113:
248:. The estimate presented in the book about the size of the prison camp system during Stalin's time is admittedly exaggerated in the light of current knowledge, because according to Parvilahti, there would have been a total of more than 45 million prisoners and deportees. The work also included an open stance against communism, warnings about the threat of the Soviet Union, and claims about the dominant position of Jews in the Soviet Union.
215:. In December 1945, he was sentenced to five years in a prison camp under Article 58 of the Soviet Criminal Code. The crime was "helping the international bourgeoisie in the fight against communism". The Soviet authorities' suspicions of espionage were apparently not unfounded, but in the justifications for the sentence Parvilahti's possible crimes were in any case greatly exaggerated and it was alleged that he was guilty of murder.
227:. The conditions in the prison were better than the camp and the transfer could have saved his life. The five-year sentence was completed in April 1950, but Parvilahti was not allowed to return to Finland, but was deported to Siberia, to Dudinka, located in the middle of the tundra on the Taimyr Peninsula. There he worked, among other things, as a sawmill worker. Thanks to the mass amnesties that followed
17:
166:
representatives in
Germany, Colonel Walter Horn and Commander Captain Hakon Grönholm, and through diplomatic channels. Boman handled, among other things, mail delivery and holiday and entertainment matters for Finnish volunteers under the title of Verbindugsführer der Waffen-SS zur Finnischen Gesandschaft. In November 1942, Boman received the rank of
146:, around the same time as the Germans massacred the village's Jewish residents. According to one information, Boman would also have photographed the executions carried out by the Germans. According to historian Lars Westerlund, Boman probably participated in the atrocities, although there is no definite information about this.
173:
Even after the repatriation of the
Finnish battalion in the summer of 1943, Boman remained in Germany to take care of the affairs of the wounded Finns and did not return to Finland until 1944. He was in contact with Alarich Bross, who built a secret intelligence organization in Finland and later the
72:
member who was considered a communist in the 1920s. Boman left home soon after finishing public school and moved from Turku to
Helsinki in 1924, where he initially worked in various temporary jobs, but gradually turned to photography. Boman completed military service in the procurement office of the
243:
Parvilahti wrote two memoirs, of which "Beria's
Gardens" (1957) describes the conditions and events during his imprisonment in the Soviet Union. "To Terek and back" (1958) tells about the phases of the Finnish Waffen-SS volunteer battalion. "Beria's Gardens" was the first work published in Finland
129:
and that he was immediately eager to go. At the age of 33, Boman was one of the oldest
Finnish SS volunteers. His enlistment was not hindered by the fact that, according to his military card, in 1927 he had been offered exemption from military service due to bone infection in his left ankle. He was
258:
Parvilahti's health had suffered during the prison camp years. Thanks to the income he received from state compensation and his books, he stopped working in
Finland and moved to Spain in 1961. The security police continued to follow his activities, but did not find anything to note in the post-war
137:
Boman participated in the battles of the German
Eastern Front in Ukraine in June–July 1941. When investigating the possible role of Finnish SS men in killing Jews outside the battles, Boman's name has also come up. He is said to have burned down one synagogue, possibly in early July in or near the
198:
In April 1945, Interior
Minister Yrjö Leino handed Parvilahti, who was still imprisoned, among the so-called Leino prisoners, to the Allied Control Commission. Parvilahti was an exceptional case among the twenty handed over, as most were Russian emigrants and only two native Finnish citizens. The
186:
Boman was one of eight
Finnish citizens considered dangerously pro-German, who were immediately captured by the secret police after Finland severed its relationship with Germany on September 2, 1944. His name was the first on the list, and he was immediately detained from his home in Helsinki's
165:
The liaison office of the
Finnish SS battalion was born around Boman in Berlin. Through the liaison office recognized by the Germans (Verbindungstelle des Finnischen Freiwilligen-bataillons der Waffen-SS), the Finns were able to influence the volunteers' affairs through the Finnish military
394:
Lars Westerlund: Suomalaiset SS-vapaaehtoiset ja väkivaltaisuudet 1941–1943 – Juutalaisten, siviilien ja sotavankien surmaaminen Saksan hyökkäyksessä Neuvostoliittoon, s. 79, 157, 198–200, 293. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura & Kansallisarkisto, Helsinki
244:
that brought the conditions of the Soviet Union's post-World War II prison camp system to the attention of the general public. Compared to the non-fiction literature available at the time, the work has been considered a rather illustrative presentation of the
191:, known as an extreme rightist, was in charge of his interrogations and house searches, who fled Finland a couple of weeks later. During the interrogations, he also defended himself by invoking the SS man's loyalty oath, which obliged him to be loyal to
187:
Töölö. The other seven were released to house arrest after a couple of weeks, but Boman had to remain in protective custody for the time being. His pending name change to Parvilahti was realized shortly after his imprisonment during September. Detective
545:
Juho Partanen: ”Leinon vankien” tapaus ja vangeille maksetut korvaukset, p. 350–351. Teoksessa Sotatapahtumia, internointeja ja siirto sodanjälkeisiin oloihin: Kansallisarkiston artikkelikirja (toim. Lars Westerlund). Kansallisarkisto, Helsinki
157:
while serving in a reconnaissance team. On July 25, 1941, at the initiative of joint officer Ensio Pihkala, Boman was transferred to Berlin to take care of Finnish volunteers' affairs, above all postal connections to Finland. Boman received the
218:
During his imprisonment, Parvilahti learned the Russian language, knew how to behave during interrogations and was able to adapt well to prison activities. This all helped him to survive. He spent the first two years of his sentence in the
235:. He was able to return to Finland on December 12, 1954. Parvilahti and German-born Richard Dahm, who returned at the same time, were the first of Leino's prisoners to return to Finland. Nine others returned over the next two years.
