1415:, 'imprisonment is the restraint of a man's liberty, whether it be in the open field, or in the stocks, or in the cage in the streets or in a man's own house, as well as in the common gaole'. Imprisonment does not have to involve seizure of the claimant; touching and informing him that he is under arrest are sufficient. Tagging and an imposed curfew can be false imprisonment. The restriction must also be total, meaning that the claimant is restricted to an area delimited by the defendant. The larger the area, the less likely the claimant will be deemed to be imprisoned. For example, confining a person to a house would constitute the tort of false imprisonment. However, confining someone to the land mass of the USA would not.
1530:
bridge, even though the passenger is thereby restricted inside the train. Likewise, a master of a ship, or the pilot of a plane can detain people during a voyage or flight when they have a reasonable cause or grounds to believe it necessary for the safety of their other passengers. Suddenly saying "I would like to leave now" is dangerous and thus, they have no reason to let you leave, moreover, you are contractually obligated to remain onboard. Therefore, this would not constitute false imprisonment.
1282:. The plaintiff was in her car when she was approached by the officer for not leashing her dog; she was arrested after being asked to produce her driver's license and failing to do so. She won her claim, despite having lost the case of not leashing her dog. The court reasoned that the officer did not have proper legal authority in arresting her, because he arrested her for not producing her driver's license (which itself was legal) as opposed to the dog leash violation.
1300:
patient's prescription, which her doctor had called in previously. When the police arrived, they arrested the patient. While the patient was in jail, the police verified with her doctor that the prescription was authentic and that it was meant for her. After this incident, the patient sued the pharmacy and its employees. She received $ 20,000 damages. An appeals court reversed the judgment, because it believed the elements of false imprisonment were not met.
43:
1314:
107:
1556:
believe that the person arrested poses an imminent risk of harm to themselves or others. Private citizens can also make an arrest for crimes being committed/that have been committed but only in relation to indictable offences ('citizen's arrest'). When a prisoner is lawfully held, it is not false imprisonment just because the conditions are unsanitary such as in the case of
1455:'Imprisonment is, as I apprehend, a total restraint of the liberty of the person, for however, short a time, and not a partial obstruction of his will, whatever inconvenience it may bring on him.' There must be complete restraint, therefore, if there are alternative routes that can be taken this is not false imprisonment. Such as in
1503:'It seems to me that the general rule that an omission or refusal to release the claimant from confinement will not amount to false imprisonment should not be overridden save in circumstances where the claimant has a legal right to be released and the defendant is under a positive obligation to release the claimant.'
1291:
Jacobi in the Clark County
Circuit Court case was supposed to be a 48-hour jail stay for Hoffman, pending drug evaluation and treatment, "until further order of the court." After a motion by Prosecutor Gilbert, Special Judge Steve Fleece ordered Hoffman released and said Hoffman's incarceration was "a big screw up".
