375:
666:
109:
527:
538:
176:
748:
2498:
516:
2488:
2508:
639:, often resulted in regional tension and conflict within states. For example, during the late 18th century, the upland "backcountry" of North Carolina grew in population until the Upland Southerners there outnumbered the older, well-established, wealthier coastal populations. In some cases, the conflict between the two resulted in warfare, such as
771:. This robust economy gave the city a tough blue collar culture of hardened iron workers, miners, and steel workers as well as a cosmopolitan class of bankers, lawyers, educators and politicians. Similar examples of early urban-industrial areas include Embree's Iron Works in East Tennessee (1808), the Red River iron region of
1302:
Drake (2001), pp. 36–38, describes these early pioneer ethnic groups and notes that the term "Scotch-Irish" (Scots-Irish), while predominantly
Presbyterian northern Irish, also included a significant number of Catholic southern Irish; and that the term "English" was a general catch-all term including
502:
of 1820. In the mid-19th century, there were concentrations of
African Americans in east-central Indiana, southwest Michigan, and elsewhere. Due to their early settlement of the Midwest, Upland Southerners initially controlled territorial and state governments, and played a major role in establishing
493:
A significant portion of 19th-century settlers of the
Midwest was from the Upland South. The southern Midwest was most heavily settled by Upland Southerners, especially in Missouri, southern Indiana, and southern Illinois. This early migration to the southern Midwest included many African Americans.
627:
in the early 19th century. In contrast, the Upland South, Kentucky, and
Tennessee especially, were the scene of Indian resistance and pioneering settlement during the late 18th century. Thus the Upland South colonized earlier and had established its particular settlement patterns before most of the
481:
attacks, people settled at first in clustered "stations," but as danger lessened, settlement tended to be in a rural, dispersed, kin-structured pattern, with relatively few cities and towns. These early settlers of the Upland South tended to practice small-scale farming, stock raising, and hunting.
343:
Despite these differences, the two terms, Upland South and Upper South, refer to the same general region—the northern part of the
American South—and are frequently used synonymously. The corresponding terms, Lower South and Deep South, similarly refer to the same general region that is south of and
799:
Logging has also been an important part of the Upland South's economy. The region became the United States' primary source of timber after railroads allowed large-scale industrial logging in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, the historic importance of the Upland South's forests can be
570:
and introduced to the United States in South
Carolina and Louisiana, from where it spread throughout the Deep South, although there were local exceptions wherever conditions did not support the system. The sharp division between town and country, the intensive use of a few cash crops, and the high
783:
was known as "Nail City" in the 1840s and 1850s. By 1860, Tennessee was the third-largest iron-producing state in the nation, after
Pennsylvania and New York. The scale of mining, especially coal mining, increased dramatically after 1870. The importance of mining and metallurgy can be seen in the
877:
Upland
Southern dialect, still predominates in much of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and portions of North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, and Missouri. Noticeable influence can even be found in parts of the Lower South, such as northern Georgia and northern Alabama. Cities as far north as
394:
The Upland South emerged as a distinct region in the late 18th century and early 19th century. Migration and settlement patterns from colonial coastal regions into the interior had been established for many decades, but the scale grew dramatically toward the end of the 18th century. The general
582:
predates the West Indian plantation model, relying on tobacco as a cash crop from the start. Tidewater had few urban centers, instead establishing multiple markets along tributaries. Cotton and rice operations were large and factory-like, while tobacco profits hinged on skilled, careful, and
897:
making up a plurality in the vast majority of counties. The cuisine of the Upper South is generally closely related to the south as a whole, excluding southern low-country coastal areas in which the cuisine tends to involve seafood and rice dishes, which are not common in the Upper South.
553:
The Deep South is generally associated historically with cotton production. By 1850, the term "Cotton States" was in common use, and the differences between the Deep South (lower) and Upland South (upper) were recognized. A key difference was the Deep South's
61:
is a geographic term: the
Southern states that are geographically north of the Lower or Deep South, primarily Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and to a lesser extent the District of Columbia, Maryland, Delaware, and Missouri.
