428:, or cool as it moistens, to a more favorable temperature that can then support convection. A wet-bulb temperature at 500 hPa in a tropical atmosphere of −13.2 °C (8.2 °F) is required to initiate convection if the water temperature is 26.5 °C (79.7 °F), and this temperature requirement increases or decreases proportionally by 1 °C in the sea surface temperature for each 1 °C change at 500 hpa. Under a cold cyclone, 500 hPa temperatures can fall as low as −30 °C (−22 °F), which can initiate convection even in the driest atmospheres. This also explains why moisture in the mid-levels of the
2787:
156:. The hypsometric equation dictates that colder atmospheres have less room between pressure surfaces, which corresponds to the concept of lower atmospheric thickness, and the thermal wind relation indicates that in this situation, the wind increases with height. It also means that an isolated pool of cold air aloft is associated with the feature. Because of its cold center, the center shows an area of thickness minimum. Since the temperature at any given radius is similar and parallel to the orientation of the pressure gradient, and therefore the
114:
2801:
1743:
133:
330:
179:
in association with cold lows occurs during the daylight hours as sunlight warms the Earth's surface, destabilizing the atmosphere and causing upward vertical motion. The development of severe weather, particularly tornadoes, can occur near the center of these systems over land during any season of
432:, roughly at the 500 hPa level, is normally a requirement for development. However, when dry air is found at the same height, temperatures at 500 hPa need to be even colder as dry atmospheres require a greater lapse rate for instability than moist atmospheres. At heights near the
33:
193:
372:
Trailing upper cyclones and upper troughs can cause additional outflow channels and aid in the intensification process of tropical cyclones. Developing tropical disturbances can help create or deepen upper troughs or upper lows in their wake due to the outflow
382:. Tropical cyclone movement can also be influenced by TUTT cells within 1,700 kilometres (1,100 mi) of their position, which can lead to non-climatological tracks, such as eastward movement within the tropics or westward movement in an area where the
377:
emanating from the developing tropical disturbance/cyclone. In the western North
Pacific, there are strong reciprocal relationships between the areas of formative tropical cyclones and that of the lower tropospheric monsoon troughs and the
180:
the year. During winter, when cold-core lows with temperatures in the mid-levels of the troposphere reach −45 °C (−49 °F) move over open waters, deep convection forms which allows
389:
Normally, an ocean temperature of 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) spanning through a depth of at least 50 metres (160 ft) is one of the six requirements needed to maintain the special
424:
At the 500 hPa level, the air temperature averages −7 °C (18 °F) within the tropics, but air in the tropics is normally dry at this level, giving the air room to
1115:
287:
at higher latitudes, which leads to a slow poleward movement up the SST gradient. East coast lows can persist for up to a week. Some East coast lows develop rapidly, becoming
1137:
1448:
152:
Cold cyclones are stronger aloft than at the Earth's surface, or stronger in areas of the troposphere with lower pressures, per the thermal wind relationship and the
1141:
865:
2232:
1684:
2102:
2516:
106:. Cold lows can lead directly to the development of tropical cyclones, owing to their associated cold pool of air aloft or by acting as additional
1035:
525:
2832:
753:
703:
679:
470:
405:
enough for convection. In a moist atmosphere, this lapse rate is 6.5 °C/km (19 °F/mi), while in an atmosphere with less than 100%
224:
are cold core lows. In the eastern half of the north
Pacific Ocean and north Indian Ocean, the formation of a weak circulation underneath a
1441:
1265:
2489:
2482:
2415:
2369:
695:
2577:
2523:
1183:
379:
354:
225:
221:
232:) is called a subtropical cyclone. In the case of the north Indian Ocean, the formation of this type of vortex leads to the onset of
2827:
1677:
508:
1145:
2537:
2496:
1434:
905:
529:
474:
296:
272:
68:
relationship. If a weak surface circulation forms in response to such a feature at subtropical latitudes of the eastern north
2530:
436:, the 30-year average temperature (as measured in the period encompassing 1961 through 1990) was −77 °C (−132 °F).
