Universal Service Fund - Knowledge (XXG)

163:. The act addresses new challenges and opportunities of the digital information age, with the goal of promoting an economic environment conducive for the growth of new information technology. It also further developed the meaning and implementation of universal service. The act calls for the creation of a joint federal-state board to make recommendations to the FCC on defining federal universal services and set time tables. The act also set out immediate priorities of universal service. These include quality and reasonably priced services, access to advanced telecommunication services, access for rural, low-income and high-cost regions, equitable and nondiscriminatory service, specific and predictable price structure, access of advanced telecommunication services for schools and health care and libraries (Sec. 254(b)(1)-(7)). The act provided ability in the constantly changing telecommunication environment to periodically revisit and adjust universal service, while setting core principles (Sec. 254(c)). The 1996 act also "mandated the creation of the universal service fund (USF) into which all telecommunications providers are required to contribute a percentage of their interstate and international end-user telecommunications revenues". 1089:

steady decline of interstate revenues. Although traditional long-distance revenues grew consistently between 1984 and 1997, they're now in a period of steady decline". She pointed out that competition in the interstate long-distance market, wireless substitution, and bundling of service packages that blur traditional service categories are all reducing revenues that serve to finance the USF. Service providers simply transferred the cost to customers in the form of a long-distance surcharge to make up for reduced revenue. While the expenditures of the USF have increased since its inception, in part due to expansion of support paid to competitive providers, the revenues on which contributions are made – interstate and international telecommunications revenues – have become increasingly more difficult for contributors to identify as a result of evolution of services offered. Overall revenues reported by telecommunications companies have steadily increased, if information service revenues are included. However, the revenues for these services are no longer subject to contribution.

1102: 262:. In March 2009, senior executives from Verizon Communications met with the House Subcommittee on Communications, Technology, and the Internet, providing recommendations for how best to proceed bringing broadband and mobile communication access to rural and unserved areas. Citing reform to the Universal Service Fund as a means "to better serve rural America," Verizon recommended that a limit be set on the size of USF's high-cost fund, competitive bidding wars be employed to determine which company expand service to unserved areas, structure a "wire-center approach" model to replace statewide cost averaging, restructure how contributions to the USF are determined, and impose a deadline on the FCC for completion of their reform of inter-carrier compensation. 566:

providing international services also must contribute to the Universal Service Fund. These providers contribute to the fund "based on their interstate and international end-user telecommunications revenues." On a quarterly basis, the Universal Service Administrative Company submits projected demand for Universal Service funding and projected contribution base to the Federal Communications Commission Office of Managing Director (OMD). There is then a 14-day public review, after which the rate is finalized. As of the third quarter of 2024, telecommunication companies were required to contribute 34.4% of their interstate revenue to the fund.

1180:). The bill was sent from the House to the Senate, where subsequent readings left it awaiting a legislative action. Under the proposed restructuring of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, greater emphasis on the wide availability of broadband and mobile access would be considered. Additionally, consideration of revenue contribution to the Universal Service Fund would be radically revised, given that the creation of obligatory broadband and mobile communication access would require a wide range of broadband, mobile, and 507: 367:, plans to keep rural areas a priority. He wants to bridge "the digital divide between rural and urban areas" by working on "expanding broadband options". Pai believes that there is waste occurring between the private and public sectors as private capital is already being given to areas in order to build out networks. However, some of these areas are still being subsidized. Pai intends to make sure that broadband accessibility is included in an infrastructure bill to come. 535:(VoIP) service. Contributors send payments based on projected quarterly earnings. The FCC does not require companies to charge their customers for these contributions – this funding decision is left up to the individual companies. This revenue is deposited into a central fund, from which the USAC distributes money to the four central services at the core of the USF: High Cost, Low Income, Schools and Libraries, and Rural Health Care. 1298:. Opponents of the move argued that this reclassification eventually be followed by requiring ISPs to pay into the USF as a new source of revenue for the fund. The FCC has made clear that the change does give it the power to do so, but will not require contributions on broadband Internet access revenues at this time, as the FCC will forbear from the contribution requirements in Section 254(d) of the Communications Act. 538:"The USAC collects revenue data from USF contributors on the FCC Form 499-A (Annual Telecommunications Reporting Worksheet) and FCC Form 499-Q (Quarterly Telecommunications Reporting Worksheet)." The USAC is responsible for estimating how much money is needed for the USF program. The USAC provides a "demand filing," to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) each quarter in its FCC Filings. 570:

fee only to the interstate and international revenue. To accomplish this, they can opt to apply the USF fee to the "safe-harbor percentage" of assumed interstate revenue (64.9% for VoIP, 37.1% for cellular service). Alternatively, companies can conduct a traffic study demonstrating the percentage of interstate usage (PIU) and submit it to the Universal Service Administrative Company.

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rates for telecommunications services similar to those of their urban counterparts, making telehealth services affordable. Over $ 417 million has been allocated for the construction of 62 statewide or regional broadband telehealth networks in 42 states and three U.S. territories under the Rural Health Care Pilot Program. In 2022, the rural health care program paid out $ 488 million.

69:, the Universal Service Fund is instead funded by a specific fee on United States telephone providers. While separate itemization is not required by the FCC, it is common for USF fees to be listed separately from other charges on a consumer's bill. As of 2024, the rate for the USF budget was 34.4% of a telecom company's interstate and international end-user revenues. 423:"The Healthcare Connect Fund (HCF) Program is the newest component of the Rural Health Care Program. The HCF Program will provide a 65 percent discount on eligible expenses related to broadband connectivity to both individual rural health care providers (HCPs) and consortia, which can include non-rural HCPs (if the consortium has a majority of rural sites)." 242:

services have fallen while their subscription rate to wireless services have been rising consistently. Yet many cellular companies are likely to receive less funding under the new rules, which may reduce consumers' access to wireless services in areas of the country that have low populations. Similarly, a question currently debated is whether access to

54:. The Universal Service Fund's budget ranges from $ 5–8 billion per year depending on the needs of the telecommunications providers. These needs include the cost to maintain the hardware needed for their services and the services themselves. In 2022 disbursements totaled $ 7.4 billion, split across the USF's four main programs: $ 2.1 billion for the 132:, the FCC shifted its focus from "social equity to an economic efficiency objective," which it claimed was a primary purpose of the Communications Act of 1934. After AT&T was split up in 1984, universal service was still "supported by a system of above-cost access charges paid to local exchange companies." This system was administered by the 390:. Residents of Native American Indian and Alaska Native tribal communities may qualify for enhanced Lifeline assistance (up to an additional $ 25.00). The Lifeline program is limited to one discount per household. A "household" includes anyone living at the same address "who share income(s) and household expenses". 199:

classrooms, health care providers, and libraries should, generally, have access to advanced telecommunications services; and finally, that the Federal-State Joint Board and the FCC should determine those other principles that, consistent with the 1996 Act, are necessary to protect the public interest.