124:
In the spring of 1941, Boman joined the Finnish Waffen-SS volunteer battalion, to which Lindqvist recruited him. In his memoirs, Boman said that he heard about the recruitment of volunteers in March 1941 at a meeting of the
199:
Supervisory Commission immediately transferred the prisoners across the border to the Soviet Union. Parvilahti was accused of spying against the Soviet Union. During the spring and summer of 1945, the
286:
Vettenniemi, Erkki: Unto Bomanin salattu elämä, s. 345–378 teoksessa Parvilahti, Unto: Berijan tarhat: Havaintoja ja muistikuvia Neuvostoliiton vuosilta 1945–1954, uusintapainos. Otava, Helsinki 2004.
81:
watched Boman closely from the early 1930s and initially suspected him of being a Communist because of his father's background. In reality, Boman was already involved in the activities of Captain
35: ; September 28, 1907 Maaria – October 27, 1970 Málaga, Spain) was a Finnish photographer and businessman who served from 1941 to 1944 as the head of the liaison office of the volunteer
464:
Mikko Uola: "Suomi sitoutuu hajottamaan...": Järjestöjen lakkauttaminen vuoden 1944 välirauhansopimuksen 21. artiklan perusteella, p. 17–19. Helsinki: Suomen Historiallinen Seura, 1999.
100:, and was elected a deputy member of its executive board. The organization's secretary and key person was his friend, jaeger lieutenant and prominent Finnish National Socialist
262:
Parvilahti was married three times during his life, twice after his time in the prison camp. The first two marriages ended in divorce. He had one son from his first marriage.
68:
Unto Boman's parents were bricklayer August Boman and Augusta Elina Träskman (formerly Rangell). He was the youngest of four children. The father was reportedly a former
255:
and war veterans. The book was translated in 1958 into Swedish, 1959 into English, 1960 into German and 1961 into Spanish. In Finland, it was printed in 11 editions.
1560:
692:
642:
231:'s death, the deportation was canceled in the summer of 1954, but leaving the country was not arranged immediately. Parvilahti spent the autumn in Moscow and
594:
96:, he served in Flight Squadron 36. In October 1940, Boman participated in the founding meeting of the Swedish-language National Socialist organization
1515:
1467:
175:
1555:
283:
Uola, Mikko: Parvilahti, Unto (1907 - 1970) Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu (maksullinen). 6.9.2001. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
280:
Swanström, André: Hakaristin ritarit – Suomalaiset SS-miehet, politiikka, uskonto ja sotarikokset. Jyväskylä: Atena, 2018. ISBN 978-952-300-449-8.
116:
Parvilahti was active in promoting the interests of SS volunteers even after his imprisonment. In the photo, from the left, Aarne Roiha, General
662:
317:
Mikko Uola: Parvilahti, Unto (1907–1970) Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu (maksullinen). 6.9.2001. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
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1535:
47:
among the so-called Leino prisoners in 1945, he spent several years there in prison camps. After returning to Finland, he wrote the memoir
1540:
1420:
1407:
687:
677:
637:
259:
period. Even in his later years, Parvilahti did not compromise on his war time worldview. He died in Spain in 1970 and is buried there.
130:
one of the four hundred so-called "men of the division", who, due to their previous war experience, were placed in small groups in the
1378:
425:
Jokipii, Mauno: Panttipataljoona: suomalaisen SS-pataljoonan historia, p. 475. 4. p.. Helsinki: Veljesapu, 2000. ISBN 952-90-7363-1.
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86:
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Jokipii, Mauno: Panttipataljoona: suomalaisen SS-pataljoonan historia. 4. p.. Helsinki: Veljesapu, 2000. ISBN 952-90-7363-1.