418:
307:
imagery. Upper-level lows are usually the cause of heavy rainfall and storms in southeastern
Australia, particularly during
770:
292:
2298:
869:
2435:
2314:
1888:
1772:
1670:
1315:
937:
2641:
2623:
2225:
1909:
1811:
1642:
1014:
176:
148:
atmosphere (b). The blue portion of the surface denotes a cold region while the orange portion denotes a warm region.
2293:
1710:
1506:
1385:
717:
103:
117:
An upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex in the western North
Pacific, showing high level cloud tops being sucked in.
2837:
2405:
2348:
922:
891:
582:
164:
in nature. The movement of cold-core cyclones can be erratic since they are separated from the main belt of the
2791:
2123:
1916:
1867:
1245:
841:
814:
607:
397:
level, or 5.9 km) can lead to tropical cyclogenesis at lower water temperatures than normal, as a certain
967:"A Conceptual Model for the Influence of TUTT Cells on Tropical Cyclone Motion in the Northwest Pacific Ocean"
1161:
2705:
2410:
1860:
1825:
1818:
1731:
299:
years. These systems can develop strong wind, heavy rains, waves over 10 metres (33 ft) in height, and
244:
555:
2646:
2600:
1250:
1240:
1176:
896:
819:
402:
2591:
2116:
1937:
1902:
1765:
1486:
1457:
1235:
414:
346:
324:
217:
107:
2253:
1066:
1043:
2715:
2461:
2137:
1853:
1832:
1569:
978:
909:
828:
793:
640:
570:
425:
268:
153:
2392:
2353:
2288:
2067:
1990:
1881:
1874:
1839:
1779:
1758:
1724:
1341:
1305:
1039:
533:
362:
358:
338:
208:
77:
1627:
393:
that is the tropical cyclone. Cooler air temperatures at a higher altitude (e.g., at the 500
2454:
1694:
1576:
1471:
1346:
1310:
1225:
1215:
945:
478:
288:
892:"A Composite Study of the Interactions between Tropical Cyclones and Upper-Tropospheric Troughs"
2842:
2710:
2470:
2074:
1846:
1786:
1491:
1361:
1320:
1230:
1200:
1169:
846:
749:
699:
675:
669:
504:
406:
304:
113:
32:
743:
2805:
2430:
2018:
986:
917:
836:
648:
578:
410:
320:
137:
56:
aloft which has an associated cold pool of air residing at high altitude within the Earth's
36:
Image of an upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex in the western North
Pacific, a cold-core low
1107:
2130:
2025:
2004:
1962:
1717:
1555:
1356:
603:
350:
2207:
982:
913:
832:
644:
574:
192:
2683:
2088:
2046:
2039:
2032:
1983:
1969:
1955:
1930:
1923:
1594:
280:
83:
1138:"Climatological characteristics of the tropical tropopause as revealed by radiosondes"
2821:
2608:
2258:
2053:
2011:
1997:
1804:
1632:
1601:
1351:
1295:
1103:
1006:
300:
276:
256:
204:
69:
61:
2695:
2613:
2572:
2193:
2186:
2172:
2165:
2151:
2109:
2095:
2081:
2060:
1622:
1562:
1496:
409:, the required lapse rate is 9.8 °C/km (29 °F/mi). A recent example of a
127:
73:
65:
941:
789:
64:. It is a low pressure system that strengthens with height in accordance with the
295:
near
Australia, in years in transition between warm (El Niño) and cold (La Niña)
2753:
2673:
2567:
2420:
2283:
2200:
2179:
2158:
2144:
1976:
1895:
1300:
1275:
1196:
774:
445:
429:
390:
284:
145:
57:
1742:
329:
228:
which has cut off from the main belt of the westerlies during the cold season (
17:
2758:
2748:
2727:
2688:
2400:
2319:
1336:
1290:
1255:
1010:
433:
398:
383:
374:
342:
308:
237:
197:
165:
161:
141:
991:
966:
850:
243:
East coast lows form near and east of where a cold core low interacts with a
80:. Cloud cover and rainfall mainly occurs with these systems during the day.
