress of Peace, held at Caxton Hall, Westminster, London, July 27th to August 1st, 1908
131:
to obtain by peaceful arbitration a settlement of differences has been traced back as far as 1623 in modern history, to a French monk,
2713:
2693:
2279:
2175:
1821:
1753:
1633:
484:
2541:
2205:
1863:
1668:
935:
395:
203:
86:
2747:
2620:
2610:
2225:
1100:
942:. On 28 June 1919, the Covenant was signed by 44 states, including 31 states which had taken part in the war on the side of the
647:
1993:
1988:
1455:
965:
on 16 January 1920, six days after the Versailles Treaty came into force. In November, the headquarters of the League moved to
1618:
2568:
1908:
1858:
1648:
989:
572:
310:
135:, who wrote a work entitled "The New Cyneas", a discourse showing the opportunities and the means for establishing a general
2708:
2583:
143:
to all the world and addressed to the monarch and the sovereign princes of the time. He proposed that a city, preferably
2314:
2235:
2215:
1998:
1918:
1903:
1868:
911:
389:
31:
2658:
2482:
2200:
1883:
1592:
1188:
Official report of the fifth Universal Peace Congress held at Chicago, United States of America, August 14 to 20, 1893
613:
57:
51:
1172:
Proceedings of the Universal peace congress, held in the Westminster Town hall, London, from 14th to 19th July, 1890
969:, where the first General Assembly was held on 15 November 1920 with representatives from 41 nations in attendance.
2726:
2573:
2551:
2250:
2210:
1928:
1848:
1541:
1496:
1481:
1204:
Bulletin officiel du VIme Congrès international de la paix tenu à Anvers (Belgique) du 29 août au 1r septembre 1894
2752:
2625:
2578:
2546:
2240:
2185:
210:
68:
2501:
2434:
2304:
2284:
2267:
1923:
1602:
1597:
377:
2170:
2494:
2180:
1983:
1913:
1774:
1748:
1587:
1012:
292:
104:
2471:
2465:
2294:
2195:
1878:
1814:
350:, and of laws to protect patent rights, copyrights, and trade marks, and for the extradition of criminals;
1448:
421:
336:
2439:
2289:
2054:
1365:
1218:
214:
140:
359:
such other subjects relating to the welfare of the several States as might be presented by any of them.
183:
outlined the idea of a league of nations that would control conflict and promote peace between states.
2309:
2220:
1723:
1663:
1653:
1623:
939:
347:
239:
218:
2668:
2642:
2382:
2367:
2362:
2352:
2319:
2109:
2104:
2042:
579:
The South and Central American republics were not represented at the conference, but at the second
187:
162:"On the Right of War and Peace", pleading for a mitigation of some of the barbarous usages of war.
259:
2428:
2402:
2357:
2190:
2149:
2069:
1582:
1257:
247:
199:
132:
356:
the adoption of a definite plan of arbitration of all questions, disputes, and differences; and
326:
Measures tending to preserve the peace and promote the prosperity of the South American States;
206:
of 1899 and 1907 governing rules of war and the peaceful settlement of international disputes.
2688:
2074:
1853:
1830:
1807:
1511:
1478:
1127:
951:
706:
450:
417:
405:
313:
invited the independent countries of North and South America to meet in a general congress at
191:
258:
In 1826, a congress composed of representatives of Spanish-American countries was planned by
2698:
2422:
2377:
2255:
2049:
2032:
1968:
1948:
1943:
1888:
1700:
1691:
1572:
1486:
1249:
1002:
413:
314:
148:
108:
30:
This article is about the general concept. For the 1848 to 1853 conferences in Europe, see
1958:
1717:
1551:
927:
919:
1428:
731:
17:
2673:
2507:
2326:
2089:
2059:
1963:
1938:
1893:
1834:
1790:
1546:
1526:
1441:
947:
943:
516:
409:
398:
or more informally "International Peace Congress" were organised from 1848 until 1853.