213:
In contrast, the term "Upper South" tends to be defined politically by state boundaries. The term dates to the early 19th century and the rise of the Lower South, which became noted for its differences from the more northerly parts of the
American South. In
914:. The uplands of western Virginia became the state of West Virginia as a result, though half the counties of the new state were still secessionist, and partisan warfare continued throughout the war. Kentucky and Missouri for the most part remained in the
27:
812:
in Kentucky, among many others. The Upland South's terrain and forests, as well as history and culture, occur in parts of states usually associated with the Midwest and Deep South. These areas are often associated with national forests. For example
693:, which grew into banking and mercantile centers during the late 19th century, home to an elite class of Upland Southerners, including bankers, lawyers, educators, and politicians. Most of the Upland South, however, remained rural in character.
767:. Birmingham would soon be known as the Pittsburgh of the South, as it became the leading industrial and transportation hub of the south during the early 20th century. Some of these early furnaces and forges were fueled with nearby deposits of
1535:
926:, and were torn by internal strife. The Confederacy controlled more than half of Kentucky and the southern portion of Missouri early in the war but largely lost control of both states after 1862. The southern Appalachian regions of
246:
of Kentucky, Missouri, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware as Upper South. Today, although many definitions are still based on Civil War-era politics, the term Upper South is often used for all of the American South north of the
591:
originally referred to a region of black soil in Alabama that was especially fertile for cotton farming and has a high percentage of African-Americans. In contrast, the Upland South was less involved with large-scale slavery.
848:
Textile mills and industry served as an important factor in the Upland South's economy from the late through the mid-20th century. Today the Upland South contains a diversity of people and economies. Some parts, like the
395:
pattern was a westward migration from the Lowcountry and Piedmont regions of Virginia, North Carolina, and Maryland, as well as a southwestern migration from Pennsylvania. Large numbers of European immigrants arrived in
73:. It includes West Virginia and Kentucky, most of Tennessee, and parts of Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Arkansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. It also includes parts of some
586:
As a result of the difference in the use of slaves, the boundary between the Upland South and Deep South can still be seen today on maps showing the population percentage of African-Americans. The term
507:
of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. Throughout the 19th century, the population percentage of Upland Southerners fell, especially as large numbers of native-born Midwesterners joined the population.
116:
There is a slight difference in usage between the two terms "Upland South" and "Upper South." The "Upland South" is usually defined based on landforms. This generally refers to the southern
657:, in contrast to the Deep South's predominantly evergreen pine forests. The Upland South is often much hillier than the Deep South, due to the Deep South being part of the coastal plain.
2012:
1992:
1734:
1997:
1977:
1967:
2007:
2002:
1987:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1518:
352:
The Upland South differs from the Lowland South in several significant ways. These include terrain, history and politics, economics, demographics, and settlement patterns.
30:
The Upland South is defined by landform, history, and culture, and does not correspond well to state lines. This map shows the approximate region known as the Upland South.
2399:
2095:
374:
2537:
2532:
473:
The pattern of settlement that had begun in the Appalachian foothills was continued and extended through the mountains and highlands to the west and across the
623:) who were powerful enough to keep pioneering settlers from moving into the region. The Deep South's cotton boom did not occur until after the Indians were
258:
defines the Upper South as the states of North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Kentucky, and West Virginia. The Upper/Upland South is also described in the
2147:
2035:
1727:
415:
were mainly Upland Southerners. Much of the culture of the Upland South originated in southeastern Pennsylvania and spread down the Shenandoah Valley.
