1707:
makes any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or representation; or (3) makes or uses any false writing or document knowing the same to contain any materially false, fictitious, or fraudulent statement or entry; shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 5 years or, if the offense involves international or domestic terrorism (as defined in section 2331), imprisoned not more than 8 years, or both. If the matter relates to an offense under chapter 109A, 109B, 110, or 117, or section 1591, then the term of imprisonment imposed under this section shall be not more than 8 years.
1675:
privileges, or immunities secured by the
Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress, except that in any action brought against a judicial officer for an act or omission taken in such officer's judicial capacity, injunctive relief shall not be granted unless a declaratory decree was violated or declaratory relief was unavailable. For the purposes of this section, any Act of Congress applicable exclusively to the District of Columbia shall be considered to be a statute of the District of Columbia.
1379:. The store owner who reported the theft arrived at the scene and stated Sorrell and his friends were not the ones who had stolen from him. However, the officer still arrested Sorrell for possession of a concealed weapon, because he was carrying a folding knife with a 3 inch long blade in his pocket. In Maryland, non-automatic folding knives are not considered weapons under state law regardless of their length, and the lack of length limit had been upheld multiple times in the state's
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1383:. However, the officer erroneously believed the knife to be a weapon. Sorrell was released immediately after booking and was never prosecuted as there was technically no crime, and sued the police officer for false arrest. The officer's qualified immunity was denied by the court, and this decision was upheld in the US Court of Appeals.
1706:
a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, whoever, in any matter within the jurisdiction of the executive, legislative, or judicial branch of the
Government of the United States, knowingly and willfully— (1) falsifies, conceals, or covers up by any trick, scheme, or device a material fact; (2)
1363:
test. This doctrine can protect officials from liability when engaged in legal grey areas including qualifying discretionary actions in the arrests of suspects. However, the officer's actions must still not violate "clearly established law," or this protection is void. This includes executing an
1674:
Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or
Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights,
1341:
been committed. For example, a guard does not have reasonable and probable cause if a shopper has not yet paid for merchandise they are carrying in the belief that the person intends to leave without making payment. Instead, there must be an actual act committed – the person
1118:
In the United
Kingdom, a police officer may arrest a person if they are executing a warrant, if they have a "reasonable belief" that someone is involved in a criminal offence, or if they have a reasonable belief that someone is about to be involved in a criminal offence
1320:, as long as the arresting person believes the suspect is attempting to flee the scene of the felony scene. A person cannot be arrested on suspicion of committing a felony well after the fact unless the arresting officer possesses an arrest warrant.
1354:
In the United States and other jurisdictions, police officers and other government officials are liable for clear deprivation of rights, but are partially shielded from false arrest lawsuits through the doctrine of
1508:
Former Iraqi president and dictator Saddam
Hussein subjected people to arbitrary arrest, including people in Kuwait during the First Gulf war. Saudi Arabia and Iran also do similar things.
1246:
After an arrest, if the charges are dropped, a person will sometimes file legal action or a complaint against the appropriate arresting agency. In most jurisdictions, the arrest powers of
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and retail stores. A guard cannot arrest someone merely on the suspicion that person is going to commit a theft. In most jurisdictions, there must be some proof that a criminal act has
1402:, where they have no extra powers beyond those of ordinary citizens and only police officers may execute warrants. In at least two prominent cases, bounty hunters were charged with
1123:
it is necessary to arrest that person. Proof of wrongful arrest depends on proving that an officer did not have a reasonable belief and that it was not necessary to arrest someone.
1106:, or without an order issued by a court of competent jurisdiction. Although it is possible to sue law enforcement officials for false arrest, the usual defendants in such cases are
1375:
2002). A police officer (McGuigan) detained a man shopping at a mall (Sorrell) based on the description of a suspect who had committed a theft at a store nearby, and proceeded to
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There have been some cases where police officers or bounty hunters have executed valid arrest warrants against the wrong person. Although many false arrest suits result in only
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arrest warrant against the wrong person. False statements by public servants to justify or cover up an illegal arrest are another violation of federal law.
