783:
443:
691:
679:
771:
747:
427:
731:
707:
613:
Xiajiadian structures. The horse became important to the culture, as evidenced by the remains of horses and horse paraphernalia found at Upper
Xiajiadian sites. The culture also moved away from a centralized social organization, as no evidence for large public works has been discovered at Upper Xiajiadian sites. From relying on pigs to a dependence on sheep and goats for its primary source of domesticated protein, the culture built more extravagant graves for its elites than the Lower Xiajiadian, with more numerous and elaborate burial offerings. Upper Xiajiadian burials were typically marked by
719:
33:
759:
49:
1038:
its area was in close contact with the Yan kingdom and neighboring cultures. Presumably, as a result of contacts with the
Mongolia nomads in 9th — 8th centuries BCE, already established distinctive animal style images were spreading in the art of culture. By the middle of the 7th century BCE the "Xiajiadian upper layer" culture population part and nomadic Mongoloid tribes from Mongolia moved 150—250 km west to the Chinese kingdom of Yan northern border, where they mixed and settled.
435:
2511:
2501:
2521:
782:
1346:
the
Dashaqian site had higher Y chromosome haplogroup diversity, with a lower frequency of the LXC lineage. Only one individual carried N1 (×N1a, N1c), the prevalent haplogroup before the UXC period. (...) The presence of N1c in the UXC might suggest that there is immigration from the north Eurasian steppes during this period.
891:
1058:
The Saka culture in
Xinjiang, the Shajing culture in Gansu, the Ordos complex in Inner Mongolia, and the Upper Xiajiadian culture of Liaoning, all point to a transition from mixed agropastoral to predominantly or exclusively pastoral nomadic cultures. From the seventh century onwards, objects related
585:
The Upper
Xiajiadian culture produced inferior ceramic artifacts compared to those of the Lower Xiajiadian culture, although this was compensated by their superior bronze, bone, and stone artifacts. The culture is well known for its bronze objects, producing bronze daggers, axes, chisels, arrowheads,
1643:
The most typical early form of metal mask was a combination of sackcloth, copper clasps and mussels found in the
Zhoujiadi cemetery in Aohan Banner, Inner Mongolia, of the Xiajiadian upper culture (Yang and Gu 1984). (...) Besides, both Zhoujiadi M45 and Iheura M2 can be identified as remains of the
1345:
The Upper
Xiajiadian culture (UXC) of the late Bronze Age succeeded the LXC but was completely different from the LXC. The UXC people mainly practiced animal husbandry and made bronze objects decorated with animal and other natural motifs in the style of the Eurasian steppes. The UXC individuals of
1158:
Interestingly, the Bronze Age WLR individuals, associated with the Upper
Xiajiadian culture ("WLR_BA"), again show a genetic change but to an opposite direction from the Middle-to-Late Neolithic, with one individual ("WLR_BA_o") being indistinguishable from the ancient AR individuals (Supplementary
612:
Upper
Xiajiadian culture shows evidence of a drastic shift in lifestyle compared to that of the Lower Xiajiadian culture. The Upper Xiajiadian culture placed less emphasis on permanent structures, preferring to reoccupy Lower Xiajiadian structures or reuse Lower Xiajiadian stones for building Upper
1037:
The materials analysis makes it possible to trace the
Scythian cultures in North China formation and transformation process. The earliest is the "Xiajiadian upper layer" culture. Its representative monuments date back to the 9th — first half of the 7th centuries BCE. At that time the population in
531:. Compared to the Lower Xiajiadian culture, population levels were lower, less dense, and more widespread. The culture still relied heavily on agriculture, but also moved toward a more pastoral, nomadic lifestyle. The social structure changed from being an acephalous or tribal society into a more
678:
690:
730:
1007:
The mode of subsistence shifted from hunting and early farming in the Hongshan and Xiaoheyan cultures, to advanced agriculture in the Lower Xiajiadian culture, and eventually to pastoral nomadism in the Upper Xiajiadian
1101:
Ning, Chao; Li, Tianjiao; Wang, Ke; Zhang, Fan; Li, Tao; Wu, Xiyan; Gao, Shizhu; Zhang, Quanchao; Zhang, Hai; Hudson, Mark J.; Dong, Guanghui; Wu, Sihao; Fang, Yanming; Liu, Chen; Feng, Chunyan (1 June 2020).