394:
Following an initial congress at London in 1843, an annual series of congresses called
195:
155:. He suggested careful arrangement as to priority, giving the first place to the pope.
1033:
332:
the establishment of regular and frequent communication between the various countries;
2741:
2454:
2392:
2372:
2299:
2274:
2079:
1536:
1531:
1501:
1354:
1122:
1007:
955:
938:
was drafted by a special commission, and the League was established by Part I of the
758:
500:
401:
271:
221:
in 1889. The organization was international in scope with a third of the members of
176:
147:, should be selected where all the powers had ambassadors and that there should be a
2407:
2245:
2099:
2037:
2003:
1973:
1740:
1516:
1148:
165:
159:
112:
1429:
Transcript of the Proceedings of the Tenth Universal Peace Congress, Glasgow, 1901
1275:
1202:
1186:
1170:
2417:
2154:
2119:
2084:
2064:
1978:
1769:
1556:
1521:
1391:(from this work the facts relating to American peace congresses have been taken)
915:
754:
564:
2449:
2261:
2139:
2124:
2114:
1933:
1799:
814:
464:
340:
222:
1240:
Linda Schott (1993). "Jane Addams and William James on Alternatives to War".
950:'s efforts to establish and promote the League, for which he was awarded the
202:
establishing laws about humanitarian relief during war and the international
2387:
1873:
807:
793:
496:
471:
898:
2476:
2129:
1491:
863:
702:
635:
536:
436:
158:
Two years after this publication, in 1625, appeared in Latin the work of
335:
the establishment of a uniform system of customs regulations, invoices,
1261:
884:
727:
713:
695:
688:
592:
540:
524:
512:
508:
504:
288:
280:
124:
107:, has at times been defined in a way that would distinguish it from a
2397:
2347:
2094:
2024:
1126:
966:
877:
870:
856:
849:
842:
828:
821:
800:
786:
779:
765:
750:
736:
667:
621:
584:
560:
556:
544:
532:
520:
457:
429:
275:
that anything came of this congress, and in 1847 another was held at
267:
243:
172:
152:
144:
128:
1253:
1353: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
408:
in September of that year. Among the distinguished delegates were
2134:
1464:
962:
891:
835:
772:
743:
720:
660:
646:
588:
583:
which was initiated by President McKinley and held in the City of
568:
552:
528:
443:
284:
136:
1280:, The National Council of Peace Societies (published 1908), 1909
681:
674:
628:
548:
296:
276:
1803:
1437:
495:
nations. During the summer of 1900 the conference assembled at
329:
measures looking to the formation of an American Customs Union;
36:
27:
Forum to carry out dispute resolution in international affairs
946:
or joined it during the conflict. Despite American President
918:, approved the proposal to create the League of Nations (
1433:
404:
organized the Congress of 1848. The participants met at
111:(usually defined as a diplomatic meeting to decide on a
576:
court for a settlement of any difference between them.
380:
was a last-ditch effort to avert the coming Civil War.
1219:"Official Report -- The 13th Universal Peace Congress"
616:
organised a series of international peace congresses.