1145:
789:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
993:
989:
981:
973:
450:—relatively few in number but pioneers in Pennsylvania before the Germans and Irish arrived—contributed techniques of forest pioneering such as the
69:
is defined by elevation above sea level; it is west of the population centers on the east coast. It has its own history and culture, originating in
647:, for example, was settled by Upland Southerners from Tennessee, while southern Alabama was one of the core regions of the Deep South cotton boom.
2137:
1791:
954:
566:
working large farms while plantation owners tended to live in towns and cities. This system of plantation farming was originally developed in the
700:, iron, copper, and other minerals has been part of the region's economy since the 18th century. As early as 1750, lead and zinc were mined in
2511:
2501:
1720:
1393:
1366:
1278:
1173:
2491:
1784:
1743:
834:
654:
1488:
1431:
873:
The Upper South today remains a distinct culture region, with distinct ancestry, dialect, cuisine, and other characteristics. The heavily
696:
Although historically very rural, the Upland South was one of the nation's early industrial regions and continues to be today. Mining of
830:
196: Southern border states that permitted slavery, Kentucky and Missouri both had dual competing Confederate and Unionist governments
2264:
1064:
923:
919:
478:
243:
239:
235:
1691:
1668:
1651:
1634:
1617:
1592:
1570:
717:
588:
555:
665:
344:
lower in elevation, than the Upland or Upper South. Likewise, the terms Lower South and Deep South are often used interchangeably.
265:
The Upland South, being defined by landforms, also includes parts of Lower South states, such as northwestern South Carolina (the
2236:
1774:
997:
2123:
2118:
2108:
1951:
632:
125:
2026:
1702:
579:
2226:
1824:
446:. The early culture of the Upland South was influenced by other European ethnicities. For example, the Swedes and Finns of
2271:
911:
530:
227:
1644:
The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 3: Transcontinental America, 1850–1915
136:. Also included in the Upland South are the plateaus, hills, and basins between the Appalachians and Ozarks, such as the
2288:
2221:
1916:
1796:
1683:
962:
809:
563:
316:
In the same way, the Upland South usually doesn't include parts of some Upper South states. This includes areas such as
2389:
1864:
504:
108:
918:, though they were both claimed by the Confederacy and had dual competing Confederate governments in the form of the
1627:
The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 2: Continental America, 1800–1867
2468:
2431:
2426:
2414:
2259:
1906:
1470:
915:
814:
169:
1307:'s family, for example). On the topic of colonial Catholic Irish immigration, see also Williams (2002), pp. 43–44.
1938:
1933:
1899:
1894:
1806:
1679:
1602:
The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 1: Atlantic America, 1492–1800
1085:
805:
776:
2186:
1409:
2241:
1889:
1661:
The Shaping of America: A Geographical Perspective on 500 Years of History, Volume 4: Global America, 1915–2000
958:
842:
801:
519:
487:
404:
157:
1129:
2068:
822:
818:
785:
780:
772:
2436:
2409:
2333:
2216:
1923:
1605:
1584:
1580:
1562:
1009:
931:
838:
709:
701:
435:
282:
266:
161:
74:
51:
336:. It also doesn't include the coastal lowlands of North Carolina, Virginia, and Maryland, located in the
2374:
2369:
2231:
2073:
2048:
1928:
1872:
826:
640:
600:
231:
117:
1113:
2419:
2394:
2043:
858:
690:
682:
643:
in North Carolina. Later, similar processes resulted in divergent populations in states to the west.