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Individuals who realize that they are the target of false arrest might attempt to resist or flee. Fourteen U.S. states as of 2012 recognize the target's
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The specific legislation governing, in
England and Wales, the reasons for which a police officer may arrest a person are in section 24 of the
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after taking custody of a bail jumper outside of the United States and bringing them back to the court that issued the warrant. One of them,
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In such jurisdictions – and under the narrowly-defined circumstances described above – resisting unlawful arrest may be used as a
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Damages for unlawful arrest depend primarily on the time in custody and can be aggravated if the police acted maliciously.
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situations would generally not warrant attempting to elude law enforcement. However, there are some that would, such as:
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A police officer, or a person authorized by a jurisdiction's police powers act, may arrest anyone whom the officer has
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Justification for such action is often hard to prove in court, and only justified in certain circumstances. Simple
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the person making the arrest never identifying themselves, causing the defendant to believe they are the target of
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1787:"Saudi Arabia: arrests of dissidents and torture allegations continue | Saudi Arabia | The Guardian"
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to appear in court, unless there is reason to believe they will not appear in answer to the summons.
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Most cases where unlawful arrest was determined emerge from a claim that an arrest was unnecessary.
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1747:"The Perils of Bounty Hunting: Duane Lee "Dog" Chapman's Possible Extradition Fight"
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to such an extent as necessary to protect oneself from great bodily harm or death.
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1844:"Jamal Khashoggi: Saudi embassy street in US renamed after murdered journalist"
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make an actual attempt to leave the store without paying for the merchandise.
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and police agents are in excess of those afforded to ordinary citizens (see
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the arresting officer used more force than necessary to effect the arrest,
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have been subject to suits for false arrest after attempting to execute
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1174: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1895:"Belgian aid worker jailed in Iran is freed after prisoner swap deal"
1869:"Iran protests: Secret committee 'punished celebrities over dissent'"
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issued by an appropriate court. In the United States, this includes
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offence) the officer may arrest the suspect only long enough to
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1932:
1670:"42 U.S. Code § 1983 - Civil action for deprivation of rights"
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the reasonable belief that the person making the arrest is an
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for such resistance where it would otherwise be a crime (i.e.
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179:
77:
36:
1893:
Frater, Mostafa Salem,Catherine
Nicholls,James (2023-05-26).
1359:, when such a violation qualifies as "not obvious," by a
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Any person may arrest someone suspected of committing a
1702:"18 U.S. Code § 1001 - Statements or entries generally"
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offence, or non-criminal offence (such as a municipal
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United States Court of
Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
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1966:
108:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1329:Most cases of false arrest involve accusations of
1258:Anyone may arrest a person if in possession of an
2243:Race in the United States criminal justice system
2181:List of wrongful convictions in the United States
1435:so as to resist unlawful arrest. Typically, this
2342:List of death row inmates in the United States
1776:, 34 N.E. 968 (Ind. 1893).
1944:
1499:with the intent of victimizing the defendant.
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193:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1917:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1410:, was extradited from the US and convicted.
1367:An example of this doctrine being tested is
317:Intentional infliction of emotional distress
2196:Overturned convictions in the United States
1649:Donald Race & Newton Solicitors Burnley
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1951:
1937:
1929:
1064:
1050:
457:Negligent infliction of emotional distress
260:
1234:Learn how and when to remove this message
249:Learn how and when to remove this message
231:Learn how and when to remove this message
168:Learn how and when to remove this message
2330:Capital punishment in the United States
1621:"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984"
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1274:to bring a criminal defendant who has
1812:"The Rape and Rescue of Kuwaiti City"
1131:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
7:
2191:List of miscarriage of justice cases
2186:List of exonerated death row inmates
1688:"Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800"
1172:adding citations to reliable sources
106:adding citations to reliable sources
1305:the suspect and give the suspect a
1289:offence. However, in the case of a
1270:) acting under the authority of a
25:
2268:Ineffective assistance of counsel
2222:National Registry of Exonerations
52:This article has multiple issues.
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1148:
1031:
184:
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41:
27:Unlawful arrest of an individual
1465:, flight to avoid prosecution,
1159:needs additional citations for
783:Ex turpi causa non oritur actio
93:needs additional citations for
60:or discuss these issues on the
1523:Arbitrary arrest and detention
1:
1810:Kelly, Michael (1991-03-24).
1596:"When is an arrest unlawful?"