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Because ISP's and traditional telecommunications carriers often provide similar services, the USF may “violate the pro-competitive precepts of the 1996 Act." These concerns and others, as well as longstanding opposition to the Universal Service Fund from government watchdogs and fiscal conservatives,

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Many US States have their own universal service funds, with budget and administration independent of the much larger federal fund. States with their own programs may have their own eligibility guidelines. As of 2019, 42 states had universal service funds in addition to the federal program, totaling $

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The FCC oversees the USAC's administration of the Universal Service Fund, and institutes reforms as it sees fit. Although the fund is limited by the scope of US law, (mainly the 1996 Telecommunications Act) the FCC has played a part in making several changes to the fund, including shifting funds from

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On May 21, 2018, the FCC issued an order that prohibited USF programs from buying equipment from Chinese telecommunications companies Huawei and ZTE. These companies are considered a risk to national security by American intelligence agencies. National Economic Council Director Larry Kudlow commented

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The 1996 Act states that all providers of telecommunications services should contribute to federal universal service in an equitable and nondiscriminatory manner; there should be specific, predictable, and sufficient Federal and State mechanisms to preserve and advance universal service; all schools,

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Critics continue to raise concerns in regards to the wastefulness of the fund. For example, "$ 5 million worth of equipment purchased by Chicago public schools with E-rate funds was left unused in a warehouse for years." Lastly, a problem that has plagued the program is the long lag time between the

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While many providers bundle phone calls within a state (intrastate), calls between states (interstate), and calls to between countries (international) into a single monthly fee, the USF fee does not apply to revenue generated from calls within a single state. Therefore, phone companies apply the USF

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On the other hand, discussions continued over whether the USF should be used to provide services such as broadband internet access. Plans to subsidize internet service providers has led to backlash from traditional telecommunications carriers. Traditional carriers argue that “the relevant provisions

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The structure and funding of the USF has been subject to significant criticism and proposed reforms. One issue is a declining revenue base: consumers' spending on the interstate telephone service that funds the USF has been falling for many years. Some have challenged the constitutionality of having

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Since the USF fees were originally designed to cover "telecommunications services", voice over IP services which run over the internet were initially not subject to USF fees. Critics argued this avoidance of USF fees helped make the fund unsustainable. In June 2006, the FCC voted to require

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as promoting universal service based on the language of its preamble, but other historians have pointed out that in the early 20th century "universal service" was originally an AT&T marketing slogan about telephone interconnection, not evolving into a legal mandate to serve every American until

1195:) that would increase universal service tax base to include broadband ISPs and VoIP providers, to fund broadband deployment in rural and low-income regions of the country. This bill was referred to committee, but as no further action was taken on it by the 110th Congress, the bill never became law. 1133:

An investigation into potential fraud in 2004 revealed that contractors working with Hewlett-Packard bribed school officials. Hewlett-Packard wanted the schools to use subsidies provided by the fund to purchase computer equipment from Hewlett-Packard. The second example of fraud was when "Sandwich

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There have been multiple cases of waste and fraud throughout disbursement of subsidies from the Universal Service Fund. There is some concern on the lag time between application, approval, and actual receipt of funds. In terms of fraud, some school officials have been bribed by contractors working

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While not required to do so, most telephone companies bill their customers with a separate line item for the USF fee. The contributions are collected by the Universal Service Administrative Company and disbursed towards four programs that the federal USF supports, as directed by the FCC. Universal

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services, typically by a combination of video-conferencing infrastructure and high speed Internet access, to enable doctors and patients in rural hospitals to access specialists in distant cities at affordable rates. The Rural Health Care Support Mechanism allows rural health care providers to pay

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The Connect America Fund also includes the Mobility Fund, which is given to wireless carriers who expand service to underserved areas. "Phase I" of the Mobility Fund offered $ 300 million for a September 2012 round of auctions, and "Phase II" of the Mobility Fund plans to give out $ 500 million in

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proposed in March 2010, the FCC proposed reorganizing the High Cost program into a new "Connect America Fund", which will include both voice and 4 Mbit/s internet connectivity. On October 27, 2011, the FCC approved a six-year transfer process that would transition the money from the Universal

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Currently, all telecommunications companies that provide service between states, including long-distance companies, local telephone companies, wireless telephone companies, paging companies, and payphone providers, are legally required to contribute to the federal Universal Service Fund. Carriers

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under the Obama Administration implemented this reform. The FCC will be offering the fund $ 20 billion over the next 10 years to support service in "high cost areas." This reform is a modernization of the program support of broadband in "high cost areas." It will target communities that most need

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The largest and most complex of the four programs, the high cost program subsidizes telecommunications services in rural and remote areas which are more expensive to connect to networks. The program paid out $ 4.2 billion in subsidies to telecommunications companies in 2022, with a goal of making

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should be supported by the USF and if so, how best to fulfill such a large mandate without damaging the stability of the fund. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 states that "advanced services" should be accessible to all Americans . One question is whether the providers of internet access should

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Proposals have been made to increase the number of sources from which universal service fund is collected. Suggestions include requiring additional companies pay into the USF such internet service providers, large technology companies, including intrastate telephone services (calls within single

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The rapidly changing interstate and international telecommunications markets can quickly and unpredictably bring about changes in USF funding levels. Dorothy Attwood of the FCC Wireline Competition Bureau stated, "One striking development that we've witnessed in the interstate marketplace is the

