Ingvar runestones - Knowledge (XXG)

2689: 34: 5135: 4625: 5986: 6384: 6205: 7848: 6806: 3563: 7156: 4633: 3356: 7725: 4008: 3757: 5627: 4259: 3029: 1959: 560: 1597: 303: 289: 317: 275: 2561: 999: 7408: 2417: 4755: 2717:. It is the only Ingvar runestone that talks of the construction of a bridge. The excavation had established that the stone had been located beside a road, and there was once a creek at the location across which the bridge had passed. The reference to bridge-building in the runic text is fairly common in rune stones during this time period and are interpreted as 266: 257: 248: 239: 230: 221: 212: 203: 194: 185: 176: 167: 158: 149: 140: 131: 122: 113: 104: 95: 86: 77: 68: 59: 50: 41: 481: 603:. There were formerly two other runestones at the bridge, but they were moved to Ekolsund in the early 19th century. One of them speaks of the same family as U 644, and it is raised after Andvéttr and his sons Gunnleifr and Kárr (one of the sons has the same name as his grandfather and the other one has the same name as his uncle). 1581:+ a--itr : auk · ka(r) auk : kiti : auk : -isi : auk · tiarfr : risu : stain : þena : aftir : kunlaif : foþur sin ¶ is us nus(t)(r) · m(þ) ikuari : tribin kuþ : hialbi : o(t) þaira ¶ al-ikr| |raistik · runar ¶ is kuni + ual · knari stura 507:, one of the first prominent Swedish runologists, visited Steninge on May 8, 1595, and made a drawing of the runestone which stood by the jetty. Only 50 years later it had disappeared and in a letter written in 1645 it was explained that the stone had been used in the construction of a new stone jetty. 5173:

The runestone was discovered in the early 1820s by Wallin, the caretaker of the castle, and it was then forming the threshold of the cellar of the eastern tower of the castle, the so-called "theatre tower". It was under both side walls of the door and also covered with tar, which suggests that it had

2700:

was reported by road construction workers on April 6, 1990. A runologist arrived and noted that it was missing some parts. It was also lying with text upwards and it had probably been dug up and moved by machinery the previous winter from somewhere in the vicinity. The existence of lichen showed that

590:

The monument is more than 2 metres high, and it was mentioned for the first time in the 17th century during the national revision of historic monuments. It was at the time lying under the stone bridge that crossed the river north of Ekilla. It would remain lying there until 1860, when it was moved

5178:

explanation is that Tóla was only Harald's mother and that the two men were only half-brothers. It is also possible that there were originally two stones of which one was in memory of Ingvar, but that Ingvar's stone has disappeared. A third possibility is that "brother" refers to brother-in-arms,

4683:

examined the stone, and he noted that there was a large stone next to it. When this stone was raised, they discovered that it was also a runestone, and it was probably the one that had been previously described by Lukas Gadd as the "square stone". In the vicinity, Schnell found a destroyed stone

4278:

visited the grave field in the mid-19th century, someone pointed out a stone which rose only three inches above the ground and which was said to be "written". Dybeck excavated the stone and discovered that it was a runestone with an interesting inscription. In Dybeck's time, there were also the

2424:

This stone is located in Alsta, Nysätra. It was discovered in the 1940s by a local boy, and an unsuccessful search was initiated to find the remaining parts. It is presently located in the forest about 100 metres from the road. Its identity as an Ingvar runestone is based on the remaining runes

4659:

during the nationwide revision of pre-historic monuments that took place in the 17th century. In a paddock at the state owned homestead of Tystberga there was a flat stone lying with runes and next to it there was another flat stone that was leaning. In addition, there was a large square stone

5177:

The inscription says that it is raised in memory of Haraldr, the brother of Ingvar, and he is believed to have died in the region of the Caspian Sea. A subject that has been vividly discussed is why the runestone is raised only after Haraldr and not after Ingvar, and the most widely accepted

5603:× tula : lit : raisa : stain : þinsa| |at : sun : sin : haralt : bruþur : inkuars : þaiʀ furu : trikila : fiari : at : kuli : auk : a:ustarla| |ar:ni : kafu : tuu : sunar:la : a sirk:lan:ti 2708:

The stone is a light grey and finely grained granite, and it is 2.30 m tall and 1.73 m wide. The runemaster does not appear to have prepared the surface much and so the surface is quite coarse, but still the runes are legible. It was made by the same runemaster as the Ingvar runestone

7167:

which means "shipmate". This word is found in a second runestone in Södermanland and there are six other attestations in stones from southern Sweden and Denmark. From this usage, it seems that Holmsteinn was a captain of one of the ships of the expedition and Ósníkinn a crew member.