770:
746:
442:
1747:
1159:
Figs. 9 and 10). Compared with AR_EN, he has extra affinity with later AR individuals ("AR_Xianbei_IA") and multiple present-day Tungusic-speaking populations (Supplementary Fig. 20).
1636:""Shelter My Soul with Your Body" – A Burial Custom Influenced by Shamanism: A Case of Covering a Dead Face with the Right Ribs of a Local Sheep in Inner Mongolia, China"
718:
706:
32:
1059:
to improved horse management and horse riding, such as the bit, cheekpieces, horse masks, and bell ornaments, became ever more widespread and sophisticated.
1740:
758:
1024:
554:) culture in North China, starting the 9th century BCE. The development of animal styles may have been the result of contacts with nomads in Mongolia (
2587:
633:
origin and similar to "West Liao River farmers" (WLR_BA). The Bronze Age West Liao River farmers were found to display genetic continuity with modern
1363:
645:, suggesting him to be a recent migrant from further North. The majority of Upper Xiajuadian remains belonged to subclades of paternal haplogroup
2577:
2538:
1733:
1635:
1618:
1583:
1540:
1470:
1400:
2582:
426:
2602:
1770:
684:
Bronze dagger with motifs of horses from the Xiaoheishigou Site, Upper Xiajiadian culture, early 8th Century BCE. Inner Mongolia Museum.
1765:
1775:
1695:
2524:
827:
1869:
1716:
463:
609:
were discovered in an Upper Xiajiadian grave at Xiaoheishigou (小黑石沟), evidenced by the inscriptions on one of the vessels.
605:
and bronze vessels were found at Upper Xiajiadian sites. In one case, bronze vessels belonging to the ruling family of the
455:
359:
2592:
1287:
Cui, Yinqiu; Li, Hongjie; Ning, Chao; Zhang, Ye; Chen, Lu; Zhao, Xin; Hagelberg, Erika; Zhou, Hui (30 September 2013).
1220:
Cui, Yinqiu; Li, Hongjie; Ning, Chao; Zhang, Ye; Chen, Lu; Zhao, Xin; Hagelberg, Erika; Zhou, Hui (30 September 2013).
949:
Cui, Yinqiu; Li, Hongjie; Ning, Chao; Zhang, Ye; Chen, Lu; Zhao, Xin; Hagelberg, Erika; Zhou, Hui (30 September 2013).
78:
630:
586:
knives, and helmets. Upper Xiajiadian bronzes were decorated with animal and natural motifs, which suggest possible
558:) in the 9th — 8th centuries BCE. It has strong similarities with other Scythoïd cultures to the west, such as the
2481:
196:
1835:
876:
803:
540:
524:
403:
1608:
1687:
Leadership Strategies, Economic Activity, and Interregional Interaction: Social Complexity in Northeast China
446:
The Upper Xiajiadian culture was part of the "Arc of the eastern Steppe", next to the Central Plain of China.
505:
1567:
The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road
1524:
The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road
1454:
The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road
1384:
The metal road of the Eastern Eurasian steppe: the formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road
2597:
637:. One UXC individual, however, shared higher genetic affinities to earlier "Amur hunter-gatherers", later
156:
2181:
1650:
1289:"Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China"
1222:"Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China"
951:"Y Chromosome analysis of prehistoric human populations in the West Liao River Valley, Northeast China"
892:"Chariotry and Prone Burials: Reassessing Late Shang China's Relationship with Its Northern Neighbours"
2514:
2486:
2407:
2084:
1300:
1233:
1172:
1115:
962:
174:
2362:
2315:
2292:
2443:
2397:
2372:
2332:
2038:
1681:
1104:"Ancient genomes from northern China suggest links between subsistence changes and human migration"
555:
296:
91:
2500:
2275:
2191:
1971:
1879:
1808:
1791:
1589:
1546:
1476:
1406:
913:
508:-derived tribes of hunter-gatherers and early farmers, which shifted to a pastoralist lifestyle.