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named the "Universal Service Administrative Company" to manage the contribution of revenue to and distribution of funding from the Universal Service Fund. The Schools and Libraries Corporation and the Rural Health Care Corporation were merged into the USAC on January 1, 1999. The USAC is a fully

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provides subsidies for Internet access and general telecommunications services to schools and libraries. The subsidies typically pay 20% to 90% of costs based on need, with rural and low-income schools receiving the greatest subsidy. In 2022, the E-Rate program paid out $ 2.1 billion. Every year

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Many of the services covered by the USF are related to traditional telephone technology. There is a rising concern that more recent developments in telecommunications are just as important to the consumer as these older technologies. For example, consumers' subscriptions to traditional telephone

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The issue of waste and fraud, as with many government programs, has been addressed as well. Gilroy stated, "The ability to ensure that only eligible services are funded, that funding is disbursed at the proper level of discount, that alleged services have been received, and the integrity of the

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In March 2014, the FCC approved "Phase II" of the transition to the Connect America Fund, adding $ 1.8 billion a year in funding, and clarifying the specifics of the funding process. Under the framework the FCC approved, incumbent carriers have priority access to subsidies, but if the funds are

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In October 2011 the FCC formally proposed a "Connect America Fund" to address these and other concerns. Reform finally arrived on October 27, 2011, when the FCC approved a six-year transfer process that would transition money from the Universal Service Fund to a new $ 4.5 billion a year Connect

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After the 2018 USF changes, VoIP service providers are now required to provide funds for the USF. However, they are exempt from the cost of using the Internet for information transport whereas DSL internet providers and modern cable services must burden the cost. This expands cost distortion to

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The USF is able to reward those living in rural or impoverished areas who are capable of paying the entire cost of personal telecommunication services. Critics argue that inconsistent and asymmetrical audits allow for wealthy consumers to avoid triggering some USF financial burdens. Wealthy

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stated that this move "sacrificed $ 50 million in annual interest that could have been used to support rural broadband, telemedicine & internet in schools." Although lawmakers and commissioners claimed that this move was unexpected, there was a letter previously written to the General

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In the 1960s the telecommunication monopolies were shocked by new evolving technologies and competitions: new long-distance carriers and microwave networks were authorized. With falling costs on long-distance service, regulators decided to reallocate the increasing profit on long-distance

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While the USAC cannot act without Congressional approval, it can make recommendations. USAC recommendations have resulted in expanding telecommunication resources, particularly broadband Internet and mobile access to schools and libraries, and recognizing VoIP as a form of interstate and

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with corporations so that they use subsidies to purchase computer equipment from said corporation. In addition, some beneficiaries inaccurately report costs to inflate their subsidies amount. In terms of waste, some equipment subsidized by the USF has been left unused for several years.

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Critics note that reimbursing carriers on a “‘cost-plus’ basis” creates “incentives to increase rather than decreas costs” By reimbursing “carriers for the full cost of infrastructure development plus 11.25 percent of those costs in profit,” the fund may expose itself to exploitation.

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telecommunication to fund subsidies to make local telephone connection more affordable. This process began in the mid 1960 and was institutionalized through the Ozark plan of 1970 into action. At the time of the institutionalization telephone penetration ranged between 85 and 95%.

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USAC reports quarterly revenue projections detailing what contributions are expected and detailing what actions are taken in the expansion and bolstering of universal service. The USAC receives contributions from all companies providing interstate and international telephone and

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support. The reform is made up of three main elements: "Modernizes Existing Universal Service Program for Rate-of-Return Carriers", "Create Two Paths to a 'Connect America Fund' for Rate-of Return Carriers" and "Increase Fiscal Responsibility in the Universal Service Fund."

452:"The Eligible Services List (ESL) for each funding year provides guidance on the eligibility of products and services under the Schools and Libraries Program." In 2015, USAC outlined two specific categories for grouping the ESL, and one category for miscellaneous services. 291:

Accountability Office (GAO) in January 2018 asking for a review on the plan to review the funds. The GAO claimed that the USF funds are not regulated as intensively as other government funds, so this move was an attempt to "improve management and oversight of the funds."

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Some telecommunications policy experts strongly dispute the delegation of authority to the USAC, arguing that the FCC ignores challenges to USAC policy from telephone carriers for fear that either an explicit endorsement or rejection would open up the FCC to lawsuits.

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The Lifeline program has been subject to scrutiny and debate over the scope of the program. Issues include instituting checks for income eligibility and duplicate applications, whether the program should support broadband, whether the program should have a budget cap.

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In May 2018, the FCC moved $ 8 billion from a private bank to the US Treasury. This anticipated move caused an uproar from FCC Democratic commissioners who were concerned about the money being allocated to large corporations instead of the citizens. FCC commissioner,

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In 2017, the FCC reversed its decision and reclassified ISPs as information services. Then in 2013, the FCC changed once again classified ISPs under Title II. The FCC has continued to exempt broadband providers from Universal Service fund fees, but groups such as

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Debate over the Universal Service Fund has consistently involved the scope of the funding, which technology types and companies should fund the program, which groups should be eligible for benefits, and the need to clean up waste and fraud in the program.

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The USF has some issues in dealing with insufficient controls over determining who qualifies for funding, and limited auditing practices that are supposed to ensure that telecommunication companies are not overpaying or underpaying their dues to the fund.

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has provided subsidies to low-income people pay for phone service; first landlines, then cellphones, and as of 2016 it also offers the option of Internet connectivity. It provides a subsidy of up to $ 9.25 a month for Americans below 135% of the

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to clearly deliniate how telephone regulation was separated by jurisdiction. The joint board met on a voluntary basis and authored the Ozark plan. The situation was then formalized when the bill was reintroduced in the next congress as H.R. 7048

4275: 426:"The Pilot Program provides funding for up to 85 percent of eligible costs of the construction or implementation of statewide and/or regional broadband networks. There are 50 active projects involving hundreds of health care providers (HCPs)." 1210:

On July 22, 2010, the Universal Service Reform Act of 2010 was introduced by Representatives Boucher (D-Va) and Terry (R-NE). The measure is intended to improve and modernize the USF by reining in the size of the fund and promoting broadband

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Service charges should not be confused with what are sometimes referred to in telephone company bills as "Federal Subscriber Line" charges, which are access fees charged by telecommunications companies, not the local or federal government.