1217:
The shopkeeper's privilege is not as broad as police officer's privilege to arrest. The shopkeeper may only detain the suspect for a comparatively short period of time. If a shopkeeper unreasonably detains the suspect, uses excessive force to detain the suspect, or fails to notify the police within a
1604:
Defences for false imprisonment include consent and performance of a contract. Moreover, the defence of illegality may also apply, therefore if the defendant was acting illegally and you locked them in a room to protect yourself whilst you called the police this defence could also apply. However, if
1555:
Code G. Or without a warrant, police may make an arrest pursuant to the Police and
Criminal Evidence Act 1984: 'anyone who is about to commit, is committing or has committed an offence or is so suspected on reasonable grounds may be arrested.' Also, arrest may be lawful if the police have reason to
1290:
In a Clark County, Indiana
Circuit Court case, Destiny Hoffman was jailed for 154 days, during which "no hearing was conducted to determine the validity of such sanction and the defendant was not represented by counsel" according to deputy county prosecutor Michaelia Gilbert. An order by Judge Jerry
1299:
In a
Louisiana case in the United States, a pharmacist and his pharmacy were found liable by a trial court for false imprisonment. They stalled for time and instructed a patient to wait while simultaneously and without the patient's knowledge calling the police. The pharmacist was suspicious of the
1142:
Not all acts of involuntary detention amount to false imprisonment. An accidental detention will not support a claim of false imprisonment since false imprisonment requires an intentional act. The law may privilege a person to detain somebody else against their will. A legally authorised detention
1366:
This tort again falls under the umbrella term "trespass to the person" alongside "battery and assault". The definition of false imprisonment under UK law and legislation is the "Unlawful imposition or constraint of another's freedom of movement from a particular place." False imprisonment is where
1209:
under which a person is allowed to use reasonable force to detain a suspected shoplifter on store property for a reasonable period of time. The shopkeeper has cause to believe that the detainee in fact committed, or attempted to commit, theft of store property. The shopkeeper is allowed to ask the
1475:
It is still false imprisonment even where the claimant does not know at the time. So secretly locking someone in a room is false imprisonment. It may also be false imprisonment where a person is rendered unconscious, for example, by being punched (also a battery), or when their drink is spiked by
1529:
This can be looked at as consent, therefore, the imprisonment is not unlawful nor false imprisonment, for example, when flying, you consent to be on the plane for that duration of time through contract. The courts have said it is not unlawful to refuse to open a train door when the train is on a
1234:
This privilege has been justified by the very practical need for some degree of protection for shopkeepers in their dealings with suspected shoplifters. Absent such privilege, a shopkeeper would be faced with the dilemma of either allowing suspects to leave without challenge or acting upon their
1494:
In the majority of circumstances/generally, the answer is no, as there must be a positive act. Yet, in certain circumstances defendants may still be found liable if they are under a positive obligation to release the claimant and the claimant has the legal right to be released. In the case of
1096:. Actual physical restraint is not necessary for false imprisonment to occur. A false imprisonment claim may be made based upon private acts, or upon wrongful governmental detention. For detention by the police, proof of false imprisonment provides a basis to obtain a writ of
1644:
the sailor was confined to his quarters and accused of child molestation but with 'no vestige of grounds in support', this was held to be false imprisonment and aggravated damages were available due to this causing humiliation and injury to the claimant's feelings.
1459:
where the claimant wanted to walk over
Hammersmith bridge but the defendant had cordoned off the public footpath, however, this did not constitute false imprisonment because, through using a longer route, the claimant could have still reached their destination.
1480:
the claimant was told to stay in an office because property was going missing and if they tried to leave the office they would have been stopped. This was held to be a false imprisonment even though the claimant did not know they were being imprisoned.
1533:
Additionally, when a claimant is following a work contract the employer may not be held for false imprisonment for not allowing them to leave early due to a breach of contract and potential losses that could result from them leaving. In the case of
1583:
without allowing anyone to leave. Lois Austin, a peaceful protester who had not broken the law, and
Geoffrey Saxby, an innocent passer-by who was not involved in the demonstration, claimed that they were falsely imprisoned by the London
1143:
does not constitute false imprisonment. For example, if a parent or legal guardian of a child denies the child's request to leave their house, and prevents them from doing so, this would not ordinarily constitute false imprisonment.
1129:
Within the context of false imprisonment, an imprisonment occurs when a person is restrained from moving from a location or bounded area, as a result of a wrongful intentional act, such as the use of force, threat, coercion, or
1635:
where someone was stopped in a doorway for a couple of seconds this was still held to be false imprisonment. Additionally, if the applicant was injured through trying to escape using reasonable methods they may be entitled to
1367:
the defendant intentionally or recklessly, and unlawfully, restricts the claimant's freedom of movement totally. During which there is no time limit, false imprisonment could occur for seconds and still be false imprisonment.
1538:
where the claimant was in a mine, they were working and they wanted to leave the mine. The employer refused to let them leave at that time and the court held that the employer was under no obligation to allow them to do so.
1959:
1395:
still be inside, but without bothering to check. Whereas, regarding intention, intention to imprison a person is what matters and not necessarily an intention to falsely imprison someone. For example, in
1596:
declared that 'even in the case of an absolute right, the High Court was entitled to take the "purpose" of the deprivation of liberty into account before deciding if human rights law applied at all.'