596:
546:
459:
387:
1520:
Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944–1972
2211:
2166:
2161:
1558:
1090:
1049:
862:
764:
760:
686:
526:
499:
423:
1210:. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2008. Print. (according to the glossary of the textbook)
2446:
2308:
2251:
2171:
2113:
2083:
1854:
1839:
1814:
1325:
For Antebellum differences between the Upper South and Lower South, see Meinig (1998) pp. 222–224
943:
907:
733:
575:
542:
439:
427:
333:
223:
137:
133:
1447:
1410:"Readings – A Short History Of Kentucky/Central Appalachia | Country Boys | FRONTLINE"
1486:
1429:
2328:
2318:
2156:
2058:
1849:
1844:
1834:
1687:
1664:
1647:
1630:
1613:
1588:
1566:
1389:
1383:
1362:
1274:
1169:
1054:
969:
850:
737:
474:
408:
321:
286:
278:
141:
78:
1356:
2191:
2176:
1829:
1769:
1188:
The origin and evolution of the Upland South is explored in Meinig (1986), pp. 158, 386, 449
1038:
854:
678:
455:
431:
400:
365:
361:
337:
325:
310:
302:
294:
153:
86:
20:
1537:
The Long Southern Strategy: How Chasing White Voters in the South Changed American Politics
2404:
2313:
2206:
2201:
2063:
2053:
1882:
1819:
1609:
1492:
1435:
1095:
1074:
1059:
874:
768:
729:
674:
537:
443:
426:
region into the Ozarks and Ouachitas, and ultimately contributed to the settlement of the
145:
744:
in Virginia and early coal mining operations in central Appalachia date to before 1850.
2348:
2343:
2338:
2323:
2181:
2078:
1877:
927:
890:
624:
467:
383:
329:
317:
215:
165:
747:
175:
2526:
2473:
2196:
1706:
939:
935:
725:
644:
567:
369:
298:
290:
274:
270:
149:
90:
82:
482:
This settlement pattern of the Upland South was markedly different from that of the
2384:
2379:
1779:
1001:
985:
977:
961:
states of Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio; these three Midwestern states had abolished
396:
379:
515:
1339:
1268:
1242:
1163:
2456:
1911:
1657:
1640:
1623:
1598:
1304:
1079:
950:
721:
716:
were developed, the first in western North Carolina beginning in 1799. By 1825,
713:
697:
636:
494:
They were mainly freed slaves, but slavery was permitted in some places such as
306:
219:
1712:
26:
2441:
2364:
1764:
1146:
Foodways, Economic Status, and the Antebellum Upland South in Central Kentucky
1044:
968:
The Upland South voted for Democratic presidents into the 1990s, being won by
886:
879:
483:
447:
419:
412:
248:
129:
121:
94:
70:
47:
1220:
2451:
2276:
1069:
1005:
756:
651:
612:
559:
495:
451:
43:
673:
The Upland South contains its own sub-regions. The fertile lowlands of the
578:
stand out as different from both the Upland South and the Deep South. Its
949:
Most of the states with territory in the Upland South became part of the
894:
793:
705:
650:
The two regions also differ physically. The Upland South is dominated by
620:
608:
604:
463:
407:. These migration streams from Virginia and Pennsylvania resulted in the
1267:
Sisson, Richard; Christian K. Zacher; Andrew Robert Lee Cayton (2007).
741:
616:
54:
by terrain, history, economics, demographics, and settlement patterns.
46:
in the inland part of the Southern United States. They differ from the
1578:
The Upland South: The Making of an American Folk Region and Landscape.
1165:
Across this Land: A Regional Geography of the United States and Canada
910:
some areas of the Upland South were noted for their resistance to the
796:
being a type of smelting furnace), scattered across the Upland South.
631:
The differences between the Upland South and lowlands of the Southern
226:
era, the term Upper South was often used to refer specifically to the
2103:
853:, are famous for their rural qualities, while other parts, like the
562:
agriculture (mainly cotton, rice and sugar), using African American
2281:
746:
664:
536:
525:
514:
411:
becoming well-settled as early as 1750. The early settlers of the
373:
234:—Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas as well as the
174:
107:
763:
transformed a gritty boom town, into the iron and steel city of
470:
methods to convert forest into temporary crop and pasture land.
1716:
160:
region is often considered part of the Upland South, while the
1505:
A Great Civil War: A Military and Political History, 1861–1865
477:
into the Ozark highland region. Where there was the danger of
262:
as the "Yeoman South," in contrast to the "Plantation South."
