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However, flooded fields help ensure the ample water supply that certain rice varieties require and assist in weed suppression. Upland rice, by contrast, is primarily rain-fed or lightly irrigated and is not reliant on flooded conditions. This category includes both specially bred varieties that are drought-tolerant and traditional rice varieties that have adapted to drier environment.
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The term “upland rice” refers to rice cultivated in non-flooded conditions, and it can encompass various specific definitions. While most of the world's rice is grown in paddy fields or wet environments that require significant amount of water, rice itself does not inherently need flooding to thrive.
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plants can affect the growth of nearby plants through the production of biological compounds they release into the environment. If allelopathic rice—or other plant species—could be found to inhibit the growth of weeds important in rice production, it might be possible through genetic engineering to
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have been working with colleagues in the Upland Rice
Research Consortium to better understand pathogen populations and identify resistance genes found in some cultivars. Armed with this knowledge, they are working with IRRI's upland rice breeder to combine such genes with other desirable traits for
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of many upland areas prevents plant roots from reaching the moisture and nutrients therein, thus reducing crop yield. Adding lime to the subsoil is not practical, but in 1994, IRRI and
Indonesian scientists began experiments to see if components of lime applied to the soil surface could be leached
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In the uplands, the blast is particularly important because the environment favors its proliferation. Although many traditional upland cultivars show stable resistance to this disease under low-input cropping practices, they have other characteristics that make them difficult to use in intensified
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These new upward pressures result in a movement toward permanent agriculture and an intensification of land use in upland areas. In addition to the usual upland problems, those involved in growing upland rice find themselves facing an urgent need to conserve soil and the diversity of plant species
869:
Atlin GN, Laza M, Amante M and
Lafitte HR, Agronomic performances of tropical aerobic, irrigated, and traditional upland rice varieties in three hydrological environments at IRRI, in New Directions for a Diverse Planet: Proceedings of the 4th International Crop Science Congress, ed. by Fisher T,
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Dhakal, D.D., D. Ghimire, B.B. Adhikari, U.R. Rosyara, H.B. Gurung, S. Pandey. 2006. Managing rice landscapes in marginal uplands for household food security and environmental protection- IAAS / IRRI collaborative project (Nepal
Component). Report Submitted to International Fund for Agricultural
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Rice plant cultivars differ in their ability to compete with weeds in the field. Scientists in the
Philippines tested the competitiveness of a dozen cultivars against weeds to help farmers choose the most highly competitive one. By planting this cultivar and enhancing their competitive ability
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Scientists are currently studying the processes that govern the rate of leaching of lime components and their accumulation in the subsoil. Using this data, they plan to construct mathematical models that will be used to develop practical technologies and to indicate under what conditions the
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launched a study in 1993 of the interactions between weeds, crop environmental conditions, and farmers' practices in upper northern
Thailand. The goals are to understand the diversity of farmers' practices and decision-making processes and to grade the factors that limit rice crop yields.
583:. On the other hand, the landraces are gradually disappearing from farmers' fields. Diversity of upland rice can be maintained while, at the same time, levels of production can be increased using participatory techniques. The addition of upland rice to fields allows for
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Subedi, S., U.R. Rosyara, B.B. Adhikari, B.R. Ojha, D.P. Ghimire. D.D. Dhakal, H.B. Gurung, and S. Pandey. 2011. Participatory Crop
Improvement: Effect of Farmers’ Selection Criteria on Diversity of Rice Grown In Uplands of Nepal. Journal of Agriculture Science. Vol
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This lack of phosphorus will limit production even if calcium is added to the soil to overcome the acidity, or if acid-tolerant cultivars are planted. Rotations of rice and legumes could lead to stable, higher-value production if phosphorus is added and that
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Pandey S., Behura D.D., Vilano R. and Naik D. Economic cost of drought and farmers’ coping mechanisms: a study of rainfed rice systems in
Eastern India, in Discussion Paper Series. International Rice Research Institute, Makati City, Philippines, p. 35
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The experiments began at the Upland Rice
Research Consortium site in Sitiung, Indonesia. French collaborators from l'Institut francais de recherche scientifique pour le développement en cooperation are planning similar experiments in Thailand and Vietnam.
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Ecosystems involving upland rice are often relatively diverse, including fields that are level, gently rolling, or steep. Such ecosystems also occur at altitudes up to 2,000 m, with average annual rainfall ranging between 1,000 mm to 4,500 mm.
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Singh, Chandra Vir; Ghosh, Bidhan
Chandra; Mittra, Bishwa Nath; Singh, Rama Kant.2008. Influence of nitrogen and weed management on the productivity of upland rice. Journal of plant nutrition and soil science. vol. 171, no. 3,
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constraint to upland rice production. IRRI scientists are pursuing projects on managing weeds with less herbicide use. One approach is to search for rice plant species that exhibit a characteristic known as allelopathy.