1929:
1516:, where the claimant should be released from prison and they weren't, due to a genuine mistake meaning they were held in prison for longer, this was still held to be false imprisonment.
1592:. The pair lost their court action in 2005, when the High Court ruled that the police had not acted unlawfully. An appeal against the ruling also failed in 2007. A ruling by the
1467:
for any damages caused in order for you to escape reasonably. However, if you have not taken a reasonable route of escape/reasonable action you will not be awarded damages.
1609:
where a homeowner fired a shotgun to the burglar and ended up injuring him, this was held to be an unreasonable use of force and thus, the defence of illegality was void.
53:
1955:
1640:. Finally, if the claimant suffered an 'affront to their dignity', they may be awarded aggravated damages (these are very rare). For example, in the case of
1512:
1398:
1418:
Therefore, false imprisonment is not just about locking someone within a room, the following examples have all been found to constitute false imprisonment:
2438:
1684:
1750:
2019:
1925:
1813:
Flanders, Chad; Brooks, Raina; Compton, Jack; Riley, Liz (2020). "The
Puzzling Persistence of Citizen's Arrest Laws and the Need to Revisit Them".
1214:. The purpose of the shopkeeper's privilege is to discover if the suspect is shoplifting and, if so, whether the shoplifted item can be reclaimed.
1402:, it did not matter if the decision to imprison the claimant was in good faith, or considered lawful, it still constituted false imprisonment.
1068:
1552:
2408:
2514:
1589:
1331:
2509:
1874:
1463:
Therefore, if there is a means of escape, this is not false imprisonment. There must be no reasonable means of escape and you may be
2155:
2099:
2050:
1353:
87:
1919:
1917:
2487:
704:
468:
1949:
1947:
1720:
1218:
reasonable time after detaining the suspect, then the detention may constitute false imprisonment and may result in an award of
1605:
the use of force or in this case imprisonment was unreasonable, this would not be a viable defence, as is shown in the case of
1476:
drugs (also wilful harm or negligence), because their freedom of movement is thereby restricted. For example, in the case of
1843:
1335:
940:
193:
1572:
1429:
Where a defendant might threaten violence if the claimant leaves, which could thus be both false imprisonment and assault.
950:
1025:
934:
2375:
69:
1443:
Finally, where a claimant accedes to authority that does not necessarily mean they consent to being detained, as in
2519:
1061:
624:
272:
2431:"Judgments - Austin (FC) (Appellant) & another v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (Respondent) (2009)"
1324:
1206:
1196:
918:
2430:
1499:
where a defendant could not leave their cell due to the prison officers being on strike, it was held at that:
1405:
False imprisonment does not require a literal prison, but a restriction of the claimant's freedom of movement (
965:
188:
1551:, police have the right to arrest under a warrant issued by a magistrate, and following conditions set out in
1742:
1391:
An example of reckless imprisonment may be a janitor locking up a school for the night, knowing that someone
2011:
783:
65:
955:
694:
684:
370:
168:
121:
31:
1054:
975:
679:
599:
30:"Wrongful imprisonment" redirects here. For wrongful punishments carried out by a judicial system, see
1637:
1464:
1165:
769:
689:
674:
458:
1981:
1896:
1585:
1571:, a case concerning the alleged unlawful detention of hundreds of members of the public during the
1279:
1223:
913:
301:
253:
183:
173:
1926:"Woman lost in system serves 154 days instead of 48 hours; prosecutor filed motion to get her out"
1422:
Where a defendant might position themselves in a doorway to prevent someone leaving a room, as in
1278:, a woman sued a police officer for false imprisonment after being arrested for not producing her
1260:
Not prolong the detention longer than a reasonable amount of time needed to gather all the facts.