93:. Upland South outposts were settled along the shores of the
1024:. Biden also lost ground in Missouri, Indiana, and Ohio in
865:
both serve as centers of industry and scientific research.
571:
proportion of slaves, all differed from the Upland South.
1152:, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 88–104. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
996:. However, the Upland South has rapidly swung towards the
957:
after the American Civil War, with the exception of the
599:
of the Deep South was controlled by Indians (mainly the
430:. The main ethnicities of these early settlers included
403:
west and south into the Appalachian Highlands, via the
124:
region (although not the full region as defined by the
112:
The United States map of Köppen climate classification.
218:
times, the term Upper South generally referred to the
1208:
Nation of Nations: a History of the American Republic
885:
Similar to the Deep South, the region is part of the
2357:
2301:
2250:
2145:
2136:
2094:
2034:
2025:
1949:
1863:
1805:
1757:
1750:
1388:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 128.
728:, mostly within what was then the territory of the
669:
Tennessee Centennial Exposition in Nashville (1897)
1270:The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia
418:These migration streams eventually spread through
724:. In 1828, a much richer Gold Strike was made in
1361:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 70–71.
184: States that seceded before April 15, 1861
1534:Maxwell, Angie; Shields, Todd (June 24, 2019).
628:Deep South was opened to general colonization.
190: States that seceded after April 15, 1861
1273:. Indiana University Press. pp. 196–198.
720:was the center of the nation's most extensive
503:the political and social culture, such as the
230:that did not secede until after the attack on
1728:
775:(1806–1808), and the Jackson Iron Works near
222:north of the Lower or Deep South. During the
8:
882:carry noticeable dialect influence as well.
42:are two overlapping cultural and geographic
2242:Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands
1699:The Cultural Geography of the United States
800:seen in its many national forests, such as
2487:
2142:
2031:
1754:
1735:
1721:
1713:
1663:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.
1646:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
1629:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1993.
1471:Linguists ID three different Ohio dialects
1333:
1331:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
301:, and extreme southwestern Pennsylvania.
332:, which are part of a region called the
25:
1106:
202: Union states that banned slavery
2538:History of United States expansionism
2533:Regions of the Southern United States
755:The abundance of iron ore, coal, and
242:. This can also include the southern
7:
2507:
1517:Mickey, Robert (February 19, 2015).
1303:ancestries such as French Huguenot (
835:Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest
16:Geographic region in the Southern US
2217:Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam
1507:, Indiana Univ. Press, 2000, pg. 55
831:William B. Bankhead National Forest
2232:Annexation of the Indian Territory
1684:University of North Carolina Press
1338:Turner, Frederick Jackson (1921).
1241:Turner, Frederick Jackson (1921).
924:Confederate government of Missouri
920:Confederate government of Kentucky
759:in the mountains and hills of the
240:Confederate government of Missouri
236:Confederate government of Kentucky
14:
1792:Tribal domestic dependent nations
1382:Williams, John Alexander (2002).
718:Rutherford County, North Carolina
511:Distinct from neighboring regions
313:are generally included as well.
281:. It also includes parts of some
2506:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2237:Treaty of the Danish West Indies
1341:The Frontier in American History
1244:The Frontier in American History
1130:"United States: The Upper South"
1168:. JHU Press. pp. 101–116.
1000:in the 21st century, with both
965:before the American Civil War.
382:escorting settlers through the
126:Appalachian Regional Commission
1477:. Retrieved February 18, 2021.
1120:. Retrieved February 15, 2021.
942:, were widely noted for their
857:, are heavily industrialized.
784:many towns with names such as
751:West Virginia coal mine (1908)
1:
1134:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
574:Virginia and the surrounding
156:, among others. The southern
2289:Slave states and free states
1744:Regions of the United States
1563:University of Kentucky Press
810:Daniel Boone National Forest
179:Status of the states, 1861.
