431:, has warned that "even a reasonably intelligent (and suspicious) person could be readily misled by the ULC into believing that by becoming a ULC minister he can legally perform marriages throughout the United States, and beyond." In Canada, ULC ministers are currently not authorized to solemnize marriage in any province or territory. In places where being a ULC minister does not legally authorize a person to solemnize marriages, ULC ministers intending to do so must also meet other requirements, which might include registering as a
311:(IRS) became suspicious about tax avoidance efforts within the church, eventually determining that Hensley, the Modesto ULC, and numerous affiliated churches chartered under its name were promoting tax avoidance schemes within church periodicals. As a result, the IRS withdrew ULC Modesto's tax-exempt status in 1984. Over the next 16 years, Hensley and his family battled the IRS in court over disputed tax payments. The matter was eventually settled in 2000 when the Modesto group agreed to pay $ 1.5 million in back taxes.
315:
rolls surged. Between 1962 and 2008, the ULC issued more than 18 million ordinations worldwide. A large number of people seeking ULC ordination do so in order to be able to legally officiate at weddings or perform other spiritual rites. A 2007 article noted that "bout 70 percent of people who become ordained through the
Universal Life Church do so... to officiate at weddings". According to a 2016 internal survey conducted by wedding website
49:
368:
other materials that it publishes from its international headquarters. No specific ethical guidelines except to do "what is right". ... The
Universal Life Church is open and accepting of people of all religions. It is opposed only to those religions that attempt to deny religious freedom. Any minister in the ULC can ordain new members. ... The Universal Life Church has no specific
456:
ordination requests, including attempts to ordain pets: "No one is rejected because of their name, but we must protect the integrity of the records against those who fraudulently submit requests for pets, obscene names, etc. Applying for ordination in the name of a fictitious person or animal, or the
367:
The
Universal Life Church has only one belief. They believe in that which is right and in every person's right to interpret what is right. The Universal Life Church has no creed or authoritative book such as a Bible. Those wishing to learn about the Church can obtain its periodical Universal Life and
451:
The ULC has occasionally been criticized for its openness and ease of ordination. Some people, usually as a joke, submit ordination requests for their pets. The ULC has tried to curb the ordination of pets, but if the name on the application appears to be legitimate, the application will probably be
314:
By 1999, the ULC had begun offering ordinations online. News coverage about journalists and celebrities getting ordained to perform weddings helped boost the popularity of online ordination. As more people became aware of non-traditional officiants presiding over wedding ceremonies, ULC membership
424:
Four U.S. states expressly do not recognize ministers of the
Universal Life Church as wedding celebrants, and in jurisdictions in which Universal Life Church ministers are not authorized to solemnize marriages, the solemnization of a marriage by a minister of the Universal Life Church (who is not
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also notes that the ULC "has a very loose structure", with those ordained being given "a set of instructions on how to form a congregation", but otherwise operating with complete autonomy. It further notes that those ordained "may perform any of the functions normally associated with the clergy,
306:
The
Universal Life Church ran into difficulties as new branches of the ULC were granted charters and began moving off in different directions. The Modesto group struggled to maintain control over these other entities as ULC affiliates grew in number. There are currently multiple groups operating
415:
The legitimacy of ULC ordination has been challenged in legal venues, primarily with respect to the questions of whether it constitutes a religious affiliation for tax purposes, and whether ordinations legally permit recipients to perform weddings in various jurisdictions. Lewis notes that the
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degree from the ULC for a free-will offering of twenty dollars, including "ten free lessons explaining how to set up a church". By 1974, the church had ordained over 1 million ministers. Also in 1974, a federal judge declared that the ULC was qualified for a religious tax exemption.
384:, and "in the reunification of all religions and governments under the Universal Life banner during thirty years of turmoil around the year 2000"; however, none of these beliefs were doctrinal to the ULC, which allowed members to follow their own doctrines. The U.S. Army's
346:
under the name "Universal Life Church
Ministries"), which remains unaffiliated with the Modesto group. The ULCM formally split from the ULC in 2006 following financial, legal, and philosophical disputes between the two bodies and began ordaining ministers independently.
323:, 43% of couples in the U.S. in 2016 chose to have a friend or family member officiate their wedding, up from 29% in 2009. Another example of a person becoming ordained through ULC in order to perform a religious ritual is that of a Native American in
420:
has generally assumed a negative predisposition towards the ULC, and has sought to eliminate the organization's tax-exempt status. A number of legal cases have addressed this question, as well as the ordination question, with varying results.
289:, which further increased public awareness of the church. In the late 1960s, Hensley "became something of a folk hero among the young", particularly with college students, whom he would mass-ordain at speaking events. In accordance with the
372:, though local congregations celebrate a wide variety of them. There are two gatherings (conventions) each year in the spring and in the fall, at which the members and ministers meet for celebration and to conduct business.