1222:. In jurisdictions without the privilege, detention must meet the jurisdiction's standards for a
1131:
1017:
834:
824:
473:
453:
405:
386:
213:
2400:
855:
1088:
occurs when a person intentionally restricts another person's movement within any area without
2524:
2210:
2151:
2095:
2046:
1839:
1664:
1623:
If the false imprisonment was for a minimal amount of time, the claimant could be entitled to
1157:
996:
970:
478:
346:
311:
2492:
1432:
Where a defendant ensures someone stays in a room simply by asserting their authority, as in
2143:
1411:
945:
903:
898:
755:
649:
544:
239:
1866:
1659:
1624:
889:
579:
508:
434:
393:
291:
229:
219:
159:
144:
1956:"'A BIG SCREW UP:' Woman sentenced to two days in Clark County jail serves five months"
1593:
1161:
1001:
959:
518:
513:
376:
2503:
1712:
1580:
1202:
1097:
765:
619:
331:
281:
17:
1507:
Thus, the defendants were liable for omission under the tort of false imprisonment.
1168:
that the individual has been, is, or is about to be engaged in a criminal activity.
52:
deal primarily with the United States and the United
Kingdom and do not represent a
2139:
1669:
1236:
1124:
1006:
569:
493:
483:
366:
351:
263:
114:
1251:
Conduct the investigation on the store premises, or immediately near the premises.
1833:
1548:
1313:
1211:
1021:
777:
773:
639:
463:
296:
225:
149:
27:
Illegal restraint of a person in a bounded area without justification or consent
1775:
Bidfell, Connor (2019). "Shopkeeper's
Privilege: Coming to a Store near You".
1679:
1561:
1104:
1042:
928:
880:
735:
730:
564:
356:
336:
326:
306:
258:
178:
131:
1164:
that a crime has been committed and the individual was involved, or based on
2367:
870:
865:
839:
808:
798:
760:
654:
634:
574:
549:
523:
503:
488:
106:
1186:
Without authority of lawful arrest. (Restatement of the Law, Second, Torts)
1576:
991:
923:
875:
829:
793:
745:
720:
658:
594:
559:
443:
420:
415:
398:
361:
341:
138:
2012:"False Imprisonment Alleged When Patient Is Detained with Suspicious Rx"
1897:"Enright v. Groves, 39 Colo.App. 39, 560 P.2d 851 (Colo. Ct. App. 1977)"
1257:
Use reasonable (non-excessive) force to detain the suspected individual.
1674:
1654:
1618:
1338: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1219:
1093:
908:
860:
803:
750:
725:
699:
629:
609:
604:
584:
554:
425:
410:
321:
286:
248:
1689:
1254:
Have reasonable cause to believe the person detained was shoplifting.
1176:
To prevail under a false imprisonment claim, a plaintiff must prove:
788:
614:
448:
381:
209:
1371:
Any restraint of the liberty of a free man will be an imprisonment.
1108:
1089:
644:
589:
539:
1794:
Beato, Alexandra; Davies, Melissa (2021). "Arrests of
Persons".
1160:, police officers have the right to detain individuals based on
1112:
1011:
740:
498:
2262:
Austin v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis EWCA Civ 989
1307:
36:
1247:
In order for a customer to be detained, the shopkeeper must:
1490:
Can the tort of false imprisonment be committed by omission?
2289:
Meering v Grahame-White Aviation Co Ltd (1920) 122 LT 44
2280:
Professor Matthew Channon (Exeter University Law School)
2183:
R (Jollah) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
61:
2198:
Walker v Commissioner of the Police of the Metropolis
2171:
R (Gedi) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
1633:
Walker v Commissioner of the Police of the Metropolis
1575:
in London, England. The police, using the tactic of "
1424:
Walker v Commissioner of the Police of the Metropolis
2355:R v Deputy Governor of Parkhurst Prison ex p Hague
1867:"Shopkeepers Privilege Law & Legal Definition"
2474:Hook v Cunard Steamship Co Ltd 1 Lloyd's Rep 413
1569:Austin v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis
1564:or the tort of misfeasance in a public office.'
2127:R v Governor of Brockhill Prison ex parte Evans
2090:Timon Hughes-Davies and Nathan Tamblyn (2020).
