28:
74:. Specifically, the projection used in the system is a secant version based on an elliptical model of the earth. The scale factor at each pole is adjusted to 0.994 so that the latitude of true scale is 81.11451786859362545° (about 81° 06' 52.3") North and South. The scale factor inside the regions at latitudes higher than this parallel is too small, whereas the regions at latitudes below this line have scale factors that are too large, reaching 1.0016 at 80° latitude.
47:(UTM) coordinate system to locate positions on the surface of the Earth. Like the UTM coordinate system, the UPS coordinate system uses a metric-based cartesian grid laid out on a conformally projected surface. UPS covers the Earth's polar regions, specifically the areas north of 84°N and south of 80°S, which are not covered by the UTM grids, plus an additional 30 minutes of latitude extending into UTM grid to provide some overlap between the two systems.
77:
The scale factor at the origin (the poles) is adjusted to minimize the overall distortion of scale within the mapped region. As with the
Mercator projection, the region near the tangent (or secant) point on a Stereographic map remains very close to true scale for an angular distance of a few degrees.
78:
In the ellipsoidal model, a stereographic projection tangent to the pole has a scale factor of less than 1.003 at 84° latitude and 1.008 at 80° latitude. The adjustment of the scale factor in the UPS projection reduces the average scale distortion over the entire zone.
62:
in the
Antarctic and the 180th meridian in the Arctic; thus, east and west on the grids when moving directly away from the pole are along the 90°E and 90°W meridians respectively.
58:
can therefore be anything up to 180°—in some places, grid north is true south, and vice versa. UPS grid north is arbitrarily defined as being along the
50:
In the polar regions, directions can become complicated, with all geographic north–south lines converging at the poles. The difference between UPS
120:
Defense
Mapping Agency Technical Manual 8358.2: The Universal Grids: Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS)
180:
158:
154:
44:
71:
17:
27:
99:
Defense
Mapping Agency Technical Manual 8358.1 Datums, Ellipsoids, Grids, and Grid Reference Systems
162:
145:
59:
174:
153:
provides a utility GeoConvert (with source code) for conversions between geographic,
90:
Map
Projections – A Working Manual. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395
118:
97:
55:
51:
146:
National
Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Geospatial Sciences Publications
150:
26:
92:. United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
43:) coordinate system is used in conjunction with the
31:The two grids covering the Arctic and Antarctic
18:Universal Polar Stereographic coordinate system
70:As the name indicates, the UPS system uses a
8:
126:. Defense Mapping Agency. 18 September 1989
7:
25:
105:. Defense Mapping Agency. 1990
1:
181:Geographic coordinate systems
45:universal transverse Mercator
37:universal polar stereographic
163:online version of GeoConvert
197:
88:Snyder, John P. (1987).
72:stereographic projection
32:
30:
33:
66:Projection system
16:(Redirected from
188:
135:
133:
131:
125:
114:
112:
110:
104:
93:
21:
196:
195:
191:
190:
189:
187:
186:
185:
171:
170:
142:
129:
127:
123:
117:
108:
106:
102:
96:
87:
84:
68:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
194:
192:
184:
183:
173:
172:
167:
166:
161:. Here is an
148:
141:
140:External links
138:
137:
136:
115:
94:
83:
80:
67:
64:
60:prime meridian
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
193:
182:
179:
178:
176:
169:
164:
160:
156:
152:
151:GeographicLib
149:
147:
144:
143:
139:
122:
121:
116:
101:
100:
95:
91:
86:
85:
81:
79:
75:
73:
65:
63:
61:
57:
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
29:
19:
168:
128:. Retrieved
119:
107:. Retrieved
98:
89:
76:
69:
49:
40:
36:
34:
157:, UPS, and
82:References
56:true north
52:grid north
175:Category
130:11 June
109:11 June
124:(PDF)
103:(PDF)
159:MGRS
132:2024
111:2024
54:and
35:The
155:UTM
41:UPS
177::
165:.
134:.
113:.
39:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