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including the conducting of weddings, funerals, etc.", and that "roup worship is not required, but local congregations are required to hold regular meetings". The ULC is noted to have no medical or
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The ULC's popularity stems in part from a rising interest in having friends or loved ones officiate weddings, a trend which has attracted a range of celebrities to become ordained including
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283:. Ordination requests increased dramatically, but the rumor proved to be false. The ULC and its founder, Hensley, were also featured in several publications during this time, including
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have held that they will not recognize marriages solemnized by ULC ministers, while eight states have specifically held such marriages to be valid, these being
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to become a minister free of charge, to anyone who wishes to join. The ULC has ordained ministers from a wide range of backgrounds and beliefs, including
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The ULC began issuing mail-order ordinations shortly after its incorporation. The church's growth was affected in part by social movements; during the
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As of this writing, Canada, the United
Kingdom and Australia do NOT permit ULC ministers to officiate legal marriage ceremonies.
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wrote that the ULC "pumps out ordinations at an assembly-line pace, almost mocking a process that usually requires years of
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that would emphasize what all religions have in common", establishing this entity in 1959 under the name "Life Church" in
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otherwise authorized) may result in questioning of the validity of the marriage. Professor Robert Rains, writing in the
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submission of a person's name without his or her permission is fraud, and may subject you to prosecution!". In 2015,
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807:"MATTER OF LAST WILL & TEST. OF BLACKWELL, 531 So. 2d 1193 - Miss: Supreme Court 1988 - Google Scholar"
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611:"'Need a Minister? How About Your Brother?': The Universal Life Church between Religion and Non-Religion"
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Marriage in the Time of
Internet Ministers: I Now Pronounce You Married, But Who Am I To Do So?
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Marriage in the Time of
Internet Ministers: I Now Pronounce You Married, But Who Am I To Do So?
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wrote that
Hensley "began to conceive of a church that would, on the one hand, offer complete
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Following Kirby Hensley's death in 1999, an organizational split led to the creation of the
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755:"Couples looking to marry in Alabama don't need a judge or church; a friend can do the job"
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under the ULC name, most of which are unaffiliated in practice. During this period, the
136:, under the doctrine: "Do that which is right". The Universal Life Church advocates for
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ceremonies as part of the prayer ritual for other Native Americans in area hospitals.
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272:. He first held services in his garage, and incorporated the organization in 1962.
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Note—Mail Order Ministries, The Religious Purpose Exemption, and The Constitution
1072:"Inside the Universal Life Church, the Internet's one true religion - The Kernel"
397:. With respect to military service, the handbook notes that the ULC maintains no
1381:"You may now lick the bride: Canine clergyman helps household pets tie the knot"
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248:, "a self-educated Baptist minister who was deeply influenced by his reading in
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1102:"Exemptions from the higher education licensing process for religious colleges"
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149:
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279:, a widely circulated rumor claimed that ordination would qualify one for a
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that exempts religious schools from accreditation, he offered an honorary
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264:, instead of separating them". With this aim, he sought to establish "a
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1449:"The Story of the Church That Ordains You with a Few Clicks Online"
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652:"The wedding singer: Adele and the rise of celebrity ministers"
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1407:"Couples Personalizing Role of Religion in Wedding Ceremonies"
686:"Couples Personalizing Role of Religion in Wedding Ceremonies"
588:
Religious Requirements and Practices: A Handbook for Chaplains
361:
Religious Requirements and Practices: A Handbook for Chaplains
930:, CIVIL ACTION NO. 3:18-CV-2943-B at *20 (N.D. Tex., 2019).
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The Modesto messiah : the famous mail-order minister
401:, but "respects the individual opinion of its members".
27:
Religious organization which offers ordination to anyone
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1227:"The new normal: Friends, family presiding at weddings"
898:"South Carolina Office of the Attorney General Opinion"
867:"South Carolina Office of the Attorney General Opinion"
112:
781:"Center for Inquiry Inc v. Marion Circuit Court Clerk"
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Religious belief systems founded in the United States
971:"Letter Opinion 1971 No. 117 | Washington State"
941:"Universal Life Church v. Utah, 189 F. Supp. 2d 1302"
1004:
The Modesto messiah: The famous mail-order minister
561:
The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions
376:According to Lewis, Hensley personally believed in
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100:
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1257:"Pa. judge nullifies weddings by online ministers"
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722:, 2013 N.Y. Slip Op. 02811 (N.Y. App. Div. 2013);
363:, summarized the doctrines of the ULC as follows:
757:. Huntsville Real-Time News. January 13, 2019.