333:
165:
130:
594:) affinities and indicate continued cultural contact and exchange across the Eurasian steppes.
434:
2476:
2448:
2415:
2265:
2198:
2001:
1941:
1874:
1864:
1847:
1830:
1712:
1691:
1614:
1579:
1536:
1466:
1396:
1336:
1318:
1269:
1251:
1202:
1194:
1171:
Sun, Na; Tao, Le; Wang, Rui; Zhu, Kongyang; Hai, Xiangjun; Wang, Chuan-Chao (2 January 2023).
1149:
1131:
998:
980:
828:"Settlement and Social Dynamics in the Upper Daling and Chifeng Regions of Northeastern China"
740:
tureen unearthed from the Xiaoheishigou Site, Upper Xiajiadian Culture. Inner Mongolia Museum.
668:. The Upper Xiajiadian genome may point to migrations from the north Eurasian steppes and the
654:
650:
646:
413:
38:
2280:
2237:
2225:
2203:
2141:
2136:
2124:
2079:
2050:
2028:
1907:
1813:
1571:
1528:
1503:
1458:
1433:
1388:
1326:
1308:
1259:
1241:
1184:
1139:
1123:
988:
970:
903:
858:
661:
642:
664:
populations, who displayed high genetic affinity with Yellow River farmers associated with
2463:
2392:
2381:
2349:
2325:
2320:
2067:
2018:
1946:
1895:
1663:
665:
567:
528:
489:
348:
240:
56:
1304:
1237:
1119:
966:
2504:
2458:
2420:
2270:
2260:
2254:
2208:
2153:
2119:
2089:
2023:
2013:
1977:
1331:
1288:
1264:
1221:
1144:
1103:
993:
950:
512:
283:
2571:
2387:
2357:
2114:
1966:
1961:
1951:
1924:
1803:
1593:
1550:
1480:
1410:
917:
789:
629:
Genetic analyses of remains from the Upper Xiajiadian culture (UXC) are primarily of
563:
493:
417:
227:
145:
115:
67:
2453:
2230:
2186:
2043:
1995:
1956:
1507:
1437:
862:
697:
598:
597:
The locally produced bronze vessels were much smaller than comparable bronzes from
311:
268:
218:
209:
1644:
Donghu clan, with Zhoujiadi M45 considered to be an ancestor of the Donghu clan...
1189:
378:
General location of the Upper Xiajiadian culture, and contemporary Asian polities
1685:
2337:
2218:
2169:
1840:
1818:
1796:
1725:
1708:
The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: the Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan
788:
Burial at Zhoujiadi cemetery (with and without mussel mask), an ancestor of the
1173:"The genetic structure and admixture of Manchus and Koreans in northeast China"
1127:
908:
2285:
2213:
1929:
1912:
1900:
1853:
1823:
1575:
1532:
1462:
1392:
606:
602:
559:
485:
322:
104:
2553:
2540:
1322:
1313:
1255:
1246:
1198:
1135:
1025:"THE CULTURES OF THE EARLY IRON AGE IN CHINA AS A PART OF THE SCYTHIAN WORLD"
984:
975:
550:
The Upper Xiajiadian culture is considered as the earliest "Scythian-style" (
492:
derived from the Eurasian steppe bronze tradition. It is associated with the
2309:
2174:
2146:
1610:
Archaeology of East Asia: The Rise of Civilization in China, Korea and Japan
1565:
1522:
1452:
1382:
1053:
Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China (Cambridge History of Ancient China)
536:
1340:
1273:
1206:
1153:
1002:
2129:
591:
579:
532:
516:
185:
2437:
2097:
2072:
1917:
638:
634:
618:
544:
660:
The genetic profile of Upper Xiajiadian individuals differed from the
2060:
471:
523:. The Upper Xiajiadian's range was slightly larger than that of the
1051:
2055:
2033:
2006:
1934:
614:
571:
520:
441:
433:
425:
1706:
669:
587:
575:
551:
1729:
1494:
Psarras, Sophia-Karin (January 1999). "Upper Xiajiadian".