6615: 1584:{} Aēttr {} ok {} Kārr ok {} <kiti> {} ok {} lesi {} ok {} Diarfʀ {} ræistu {} stæin {} þenna {} æftiʀ {} Gunnlæif, {} faður sinn. {} Es vas austr {} með Ingvari {} drepinn. Guð {} hialpi {} and þæiʀa. {} Alīkʀ(?) ræist-ek {} rūnaʀ. {} Es kunni {} væl {} knærri stȳra. 1587:"Andvéttr and Kárr and <kiti> and Blesi and Djarfr raised this stone in memory of Gunnleifr, their father, who was killed in the east with Ingvarr. May God help their spirits. Alríkr(?), I carved the runes. He could steer a cargo-ship well." 2404:Þialfi {} ok {} Holmlaug {} lētu {} ræisa {} stæina þessa {} alla {} at Banka/Bagga, {} sun sinn. {} Es ātti {} æinn {} sēʀ {} skip {} ok {} austr {} stȳrði {} ī {} Ingvars {} lið. {} Guð hialpi {} and {} Banka/Bagga. {} Æskell {} ræist. 4609:: sbiuti : halftan : þaiʀ : raisþu : stain : þansi : eftiʀ : skarþa : bruþur sin : fur : austr : hiþan : miþ : ikuari : ą sirklanti : likʀ : sunʀ iuintaʀ 7140:: kaiʀuatr : auk : anutr : auk : utamr : rita : stain : at : byrst(a)in · bruþur : sin : saʀ uaʀ : austr · miþ ikuari : trik : snialan : sun : lifayaʀ × 456:. The nine runestones that mention Serkland can also be grouped as a runestone group of their own, in line with the same guidelines that apply to runestone groups such as the Ingvar Runestones and the England Runestones. 5970:· suan : auk stain : raistu · stain : at · tos(t)a : faþur : sin : is uarþ : tauþr · i liþi : ikuars : au(k) at · þo(r)stain : auk kt : aystain : alhiltar · s-- 5174:

been part of another construction before being used as construction material for the castle. It would take an additional 100 years before the stone was retrieved from the castle and could be read in its entirety.

2679:"Klettr(?) and Bleikr raised this stone in memory of Gunnviðr, their father. He travelled away with Ingvarr. May Lord God help the spirits of all Christians. Þórir carved the runes(?) / Þórir the Crane(?) carved." 2407:"Þjalfi and Holmlaug had all of these stones raised in memory of Banki/Baggi, their son, who alone owned a ship and steered to the east in Ingvarr's retinue. May God help Banki's/Baggi's spirit. Áskell carved." 986:

Andvēttr {} ok {} <kiti> {} ok {} Kārr {} ok {} Blesi {} ok {} Diarfʀ {} þæiʀ {} ræistu {} stæin þenna {} æftiʀ {} Gunnlæif, {} faður {} sinn. Hann {} fell {} austr {} með {} Ingvari. Guð hialpi andinni.

982:

an(u)(i)(t)r : auk · kiti : auk · kar : auk · blisi · auk · tiarfr · þir · raistu · stain þina · aftiʀ · kunlaif · foþur : sin han : fil · austr : miþ : ikuari kuþ heabi

6793:{} Andvēttr {} ræisti {} stæin {} æftiʀ {} Huga, {} brōður sinn, eʀ {} vaʀ {} dauðr {} með {} Ingk {} æftiʀ {} Þorgīls, brōður {} gōðan. Biarnlaugr {} ærfi(?) {} let {} ræisa {} æftiʀ {} faður(?) {} sinn. 6796:"Andvéttr raised the stone in memory of Hugi, his brother, who died with Ingvarr, and in memory of Þorgísl, (his) good brother. Bjarnlaugr, the heir(?), had (the stone) raised in memory of his father(?)" 5606:{} Tōla {} lēt {} ræisa {} stæin {} þennsa at {} sun {} sinn {} Harald, {} brōður {} Ingvars. {} Þæiʀ fōru {} drængila {} fiarri {} at {} gulli {} ok {} austarla ærni {} gāfu, {} dōu {} sunnarla {} ą̄ 4719:

which means "darken" as during sunset, and one scholar has suggested that it could mean "sunset" and "twilight" and refer to e.g. a hair colour. A second theory is that the name refers to the animal

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without runes which probably was the leaning stone described by Gadd. Since they would hinder agriculture, the three stones were re-erected at a distance of 60 metres, at the side of the road. The

4286:

Skarði is a rather unusual name, but it appears in runic inscriptions in Sweden, Norway and Denmark. The name is probably derived from a word for "score" and it probably refers to someone who is

2748:

arranged so that it could be installed in the new terminal 2 for domestic flights. It was inaugurated in the terminal with a solemn ceremony by the Civil Aviation Administration on May 17, 1992.