365:
740:, 202 S.E.2d 911 (Va. 1974); Robert E. Rains,
477:List of ministers of the Universal Life Church
231:. The remainder have not addressed the issue.
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331:, who needed such an affiliation to perform
1513:Religious organizations established in 1962
1508:Religious organizations based in California
1344:, 64 U. Miami L. Rev. 809, 834 - 35 (2010).
744:, 64 U. Miami L. Rev. 809, 830 - 34 (2010).
728:, 539 N.Y.S.2d 382 (N.Y. App. Div. 1989);
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262:bring all people of all religions together
132:religious organization founded in 1962 by
1283:"UI students serve as ordained ministers"
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1122:Bryan G. Petkanics, Sandra R. Petkanics,
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411:Legal status of the Universal Life Church
244:The Universal Life Church was founded by
1037:. Bakersfield, Calif.: Universal Press.
399:doctrinal opposition to military service
1383:. Pet Weds: Pet & Animal Nuptials.
1310:"Chapel Bound: Getting Ordained Online"
1182:from the original on September 16, 2018
1149:from the original on September 16, 2018
1082:from the original on September 16, 2018
951:from the original on September 30, 2018
813:from the original on September 30, 2018
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696:from the original on September 16, 2018
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452:granted. The ULC website warns against
1387:from the original on December 22, 2008
1320:from the original on December 28, 2014
1263:from the original on November 13, 2014
662:from the original on February 12, 2019
499:. Modesto, CA: Universal Life Church.
38:
1419:from the original on October 24, 2018
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1066:
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904:from the original on December 8, 2015
873:from the original on December 8, 2015
684:Freedman, Samuel G. (June 27, 2015).
503:from the original on January 28, 2018
7:
761:from the original on October 9, 2019
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981:from the original on August 9, 2019
843:from the original on August 7, 2017
529:from the original on August 2, 2017
195:, among others. However, courts in
1465:from the original on July 26, 2024
609:Hoesly, Dusty (October 23, 2015).
25:
1498:Organizations based in California
1285:. The Daily Iowan. Archived from
53:Logo of the Universal Life Church
1447:Prichep, Deena (July 25, 2024).
928:Ctr. for Inquiry, Inc. v. Warren
260:, and could, on the other hand,
47:
497:"Contact Universal Life Church"
32:Universal Life Church Monastery
1357:. Universal Life Church Online
1308:Hodges, Jane (June 12, 2008).
734:, 272 S.E.2d 349 (N.C. 1980);
650:Wolfson, Sam (April 4, 2018).
428:University of Miami Law Review
281:legal exemption from the draft
1:
586:U.S. Department of the Army,
1215:(April 14, 2007), p. A1, A9.
302:Later expansion and division
1379:Cody Clark (Daily Herald).
357:U.S. Department of the Army
240:Foundation and early growth
1529:
615:Secularism and Nonreligion
408:
29:
1207:Ordained for the Occasion
46:
1172:"Universal Life Goes On"
1139:"Cramer v. Commonwealth"
523:"Universal Life Goes On"
418:Internal Revenue Service
309:Internal Revenue Service
30:Not to be confused with
1493:New religious movements
1355:"Wedding Laws By State"
1314:The Wall Street Journal
1212:The Cincinnati Enquirer
1029:Ashmore, Lewis (1977).
1000:Ashmore, Lewis (1977).
835:O'Neill v Bucks County
737:Cramer v. Commonwealth
386:Handbook for Chaplains
374:
1488:Universal Life Church
1454:All Things Considered
1078:. December 14, 2014.
590:(2001), p. VII-47-49.
441:marriage commissioner
351:Beliefs and practices
252:". Religious scholar
164:, and people of many
122:Universal Life Church
42:Universal Life Church
18:Universal life church
1289:on November 13, 2014
1128:(1980), pp. 959-981.
947:. January 17, 2002.
945:Dist. Court, D. Utah
437:justice of the peace
391:dietary restrictions
342:(ULCM; now based in
319:and reported by the
181:Benedict Cumberbatch
104:18,000,000+ ordained
1237:on October 13, 2017
1008:. Universal Press.
395:burial requirements
270:Modesto, California
258:freedom of religion
94:Modesto, California
71:Modesto, California
1412:The New York Times
1225:Britto, Brittany.
887:(11 January 1971).
725:Ranieri v. Ranieri
690:The New York Times
564:(2001), p. 769-70.
460:The New York Times
393:, and no specific
295:Doctor of Divinity
130:non-denominational
1415:. June 26, 2015.
1338:Robert E. Rains,
1104:. January 9, 2007
291:Law of California
140:, offering legal
138:religious freedom
128:) is an American
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16:(Redirected from
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787:. March 31, 2016
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