1424:
Psarras, Sophia-Karin (January 1999). "Upper Xiajiadian".
849:
Psarras, Sophia-Karin (January 1999). "Upper Xiajiadian".
776:
Horse bit and harness ornaments. Upper Xiajiadian culture
752:
Bronze helmet, Upper Xiajiadian Culture later period.
724:
Two-swords bronze scabbard, Upper Xiajiadian culture.
16:
Bronze age archaeological culture in Northeast China
2429:
2406:
2371:
2348:
2301:
2246:
2162:
2107:
1987:
1888:
1784:
409:
399:
391:
1527:. Singapore: Springer. p. 249 Fig 4.12 No25.
1457:. Singapore: Springer. p. 249 Fig 4.12 No26.
1358:
1356:
1354:
504:The Upper Xiajiadian culture emerged out of local
1570:. Singapore: Springer. p. 249 Fig 4.12 No6.
1387:. Singapore: Springer. p. 249 Fig 4.12 No8.
1056:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 951–952.
48:
1564:Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020).
1521:Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020).
1451:Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020).
1381:Yang, Jianhua; Shao, Huiqiu; Pan, Ling (2020).
700:(Hilt of bronze dagger, early 8th Century BCE).
430:Bronze Dagger with figurine, Upper Xiajiadian.
1741:
764:"Liaoning dagger" (bronze), Upper Xiajiadian.
511:This culture is found mainly in southeastern
8:
21:
496:("Eastern Barbarians") of Chinese history.
1748:
1734:
1726:
1364:"The Bronze Age: Upper Xiajiadian Culture"
792:, Upper Xiajiadian culture (1000–600 BCE).
1330:
1312:
1263:
1245:
1188:
1143:
992:
974:
907:
815:
674:
1659:
1648:
712:Bronze deer, Upper Xiajiadian culture.
20:
1096:
1094:
1018:
1016:
821:
819:
539:is represented by the upper layer at
7:
2520:
1607:Barnes, Gina L. (31 October 2015).
601:. In the later periods, Zhou-style
14:
1613:. Oxbow Books. pp. 256–257.
2588:Archaeological cultures of China
2519:
2510:
2509:
2499:
781:
769:
757:
745:
729:
717:
705:
689:
677:
641:remains as well as contemporary
47:
31:
1508:10.1080/02549948.1999.11731324
1438:10.1080/02549948.1999.11731324
863:10.1080/02549948.1999.11731324
672:during the Bronze Age period.
476:
467:
459:
438:Upper Xiajiadian culture area.
1:
2578:Archaeology of Inner Mongolia
1756:Prehistoric cultures of China
1190:10.1080/03014460.2023.2182912
481:
477:Xià jiā diàn shàngcéng wénhuà
379:
527:reaching areas north of the
2583:Bronze Age cultures of Asia
896:Journal of World Prehistory
826:Drennan, Robert D. (2014).
631:Ancient Northern East Asian
2619:
2603:1st millennium BC in China
1128:10.1038/s41467-020-16557-2
909:10.1007/s10963-020-09142-4
488:archaeological culture in
2495:
2482:Yellow River civilization
2472:
1761:
1705:Barnes, Gina Lee (1993).
1576:10.1007/978-981-32-9155-3
1533:10.1007/978-981-32-9155-3
1463:10.1007/978-981-32-9155-3
1393:10.1007/978-981-32-9155-3
1050:Cosmo, Nicola Di (1999).
643:Tungusic-speaking peoples
26:
2163:Middle and Upper Yangtze
1314:10.1186/1471-2148-13-216
1293:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1247:10.1186/1471-2148-13-216
1226:BMC Evolutionary Biology
976:10.1186/1471-2148-13-216
955:BMC Evolutionary Biology
890:Rawson, Jessica (2020).