2722:
2678:
2658:
2374:
2263:
1501:
1417:
1412:
1404:
1260:
450:
357:
are the main cause for the few tropical cyclones which develop north of the
264:
248:
181:
99:
275:, which normally form in the months between October and April, are termed
132:
2743:
2636:
2631:
1637:
1513:
1136:
Dian J. Gaffen-Seidel; Rebecca J. Ross; James K. Angell (November 2000).
213:
1142:
National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Resources Laboratory
721:
421:, which became a hurricane over waters at only 20 °C (68 °F).
90:, can occur near the center of cold-core lows. Cold lows can help spawn
2700:
2476:
1481:
1375:
1192:
366:
233:
95:
91:
87:
53:
653:
628:
260:
229:
1108:"Climate Variability of Tropical Cyclones: Past, Present and Future"
1476:
1220:
813:
Mark A. Lander; Eric J. Trehubenko; Charles P. Guard (June 1999).
328:
191:
172:
131:
112:
31:
252:
157:
1666:
1430:
1165:
965:
Jason E. Patla; Duane
Stevens; Gary M. Barnes (October 2009).
394:
188:
Importance to cyclones within the subtropics and mid-latitudes
168:, which would otherwise steer them progressively to the east.
890:
Deborah Hanley; John
Molinari; Daniel Keyser (October 2001).
790:"The Upper Tropospheric Circulation Over the Global Tropics"
27:
Cyclone with an associated cold pool of air at high altitude
923:
10.1175/1520-0493(2001)129<2570:ACSOTI>2.0.CO;2
583:
10.1175/1520-0469(1952)009<0024:eotksa>2.0.co;2
842:
10.1175/1520-0493(1999)127<1274:EHTCO>2.0.CO;2
671:
Polar lows: mesoscale weather systems in the polar regions
720:. Center For Educational Technologies. Archived from
337:
The summer tropical upper tropospheric trough in the
291:. There is a 4.5 year cycle in the formation of
1116:
866:"Favorable trough interactions on tropical cyclones"
556:"Evolution of the Kona Storm, A Subtropical Cyclone"
2736:
2666:
2657:
2622:
2599:
2590:
2555:
2506:
2444:
2429:
2391:
2362:
2341:
2332:
2307:
2276:
2246:
2217:
1947:
1796:
1750:
1702:
1655:
1615:
1586:
1547:
1540:
1531:
1522:
1464:
1403:
1394:
1383:
1374:
1329:
1283:
1274:
1208:
1069:(Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center
345:region of the east central Pacific and can cause
771:"Upper cold pool causes storms in the southeast"
2233:List of atmospheric pressure records in Europe
1011:"Subject: A15) How do tropical cyclones form?"
815:"Eastern Hemisphere Tropical Cyclones of 1996"
748:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 43–45.
413:that maintained itself over cooler waters was
1678:
1442:
1177:
503:. Academic Press, Inc. pp. 59, 384–385.
8:
1090:Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey
674:. Cambridge University Press. p. 224.
501:Atmospheric Science: An Introductory Survey
2663:
2596:
2441:
2338:
1685:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1544:
1537:
1528:
1449:
1435:
1427:
1400:
1391:
1380:
1280:
1184:
1170:
1162:
942:"2.5 Upper Tropospheric Cyclonic Vortices"
401:is required to force the atmosphere to be
990:
921:
840:
652:
2517:South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
1088:John M. Wallace; Peter V. Hobbs (1977).
499:John M. Wallace; Peter V. Hobbs (1977).
110:channels to aid in further development.
668:Erik A. Rasmussen; John Turner (2003).
461:
247:(SST) gradient along the east coast of
1092:. Academic Press, Inc. pp. 76–77.
629:"Tornadoes with Cold Core 500-mb Lows"
524:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
469:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000).
7:
1266:Tropical cyclones and climate change
627:Jonathan M. Davies (December 2006).
283:, they form in tandem with blocking
222:tropical upper tropospheric cyclones
2490:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2483:North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone
2416:Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone
2299:East Asian-northwest Pacific storms
2578:Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex
2524:Australian region tropical cyclone
1067:Hurricane Alex Discussion Number 4
1065:Richard Pasch (January 14, 2016).