1081:
Bouchet-Saulnier, Brav, and Olivier 2007, pp. 14-134
2651:
2516:
2445:
Non Violent Resistance (psychological intervention)
2340:
2163:
2017:
1841:
1762:
1739:
1684:
1677:
1611:
1565:
1471:
1409:
Text of the Peace Conference at The Hague 1907-1909
2009:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom
365:First International Conference of American States
270:took up the subject and proposed a conference of
1383:Crucé, l'évolution de l'arbitrage international
396:International Congress of the Friends of Peace
242:an international peace congress took place in
2460:Refusal to serve in the Israel Defense Forces
1815:
1449:
961:The League held its first council meeting in
209:The forerunner of the League of Nations, the
8:
1137:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
651:Universal Peace Congress in Stockholm, 1910
581:International Conference of American States
1822:
1808:
1800:
1681:
1456:
1442:
1434:
1175:, Pub. at the office of the Congress, 1890
2413:Global Day of Action on Military Spending
1034:"Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch"
614:International League of Peace and Liberty
608:International League of Peace and Liberty
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
984:Congrès mondial des partisans de la paix
50:This article includes a list of general
1024:
181:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
171:The concept of a peaceful community of
2145:Soviet influence on the peace movement
254:The Americas in the nineteenth century
186:International co-operation to promote
2332:World March for Peace and Nonviolence
1103:. The United Nations Office at Geneva
353:the adoption of a common silver coin;
213:(IPU), was formed by peace activists
175:had also been outlined in 1795, when
7:
2489:Third Party Non-violent Intervention
1369:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1317:Levinovitz and Ringertz 2001, p. 170
914:, that sought a lasting peace after
346:the adoption of a uniform system of
319:Act of Congress of the United States
1780:List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates
1712:Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE)
2714:Peacebuilding in Jammu and Kashmir
2611:Anti-war protests in Russia (2014)
1899:Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp
1191:, The American peace society, 1893
485:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
2206:International Day of Non-Violence
1864:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions
1669:List of periods of regional peace
1363:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
936:Covenant of the League of Nations
279:, attended by representatives of
2616:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1348:
127:of representatives of different
41:
1989:Social Democratic Party (Japan)
1242:Journal of the History of Ideas
1054:Skirbekk and Gilje 2001, p. 288
1909:List of pacifist organisations
1402:Hand Book of International Law
1376:The New Cyneas of Eméric Crucé
1151:. India University Bloomington
1101:"Before the League of Nations"
990:International Peace Conference
573:Permanent Court of Arbitration
311:President of the United States
1:
1359:Walter George Smith (1913). "
1221:. Cornwell University Library
1207:, Impr. veuve de Backer, 1895
123:The genesis of the idea of a
2315:World Peace Bell Association
2216:Dialogue Among Civilizations
1919:New Socialist Party of Japan
1904:Iraq War resisters in Canada
1869:Coalition of Women for Peace
390:International Peace Congress
32:International Peace Congress
2483:The whole world is watching
2251:Peace & Love (festival)
2201:Imagine Piano Peace Project
1593:Environmental peacebuilding
1396:Digest of International Law
992:, London, 10 December 2005)
2769:
2606:2011 intervention in Libya
2226:List of places named Peace
2211:International Day of Peace
1929:Peace and conflict studies
1849:Anti-nuclear organizations
1701:Vienna + Moscow Mechanisms
1542:Religion and peacebuilding
1497:Peace and conflict studies
1415:The Hague Peace Conference
1072:Rapoport 1995, pp. 498-500
934:) on 25 January 1919. The
753:(1904). Speakers included
482:
387:
29:
2722:
2241:Nobel Peace Prize Concert
2236:Mother's Day Proclamation
2186:Dances of Universal Peace
1999:The Women's Peace Crusade
1788:
1308:Northedge 1986, pp. 35–36
1299:Magliveras 1999, pp. 8–12
958:did not join the League.
211:Inter-Parliamentary Union
194:that developed after the
2502:Violence begets violence
2435:Non-aggression principle
2305:The Non-Violence Project
2285:Promoting Enduring Peace
2268:Promoting Enduring Peace
1924:Pacifist Socialist Party
1603:Territorial peace theory
1598:Infrastructure for Peace
643:Universal Peace Congress
378:Peace Conference of 1861
263:ratified the agreement.
18:Universal Peace Congress
2748:International relations
2596:Military action in Iran
2231:Monuments and memorials
2181:Concert Yutel for Peace
1984:React, Include, Recycle
1914:List of peace activists
1879:Conscientious objectors
1775:List of peace activists
1588:Democratic peace theory
1578:Complex system approach
1404:(St. Paul, Minn., 1910)
1134:Encyclopædia Britannica
1036:. Mount Holyoke College
1013:List of peace activists
599:Second Hague Conference
105:international relations
71:more precise citations.