168:region and South Carolina's
2400:International border states
704:, and copper was mined and
681:gave rise to the cities of
2554:
2427:Red states and blue states
1674:Williams, John Alexander.
1540:. Oxford University Press.
1355:Drake, Richard B. (2003).
845:in Arkansas and Oklahoma.
815:Mark Twain National Forest
736:boomed during the ensuing
458:, and frontier methods of
359:
18:
2482:
1576:Jordan-Bychkov, Terry G.
1344:. Holt. pp. 116–117.
1247:. Holt. pp. 164–166.
1144:Peres, M. Tanya. (2008).
1086:Southern American English
806:Nantahala National Forest
777:Morgantown, West Virginia
422:and westward through the
1316:Williams (2002), pg. 104
1162:Hudson, John C. (2002).
843:Ouachita National Forest
802:Cherokee National Forest
712:. Two major Appalachian
405:Great Appalachian Valley
19:Not to be confused with
1555:A History of Appalachia
1358:A History of Appalachia
1197:Meinig (1993), pg. 293.
955:racial segregation laws
841:in South Carolina, and
823:Hoosier National Forest
819:Shawnee National Forest
808:in North Carolina, and
781:Wheeling, West Virginia
773:Estill County, Kentucky
583:efficient labor units.
260:Encyclopædia Britannica
256:Encyclopædia Britannica
1434:March 5, 2010, at the
1293:Meinig (1998), pg. 224
1206:Davidson, James West.
1150:Historical Archaeology
1020:) along with Biden in
932:Western North Carolina
891:evangelical Protestant
839:Sumter National Forest
821:in southern Illinois,
817:in southern Missouri,
752:
710:Polk County, Tennessee
702:Wythe County, Virginia
670:
550:
534:
523:
391:
210:
162:Atlantic Coastal Plain
113:
52:Atlantic coastal plain
31:
2074:Appalachian Highlands
2049:Intermontane Plateaus
1785:Minor Outlying Island
1676:Appalachia: A History
1610:Yale University Press
1503:Weigley, Russell F.,
1491:May 22, 2010, at the
1385:Appalachia: A History
837:in northern Georgia,
833:in northern Alabama,
827:Wayne National Forest
825:in southern Indiana,
750:
732:. The mining camp of
668:
641:War of the Regulation
601:Five Civilized Tribes
540:
529:
518:
377:
360:Further information:
178:
118:Appalachian Mountains
111:
29:
1770:District of Columbia
1221:"Britannica Library"
869:As a cultural region
547:Grandfather Mountain
460:shifting cultivation
388:George Caleb Bingham
2212:Newlands Resolution
2167:Southwest Territory
2162:Northwest Territory
1091:Southwest Territory
1050:Appalachian English
1028:compared to Obama.
829:in southeast Ohio,
761:Birmingham District
533:in Middle Tennessee
522:in Eastern Kentucky
500:Missouri Compromise
424:Appalachian Plateau
348:History and culture
277:, and northeastern
2309:Atlantic Northeast
2222:Cession of Tutuila
2172:Louisiana Purchase
2069:Interior Highlands
1797:Maritime territory
1703:Upper Saddle River
1697:Zelinsky, Wilbur.
1553:Drake, Richard B.