1285:to believe has committed any
893:(term used for torts in some
2384:Law enforcement terminology
2248:Innocent prisoner's dilemma
789:Joint and several liability
207:, discuss the issue on the
2420:
1548:"What is wrongful arrest?"
1424:
1333:, and are brought against
1098:alleges they were held in
563:Comparative responsibility
29:
2394:Abuse of the legal system
2350:
2141:Eyewitness identification
1690:. US Supreme Court. 1982.
1421:Resisting unlawful arrest
878:Non-economic damages caps
2314:Innocence Protection Act
1974:Prosecutorial misconduct
911:Private attorney general
865:Other topics in tort law
493:Principles of negligence
422:Alienation of affections
2309:Equal Protection Clause
2227:Investigating Innocence
2158:Tampering with evidence
1325:Citizens and businesses
776:Volenti non fit injuria
601:Ultrahazardous activity
568:Contributory negligence
2074:Spoliation of evidence
1960:Miscarriage of justice
1625:www.legislation.gov.uk
1377:search him for weapons
794:Market share liability
727:Shopkeeper's privilege
705:Statute of limitations
548:Restitutio ad integrum
397:Intrusion on seclusion
292:Trespass to the person
2299:Right to a fair trial
2153:Misinformation effect
1999:Selective enforcement
1994:Malicious prosecution
1989:Selective prosecution
1720:"Sorrell v. McGuigan"
1433:right of self-defense
906:Conflict of tort laws
672:Tortious interference
427:Criminal conversation
414:Malicious prosecution
2294:Exculpatory evidence
2273:Prosecutor's fallacy
2253:Blue wall of silence
2236:Contributing factors
2173:Wrongful convictions
1168:improve this article
404:Breach of confidence
213:create a new article
205:improve this article
195:may not represent a
102:improve this article
2019:Abuse of discretion
2009:Attorney misconduct
1967:Types of misconduct
1791:amp.theguardian.com
1576:ukpolicelawblog.com
1552:Hudgell Solicitors™
1369:Sorrell v. McGuigan
1278:to court for trial.
899:mixed legal systems
769:Respondeat superior
763:Vicarious liability
722:Defence of property
659:Insurance bad faith
573:Attractive nuisance
392:Invasion of privacy
32:False Arrest (film)
2336:Batson v. Kentucky
2282:Norms and remedies
2201:Wrongful execution
2119:Child sexual abuse
1600:www.saunders.co.uk
1528:False imprisonment
1449:the resistance is
1357:qualified immunity
1318:indictable offence
1295:summary conviction
799:Transferred intent
690:Assumption of risk
654:Restraint of trade
630:Rylands v Fletcher
462:Employment-related
311:False imprisonment
30:For the film, see
2399:Police misconduct
2366:
2365:
2217:Innocence Project
2146:Cross-race effect
2136:Eyewitness memory
2131:Mistaken identity
2102:Forced confession
2064:Witness tampering
2039:Legal malpractice
2034:Gaming the system
1984:Police corruption
1979:Police misconduct
1645:"Wrongful Arrest"
1473:for this reason.
1244:
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1236:
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1074:
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947:England and Wales
902:
753:Last clear chance
748:Intentional torts
732:Neutral reportage
715:Defense of others
663:
596:Product liability
542:Res ipsa loquitur
529:Reasonable person
437:Breach of promise
286:
259:
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215:, as appropriate.