1501:
1369:
1210:suspect to demonstrate that they have not been
1588:and that their detention was in breach of the
1062:
50:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
2334:Herd v Weardale Steel Coal & Coke Co Ltd
2122:
2120:
1560:, 'although this may instead be found to be
1513:R v Governor of Brockhill Prison, ex p Evans
1399:R v Governor of Brockhill Prison, ex p Evans
1567:Another example would again be the case of
1685:List of long-term false imprisonment cases
1069:
1055:
101:
2193:
2191:
2150:(8th ed.). Oxford University Press.
2045:(6th ed.). Oxford University Press.
1770:
1768:
1354:Learn how and when to remove this message
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
1138:Detention that is not false imprisonment
2470:
2468:
2395:
2393:
2236:Meering v Grahame-White Aviation Co Ltd
1707:
1705:
1701:
1558:R v Deputy Governor of Parkhurst Prison
1034:
983:
888:
847:
816:
712:
666:
531:
433:
271:
238:
201:
157:
120:
113:
2041:Horsey, Kirsty; Radley, Erica (2019).
2010:Simonsmeier, Larry M. (1 March 2005).
1986:, 796 So.2d 11 (La. App. 3 Cir. 2001)"
2345:Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
2297:
2295:
2258:
2256:
2110:
2108:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
7:
2441:from the original on 7 November 2017
2302:Prison Officer's Association v Iqbal
2022:from the original on 7 November 2017
1962:from the original on 31 January 2014
1753:from the original on 7 November 2017
1723:from the original on 7 November 2017
1497:Prison Officer's Association v Iqbal
1336:adding citations to reliable sources
1877:from the original on 9 January 2015
1796:Georgia State University Law Review
1590:European Convention of Human Rights
1180:Willful detention in a bounded area
2368:"Police sued over May Day protest"
1932:from the original on 11 March 2015
1205:recognize the common law known as
1094:the restrained person's permission
25:
2411:from the original on 29 June 2017
2401:"Pair lose protest damages claim"
1478:Meering v Grahame-White Aviation
1438:Meering v Grahame-White Aviation.
2148:Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law
1924:Neil, Martha (28 January 2014).
1838:. American Law Institute. 1965.
1312:
705:Perverting the course of justice
105:
41:
2378:from the original on 9 May 2004
2173:EWHC 276 (Admin), EWCA Civ 409
1323:needs additional citations for
1107:, false imprisonment is both a
600:Intellectual property violation
2313:Hook v Cunard Steamship Co Ltd
2250:(1858) 4 CBNS 180, 140 ER 1052
1954:POPP, GARY (24 January 2014).
1743:"Overview: False Imprisonment"
1642:Hook v Cunard Steamship Co Ltd
1:
2324:Civil Aviation Act 1982 s. 94
2271:Hicks v Young EWHC 1144 (QB)
1835:Restatement (second) of Torts
1627:, as this tort is actionable
1928:. American Bar Association.
1235:suspicion and risk making a
935:Ignorantia juris non excusat
2114:Bird v Jones EWHC 7 QB 742
1749:. Oxford University Press.
64:, discuss the issue on the
2541:
2515:Imprisonment and detention
1616:
1536:Herd v Weardale Steel Coal
1201:Many jurisdictions in the
1194:
1122:
625:Possessing stolen property
273:Offense against the person
29:
2510:Abuse of the legal system
2407:. London. 23 March 2005.
2374:. London. 28 April 2002.
1579:", held a large crowd in
1525:Performance of a contract
1510:Moreover, in the case of
1190:
919:Diminished responsibility
713:Crimes against the public
2488:Prosser on Torts website
2068:1 WLR 1172 (Goff LJ at )
848:Crimes against the state
768:(such as prohibition of
2214:3 All ER 374, 380 (QBD)
1387:Intentional or reckless
532:Crimes against property
222:(also called violation)
1719:. Cornell Law School.
1505:
1379:
1207:shopkeeper's privilege
1197:Shopkeeper's privilege
1191:Shopkeeper's privilege
984:Other common-law areas
817:Crimes against animals
685:Miscarriage of justice
667:Crimes against justice
32:Miscarriage of justice
2094:, 2nd ed. Routledge.