2517:Opposition to specific
2472:Swords to ploughshares
2466:Soldiers are murderers
1859:Anti-war organizations
1612:Regional peacebuilding
1128:"Burritt, Elihu"
912:Paris Peace Conference
652:
567:, and subsequently by
490:First Hague Conference
2519:wars or their aspects
2440:Nonviolent resistance
2290:Show of Peace Concert
2055:Anti-nuclear movement
1378:(Philadelphia, 1909);
1366:Catholic Encyclopedia
1290:Magliveras 1999, p. 8
1090:Northedge 1986, p. 10
650:
215:William Randal Cremer
151:union, including all
141:liberty of conscience
2601:Sri Lankan Civil War
2495:Turn the other cheek
2310:University for Peace
2221:List of peace prizes
1724:Treaty on Open Skies
940:Treaty of Versailles
705:(1896) (Presided by
348:weights and measures
240:Napoleon I of France
238:After the defeat of
2643:Nuclear disarmament
2626:in Russian Far East
2383:Department of Peace
2368:Counter-recruitment
2363:Conflict resolution
2353:Central Park be-ins
2341:Slogans and tactics
2320:Japanese Peace Bell
2110:Non-interventionism
2105:Modern-war pacifism
2043:Christian anarchism
1063:Reichard 2006, p. 9
924:Société des Nations
337:sanitation of ships
188:collective security
2537:American Civil War
2429:Make love, not war
2403:Economic sanctions
2358:Civil disobedience
2191:Festival for Peace
2164:Media and cultural
2150:Testimony of peace
2070:Christian pacifism
1583:Conflict continuum
653:
372:American Civil War
266:In 1831, however,
248:Congress of Vienna
200:Geneva Conventions
190:originated in the
2735:
2734:
2638:Military taxation
2508:War tax resisters
2075:Deterrence theory
1854:Anti-war movement
1797:
1796:
1735:
1734:
1634:Jammu and Kashmir
1512:Peace enforcement
1479:Anti-war movement
1389:International Law
1371:The entry cites:
1335:Scott 1973, p. 67
1326:Scott 1973, p. 51
952:Nobel Peace Prize
451:Frankfurt am Main
204:Hague Conventions
192:Concert of Europe
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
2760:
2753:Peace mechanisms
2562:list of protests
2423:Lesson of Munich
2378:Demilitarisation
2256:Peace journalism
2050:Anti-imperialism
2033:Anarcho-pacifism
1969:Peace psychology
1949:Peace conference
1944:Peace commission
1889:Culture of Peace
1824:
1817:
1810:
1801:
1754:Index by country
1692:Helsinki Accords
1685:post-WWII Europe
1682:
1678:Peace mechanisms
1649:Northern Ireland
1629:Israel–Palestine
1573:Capitalist peace
1487:Cost of conflict
1458:
1451:
1444:
1435:
1370:
1361:Peace Congresses
1352:
1351:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1149:"Peace Congress"
1145:
1139:
1138:
1130:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1032:Kant, Immanuel.
1029:
1003:Peace conference
384:Friends of Peace
315:Washington, D.C.