908:American Civil War
753:
671:
661:Industrial history
580:history of slavery
551:
543:Blue Ridge Parkway
535:
524:
428:Texas Hill Country
392:
228:Confederate states
224:American Civil War
211:
208: Territories
138:Cumberland Plateau
134:Ouachita Mountains
114:
32:
2520:
2519:
2329:Pacific Northwest
2319:Columbia District
2297:
2296:
2227:Cession of Manu'a
2187:Adams–OnĂs Treaty
2157:Thirteen Colonies
2132:
2131:
2059:Laurentian Upland
2021:
2020:
1395:978-0-8078-5368-9
1368:978-0-8131-9060-0
1280:978-0-253-34886-9
1175:978-0-8018-6567-1
1055:Appalachian music
970:Lyndon B. Johnson
851:Shenandoah Valley
738:Georgia Gold Rush
633:Atlantic Seaboard
595:In addition, the
549:in North Carolina
475:Mississippi River
409:Shenandoah Valley
399:and followed the
328:of Kentucky, and
322:Missouri Bootheel
287:Southern Illinois
142:Allegheny Plateau
79:Southern Illinois
2545:
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2192:Texas annexation
2177:Gadsden Purchase
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2044:Pacific Mountain
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998:Republican Party
940:Northern Georgia
936:Northern Alabama
855:Tennessee Valley
645:Northern Alabama
609:Creek (Muscogee)
576:Tidewater region
545:heading towards
466:trees and using
456:split-rail fence
454:, the "zig-zag"
401:Great Wagon Road
366:Overmountain Men
362:Trans-Appalachia
318:eastern Arkansas
311:Western Maryland
303:Eastern Oklahoma
295:Southern Indiana
207:
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87:Southern Indiana
21:Southern Uplands
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2314:The Californias
2293:
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2207:Alaska Purchase
2202:Mexican Cession
2150:
2128:
2090:
2064:Interior Plains
2054:Rocky Mountains
2017:
1956:
1953:
1945:
1917:Middle Atlantic
1859:
1825:Hawaii–Aleutian
1801:
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1585:U of Virginia P
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1114:The Upper South
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1096:Wilderness Road
1075:Mountain whites
1060:Bluegrass music
1034:
1010:Southern States
904:
871:
769:bituminous coal
730:Cherokee Nation
679:Bluegrass Basin
675:Nashville Basin
663:
655:hardwood forest
531:Hardwood forest
513:
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289:(generally the
283:Northern states
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154:Bluegrass Basin
146:Nashville Basin
106:
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81:(generally the
75:Northern states
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928:East Tennessee
903:
900:
870:
867:
804:in Tennessee,
662:
659:
520:Johnson County
512:
509:
468:slash and burn
386:", painted by
384:Cumberland Gap
357:
354:
349:
346:
330:West Tennessee
204:
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186:
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140:, part of the
105:
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2474:Upper Midwest
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2036:Physiographic
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2014:
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1707:Prentice-Hall
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1692:0-8078-5368-2
1689:
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1670:
1669:0-300-10432-4
1666:
1662:
1659:
1658:Meinig, D. W.
1656:
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1652:0-300-08290-8
1649:
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1642:
1641:Meinig, D. W.
1639:
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1635:0-300-05658-3
1632:
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1624:Meinig, D. W.
1622:
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1618:0-300-03882-8
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1599:Meinig, D. W.
1597:
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1593:1-930066-08-2
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1571:0-8131-2169-8
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1082:(bootlegging)
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1065:Border states
1063:
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1039:Albion's Seed
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727:
726:North Georgia
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370:Old Southwest
367:
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345:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
326:Purchase area
323:
319:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:Southern Ohio
296:
292:
291:Shawnee Hills
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:North Alabama
272:
271:North Georgia
268:
263:
261:
257:
252:
250:
245:
244:border states
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
177:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:Shawnee Hills
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
110:
103:
101:
98:
96:
92:
91:Southern Ohio
88:
84:
83:Shawnee Hills
80:
76:
72:
68:
63:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
28:
22:
2469:Southwestern
2461:
2432:Southeastern
2415:Northwestern
2385:Great Plains
2380:Four Corners
2148:Acquisitions
1780:Insular area
1698:
1675:
1660:
1643:
1626:
1601:
1581:Harrisonburg
1577:
1554:
1548:Bibliography
1536:
1529:
1519:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1482:
1474:
1466:
1455:. Retrieved
1442:
1425:
1414:. Retrieved
1404:
1384:
1377:
1357:
1350:
1340:
1321:
1312:
1298:
1289:
1269:
1243:
1236:
1225:. Retrieved
1215:
1207:
1202:
1193:
1184:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1117:
1109:
1037:
1008:winning few
1002:Barack Obama
986:Bill Clinton
978:Jimmy Carter
967:
953:and enacted
948:
946:sentiments.