1573:May Day riots of 2001
1086:unlawful imprisonment
890:Defenses to liability
680:Malfeasance in office
18:Unlawful imprisonment
1958:. News and Tribune.
1713:"False Imprisonment"
1638:compensatory damages
1409:). According to the
1332:improve this article
1183:Without consent; and
1166:reasonable suspicion
1092:, justification, or
736:Censorship violation
459:Cybersex trafficking
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
2437:. U.K. Parliament.
1777:Canadian Bar Review
1586:Metropolitan Police
1520:Lawful imprisonment
914:Defense of property
766:Illegal consumption
302:Criminal negligence
202:Severity of offense
2248:Warner v Riddiford
1815:Howard Law Journal
1451:Complete restraint
1445:Warner v Riddiford
1407:complete restraint
1132:abuse of authority
1082:False imprisonment
835:Wildlife smuggling
825:Cruelty to animals
454:Child sexual abuse
406:Negligent homicide
317:False imprisonment
214:Indictable offense
158:Scope of criminal
2520:Police misconduct
2494:Enright v. Groves
2435:www.parliament.uk
2211:Collins v Wilcock
2144:Markesinis, Basil
2066:Collins v Wilcock
1984:Taylor v. Johnson
1665:False accusations
1364:
1363:
1356:
1276:Enright v. Groves
1158:United States law
1079:
1078:
479:Indecent exposure
347:Human trafficking
312:Domestic violence
240:Inchoate offenses
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
2532:
2475:
2472:
2463:
2460:Revill v Newbery
2457:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2397:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2316:
2310:
2304:
2299:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2238:(1920) 122 LT 44
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2140:Deakin, Simon F.
2136:
2130:
2124:
2115:
2112:
2103:
2088:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1951:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1921:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1747:Oxford Reference
1739:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1709:
1412:Termes de la Ley
1377:
1359:
1352:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1316:
1308:
1280:driver's license
1224:citizen's arrest
1071:
1064:
1057:
1028:
899:Actual innocence
756:Ethnic cleansing
650:Trespass to land
545:Arms trafficking
109:
102:
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2500:
2499:
2484:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2442:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2414:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2381:
2379:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2208:
2204:
2196:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2106:
2089:
2072:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1880:
1878:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1756:
1754:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1724:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1660:Child abduction
1651:
1625:nominal damages
1621:
1615:
1607:Revil v Newbery
1602:
1545:
1527:
1522:
1487:
1473:
1453:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1360:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1329:
1317:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1272:
1267:
1245:
1232:
1199:
1193:
1174:
1154:
1149:
1140:
1127:
1121:
1090:legal authority
1075:
1016:
580:False pretenses
509:Sex trafficking
435:Sexual offenses
394:Preterintention
230:Summary offense
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2482:External links
2480:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2452:
2422:
2389:
2359:
2347:
2338:
2326:
2317:
2305:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2252:
2240:
2228:
2224:Harnett v Bond
2216:
2202:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2156:
2142:; Adams, Zoe;
2131:
2116:
2104:
2070:
2058:
2051:
2033:
2016:Pharmacy Times
2002:
1990:Google Scholar
1973:
1943:
1913:
1901:Google Scholar
1888:
1858:
1844:
1824:
1805:
1786:
1764:
1734:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1617:Main article:
1614:
1611:
1601:
1598:
1594:House of Lords
1544:
1541:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1486:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1452:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1434:Harnett v Bond
1430:
1427:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1376:Lord Denman CJ
1373:
1362:
1361:
1320:
1318:
1311:
1305:
1304:United Kingdom
1302:
1296:
1293:
1287:
1284:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1244:
1241:
1231:
1228:
1195:Main article:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1173:
1170:
1162:probable cause
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1123:Main article:
1120:
1117:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
986:
985:
981:
980:
979:
978:
973:
968:
963:
953:
948:
943:
938:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
893:
892:
886:
885:
884:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
850:
849:
845:
844:
843:
842:
837:
832:
827:
819:
818:
814:
813:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
763:
758:
753:
751:Hostage-taking
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
715:
714:
710:
709:
708:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
669:
668:
664:
663:
662:
661:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
534:
533:
529:
528:
527:
526:
521:
519:Sexual slavery
516:
514:Sexual assault