1366:
1337:
1332:
722:
603:
97:
1550:
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in the SS, equivalent to second lieutenant, although his highest military rank in the Finnish army had been sergeant.
1299:
717:
74:
798:
788:
580:
162:
Second Class for his military merits before being wounded, which was not awarded to him until the summer of 1944.
869:
667:
112:
1525:
617:
252:
251:
After the book was published, Parvilahti became a sought-after guest at, among other things, the events of the
924:
889:
1388:
1383:
134:
already in the attack phase of summer 1941, while the majority of Finnish volunteers were still in training.
1440:
1309:
758:
271:
Jokipii, Mauno: Hitlerin Saksa ja sen vapaaehtoisliikkeet. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2002.
1371:
1275:
702:
78:
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51:(1957), in which he describes Soviet prisons based on his own experiences. He was an ardent supporter of
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Finnish military port and was discharged as a chief mate. He reportedly participated in the
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509:
Seppo Porvali: Uskollisuus on kunniamme, p. 117–121. Apali Oy, Tampere 2008.
1454:
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Unto Parvilahti: Terekille ja takaisin, p. 78–81. Otava, Helsinki 1958.
223:, from where he was transferred in 1947 to solitary confinement in the
228:
220:
52:
40:
277:
Stein, George H.: Waffen-SS. Gummerus, 2005 2.p. ISBN 951-20-6676-9.
245:
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15:
200:
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403:
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746:
610:
149:Boman was wounded by shrapnel in the ankle between
120:and Parvilahti at Malmi Airport in August 1956.
554:
552:
203:interrogated him alternately in the notorious
693:National Trade Union Confederation of Finland
643:Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation
588:
211:in Moscow, and from the end of August in the
8:
595:
581:
573:
1468:Pro-German resistance movement in Finland
176:Pro-German resistance movement in Finland
1355:Helsinki Central Railway Station assault
505:
503:
295:
663:Labor Organisation of Brothers-in-Arms
484:
482:
472:
470:
460:
458:
313:
311:
309:
307:
305:
303:
301:
299:
1561:People extradited to the Soviet Union
1367:Assassination attempt of Pekka Kataja
7:
1338:1986 Oulu airplane hijacking attempt
372:
370:
368:
1421:Finnish volunteers in the Waffen-SS
1408:21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness
688:National Socialist Union of Finland
678:Organisation of National Socialists
558:Vettenniemi 2004, p. 369–370, 375.
518:Vettenniemi 2004, p. 352, 356–357.
497:Vettenniemi 2004, p. 346–347, 349.
353:Swanström 2018, p. 77–78, 80, 312.
14:
1266:Assassination of Heikki Ritavuori
43:. After being handed over to the
1516:Finnish people imprisoned abroad
708:Patriotic Citizens of Viitasaari
638:Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party
1556:People extradited from Finland
683:National Socialists of Finland
362:Vettenniemi 2004, p. 350, 361.
1:
1333:Kursiivi printing house arson
653:Finnish People's Organisation
604:Far-right politics in Finland
567:Vettenniemi 2004, p. 376–377.
452:Vettenniemi 2004, p. 364–366.
344:Vettenniemi 2004, p. 355–360.
326:Vettenniemi 2004, p. 352–354.
127:Finnish People's Organisation
87:Finnish People's Organisation
1379:Kankaanpää terrorism arrests
779:Finnish People's Blue-Whites
1536:Finnish Waffen-SS personnel
809:Power Belongs to the People
804:Patriotic People's Movement
754:Atomwaffen Division Finland
713:Patriotic People's Movement
488:Swanström 2018, p. 399–401.
434:Swanström 2018, p. 179–186.
1577:
1541:Finnish emigrants to Spain
1350:Jyväskylä library stabbing
799:Nordic Resistance Movement
723:People's Community Society
221:Temnikov forced labor camp
98:People's Community Society
870:Johan Christian Fabritius
668:Lalli Alliance of Finland
527:Vettenniemi 2004, p. 371.
476:Vettenniemi 2004, p. 367.
443:Vettenniemi 2004, p. 351.
416:Stein, Waffen-SS, p. 339.
407:Jokipii 2002, p. 300–301.
718:Patriotic People's Party
618:Academic Karelia Society
536:Vettenniemi 2004, p. 374
253:National Coalition Party
1546:Foreign Gulag detainees
1384:Lahti terrorism arrests
1271:Murder of Onni Happonen
759:Blue-and-Black Movement
703:Party of Finnish Labor
335:Swanström 2018, p. 55.
121:
29:Unto Ilmari Parvilahti
25:
1531:Finnish war criminals
1521:Finnish photographers
1170:Kurt Martti Wallenius
855:Hjalmar von Bonsdorff
824:Truth Party (Finland)
385:Jokipii 2002, p. 189.