804:Lower Xiajiadian culture
696:Motif of four horses in
452:Upper Xiajiadian culture
404:Lower Xiajiadian culture
46:
22:Upper Xiajiadian culture
1177:Annals of Human Biology
535:-oriented society. The
506:Ancient Northeast Asian
2247:Lower Yangtze and Huai
1870:Liaoning bronze dagger
1658:Cite journal requires
1368:govt.chinadaily.com.cn
447:
439:
431:
1711:. Thames and Hudson.
1108:Nature Communications
1023:Shulga, P.I. (2020).
445:
437:
429:
2554:42.3533°N 119.1629°E
2487:Yangtze civilization
1432:(1): 90, Figure 20.
1079:Shelach, pp. 214-216
857:(1): 90, Figure 19.
574:, and of course the
484:1000–600 BCE) was a
2593:Bronze Age in China
2550: /
1988:Middle Yellow River
1502:(1): 86, Figure 4.
1305:2013BMCEE..13..216C
1238:2013BMCEE..13..216C
1120:2020NatCo..11.2700N
967:2013BMCEE..13..216C
556:Deer stones culture
547:, Inner Mongolia.
464:traditional Chinese
23:
2108:Lower Yellow River
1889:Upper Yellow River
1785:Northeastern China
456:simplified Chinese
448:
440:
432:
2559:42.3533; 119.1629
2533:
2532:
2477:Liao civilization
1634:Ban, Lin (2022).
1620:978-1-78570-073-6
1585:978-981-32-9154-6
1542:978-981-32-9154-6
1472:978-981-32-9154-6
1402:978-981-32-9154-6
832:Asian Archaeology
424:
423:
414:Jinggouzi culture
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1860:Upper Xiajiadian
1836:Lower Xiajiadian
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1727:
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1496:Monumenta Serica
1491:
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1426:Monumenta Serica
1421:
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1210:
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1147:
1098:
1089:
1088:Shelach, pp. 162
1086:
1080:
1077:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1020:
1011:
1010:
996:
978:
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940:
937:
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930:Shelach, pp. 143
928:
922:
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911:
887:
881:
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867:
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851:Monumenta Serica
846:
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839:
823:
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773:
761:
749:
733:
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709:
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662:Lower Xiajiadian
525:Lower Xiajiadian
483:
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2158:
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1983:
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1757:
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1682:Shelach, Gideon
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1070:Barnes, pp. 153
1069:
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1022:
1021:
1014:
948:
947:
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939:Barnes, pp. 153
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666:Sinitic peoples
627:
578:culture of the
568:Shajing culture
529:Xilamulun River
502:
500:Characteristics
490:Northeast China
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81:Begazy-Dandybai
79:
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17:
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2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2570:
2569:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2507:
2496:
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2489:
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2473:
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2427:
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2395:
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2377:
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2369:
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2365:
2360:
2354:
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2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2303:
2302:Southern China
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
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2184:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
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2151:
2150:
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2139:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2090:Xiaoshuangqiao
2087:
2077:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2058:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1999:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1800:
1799:
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1786:
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1779:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1759:
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1738:
1730:
1724:
1723:
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1702:
1696:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1660:|journal=
1626:
1619:
1599:
1584:
1556:
1541:
1513:
1486:
1471:
1443:
1416:
1401:
1373:
1350:
1279:
1212:
1183:(1): 161–171.
1163:
1090:
1081:
1072:
1063:
1042:
1012:
941:
932:
923:
902:(2): 138–168.