380:tropical upper tropospheric trough
25:
868:. Flhurricane.com. Archived from
2799:
2785:
1741:
769:Paul Graham (12 February 2008).
696:Climate Dynamics of the Tropics.
355:tropical upper tropospheric lows
279:. Not initially associated with
184:development to become possible.
2538:South Atlantic tropical cyclone
2497:Black Sea tropical-like cyclone
906:American Meteorological Society
864:Clark Evans (January 5, 2006).
530:American Meteorological Society
475:American Meteorological Society
315:Importance to tropical cyclones
273:East Coast of the United States
2531:South Pacific tropical cyclone
2294:Continental North Asian storms
788:James Sadler (November 1975).
554:R. . Simpson (February 1952).
419:2016 Atlantic hurricane season
1:
226:mid to upper-tropospheric low
2833:Tropical cyclone meteorology
2792:Tropical cyclones portal
1833:Great Sheffield Gale of 1962
1773:Moray Firth fishing disaster
1316:Ridiculously Resilient Ridge
938:Joint Typhoon Warning Center
745:Climate process & change
742:Edward Arndt Bryant (1997).
2642:Mesoscale convective vortex
2624:Mesoscale convective system
2226:List of European windstorms
1643:Pacific Northwest windstorm
1015:Hurricane Research Division
333:Peaks of activity worldwide
2859:
1034:Kushnir, Yochanan (2000).
706:. Retrieved on 2009-02-29.
353:. In the western Pacific,
318:
202:
136:The vertical variation of
125:
2779:
2406:Australian east coast Low
2349:Australian east coast low
1889:1992 New Year's Day Storm
1739:
1662:
1426:
2828:Meteorological phenomena
1917:Boxing Day Storm of 1998
1910:Christmas Eve storm 1997
1246:Annular tropical cyclone
992:10.1175/2009WAF2222181.1
608:National Weather Service
602:JetStream (2010-01-05).
144:atmosphere (a) and in a
2706:Multiple-vortex tornado
2145:Friederike (David) 2018
2138:Eleanor (Burglind) 2018
1861:December 1981 windstorm
1819:North Sea flood of 1953
1732:Christmas Flood of 1717
971:Weather and Forecasting
633:Weather and Forecasting
245:sea surface temperature
76:oceans, it is called a
2647:Line echo wave pattern
2601:Mesoscale ocean eddies
2370:Southern Ocean cyclone
1458:Extratropical cyclones
1251:Bar (tropical cyclone)
1241:Central dense overcast
897:Monthly Weather Review
820:Monthly Weather Review
694:S. Hastenrath (1991).
563:Journal of Meteorology
334:
267:within a pre-existing
218:extratropical cyclones
200:
149:
118:
37:
2019:Friedhelm/Bawbag 2011
1882:Burns' Day storm 1990
1766:Night of the Big Wind
1487:Post-tropical cyclone
1236:Rapid intensification
347:tropical cyclogenesis
332:
325:Tropical cyclogenesis
271:. Those offshore the
269:area of high pressure
195:
135:
116:
35:
2806:Tornadoes portal
2716:Anticyclonic tornado
2684:Low-topped supercell
2462:Cape Verde hurricane
1854:Gale of January 1976
1036:"The Climate System"
794:University of Hawaii
289:meteorological bombs
154:hypsometric equation
2508:Southern Hemisphere
2446:Northern Hemisphere
2334:Southern Hemisphere
2289:Western Disturbance
2103:Thomas (Doris) 2017
1875:Great storm of 1987
1840:1968 Scotland storm
1780:Tay Bridge disaster
1759:Great Storm of 1824
1725:Great Storm of 1703
1695:European windstorms
1524:Northern Hemisphere
1342:South Atlantic High
1330:Southern Hemisphere
1306:North American High
1284:Northern Hemisphere
1040:Columbia University
983:2009WtFor..24.1215P
914:2001MWRv..129.2570H
872:on October 17, 2006
833:1999MWRv..127.1274L
645:2006WtFor..21.1051D
575:1952JAtS....9...24S
386:normally dominate.