295:
Although the rice technology of the 1960s and 1970s focused on irrigated rice, research also studied the cultivation of upland rice. Researchers produced cultivars adapted to poor soils with improved pest resistance and
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Alexandre Bryan Heinemann Æ Michael Dingkuhn Æ Delphine Luquet Æ Jean Claude Combres Æ Scott Chapman. 2008. Characterization of drought stress environments for upland rice and maize in central Brazil. Euphytica
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New challenges are emerging in the world's upland rice farming areas where poverty is already a problem. These farmers try to make a living by farming on deficient soil, which makes it hard to grow their crops.
901:
Kondo M, Pablico PP, Aragones DV, Agbisit R, Abe J, Morita S, et al., Genotypic and environmental variations in root morphology in rice genotypes under upland field conditions. Plant Soil 255:189–200 (2003).
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Boonjung H and Fukai S, Effects of soil water deficit at different growth stages on rice growth and yield under upland conditions. 2. Phenology, biomass production and yield.(1996). Field Crops Res 48:47–55
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have shown that hedgerows of trees, shrubs, and grasses along hill contours can help reduce soil erosion by up to 90 percent. Rice or other crops are planted between these strips of permanent ground cover.
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The challenge facing scientists is to produce a high-yielding perennial plant adapted to the poor soils of the uplands, with high yields from low-purchased inputs, and resistant to diseases and insects.
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Consortium scientists are also trying to understand how upland rice farmers' cropping systems contribute to soil erosion, with the aim of proposing possible erosion control techniques. Studies in the
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Population growth, the demands of urbanism and industry, and the increasing adoption of high-value cash crop farming in the surrounding lowlands are leading to strong competition for upland terrain.
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Most weed species are susceptible to certain diseases . The purposeful application of the agents of such diseases to weed pests among rice crops could constitute another approach to weed control.
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IRRI scientists are also studying how fertilizer and cultural practices influence weed communities. In one project on phosphorus management, they are investigating how weed communities change as
715:
Adhikari, B. B. and Rosyara, U.R. 2007. Collection of Upland Rice Landraces from Western Mid Hill Districts and Evaluation for Drought Tolerance. Report submitted to Nepal Academy of Science
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Joshi, K.D., R.B. Rana and A. Subedi. 2001. Farmer and Researcher contributions to the selection of Landraces of Ghaiya (Upland rice) for Tar areas of Nepal. L-BIRD/SANFEC. Katmandu / Dhaka
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tolerance. Some have out-yielded traditional rice by over 100 percent in evaluations. Scientists at national agricultural research systems have crossed these improved strains with local
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Soils used to grow upland rice range from highly fertile to highly weathered, infertile, and acidic soil. However, only 15% of total upland rice grows where soils are fertile, and the
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allows the transfer of perennial genetic properties into traditional varieties of cultivated rice, and new knowledge of genetic diversity will be applied to develop pest resistance.
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Atlin GN, Lafitte HR, Tao D, Laza M, Amante M and Courtois B, Developing rice cultivars for high-fertility upland systems in the Asian tropics. (2006).Field Crops Res 97:43–52
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from Southeast Asia, but their yields are low. These species, however, can be crossed with cultivated rice through selection to develop both high-yield and perennial crops.
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in upland farms is a limiting factor in rice crop yields- arising from the fact that many highly weathered upland soils are inherently low in phosphorus and are acidic.
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Courtois B., McLaren G., Sinha P.K., Prasad K., Yadav R. and Shen L. Mapping QTL associated with drought avoidance in upland rice. (2000). Molecular Breeding, 2000,
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Jerome Bernier, Gary N Atlin, Rachid Serraj, Arvind Kumar and Dean Spaner. 2008. Review: Breeding upland rice for drought resistance. J Sci Food Agric 88:927–939
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down into the subsoil. This is done by manipulating soil chemistry and using deep-rooted, acid-tolerant rice cultivars to help capture the leached components.
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375:, one of the most damaging diseases of rice. Using the techniques of biotechnology, they are developing cultivars with more durable disease resistance.
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Pinheiro B da S, Castro E da M de, Guimara˜es CM (2006) Sustainability and profitability of aerobic rice production in Brazil. Field Crops Res 97:34–42
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using artificial fertilizers, but these local rice varieties are well adapted to their environments and produce grains that meet local needs.
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Fisher AJ, Ramırez HV, Gibson KD and Da Silveira Pinheiro B,(2001). Competitiveness of semidwarf upland rice cultivars against palisadegrass (
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through good management practices, farmers should be able to reduce the amount of hand weeding necessary while achieving maximum yields.
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Passioura J, Increasing crop productivity when water is scarce: from breeding to field management. Agric Water Manage 80:176–196 (2006).
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Developing Perennial Upland Rice I: Field Performance of Oryza sativa/O. rufipogon F1, F4, and BC1F4 Progeny. Crop Sci. 43:120–128
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systems. So, the risk of blast increases as cropping practices intensify and improved varieties are introduced.