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
438:
437:
431:
430:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
402:
401:
391:
390:
389:
379:
374:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
276:
275:
269:
268:
267:
266:
261:
256:
251:
243:
242:
236:
235:
234:
233:
223:
217:
204:
203:
199:
198:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
163:
162:
155:
154:
153:
152:
147:
142:
135:
125:
124:
118:
117:
111:
110:
96:
95:
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2537:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2453:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2426:
2423:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2315:1 All ER 1021
2314:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2185:EWCA Civ 1260
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2164:
2159:
2157:9780198747963
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:9781138554597
2097:
2093:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2054:
2052:9780198829270
2048:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2003:
1991:
1987:
1985:
1977:
1974:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1847:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1581:Oxford Circus
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1457:Bird v Jones
1450:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1355:
1347:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1321:This section
1319:
1315:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1203:United States
1198:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1152:United States
1151:
1146:
1144:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1098:habeas corpus
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
987:
982:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
961:
957:
954:
952:
951:Justification
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
896:
895:
894:
891:
887:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
852:
851:
846:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
821:
820:
815:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
784:Miscegenation
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
718:
717:
716:
711:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
670:
665:
660:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
620:Pickpocketing
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
535:
530:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
469:Homosexuality
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
439:
436:
432:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
388:
385:
384:
383:
380:
378:
375:
372:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
332:Home invasion
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
282:Assassination
280:
279:
278:
277:
274:
270:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
244:
241:
237:
231:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
211:
208:
207:
206:
205:
200:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
166:
165:
164:
161:
156:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
140:
136:
134:
133:
129:
128:
127:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
108:
104:
103:
100:
92:
89:
81:
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2493:
2459:
2455:
2443:. Retrieved
2434:
2425:
2413:. Retrieved
2404:
2380:. Retrieved
2371:
2362:
2357:1 AC 58 (HL)
2354:
2350:
2341:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2209:
2205:
2200:EWCA Civ 897
2197:
2182:
2178:
2170:
2166:
2147:
2134:
2126:
2091:
2065:
2061:
2042:
2036:
2024:. Retrieved
2015:
2005:
1993:. Retrieved
1989:
1983:
1976:
1964:. Retrieved
1934:. Retrieved
1904:. Retrieved
1900:
1891:
1881:12 September
1879:. Retrieved
1870:
1861:
1849:. Retrieved
1834:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1780:
1776:
1755:. Retrieved
1746:
1737:
1725:. Retrieved
1716:
1670:False arrest
1641:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1606:
1603:
1568:
1566:
1557:
1546:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1477:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1390:
1370:
1365:
1350:
1341:
1330:Please help
1325:verification
1322:
1298:
1289:
1275:
1273:
1246:
1237:false arrest
1233:
1216:
1200:
1175:
1155:
1141:
1128:
1125:Imprisonment
1119:Imprisonment
1102:
1085:
1081:
1080:
976:Self-defense
933:
856:Lèse-majesté
570:Embezzlement
494:Prostitution
484:Masturbation
367:Manslaughter
352:Intimidation
316:
264:Solicitation
137:
130:
115:Criminal law
99:
84:
75:
51:
2226:AC 669 (HL)
1831:See § 120A
1549:English law
1465:compensated
1243:Requirement
1212:shoplifting
971:Provocation
695:Obstruction
675:Compounding
640:Tax evasion
464:Fornication
297:Child abuse
226:Misdemeanor
150:Concurrence
2504:Categories
2445:6 November
2415:6 November
2026:6 November
1995:6 November
1966:31 January
1936:31 January
1906:6 November
1851:6 November
1845:0314012710
1757:6 November
1727:6 November
1696:References
1680:Kidnapping
1562:negligence
1147:By country
1105:common law
929:Entrapment
904:Automatism
881:Subversion
840:Bestiality
809:War crimes
804:Usurpation
731:Corruption
690:Misprision
565:Cybercrime
357:Kidnapping
337:Hate crime
327:Harassment
307:Defamation
259:Incitement
254:Conspiracy
220:Infraction
179:Complicity
174:Accomplice
132:Actus reus
78:April 2021
2462:2 WLR 239
1783:(3): 558.