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contribute to the fund like other companies that provide access to telecommunications, if such providers also want to draw from the fund. Supporters of including internet access in the Universal Service Fund include former Congressman

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The E-Rate program "provides telecommunication services (e.g., local and long-distance calling, both fixed and mobile, high-speed data transmission lines), Internet access, and internal connections to eligible schools and libraries."

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Some have raised concerns about the future funding of the USF; despite falling taxable revenues, the size of the fund has increased from $ 1.2 billion in collections at 5.7% in 4Q 2000, to $ 2.2 billion in 4Q 2014 at 16.1%.

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which states that, "in order to continue aggressive growth in our Nation's telecommunications and technology industries, the United States Government should 'Get Out of the Way and Stay Out of the Way'." The bill died in

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In the past, only long-distance companies made contributions to support the federal Universal Service Fund. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 expanded the types of companies contributing to the Universal Service Fund.

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Increased competition and universal service were legislatively addressed and codified with the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The major goals of Universal Service as mandated by the 1996 Act are as follows:

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telecommunications affordable to rural and remote areas. The program has been criticized as wasteful, granting large sums of money to telecommunications companies while having little effect on access.

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Advance the availability of such services to all consumers, including those in low income, rural, insular, and high cost areas, at rates that are reasonably comparable to those charged in urban areas

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Legally, jurisdiction to regulate rates was split between the Federal Communications Comision (international and interstate) and state commissions (intrastate) commissions. During the 91st congress,

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was the subject of hearings in Congress. The proposal outlined a significant restructuring of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, ultimately the House of Representatives passed a bill, the

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The Rural Health Care Support program "provides funding to eligible health care providers (HCPs) for telecommunications and broadband services necessary for the provision of health care."

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the high cost program towards broadband expansion. Under the FCC, there is an Enforcement Bureau that investigates and pursues the violators of the Act of 1996 and any Commissions rules.

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declined, the funds are allocated by a competitive bidding process. The FCC also proposed upping the minimum speed requirement from 4 Mbit/s to 10 Mbit/s. In May 2014, the

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1.7 billion in disbursements in 2017. Those without state funds consisted of Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Tennessee, and Virginia.

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Frieden, Rob (July 30, 2012). "Killing with Kindness: Fatal Flaws in the $ 5.7 Billion Universal Service Funding Mission and What Should Be Done to Narrow the Digital Divide".

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since 2010, the Wireline Competition Bureau announces the funding cap for the E-Rate program to adhere to the current needs of schools and libraries telecommunications.

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In 2012, during "Phase I" of the Connect America Fund, $ 115 million in subsidies were given out to build out broadband in 37 states, with $ 71.9 million going to

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Provide equitable and non-discriminatory contributions from all providers of telecommunications services to the fund supporting universal service programs

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Service Fund High-Cost Program into the new $ 4.5 billion a year Connect America Fund, effectively putting an end to the USF High-Cost Fund by 2018.

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In March 2016, the FCC unanimously voted to provide $ 20 billion over the next 10 years in "support for small carriers." The previous FCC chairman

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or information services has had implications for the Universal Service fund, as the FCC has stronger legal authority to regulate common carriers.

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To support the state programs, many states impose a fee on intrasate calling revenue (the portion not falling under the federal USF fee).

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competitive bidding process is upheld have been questioned". Improved auditing of particularly the E-rate program has been addressed.

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In 2019, the FCC considered instituting a spending cap on the USF fund. The measure was supported by some groups, such as the

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of the 1996 Act do not give the FCC carte blanche to play regulatory Robin Hood with their universal service contributions.”

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landowners in rural estates decide to utilize USF subsidies and pay a fraction of what they can realistically afford.

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There are three components of the Rural Health Care Program: Telecommunications Program, HCF Program, Pilot Program.

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that the Trump Administration are ¨aware of security issues, sanctions issues, technology theft issues, et cetera.¨

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America Fund that will support the expansion of broadband services to areas that don't have broadband access yet.

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Increase access to telecommunications and advanced services in schools, libraries and rural health care facilities

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Adding additional services to the fund has corporate support from major telecommunication companies, including

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international communication, which requires those companies providing VoIP services to contribute to the USF.

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Starting in the 2011 funding year, the different types of schools eligible to receive benefits now include:

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long-distance telephone providers and it raises the cost of telecommunications service for more consumers.

4474: 4403: 3933:. Universal Service Administrative Company. February 12, 2008. Archived from the original on June 27, 2009 2851:"Mullin, Kelly, Crapo Author Bill to Lower Broadband Costs, Boost Connectivity for Rural and Tribal Areas" 1939: 1839:. Subcommittee on Communication, Technology and the Internet. Archived from the original on June 25, 2009. 1324: 382: 376: 59: 2033:"ZTE Not Part of China Trade Talks, Will Not be Let off 'Scot-Free' if Export Ban is Lifted, Kudlow Says" 4464: 4398: 3289: 2771: 1538: 1360: 467:

Internal Connections, Managed Internal Broadband Services, and Basic Maintenance of Internal Connections

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Isles Communication purposely inflated and inaccurately reported money to receive inflated subsidies."

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Promote the availability of quality services at just, reasonable and affordable rates for all consumers

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filed lawsuits in the 5th, 6th, and 11th circuits. The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals first ruled in

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Federal Communications Commission. (2009). Universal Service section. Retrieved July 16, 2009 from

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USF fees set without congressional approval and the delegation of authority to the private USAC.

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Schools with 35 percent or more students eligible for the National School Lunch Program (NSLP)."

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There was a push for deregulating the telecommunications industry in the 1980s. Under President

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and the subsequent creation of the Universal Service Fund, the FCC designated the independent

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The concept of universal service may include other telecommunications-information services,

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states), or increasing contribution requirements from wireless communication providers.