109:peace conference
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2718:
2647:
2591:Afghanistan War
2542:Second Boer War
2518:
2512:
2336:
2159:
2013:
1959:Peace education
1842:Peace advocates
1837:
1828:
1798:
1793:
1784:
1758:
1731:
1718:Vienna Document
1673:
1639:Kurdish/Turkish
1607:
1561:
1552:War termination
1467:
1462:
1425:
1358:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1254:10.2307/2709981
1239:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1217:
1216:
1212:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1021:
999:
980:
975:
908:
897:33rd congress:
890:32nd congress:
883:31st congress:
876:30th congress:
869:29th congress:
862:28th congress:
855:27th congress:
848:26th congress:
841:25th congress:
834:24th congress:
827:23rd congress:
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2065:Appeasement
1979:Peaceworker
1770:Peaceworker
1703:(1989/1991)
1644:Middle East
1557:World peace
1522:Peacemaking
1225:4 September
916:World War I
906:World War I
755:Jane Addams
707:István Türr
565:Netherlands
293:New Granada
246:called the
69:introducing
2742:Categories
2664:Costa Rica
2450:Peace walk
2262:Peace News
2140:Satyagraha
2125:Pacificism
2115:Nonkilling
2029:Anarchism
2018:Ideologies
1934:Peace camp
1482:(category)
1343:References
1155:11 January
932:Völkerbund
815:Luxembourg
563:, and the
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341:quarantine
229:Congresses
223:parliament
52:references
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2579:Criticism
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1874:Code Pink
1708:military
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808:The Hague
794:Stockholm
497:The Hague
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472:Edinburgh
250:in 1815.
149:universal
2727:Category
2584:Protests
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2130:Pacifism
1831:Anti-war
1791:Category
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418:Girardin
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272:American
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1659:Ukraine
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1381:Balch,
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1357::
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885:Cardiff
728:Glasgow
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696:Antwerp
689:Chicago
593:Ecuador
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525:Germany
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509:Belgium
505:Austria
422:Bastiat
414:Thierry
289:Ecuador
281:Bolivia
260:BolĂvar
173:nations
153:peoples
129:nations
125:meeting
119:History
65:improve
2674:Israel
2659:Canada
2398:Die-in
2348:Bed-in
2095:Hippie
2025:Ahimsa
1763:People
1726:(1992)
1720:(1990)
1714:(1990)
1694:(1975)
1624:Cyprus
1260:
1040:16 May
967:Geneva
928:German
920:French
901:(1939)
899:ZĂĽrich
894:(1937)
887:(1936)
880:(1934)
878:Luzern
873:(1932)
871:Vienna
866:(1931)
859:(1929)
857:Athens
852:(1928)
850:Warsaw
845:(1926)
843:Geneva
838:(1925)
831:(1924)
829:Berlin
824:(1922)
822:London
817:(1921)
810:(1913)
803:(1912)
801:Geneva
796:(1910)
789:(1908)
787:London
782:(1907)
780:Munich
775:(1906)
768:(1905)
766:Luzern
751:Boston
746:(1903)
739:(1902)
737:Monaco
730:(1901)
723:(1900)
716:(1897)
698:(1894)
691:(1893)
684:(1892)
677:(1891)
670:(1890)
668:London
663:(1889)
638:(1869)
631:(1868)
624:(1867)
622:Geneva
585:Mexico
561:Norway
557:Sweden
545:Russia
533:Persia
521:France
474:(1853)
467:(1852)
460:(1851)
458:London
453:(1850)
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432:(1843)
430:London
420:, and
410:Cobden
339:, and
306:Peru.
295:, and
268:Mexico
244:Vienna
234:Vienna
145:Venice
54:, but
2694:Sudan
2689:Spain
2679:Japan
2295:Songs
2280:Plays
2196:Films
2176:Books
2135:Peace
1994:Unity
1664:Yemen
1654:Syria
1465:Peace
1258:JSTOR
1019:Notes
963:Paris
892:Paris
836:Paris
773:Milan
744:Rouen
721:Paris
661:Paris
589:Chile
569:Japan
553:Spain
529:Italy
444:Paris
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137:peace
103:, in
1833:and
1227:2011
1157:2016
1109:2008
1042:2008
910:The
757:and
682:Bern
675:Rome
629:Bern
612:The
591:and
571:. A
549:Siam
376:The
363:The
297:Peru
277:Lima
217:and
139:and
2171:Art
1250:doi
179:’s
2744::
2531:US
2529:;
2527:UK
1256:.
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527:,
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515:,
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416:,
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99:A
2533:)
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