1471:Awareness
1295:Louisiana
1230:Rationale
992:Contracts
966:Necessity
871:Secession
866:Espionage
799:Terrorism
761:Smuggling
655:Vandalism
635:Smuggling
575:Extortion
550:Blackmail
524:Voyeurism
504:Pederasty
489:Obscenity
371:corporate
194:Vicarious
189:Principal
184:Corporate
169:Accessory
160:liability
145:Causation
66:talk page
2525:Tort law
2439:Archived
2409:Archived
2405:BBC News
2382:16 April
2376:Archived
2372:BBC News
2146:(2019).
2092:Tort law
2043:Tort Law
2020:Archived
1960:Archived
1930:Archived
1875:Archived
1751:Archived
1721:Archived
1649:See also
1600:Defences
1577:kettling
1485:Omission
1447:(1858).
1382:Elements
1374:—
1344:May 2021
1270:Colorado
1265:Examples
1172:Elements
1007:Property
1002:Evidence
997:Defenses
946:Insanity
876:Sedition
830:Poaching
794:Regicide
746:Genocide
721:Apostasy
659:Mischief
595:Gambling
560:Burglary
444:Adultery
421:Stabbing
416:Stalking
399:Homicide
362:Menacing
342:Homicide
139:Mens rea
122:Elements
60:You may
1871:USLegal
1675:Hostage
1655:Damages
1619:Damages
1613:Damages
1286:Indiana
1220:damages
1035:Portals
1026:estates
958: (
956:Mistake
941:Infancy
909:Consent
861:Treason
778:smoking
774:alcohol
741:Dueling
726:Begging
700:Perjury
630:Robbery
610:Looting
605:Larceny
585:Forgery
555:Bribery
426:Torture
411:Robbery
369: (
322:Frameup
292:Battery
287:Assault
249:Attempt
2154:
2129:QB 443
2098:
2049:
1842:
1821:: 161.
1690:Ransom
1629:per se
1547:Under
1543:Police
1156:Under
1111:and a
1103:Under
1022:trusts
960:of law
924:Duress
789:Piracy
776:, and
615:Payola
474:Incest
449:Bigamy
387:felony
382:Murder
377:Mayhem
210:Felony
2336:AC 67
1802:: 25.
1631:. In
1393:might
1109:crime
1018:Wills
1012:Torts
770:drugs
645:Theft
590:Fraud
540:Arson
68:, or
2447:2017
2417:2017
2384:2009
2152:ISBN
2096:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2028:2017
1997:2017
1968:2014
1938:2014
1908:2017
1883:2014
1853:2017
1840:ISBN
1759:2017
1729:2017
1553:PACE
1436:and
1113:tort
1024:and
499:Rape
228:(or
212:(or
1717:Wex
1334:by
1274:In
1084:or
1043:Law
2506::
2467:^
2433:.
2403:.
2392:^
2370:.
2294:^
2255:^
2190:^
2119:^
2107:^
2073:^
2018:.
2014:.
1988:.
1946:^
1916:^
1899:.
1873:.
1869:.
1819:64
1817:.
1800:38
1798:.
1781:97
1779:.
1767:^
1745:.
1715:.
1704:^
1239:.
1226:.
1134:.
1115:.
1100:.
1020:,
772:,
657:,
2449:.
2419:.
2386:.
2160:.
2102:.
2055:.
2030:.
1999:.
1982:"
1970:.
1940:.
1910:.
1885:.
1855:.
1761:.
1731:.
1426:.
1357:)
1351:(
1346:)
1342:(
1328:.
1070:e
1063:t
1056:v
962:)
780:)
373:)
232:)
216:)
91:)
85:(
80:)
76:(
58:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