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summary of total Taxes and Fees paid on wireless service in each state as of July 2016.

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Around 2014, there was discussion about reclassifying broadband under Title II of the

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The Efficacy of the Connect America Fund in Addressing US Internet Access Inequities

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providers of VoIP services to contribute to the Universal Service Fund the same way

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upheld the shift in funds in the face of a legal challenge by telephone companies.

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also endorsed the expansion the Unviersal Service Fund into supporting broadband.

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in the United States. The FCC established the fund in 1997 in compliance with the

4069: 3427: 3086:"Public Knowledge Opposes FCC Move to Cap USF, Abandon Universal Service Mission" 2431: 1866:"Subverting the Public Interest: Deregulation in the Telecommunications Industry" 1695: 483:

Schools that serve children with physical, cognitive, and behavioral disabilities

4250: 1188: 356: 337: 3193:"Goodbye, net neutrality—Ajit Pai's FCC votes to allow blocking and throttling" 2982:"Overhauling the Universal Service Fund: Aligning Policy with Economic Reality" 2643:. Congressional Research Service. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. 2523: 1475:"5th Circuit court upends FCC Universal Service Fund, ruling it an illegal tax" 91:

in telecommunications was crystalized 1960s. Some sources point to the earlier

3570:"Wireline Competition Bureau Announces E-Rate Inflation-Based Cap For Funding" 1227: 406: 405:

The rural health care program provides subsidies to health care providers for

3269:

Jonathan S. Marashlian; Jacqueline R. Hankins & Linda McReynolds (2011).

3167:"Opponents of net neutrality already threatening lawsuits to derail progress" 1931: 1889: 1881: 1755: 1530: 2802:. Vol. 8. Center For Technology Innovation at Brookings. pp. 1–17. 1405: 1268: 1199: 3219:"FCC moves ahead with Title II net neutrality rules in 3-2 party-line vote" 3008:"Ajit Pai works to cap funding for rural and poor people, gets GOP backing" 2930:"ISPs ask FCC for tax on Big Tech to fund broadband networks and discounts" 2547:

107th Congress, US Senate Subcommittee on Communications (June 19, 2002).

1522: 1333:

that the fund is constitutional, but that ruling has been appealed to the

4342: 3521: 3059:"Wyden Urges FCC to Reject Plans that Imperil the Universal Service Fund" 3271:"The Mis-Administration and Misadventures of the Universal Service Fund" 2007:"FCC shifts its $ 8bn pot of gold, sparks fears of corporate money grab" 1897: 1449:"The Future of the Universal Service Fund and Related Broadband Program" 87:

In the modern sense of offering service to all people, the promotion of

58:

program, $ 4.2 billion for the high-cost program, $ 0.6 billion for the

4439:

Outreach and Assistance for Socially Disadvantaged Farmers and Ranchers

4408: 2367:"FCC Votes To Propose New Privacy Rules For Internet Service Providers" 2315:"FCC kicks off $ 300M Mobility Fund auction for rural mobile broadband" 1865: 1738:...And Communications for All: A policy agenda for a new administration 1251:

Alternatively, there have also been suggestions to move all funding to

333: 329: 259: 255: 3964: 3962: 2904:"FCC chair rejects call to impose Universal Service fees on broadband" 2141:"CenturyLink takes $ 54M in CAF funds to expand rural broadband reach" 3112:"FCC's net neutrality rules open door to new fee on Internet service" 1350: 445: 435: 55: 340:

accepted another $ 54 million, and AT&T accepted $ 100 million.

2956:"Cruz Wants Congressional Appropriations to Fund Universal Service" 1395: 1389:. Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM 2024 Conference. p. 484-505. 4123: 2760:"Dialing for Dollars: Should the FCC Regulate Internet Telephony?" 2612:"Excise Taxes and Fees on Wireless Services Drop Slightly in 2023" 1191:(R-AK) sponsored a bill (the Universal Service for Americans Act, 1174:

Communications Opportunity, Promotion, and Enhancement Act of 2006

1100: 505: 459:

Data Transmission Services and Internet Access, and Voice Services

175:

Increase nationwide access to advanced telecommunications services

2253:"FCC rural broadband initiative back on track after court appeal" 1504:"Universal service and the telecommunications act: myth made law" 4139: 2815:"Boucher, Terry Introduce Universal Service Reform Act of 2010" 2457:. eSchool News. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014 1319:

inspired litigation in 2023 arguing that the fund violates the

4129: 3840:"Before You Begin: Applicants – Schools and Libraries Program" 62:

program, and $ 0.5 billion for the rural health care program.

3245:"FCC urged to reconsider USF stance in net neutrality order" 2522:

United States Government Accountability Office (July 2024).

2118:"AT&T, Verizon Say No Thanks to Broadband Rollout Funds" 65:

Unlike many government programs which are funded by general

4111: 3789: 3337:"FCC Broadband Subsidy Scheme Unconstitutional, Court Says" 2638:"Universal service fund: Background and options for reform" 2255:. Electronista. Archived from the original on May 26, 2014. 4106: 4101: 4096: 3402:"OMD announces 3Q USF contribution factor is 34.4 percent" 1976:"FCC Votes to End Telephone Subsidies, Shift to Broadband" 1617:

Cole, Barry G. (1991). "5 Pricing of Telephone Services".

1451:. Congressional Research Service. March 1, 2024. p. 9 363:

In 2017, new FCC chairman under the Trump Administration,

336:

declining to participate. In 2013, also during "Phase I",

112:

introduced H.R. 12150 in create a joint board between the

2455:"SLC becomes part of Universal Service Administrative Co" 3815:"Eligible Services List – Schools and Libraries Program" 3284:: 343-393. Archived from the original on April 24, 2012. 2980:

Rosston, Gregory L.; Wallsten, Scott (August 29, 2024).