882:
868:
841:
814:
813:
811:
808:
807:
806:
799:
796:
795:
794:
787:
780:
778:
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768:
766:
763:
756:
754:
751:
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742:
735:
728:
726:
723:
716:
714:
711:
704:
702:
695:
688:
686:
683:
676:
626:
623:
513:Inner Mongolia
501:
498:
422:
421:
411:
407:
406:
401:
397:
396:
393:
389:
388:
377:
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357:
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128:
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89:
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36:
30:
29:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2615:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:Donghu people
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
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2579:
2576:
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2112:
2110:
2106:
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2078:
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2059:
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2037:
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2032:
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2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
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1975:
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1968:
1965:
1963:
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1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
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1923:
1919:
1916:
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1911:
1910:
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1697:9780306460906
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1333:
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1248:
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1239:
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1231:
1227:
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1216:
1213:
1208:
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1200:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1155:
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1146:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1076:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
986:
982:
977:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
945:
942:
936:
933:
927:
924:
919:
915:
910:
905:
901:
897:
893:
886:
883:
878:
877:"Certificate"
872:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
845:
842:
837:
833:
829:
822:
820:
816:
809:
805:
802:
801:
797:
791:
784:
779:
772:
767:
760:
755:
748:
743:
739:
732:
727:
720:
715:
708:
703:
699:
692:
687:
680:
675:
673:
671:
667:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
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640:
636:
632:
624:
622:
620:
616:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:Ordos culture
562:culture, the
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
499:
497:
495:
491:
487:
479:
473:
465:
457:
453:
444:
436:
428:
420:(600–150 BCE)
419:
418:Donghu people
415:
412:
408:
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
369:
367:
354:
352:
343:
341:
340:
328:
317:
306:
304:
303:
291:
289:
288:
278:
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275:
263:
261:
260:
248:
246:
245:
235:
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222:
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204:
202:
191:
189:
180:
178:
169:
160:
151:
140:
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137:
125:
123:
110:
108:
99:
97:
86:
84:
73:
71:
62:
60:
42:
34:
25:
19:
2535:
2231:Panlongcheng
2044:Yangguanzhai
1996:Nanzhuangtou
1859:
1707:
1690:. Springer.
1686:
1675:Bibliography
1651:cite journal
1642:
1629:
1609:
1602:
1566:
1559:
1523:
1516:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1453:
1446:
1429:
1425:
1419:
1383:
1376:
1367:
1344:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1157:
1111:
1107:
1084:
1075:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1006:
958:
954:
944:
935:
926:
899:
895:
885:
871:
854:
850:
844:
835:
831:
737:
698:Animal style
659:
628:
611:
596:
584:
549:
515:and western
510:
503:
475:
451:
449:
395:1000–600 BCE
361:
350:
336:
335:
299:
298:
286:
285:
271:
270:
256:
255:
253:
243:
242:
230:
229:
198:
187:
176:
133:
132:
117:
106:
93:
80:
69:
58:
18:
2557: /
2545:119°09′46″E
2515:Archaeology
2398:Shirenzigou
2338:Fanchengdui
2333:Fanchengdui
2192:Tangjiagang
2170:Pengtoushan
1841:Xinglonggou
1819:Xinglonggou
1797:Xinglonggou
1766:Paleolithic
1114:(1): 2700.
790:Donghu clan
670:Amur region
607:State of Xu
603:dagger-axes
599:Zhou states
410:Followed by
400:Preceded by
383: 1000
94:Mezhovskaya
2572:Categories
2542:42°21′12″N
2326:Dayangzhou
2286:Guangfulin
2276:Lingjiatan
2214:Sanxingdui
2182:Chengbeixi
1972:Maoqinggou
1930:Xishanping
1913:Xishanping
1901:Xishanping
1880:Chaodaogou
1854:Xituanshan
1824:Niuheliang
1809:Zhaobaogou
1792:Xinglongwa
1776:Bronze Age
1718:0500279748
961:(1): 216.
810:References
560:Maoqinggou
552:Saka-style
541:Xiajiadian
486:Bronze Age
259:Xiajiadian
107:Cimmerians
2449:Xichengyi
2416:Dabenkeng
2310:Zengpiyan
2266:Majiabang
2255:Kuahuqiao
2199:Qujialing
2175:Bashidang
2147:Chengziya
2085:Zhengzhou
2039:Jiangzhai
2002:Peiligang
1978:Majiayuan
1942:Zhukaigou
1875:Jinggouzi
1865:Baijinbao
1848:Laohushan
1831:Xiaoheyan
1771:Neolithic
1594:213467487
1551:213467487
1481:213467487
1411:213467487
1323:1471-2148
1256:1471-2148
1199:0301-4460
1136:2041-1723
985:1471-2148
918:254751158
537:type site
201:Grey Ware
2373:Xinjiang
2281:Liangzhu
2238:Feijiahe
2226:Erligang
2204:Shijiahe
2142:Longshan
2137:Dawenkou
2130:Xishuipo
2125:Yangshao
2080:Erligang
2051:Longshan
2029:Yangshao
1908:Majiayao
1814:Hongshan
1684:(1999).