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George, Thomas; Magbanua, Roger; Roder, Walter; Van Keer, Koen; Trébuil, Guy; Reoma, Veronica (November 2001).
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can simultaneously increase farmers' incomes and contribute to the sustainability of the farming system.
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Many upland farmers plant local rice that does not respond well to improved management practices, like
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Difference in establishment A). drought tolerant variety Pakhejhinuwa vs B). drought sensitive Mansuli
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IAAS Cereal Crop Research Bulletin – 02-2008: Rice genotypes for drought-stressed uplands of Nepal
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The development of high-yield, resilient, perennial rice varieties is an important focus at the
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available to both rice plants and annual crops and recycle other nutrients and organic matter.
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Turner N, Angus J, McIntyre L, Robertson M, Borrell A, et al., Brisbane, Australia (2004).
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Arraudeau, M. A. Upland rice: Challenges and opportunities in a less favorable ecosystem.
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Farmer-managed participatory varietal selection trial at Sundarbazaar, Lamjung, Nepal
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and to deal with increasingly frequent and severe weed and disease infestations.
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Gupta, P.C.; O'Toole, J.C.; International Rice Research Institute (1986).
202:) is rice grown in dry-land environments. The term describes varieties of
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by providing a permanent ground cover and deeper, tighter root systems.
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is improved over time in the Philippines, Indonesia, and Thailand.
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develop rice cultivars that would provide their own weed control.
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Upland rice is being partially replaced by other crops, such as
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Recently, scientists have been improving their knowledge of the
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The uplands have always suffered from drought, infertile soils,
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234:. Almost two-thirds of the upland rice cultivation occurs in
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Drought stress tolerance screening using a chlorophyll meter
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plants in hedgerows make substantial amounts of atmospheric
758:"Upland Rice Response to Phosphorus Fertilization in Asia"
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Upland rice as an important drought tolerance resource
680:. International Rice Research Institute. p. 1.
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Upland rice field near Sundar Bazaar Lamjung, Nepal
206:developed for rain-fed or less-intensely irrigated
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587:and the improvement of diversity in fields.
384:International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
226:Nearly 100 million people depend on upland
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
387:incorporation into new upland varieties.
355:, producing problems in the lands below.
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
165:Learn how and when to remove this message
103:Learn how and when to remove this message
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128:This article includes a list of general
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620:International Rice Research Institute
565:International Rice Research Institute
339:. The soils there have been severely
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536:Rice, like most cereal crops, is an
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935:IRRI/IFAD Upland Newsletter vol. 1
351:for many years. This destroys the
214:or rice grown outside of paddies.
134:it lacks sufficient corresponding
75:tone or style may not reflect the
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677:Upland Rice: A Global Perspective
524:technologies might be effective.
312:Challenges to upland rice farming
274:all being important producers.
34:This article has multiple issues.
925:Upland Rice Production in Brazil
343:and degraded as a result of the
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85:guide to writing better articles
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42:or discuss these issues on the
575:Participatory crop improvement
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915:Major research in upland rice
507:does not degrade over time.
646:"Definition of UPLAND RICE"
515:The acidity present in the
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347:agriculture that followed
795:Arraudeau, M. A. (1995).
725:Arraudeau, M. A. (1995).
495:confirmed that a lack of
479:Improving soil fertility
210:instead of flooded rice
16:Rice grown in dry fields
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650:www.merriam-webster.com
447:Researchers from IRRI,
424:The importance of weeds
149:more precise citations.
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532:Perennial upland rice
483:Research on farms in
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453:Chiang Mai University
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371:of resistance to the
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554:wild species of rice
382:Scientists from the
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878:Bracharia brizantha
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252:Northeastern India
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392:Philippines
232:staple food
196:Upland rice
147:introducing
842:GeoJournal
801:GeoJournal
731:GeoJournal
693:2024-06-06
655:2022-06-23
632:References
497:phosphorus
433:biological
399:Leguminous
240:Bangladesh
155:April 2013
130:references
39:improve it
813:0343-2521
782:0002-1962
743:0343-2521
626:Wild rice
353:watershed
302:cultivars
285:is long.
256:Indonesia
93:July 2017
45:talk page
949:Category
599:See also
569:Genomics
491:and the
485:Thailand
403:nitrogen
369:genetics
268:Thailand
244:Cambodia
200:dry rice
888:(2000).
546:erosion
517:subsoil
410:legumes
349:logging
298:drought
272:Vietnam
260:Myanmar
238:, with
143:improve
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622:(IRRI)
451:, and
341:eroded
335:, and
306:hybrid
270:, and
132:, but
581:maize
429:Weeds
408:Such
333:weeds
264:Nepal
248:China
955:Rice
809:ISSN
778:ISSN
739:ISSN
682:ISBN
605:Rice
489:Laos
236:Asia
228:rice
208:soil
204:rice
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