2590:

National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners

1330:

Consumers’ Research v. Federal Communications Commission

578:

Universal Service Fund quarterly collections (millions)

510:

The logo of the Universal Service Administrative Company

118:

National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners

27:

American system of telecommunications subsidies and fees

3550: 3311:"Tough Path for Challenge to FCC Broadband Fee Revenue" 3034:"Economists Advise a Budget for Universal Service Fund" 1279:

Over the years, disputes about legal classification of

1267:. On the other hand the proposed cap was criticised by 4079: 2703:"Fraud still plagues the FCC's Universal Service Fund" 2092:"National Broadband Plan arrives, quoting Shakespeare" 1306:

continue to push for USF fees to be expanded to ISPs.

1138:

overall application of the programs and the approval.

4394:

Single Family Housing Direct Home Loans (Section 502)

2586:"State Universal Service Funds: Updating the Numbers" 155:

The Universal Service Fund was first codified in the

2282:"FCC's Connect America Fund upheld by appeals court" 1626:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 188. 1598:. National Regulatory Research Institute. p. 46 4501:

Non-profit organizations based in the United States

4457: 4356: 4330: 4309: 4233: 4210: 4174: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2348:"Lawmakers push FCC chief to boost rural broadband" 1730: 1728: 4322:Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant 1959:details Universal Service Fund switch to broadband 1672: 1533:. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. 1216:Lowering Broadband Costs for Consumers Act of 2023 3568:Federal Communications Commission (May 6, 2016). 3452:. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011 2398:. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012 1799:. Archived from the original on November 11, 2011 4301:Food Distribution Program on Indian Reservations 3522:"Lifeline Support for Affordable Communications" 3141:"Title II is wrong way to keep an open Internet" 2321:. Archived from the original on October 4, 2012. 2207:"FCC adds $ 9 billion to broadband subsidy fund" 2180:. Archived from the original on August 26, 2013. 2147:. Archived from the original on August 24, 2013. 100:Implicit subsidies for local service (1970-1996) 3977:. Archived from the original on August 25, 2018 2766:. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. 2288:. Archived from the original on August 5, 2014. 2120:. Business of Broadcasting Television and Cable 2000: 1998: 1996: 1468: 1466: 1294:so the FCC would have the authority to enforce 169: 44:universal access to telecommunications services 3880:"USAC and the Universal Service Fund Overview" 3428:http://www.fcc.gov/wcb/tapd/universal_service/ 2817:. Archived from the original on August 4, 2010 2610:Scott Mackey; Adam Hoffer (November 2, 2023). 2039:. Archived from the original on June 10, 2018. 1934:. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. 1356:National broadband plans from around the world 486:Schools that serve children with medical needs 4151: 2764:Rutgers Computer & Technology Law Journal 1709:Communications Policy and the Public Interest 123:The Federal-State Commissions Joint Board Act 8: 4168:social welfare programs in the United States 3846:. Archived from the original on May 27, 2016 3165:Senator Maria Cantwell (February 27, 2015). 2230:"FCC Approves Framework for Phase II of CAF" 1969: 1967: 1275:Classification of internet service providers 3758:"Am I Eligible? – Lifeline Support Program" 3437: 3435: 2569:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4158: 4144: 4136: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 1767: 1765: 1734:Jayakar, K. (2009). Universal Service. In 1707:Aufderheide, Patricia (January 15, 1999). 4444:Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program 4266:School meal programs in the United States 4246:Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 4132:- official page for verifying eligibility 3139:& Mendoza, Rosa (November 20, 2014). 2855:U.S. Senator Markwayne Mullin of Oklahoma 1404: 1394: 4414:Government National Mortgage Association 4080:Universal Service Administrative Company 3971:"Universal Service Funding – About USAC" 3909:Universal Service Administrative Company 3713:Universal Service Administrative Company 3396: 3394: 576: 502:Universal Service Administrative Company 489:Juvenile justice schools, where eligible 4496:United States communications regulation 4182:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families 4126:- official page for info on the program 3718: 3390: 1793:"FCC approves new Internet phone taxes" 1377: 4374:Child care and development block grant 4019: 3988: 3944: 3857: 3621:"Universal Service Support Mechanisms" 3463: 3361:Adler, Jonathan H. (August 17, 2024). 3287: 2828: 2769: 2701:Mcauliffe, Katie (February 14, 2017). 2646: 2562: 2468: 2409: 2324: 2291: 2258: 2183: 2150: 2066:"Cell Phone Subsidies Enrich Telecoms" 2042: 1937: 1842: 1810: 1536: 1426: 1304:NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association 1236:NTCA - The Rural Broadband Association 430:Schools and Libraries Program (E-Rate) 3969:Universal Service Administrative Co. 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3545: 3543: 2727:Collins, Angela F. (March 27, 2014). 2313:Phil Goldstein (September 27, 2012). 1876:(1). Sage Publications, Inc.: 86–94. 1366:National Exchange Carrier Association 525:National Exchange Carrier Association 134:National Exchange Carrier Association 7: 4379:HOME Investment Partnerships Program 4261:Nutrition Assistance for Puerto Rico 4197:Social Security Disability Insurance 3595:"Universal Service Fund Enforcement" 2584:Sherry Lichtenberg (February 2019). 2064:Bob Porterfield (January 14, 2007). 1834:"USF: Reforming the High Cost Funds" 1558: 1556: 1554: 1497: 1495: 1253:regular congressional appropriations 224:Expansion of the fund into broadband 4348:Children's Health Insurance Program 4241:Commodity Supplemental Food Program 4225:Office of Public and Indian Housing 3575:. Federal Communications Commission 3551:"Federal Communications Commission" 3335:Umanah, Ufonobong (July 24, 2024). 3309:Umanah, Ufonobong (June 20, 2023). 2675:Nicosia, Mareesa (April 25, 2017). 1421:"Understanding Your Telephone Bill" 207:Expansion to Voice over IP services 188:Federal Communications Commission, 3625:Federal Communications Commissions 3243:Ferraro, Nicole (April 23, 2024). 3191:Brodkin, Jon (December 14, 2017). 3110:Puzzanghera, Jim (April 9, 2015). 3032:Benjamin, Ashley (June 16, 2021). 1918:Fitchard, Kevin (September 2008). 1677:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 1198:On February 13, 2009, Congressman 25: 4506:Federal Communications Commission 4364:Community Development Block Grant 4276:Farmers' Market Nutrition Program 4256:Child and Adult Care Food Program 3668:Federal Communications Commission 3643:Federal Communications Commission 3599:Federal Communications Commission 3555:Federal Communications Commission 3526:Federal Communications Commission 3508:Federal Communications Commission 3490:Federal Communications Commission 3450:Federal Communications Commission 3406:Federal Communications Commission 3385:Federal Communications Commission 3217:Brodkin, Jon (October 19, 2023). 