1341:24079706
1274:24079706
1207:36809229
1154:32483115
1003:24079706
838:: 50–76.
798:See also
625:Genetics
592:Scythian
580:Xinjiang
533:chiefdom
517:Liaoning
366:of Egypt
188:Arameans
120:pastoral
2525:History
2505:History
2464:Shajing
2438:Beifudi
2393:Subeshi
2321:Wucheng
2098:Huanbei
2073:Xinzhai
2068:Erlitou
2019:Dadiwan
1947:Xindian
1918:Banshan
1896:Dadiwan
1332:3850526
1301:Bibcode
1299:: 216.
1265:3850526
1234:Bibcode
1232:: 216.
1145:7264253
1116:Bibcode
1035:: 119.
1008:culture
994:3850526
963:Bibcode
736:Bronze
639:Xianbei
635:Koreans
545:Chifeng
468:夏家店上層文化
460:夏家店上层文化
364:Dynasty
326:xingdui
315:DYNASTY
274:culture
244:Subeshi
199:Painted
158:ASSYRIA
149:culture
118:Iranian
96:culture
83:culture
59:Karasuk
2459:Shanma
2421:Beinan
2408:Taiwan
2382:Xiaohe
2363:Qugong
2316:Shixia
2293:Maqiao
2271:Songze
2261:Hemudu
2219:Jinsha
2209:Baodun
2154:Yueshi
2120:Beixin
2061:Shimao
2024:Baijia
2014:Cishan
1715:
1694:
1617:
1592:
1582:
1549:
1539:
1479:
1469:
1409:
1399:
1339:
1329:
1321:
1272:
1262:
1254:
1205:
1197:
1152:
1142:
1134:
1029:МАИАСП
1001:
991:
983:
916:
655:O-M175
653:, and
651:C-M217
647:N-M231
619:tumuli
615:cairns
566:, the
494:Donghu
474::
472:pinyin
466::
458::
337:Ulaan-
302:stones
287:Shanma
136:graves
122:people
2444:Yumin
2430:Other
2388:Tarim
2358:Karuo
2350:Tibet
2115:Houli
2056:Taosi
2034:Banpo
2007:Jiahu
1967:Ordos
1962:Kayue
1952:Xicha
1935:Lajia
1925:Qijia
1804:Xinle
1639:(PDF)
1590:S2CID
1547:S2CID
1477:S2CID
1407:S2CID
914:S2CID
572:Gansu
521:China
392:Dates
339:zuukh
257:Upper
231:Chust
177:Mumun
147:Kuban
134:Slab-
70:Irmen
40:-1000
2454:Siba
2187:Daxi
1957:Siwa
1713:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1664:help
1615:ISBN
1580:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1337:PMID
1319:ISSN
1270:PMID
1252:ISSN
1203:PMID
1195:ISSN
1150:PMID
1132:ISSN
999:PMID
981:ISSN
617:and
588:Saka
576:Saka
450:The
362:21st
351:KUSH
324:San-
313:ZHOU
300:Deer
272:Siwa
220:Kuru
211:Swat
167:ELAM
1572:doi
1529:doi
1504:doi
1459:doi
1434:doi
1389:doi
1327:PMC
1309:doi
1260:PMC
1242:doi
1185:doi
1140:PMC
1124:doi
989:PMC
971:doi
904:doi
859:doi
738:gui
570:in
480:) (
385:BCE
2574::
1655::
1653:}}
1649:{{
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482:c.
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1994:(
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