363:160th meridian east
359:20th parallel north
339:Southern Hemisphere
209:Subtropical cyclone
78:subtropical cyclone
44:, also known as an
2455:Atlantic hurricane
2411:Lake Huron cyclone
1472:Anticyclonic storm
1347:South Pacific High
1311:North Pacific High
1226:High-pressure area
1216:Anticyclonic storm
946:United States Navy
698:Springer, pp 244.
335:
201:
150:
119:
38:
2815:
2814:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2711:Satellite tornado
2586:
2585:
2551:
2550:
2547:
2546:
2471:Pacific hurricane
2387:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2328:
2327:
2272:
2271:
2242:
2241:
1787:Eyemouth disaster
1703:14th-18th century
1651:
1650:
1611:
1610:
1492:Low-pressure area
1370:
1369:
1362:Subtropical ridge
1321:Subtropical ridge
1231:Low-pressure area
1201:Centers of action
1118:. pp. 220–41
755:978-0-521-48440-4
704:978-0-7923-1346-5
681:978-0-521-62430-5
407:relative humidity
305:weather satellite
236:rains during the
196:November 4, 1995
98:impacts, such as
94:with significant
62:frontal structure
50:cold-core cyclone
16:(Redirected from
2850:
2838:Types of cyclone
2804:
2803:
2802:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2664:
2597:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2519:
2509:
2499:
2492:
2485:
2473:
2464:
2457:
2447:
2442:
2354:Black nor'easter
2339:
2335:
2254:Black Sea storms
2235:
2228:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2182:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1896:Braer Storm 1993
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1745:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1697:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1660:
1604:
1597:
1579:
1572:
1565:
1558:
1545:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1428:
1401:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1337:South Polar High
1291:North Polar High
1281:
1186:
1179:
1172:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1144:. Archived from
1133:
1127:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1042:. Archived from
1031:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
977:(5): 1215–1235.
962:
956:
955:
953:
952:
934:
928:
927:
925:
887:
881:
880:
878:
877:
861:
855:
854:
844:
810:
804:
803:
801:
800:
785:
779:
778:
766:
760:
759:
739:
733:
732:
730:
729:
716:Storm-E (2007).
713:
707:
692:
686:
685:
665:
659:
658:
656:
654:10.1175/WAF967.1
639:(6): 1051–1062.
624:
618:
617:
615:
614:
599:
593:
592:
590:
589:
560:
551:
545:
544:
542:
541:
532:. Archived from
521:
515:
514:
496:
490:
489:
487:
486:
477:. Archived from
466:
411:tropical cyclone
361:and east of the
321:Tropical cyclone
138:geostrophic wind
21:
2858:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2800:
2798:
2786:
2784:
2763:
2732:
2653:
2618:
2582:
2543:
2536:
2529:
2522:
2515:
2507:
2502:
2495:
2488:
2481:
2469:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2433:
2425:
2379:
2358:
2333:
2324:
2303:
2268:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2213:
2206:
2199:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2045:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1746:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1718:Burchardi flood
1716:
1711:Grote Mandrenke
1709:
1698:
1693:
1691:
1647:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1582:
1575:
1570:Great basin low
1568:
1561:
1556:Alberta clipper
1554:
1532:
1523:
1518:
1460:
1455:
1422:
1418:South Polar low
1413:North Polar low
1395:
1384:
1366:
1357:Australian High
1325:
1270:
1204:
1190:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1019:
1017:
1005:
1004:
1000:
964:
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959:
950:
948:
936:
935:
931:
889:
888:
884:
875:
873:
863:
862:
858:
812:
811:
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796:
787:
786:
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768:
767:
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756:
741:
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736:
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725:
715:
714:
710:
693:
689:
682:
667:
666:
662:
626:
625:
621:
612:
610:
604:"Glossary: C's"
601:
600:
596:
587:
585:
558:
553:
552:
548:
539:
537:
523:
522:
518:
511:
498:
497:
493:
484:
482:
468:
467:
463:
459:
442:
351:Central America
327:
317:
293:East coast lows
211:
190:
130:
124:
122:Characteristics
104:Kármán vortices
46:upper level low
28:
23:
22:
18:Upper-level low
15:
12:
11:
5:
2856:
2854:
2846:
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2840:
2835:
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2813:
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2500:
2493:
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2479:
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2450:
2448:
2439:
2427:
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2397:
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2329:
2326:
2325:
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2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2176:
2169:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2075:Christina 2014
2071:
2064:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1847:Quimburga 1972
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1769:
1762:
1754:
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1630:
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1619:
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1613:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1595:Panhandle hook
1590:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1526:
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1511:
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1474:
1468:
1466:
1462:
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1456:
1454:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1386:Synoptic scale
1378:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1199:of the world (
1191:
1189:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1159:
1158:
1148:on May 8, 2006
1128:
1095:
1080:
1057:
1046:on 20 May 2020
1026:
998:
957:
929:
882:
856:
805:
780:
761:
754:
734:
708:
687:
680:
660:
619:
594:
546:
516:
509:
491:
460:
458:
455:
454:
453:
448:
441:
438:
341:lies over the
316:
313:
281:weather fronts
189:
186:
123:
120:
84:Severe weather
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2855:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2808:
2807:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Catalina eddy
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2563:Cold-core low
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2472:
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2459:
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2432:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
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2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
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2394:
2390:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2331:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:Icelandic Low
2257:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1858:
1855:
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1848:
1844:
1841:
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1834:
1830:
1827:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1799:
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1777:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1755:
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1749:
1744:
1733:
1729:
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1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1696:
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1683:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1661:
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1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1603:
1602:November gale
1599:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1533:North America
1530:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
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1470:
1469:
1467:
1463:
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1433:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1399:
1396:Surface-based
1393:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:Kalahari High
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:Siberian High
1294:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Chris Landsea
1099:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1068:
1061:
1058:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1027:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:Chris Landsea
1002:
999:
993:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
961:
958:
947:
943:
939:
933:
930:
924:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:
893:
886:
883:
871:
867:
860:
857:
852:
848:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
821:
816:
809:
806:
795:
791:
784:
781:
776:
772:
765:
762:
757:
751:
747:
746:
738:
735:
724:on 2007-06-26
723:
719:
718:"Nor'easters"
712:
709:
705:
701:
697:
691:
688:
683:
677:
673:
672:
664:
661:
655:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
623:
620:
609:
605:
598:
595:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
550:
547:
536:on 2011-05-14
535:
531:
527:
520:
517:
512:
510:0-12-732950-1
506:
502:
495:
492:
481:on 2011-05-14
480:
476:
472:
465:
462:
456:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
439:
437:
435:
431:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
381:
376:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
331:
326:
322:
314:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
257:North America
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
206:
199:
194:
187:
185:
183:
178:
177:precipitation
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
147:
143:
139:
134:
129:
121:
115:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:cold-core low
34:
30:
19:
2797:
2783:
2696:Funnel cloud
2614:Haida Eddies
2573:Polar vortex
2562:
2131:Herwart 2017
2124:Ophelia 2017
2047:St Jude 2013
2026:Joachim 2011
2005:Xynthia 2010
1963:Jeanett 2002
1948:21st century
1868:Charley 1986
1805:Ulysses 1903
1797:20th century
1751:19th century
1628:Hatteras low
1623:Aleutian Low
1563:Colorado low
1497:Weather bomb
1197:anticyclones
1150:. Retrieved
1146:the original
1131:
1120:. Retrieved
1111:
1098:
1089:
1083:
1071:. Retrieved
1060:
1050:24 September
1048:. Retrieved
1044:the original
1029:
1018:. Retrieved
1001:
974:
970:
960:
949:. Retrieved
932:
901:
895:
885:
874:. Retrieved
870:the original
859:
824:
818:
808:
797:. Retrieved
783:
764:
744:
737:
726:. Retrieved
722:the original
711:
690:
670:
663:
636:
632:
622:
611:. Retrieved
597:
586:. Retrieved
566:
562:
549:
538:. Retrieved
534:the original
526:"Barotropic"
519:
500:
494:
483:. Retrieved
479:the original
464:
423:
388:
371:
336:
303:features on
285:anticyclones
242:
212:
170:
151:
128:Thermal wind
82:
66:thermal wind
60:, without a
49:
45:
41:
39:
29:
2754:Steam devil
2674:Mesocyclone
2568:Cut-off low
2556:Upper level
2393:Subtropical
2363:Other areas
2308:Other areas
2284:Asiatic Low
2208:Ciarán 2023
2194:Larisa 2023
2187:Eunice 2022
2173:Aurore 2021
2166:Dennis 2020
2152:Adrian 2018
2117:Xavier 2017
2089:Niklas 2015
2040:Andrea 2012
2033:Dagmar 2011
1984:Kyrill 2007
1970:Gudrun 2005
1956:Oratia 2000
1938:Martin 1999
1931:Lothar 1999
1924:Anatol 1999
1826:Debbie 1961
1812:Iberia 1941
1577:Bighorn Low
1548:Lee Cyclone
1541:Continental
1301:Azores High
1276:Anticyclone
1073:January 14,
908:: 2570–84.