2876:King, Julia (November 20, 2023). 2636:Gilroy, Angele (August 1, 2007). 2365:Selyukh, Alina (March 31, 2016). 2346:Breland, Ali (February 2, 2017). 2031:Feinberg, Andrew (May 21, 2018). 1974:Gross, Grant (October 27, 2011). 1385:Manda, Haarika (August 4, 2024). 1232:United States Telecom Association 552:Federal Communications Commission 546:Federal Communications Commission 267:Communications Workers of America 159:, the first major rewrite of the 114:Federal Communications Commission 40:Federal Communications Commission 4119:Committee on Energy and Commerce 3084:Stella, Shiva (March 28, 2019). 3063:U.S. Senator Ron Wyden of Oregon 2228:John Eggerton (March 23, 2014). 2172:Sean Buckley (August 20, 2013). 2139:Sean Buckley (August 20, 2013). 2090:Nate Anderson (March 16, 2010). 2005:McCarthy, Kieren (May 4, 2018). 1832:Boucher, Rick (March 12, 2009). 304:High Cost (Connect America Fund) 3038:The Technology Policy Institute 2986:The Technology Policy Institute 2800:Issues in Technology Innovation 2551:. US Government Printing Office 2116:John Eggerton (July 26, 2012). 1740:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. 4369:Community Services Block Grant 4043:"488/499 Spotlight Newsletter" 2928:Brodkin, Jon (June 10, 2024). 2902:Brodkin, Jon (April 8, 2024). 2813:Rick Boucher (July 22, 2010). 2205:Grant Gross (April 23, 2014). 1791:Anne Broache (June 21, 2006). 1473:Brodkin, Jon (July 25, 2024). 1170:Telecommunications Act of 2005 523:owned legal subsidiary of the 520:American nonprofit corporation 516:Telecommunications Act of 1996 214:traditional telephone services 157:Telecommunications Act of 1996 151:Telecommunications Act of 1996 145:Telecommunications Act of 1996 48:Telecommunications Act of 1996 1: 4075:Universal Access (Free Press) 3006:Brodkin, Jon (June 4, 2019). 2954:Hearn, Ted (March 12, 2024). 2280:Sean Buckley (May 27, 2014). 1097:State universal service funds 346:10th circuit court of appeals 281:Recent history (2014-present) 125:and passed into law in 1971. 4192:Supplemental Security Income 3664:"A Needed USF Budgetary Cap" 3486:"Connect America Fund (CAF)" 1711:. New York: Guilford Press. 1594:Peter Bluhm (January 2011). 1182:Voice over Internet Protocol 533:Voice over Internet Protocol 67:Congressional appropriations 4291:Nutrition Assistance Grants 4281:Summer Food Service Program 3790:"Rural Health Care Program" 2758:Freiden, Robert M. (1997). 2392:"Rural Health Care Program" 1292:1996 Telecommunications Act 1265:Technology Policy Institute 230:Broadband universal service 52:broadband universal service 4522: 4130:Lifeline National Verifier 1961:Electronista, Oct 9, 2011. 1281:internet service providers 1243:Changes to funding sources 549: 433: 374: 227: 161:Communications Act of 1934 148: 93:Communications Act of 1934 80: 4424:HUD Neighborhood Networks 4026:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3995:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3951:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3864:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3734:"USAC 2022 annual report" 3470:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 3294:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2835:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2776:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2653:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2475:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2453:Staff (January 1, 1999). 2416:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2331:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2298:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2265:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2190:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2157:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2049:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1944:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1849:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1817:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1543:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1511:Communications of the ACM 1433:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 1271:among other US Senators. 1214:On November 15, 2023 the 1187:In January 2007, Senator 4389:Mutual self-help housing 4271:School Breakfast Program 4090:January 2, 2014, at the 3689:FCC (February 4, 2015). 1882:10.1080/1095760601113449 1502:Mueller, Milton (1997). 1168:A draft proposal of the 4097:Schools & Libraries 3762:www.lifelinesupport.org 2791:Rosen, Jeffrey (2011). 1864:Peres, Kenneth (2007). 1736:Schejter, Amit (2009). 1563:Foley, Sean M. (1998). 1406:10.1145/3651890.3672272 480:"School on Tribal lands 322:Frontier Communications 314:National Broadband Plan 216:had been contributing. 4404:Urban Partnership Bank 4357:Grants & subsidies 4202:Unemployment insurance 2251:staff (May 25, 2014). 1110: 585:Schools and libraries 511: 377:Lifeline (FCC program) 236:mainly Internet access 196: 32:Universal Service Fund 18:Universal service fund 4458:State & territory 4399:NeighborWorks America 3931:"Who must contribute" 1523:10.1145/245108.245119 1361:Rural electrification 1176:(COPE – H.R.5252.RS, 1104: 509: 371:Low income (Lifeline) 4286:Special Milk Program 3905:"Board of Directors" 3065:. September 19, 2019 2434:. Funds for Learning 2396:Iowa Utilities Board 2232:. Multi Channel News 1259:Capping expenditures 1222:) was introduced by 597:Contribution factor 324:and $ 35 million to 4220:Section 8 (housing) 4124:LifelineSupport.org 3627:. February 9, 2017. 2960:Broadband Breakfast 2857:. November 16, 2023 2037:Broadband Breakfast 1920:"Broadband for all" 1325:Consumers' Research 579: 288:Jessica Rosenworcel 265:Unions such as the 4384:Housing trust fund 4317:Head Start Program 4296:Reduced-price meal 3278:CommLaw Conspectus 2733:CommLaw Conspectus 1569:CommLaw Conspectus 1335:U.S. Supreme Court 1202:(R-OH) introduced 1111: 1084:Declining revenues 588:Rural Health Care 577: 512: 365:Ajit Varadaraj Pai 244:broadband internet 4483: 4482: 4429:Renewal community 4175:Transfer payments 3528:. August 28, 2024 3510:. March 30, 2016. 3492:. April 25, 2012. 