905:
889:and heavily
884:
872:
847:
798:
786:Pigeon Forge
754:
695:
672:
649:
630:
594:
585:
573:
552:
498:, under the
492:
472:
417:
397:Philadelphia
393:
380:Daniel Boone
351:
342:
315:
264:
259:
255:
253:
220:slave states
212:
115:
99:
67:Upland South
66:
64:
58:
56:
39:
36:Upland South
35:
33:
2390:High Plains
2272:Confederacy
2114:Great Lakes
1939:W S Central
1934:E S Central
1912:New England
1900:W N Central
1895:E N Central
1305:John Sevier
1080:Rum-running
951:Solid South
912:Confederacy
906:During the
722:gold mining
637:Cotton Belt
625:forced west
597:Cotton Belt
568:West Indies
436:Scots-Irish
413:Ohio Valley
390:, 1851–1852
307:North Texas
279:Mississippi
232:Fort Sumter
172:) are not.
59:Upper South
40:Upper South
2527:Categories
2365:Appalachia
2138:Historical
1929:S Atlantic
1807:Time zones
1765:U.S. state
1457:2015-08-11
1416:2015-08-11
1227:2015-08-11
1118:tulane.edu
1102:References
1045:Appalachia
959:Midwestern
887:Bible Belt
880:Cincinnati
875:rhotacized
863:Huntsville
765:Birmingham
714:goldfields
691:Louisville
589:Black Belt
556:plantation
505:Black Laws
484:Deep South
462:, such as
448:New Sweden
420:Appalachia
285:, such as
249:Deep South
216:antebellum
170:Lowcountry
166:Chesapeake
152:, and the
122:Appalachia
95:Ohio River
77:, such as
71:Appalachia
48:Deep South
44:subregions
2277:Old South
2252:Civil War
2084:Tidewater
1952:Courts of
1907:Northeast
1775:Territory
1680:Charlotte
1606:New Haven
1559:Lexington
1070:Moonshine
1006:Joe Biden
944:pro-Union
859:Knoxville
757:limestone
742:foundries
734:Dahlonega
687:Lexington
683:Nashville
652:deciduous
613:Chickasaw
560:cash crop
496:St. Louis
452:log cabin
338:Tidewater
334:Mid-South
293:region),
104:Geography
85:region),
57:The term
2502:Category
2437:Southern
2420:Cascadia
2410:Northern
2027:Physical
1883:Mountain
1855:Atlantic
1840:Mountain
1815:Chamorro
1686:, 2002.
1612:: 1986.
1587:, 2003.
1565:, 2001.
1489:Archived
1475:wlwt.com
1432:Archived
1032:See also
922:and the
902:Politics
895:Baptists
794:bloomery
790:Bloomery
779:(1830).
677:and the
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605:Cherokee
486:and the
464:girdling
440:Scottish
340:region.
251:region.
238:and the
158:Piedmont
2512:Commons
2375:Eastern
2370:Central
2302:Divided
2096:Coastal
1954:appeals
1890:Midwest
1878:Pacific
1850:Eastern
1845:Central
1835:Pacific
1709:, 1973.
1448:"Map 2"
963:slavery
893:, with
740:. Iron
706:smelted
617:Choctaw
603:of the
558:-style
488:Midwest
432:English
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2104:Arctic
1865:Census
1830:Alaska
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2260:Union
1924:South
1820:Samoa
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1451:(GIF)
1412:. PBS
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164:(the
2492:List
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2119:Gulf
2109:West
2013:11th
2008:10th
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1026:2020
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1998:8th
1993:7th
1988:6th
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