115:
19:
1427:Finnlands Lebensraum
1310:StĂĄhlberg kidnapping
1276:Murder of Erik Mättö
774:Finnish People First
764:Blue and White Front
648:Front Soldier League
37:Finnish SS battalion
1434:Kansallissosialisti
1288:Murder of Yrjö Holm
915:Carl-Gustaf Herlitz
860:Severin Dobrovolsky
658:Finnish Labor Front
633:Finnish Realm Union
20:Unto Parvilahti as
1551:Nazi war criminals
1300:Mäntsälä rebellion
1196:Esa Henrik Holappa
910:Gunnar von Hertzen
890:Yrjö von Grönhagen
132:SS Division Wiking
122:
75:Mäntsälä rebellion
26:
1493:
1492:
1150:Ă–rnulf Tigerstedt
1040:Thorvald Oljemark
895:Bertel Gripenberg
698:NSDAP/AO Finnland
209:Lefortovo prisons
1568:
1392:
1375:
1363:
1346:
1324:Post-1945 events
1296:
1284:
1226:
1204:
1191:James Hirvisaari
1184:Post-1945 people
1175:Artturi Vuorimaa
1135:Paavo Susitaival
1110:Kaarlo Salovaara
1045:Johannes Ă–hquist
1015:Gunnar Lindqvist
920:Kalevi Heikkinen
880:C. A. J. Gadolin
875:Petter Forsström
819:Soldiers of Odin
789:Freedom Alliance
784:For Independence
747:Post-1945 groups
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168:UntersturmfĂĽhrer
102:Gunnar Lindqvist
22:UntersturmfĂĽhrer
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1526:Finnish writers
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1259:Pre-1945 events
1254:
1220:
1213:Juha Kärkkäinen
1198:
1179:
1145:Eino Tuomivaara
1075:Erkki Räikkönen
1050:Unto Parvilahti
1030:Iisakki Nikkola
1020:Arvi Malmivaara
975:Edvard Karvonen
885:Herman Gummerus
850:Torsten Aminoff
840:Reino Ala-Kulju
833:Pre-1945 people
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794:Kohti Vapautta!
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628:Blue-and-Blacks
611:Pre-1945 groups
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189:Aarne Kauhanen
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155:Dnepropetrovsk
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79:Central Police
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119:
118:Felix Steiner
114:
107:
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77:in 1932. The
76:
71:
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50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
23:
18:
1480:Arvid Ojasti
1460:
1453:
1446:
1441:Kustaa Vaasa
1439:
1432:
1425:
1413:
1406:
1165:Mauno Vannas
1155:Jukka Tyrkkö
1125:Teo Snellman
1115:Jaakko Seise
1085:John Rosberg
1065:Boris Popper
1049:
965:Rauno Kallia
945:Kaarlo Kares
935:Karl Jansson
845:Vilho Annala
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246:Gulag system
242:
233:Petrozavodsk
217:
197:
193:Adolf Hitler
185:
182:In captivity
172:
164:
148:
136:
123:
91:
67:
48:
45:Soviet Union
32:
31:(until 1944
28:
27:
1511:1970 deaths
1506:1907 births
1484:Claes Purjo
1476:Lauri Törni
1415:Ajan Suunta
1387: [
1370: [
1358: [
1341: [
1291: [
1279: [
1235:Junes Lokka
1230:Seppo Lehto
1221: [
1199: [
1025:Jussi Muilu
1010:Jussi Leino
960:Arvi Kalsta
814:Suomen Sisu
769:Finns Party
738:Vientirauha
239:As a writer
138:village of
83:Arvi Kalsta
1500:Categories
1315:Vaasa riot
1160:Ensio Uoti
1090:Yrjö Ruutu
865:Kai Donner
623:Blue Cross
291:References
160:Iron Cross
94:Winter War
1462:Siniristi
955:Hans Kalm
108:SS career
70:Red Guard
1455:MV-media
733:Stormers
205:Lubyanka
144:Tarnopol
85:'s Nazi
266:Sources
92:In the
229:Stalin
140:Ozerna
53:Nazism
41:Berlin
1400:Other
1391:]
1374:]
1362:]
1345:]
1295:]
1283:]
1225:]
1203:]
546:2010.
395:2019.
151:Smela
142:near
64:Youth
33:Boman
207:and
201:NKVD
153:and
59:Life
39:in
1502::
1482:,
1478:,
1474:,
1389:fi
1372:fi
1360:fi
1343:fi
1293:fi
1281:fi
1223:fi
1201:fi
551:^
502:^
481:^
469:^
457:^
400:^
367:^
298:^
195:.
178:.
104:.
89:.
55:.
1486:)
1470:(
596:e
589:t
582:v
24:.
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