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16:(Redirected from
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2323:Related concepts
2304:Actual innocence
2258:Racial profiling
2109:False accusation
2097:False confession
2069:Brady disclosure
2004:Abuse of process
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1651:. 3 October 2018
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624:Public nuisance
553:Rescue doctrine
536:Proximate cause
448:Negligent torts
360:Dignitary torts
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1602:. 29 June 2017
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1392:Bounty hunters
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1283:probable cause
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1183:"False arrest"
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1459:justification
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1188:
1185: –
1184:
1180:
1179:Find sources:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1157:This section
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418:Sexual torts
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369:Appropriation
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221:December 2010
214:
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172:
169:
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150:
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133:
129:
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119: –
118:
114:
113:Find sources:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
85:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2389:Criminal law
2334:
2289:Legal ethics
2029:False arrest
2028:
1902:. Retrieved
1898:
1888:
1877:. Retrieved
1875:. 2023-04-25
1872:
1863:
1852:. Retrieved
1850:. 2022-06-16
1847:
1838:
1827:. Retrieved
1815:
1805:
1794:. Retrieved
1790:
1781:
1770:
1765:
1754:. Retrieved
1750:
1741:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1653:. Retrieved
1648:
1639:
1628:. Retrieved
1624:
1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1599:
1590:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1555:. Retrieved
1551:
1542:
1518:Arrest quota
1507:
1497:impersonator
1475:
1471:manslaughter
1456:
1450:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1427:Use of force
1412:
1390:
1368:
1366:
1353:
1343:
1338:
1328:
1291:misdemeanour
1276:skipped bail
1245:
1230:
1221:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1178:
1166:Please help
1161:verification
1158:
1135:
1128:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1084:
1080:
1077:False arrest
1076:
1075:
997:Criminal law
916:Class action
781:
774:
767:
710:Self-defense
628:
606:Deep pockets
540:
502:Duty of care
264:Part of the
245:
227:
218:
194:
164:
155:
145:
138:
131:
124:
112:
100:Please help
95:verification
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
2079:Civil wrong
1408:Daniel Kear
1331:shoplifting
1266:(agents of
873:Tort reform
507:Trespassers
472:Malpractice
467:Entrustment
387:False light
2373:Categories
2049:Show trial
2024:Entrapment
2014:Bad apples
1904:2023-09-15
1879:2023-09-15
1854:2023-09-15
1829:2023-09-15
1796:2023-09-15
1756:2010-08-29
1732:2008-07-22
1655:2020-06-08
1630:2020-06-08
1606:2020-06-08
1581:2020-06-08
1557:2020-06-08
1534:References
1486:kidnapping
1425:See also:
1404:kidnapping
1194:newspapers
1094:, where a
1089:common law
982:common law
885:Quasi-tort
837:Injunction
830:Incidental
649:Conspiracy
374:Defamation
351:Conversion
266:common law
128:newspapers
57:improve it
1824:0028-6583
1224:July 2020
1096:plaintiff
992:Contracts
932:Australia
740:Liability
700:Necessity
588:liability
512:Licensees
432:Seduction
209:talk page
63:talk page
2379:Tort law
2263:Loophole
2210:Advocacy
1913:cite web
1873:BBC News
1848:BBC News
1512:See also
1373:4th Cir.
1339:actually
1303:identify
1287:criminal
1102:without
1007:Property
1002:Evidence
852:Replevin
820:Punitive
807:Remedies
681:Defences
615:Nuisance
586:absolute
517:Invitees
344:chattels
334:Trespass
274:Tort law
203:You may
2404:Arrests
2163:Frameup
1751:FindLaw
1490:robbery
1467:assault
1307:summons
1208:scholar
1110:firms.
1100:custody
1020:estates
847:Detinue
842:Tracing
825:Special
815:Damages
695:Consent
482:medical
378:Slander
306:Battery
301:Assault
283:Outline
142:scholar
1822:
1314:felony
1299:by-law
1248:police
1210:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1018:, and
1016:trusts
980:Other
967:Taiwan
937:Canada
890:Delict
857:Trover
582:Strict
268:series
144:
137:
130:
123:
115:
1723:(PDF)
1215:JSTOR
1201:books
1087:is a
1012:Wills
984:areas
962:Japan
957:India
942:China
895:civil
667:Fraud
477:legal
381:Libel
211:, or
149:JSTOR
135:books
2114:Rape
1919:link
1820:ISSN
1451:only
1437:only
1344:must
1187:news
1092:tort
897:and
584:and
339:land
121:news
1899:CNN
1488:or
1445:and
1316:or
1170:by
1121:and
1083:or
104:by
2375::
1915:}}
1911:{{
1897:.
1871:.
1846:.
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1814:.
1789:.
1749:.
1725:.
1704:.
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1574:.
1550:.
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1133:.
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1938:v
1921:)
1907:.
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1799:.
1759:.
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1609:.
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1371:(
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1231:(
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1222:(
1212:·
1205:·
1198:·
1191:·
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139:·
132:·
125:·
98:.
73:)
69:(
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20:)
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