3116:Los Angeles Times 1747:978-0-7391-2919-7 1718:978-1-57230-425-3 1633:978-0-231-07322-6 1620:After the Breakup 1321:U.S. Constitution 1163:Legislative bills 1081: 1080: 398:Rural health care 190:Universal Service 89:universal service 83:Universal service 42:(FCC) to promote 16:(Redirected from 4513: 4434:Empowerment zone 4419:FHA insured loan 4331:Health Insurance 4160: 4153: 4146: 4137: 4112:Rural Healthcare 4057: 4056: 4054: 4052: 4047: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4025: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3994: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3966: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3911:. August 1, 2024 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3885:. September 2009 3884: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3863: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3786: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3738: 3730: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3695: 3686: 3680: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3617: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3574: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3547: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3518: 3512: 3511: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3469: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3447: 3439: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3398: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3293: 3285: 3275: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3090:Public Knowledge 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3029: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2834: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2797: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2775: 2767: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2724: 2718: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2672: 2659: 2658: 2652: 2644: 2642: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2607: 2601: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2581: 2575: 2574: 2568: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2544: 2538: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2432:"What is E-Rate" 2428: 2422: 2421: 2415: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2388: 2382: 2381: 2379: 2377: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2343: 2337: 2336: 2330: 2322: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2297: 2289: 2277: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2248: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2189: 2181: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2156: 2148: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2125: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2087: 2081: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2048: 2040: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2002: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1971: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1949: 1943: 1935: 1915: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1861: 1855: 1854: 1848: 1840: 1838: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1816: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1769: 1760: 1759: 1732: 1723: 1722: 1704: 1698: 1689: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1663: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1652: 1644: 1638: 1637: 1625: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1591: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1560: 1549: 1548: 1542: 1534: 1508: 1499: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1470: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1445: 1439: 1438: 1432: 1424: 1417: 1411: 1410: 1408: 1398: 1382: 1310:Court challenges 1224:Markwayne Mullin 1154:Proposed changes 580: 383:Lifeline program 381:Since 1985, the 352:annual support. 192: 21: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4479: 4453: 4352: 4326: 4305: 4229: 4206: 4187:Social Security 4170: 4164: 4092:Wayback Machine 4066: 4061: 4060: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4018: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3987: 3980: 3978: 3968: 3967: 3960: 3943: 3936: 3934: 3929: 3928: 3924: 3914: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3856: 3849: 3847: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3788: 3787: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3720: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3699: 3697: 3693: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3670:. 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June 29, 1971 1650: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1634: 1623: 1616: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1588: 1578: 1576: 1562: 1561: 1552: 1535: 1506: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1414: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1374: 1347: 1312: 1285:common carriers 1277: 1261: 1245: 1204:H.Res. 176 1165: 1156: 1123: 1121:Waste and fraud 1099: 1086: 563: 554: 548: 504: 499: 438: 432: 400: 379: 373: 312:As part of the 306: 301: 283: 232: 226: 209: 193: 187: 153: 147: 142: 102: 85: 79: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4519: 4517: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4488: 4487: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4334: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4313: 4311: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4212:Public housing 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4127: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4085:About the USAC 4077: 4072: 4065: 4064:External links 4062: 4059: 4058: 4033: 4002: 3958: 3922: 3896: 3871: 3831: 3806: 3774: 3749: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3707: 3681: 3655: 3630: 3612: 3586: 3560: 3539: 3513: 3495: 3477: 3431: 3419: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3353: 3327: 3301: 3261: 3235: 3209: 3183: 3157: 3137:Simmons, Jamal 3128: 3102: 3076: 3050: 3024: 2998: 2972: 2946: 2920: 2894: 2882:Fierce Network 2868: 2842: 2805: 2783: 2750: 2719: 2693: 2660: 2628: 2616:Tax Foundation 2602: 2576: 2539: 2514: 2498: 2482: 2445: 2423: 2383: 2357: 2338: 2305: 2286:Fierce Telecom 2272: 2243: 2220: 2197: 2178:Fierce Telecom 2164: 2145:Firece Telecom 2131: 2108: 2082: 2056: 2023: 1992: 1963: 1951: 1910: 1856: 1824: 1783: 1761: 1746: 1724: 1717: 1699: 1692:47 U.S.C. 1684: 1664: 1639: 1632: 1609: 1586: 1550: 1491: 1462: 1440: 1412: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1353: 1346: 1343: 1311: 1308: 1296:Net Neutrality 1276: 1273: 1260: 1257: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1239: 1212: 1208: 1196: 1185: 1164: 1161: 1155: 1152: 1122: 1119: 1107:Tax Foundation 1098: 1095: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 999: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 979: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 963: 959: 958: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 939: 938: 935: 932: 929: 926: 923: 919: 918: 915: 912: 909: 906: 903: 899: 898: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 879: 878: 875: 872: 869: 866: 863: 859: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 839: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 823: 819: 818: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 799: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 783: 779: 778: 775: 772: 769: 766: 763: 759: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 739: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 719: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 703: 699: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 679: 678: 675: 672: 669: 666: 663: 659: 658: 655: 652: 649: 646: 643: 639: 638: 635: 632: 629: 626: 623: 619: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 599: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 562: 559: 547: 544: 514:Following the 503: 500: 498: 497:Administration 495: 494: 493: 490: 487: 484: 481: 474: 473: 472:Miscellaneous" 470: 469: 468: 462: 461: 460: 456:"Category One 446:E-Rate program 434:Main article: 431: 428: 399: 396: 375:Main article: 372: 369: 305: 302: 300: 297: 282: 279: 225: 222: 208: 205: 195: 194: 185: 182: 179: 176: 173: 149:Main article: 146: 143: 141: 138: 110:Fred B. 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