827:(6): 1274.
775:Weatherzone
446:Cut-off low
430:troposphere
391:mesocyclone
277:nor'easters
259:, southern
58:troposphere
2822:Categories
2759:Fire whirl
2749:Dust devil
2728:Waterspout
2689:Wall cloud
2401:Kona storm
2320:Kona storm
2201:Babet 2023
2180:Malik 2022
2159:Ciara 2020
2054:Xaver 2013
2012:Berit 2011
1998:Klaus 2009
1633:Nor'easter
1256:Superstorm
1152:2006-10-19
1122:2006-10-19
1020:2011-01-27
951:2009-04-24
876:2006-10-20
799:2009-12-23
728:2008-01-22
613:2010-05-28
588:2010-05-28
540:2010-05-02
485:2010-05-02
471:"Cold low"
457:References
434:tropopause
399:lapse rate
384:Westerlies
375:jet stream
343:trade wind
319:See also:
251:, such as
249:continents
238:wet season
205:Nor'easter
203:See also:
175:cover and
166:Westerlies
162:barotropic
146:baroclinic
142:barotropic
126:See also:
100:polar lows
86:, such as
2723:Landspout
2679:Supercell
2659:Whirlwind
2592:Mesoscale
2375:Sudestada
2342:Australia
2264:Genoa low
2110:Zeus 2017
2096:Egon 2017
2082:Tini 2014
2068:Anne 2014
2061:Dirk 2013
1991:Emma 2008
1903:Lili 1996
1502:Sting jet
1261:Hypercane
851:1520-0493
569:(1): 24.
451:Cold pool
349:offshore
265:Australia
214:Kona lows
182:polar low
88:tornadoes
72:or north
2843:Vortices
2744:Gustnado
2637:Mesohigh
2632:Wake Low
2431:Tropical
2218:See also
1977:Per 2007
1638:Gulf low
1514:Rainband
1465:Concepts
1209:Concepts
1193:Cyclones
1106:(2000).
1009:(2011).
940:(2010).
440:See also
426:wet-bulb
403:unstable
369:events.
198:Kona Low
160:, it is
92:cyclones
2701:Tornado
2477:Typhoon
2436:Outline
2421:Thermal
1616:Oceanic
1482:Cyclone
1376:Cyclone
979:Bibcode
910:Bibcode
829:Bibcode
641:Bibcode
571:Bibcode
417:of the
367:La Niña
365:during
311:years.
309:La Niña
234:monsoon
216:, most
108:outflow
96:weather
70:Pacific
54:cyclone
52:, is a
2315:Arctic
1656:Europe
1112:Storms
904:(10).
849:
752:
702:
678:
507:
263:, and
261:Africa
230:winter
220:, and
102:, and
74:Indian
2737:Minor
2667:Major
2247:Other
1587:Other
1477:Storm
1405:Polar
1221:Storm
559:(PDF)
173:cloud
171:Most
140:in a
2277:Asia
1507:List
1195:and
1075:2016
1052:2010
847:ISSN
750:ISBN
700:ISBN
676:ISBN
505:ISBN
415:Alex
323:and
297:ENSO
253:Asia
207:and
158:wind
987:doi
918:doi
902:129
837:doi
825:127
649:doi
579:doi
395:hPa
301:eye
48:or
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