2676:

Klintr(?) ok Blæikʀ {} ræistu stæin {} þennsi {} æftiʀ Gunnvið, {} faður {} sinn. {} Hann {} fōr bort með Ingvari. {} Guð drōttinn hialpi and ra {} kristinna. Þōriʀ {} na(?)/an(?) {} risti. {}

9211: 2401:þialfi × auk × hulmnlauk × litu × raisa × staina þisa × ala × at baka × sun sin × is ati × ain × sir × skib × auk × austr × stu i × ikuars × liþ × kuþ hialbi × ąt × baka × ask(i)l × raist 5144: 5613:"Tóla had this stone raised in memory of her son Haraldr, Ingvarr's brother. They travelled manfully far for gold, and in the east gave (food) to the eagle. (They) died in the south in 3577:

Based on other runestones, the wider family connections of those mentioned on this runestone has been reconstructed as follows: Holmviðr was a wealthy landowner who also appears on the

8862: 4612:{} Spiūti, {} Halfdan, {} þæiʀ {} ræisþu {} stæin {} þannsi {} æftiʀ {} Skarða, {} brōður sinn. {} Fōr {} austr {} hēðan {} með {} Ingvari, {} ą̄ Særklandi {} liggʀ {} sunʀ Øyvindaʀ. 8445: 989:"Andvéttr and <kiti> and Kárr and Blesi and Djarfr, they raised this stone in memory of Gunnleifr, their father. He fell in the east with Ingvarr. May God help (his) spirit." 8815: 8761: 4758:) represents the v phoneme. An additional reason for this interpretation is the fact that it would allow the last part of the inscription to be interpreted as a poem in the meter 8484: 5973:{} Svæinn {} ok Stæinn {} ræistu {} stæin {} at {} Tosta, {} faður {} sinn, {} es varð {} dauðr {} ī liði {} Ingvars, {} ok at {} Þorstæin {} ok at {} Øystæin, {} Alfhildaʀ {} s. 2701:

it had not been completely covered by soil. Later in the month, an archaeological excavation uncovered two missing pieces of the stone. On the 23rd it was moved to the museum of

7143:{} Gæiʀhvatr {} ok {} Anundr {} ok {} Ōtamʀ rētta {} stæin {} at {} Bȳrstæin, {} brōður {} sinn, {} sāʀ vaʀ {} austr {} með Ingvari, {} dræng {} sniallan, {} sun {} Līføyaʀ. {} 8914: 8680: 7871:

is preserved. Later, the stone was toppled and partially covered with soil. In 1896, it was re-erected by the owner of the homestead of Bjällbrunna and moved a small distance.

8264: 595:. After one failed attempt a crew of 12 men managed to move it out of the water and raise it 25 metres north of the bridge, where it still remains. Next to it, there are two 5976:"Sveinn and Steinn raised the stone in memory of Tosti, their father, who died in Ingvarr's retinue, and in memory of Þorsteinn, and in memory of Eysteinn, Alfhildr's son." 3343:

Bergviðr/Barkviðr {} ok {} þau {} Hælga {} ræistu {} stæin {} þannsi {} at {} Ulf, {} sun {} sinn. {} Hann {} ændaðis {} með {} Ingvari. {} Guð {} hialpi {} sālu Ulfs. {}

9818: 7146:"Geirhvatr and Ǫnundr and Ótamr had the stone erected in memory of Bjórsteinn, their brother. He was in the east with Ingvarr, an able valiant man, the son of Lífey." 2688: 4615:"Spjóti (and) Halfdan, they raised this stone in memory of Skarði, their brother. From here (he) travelled to the east with Ingvarr; in Serkland lies Eyvindr's son." 1608:. It is located c. 500 metres south-west of the church of Råby in a gravefield with c. 175 registered pre-historic monuments. Among these monuments, there are many 547:

Hærlæif {} ok {} Þorgærðr {} lētu {} ræisa {} stæin {} þenna at {} Sæbiorn, faður sinn. {} Es stȳrði {} austr {} skipi {} með Ingvari ą̄ Æistaland(?)/Særkland(?).

3008:× kunar : auk biurn : auk × þurkrimr × ra-… …tain : þina · at þurst… × bruþur sin : is uas austr : tauþr · m… …ari × auk × karþ… …u þisi 5146: 4243:

kunulfʀ : raisti : stein : þansi : at : ulf : faþur : sin : han : uaʀ i : faru : miþ : ikuari :

9219: 1033:. Unfortunately, the names of two of the brothers who are mentioned on the stone were already lost at that time. Luckily, the brothers raised a second stone ( 8199:Þorfrīðr/Þorfreðr {} ræisti {} æftiʀ {} Āsgaut {} ok {} Gauta, sunu {} sina, {} stæin {} þannsi. {} Hann {} Gauti {} ændaðis {} ī {} Ingvars {} hælfningi. {} 7882:) is originally a word for "half" but it could also mean "troop." It only appears in one additional runestone, which is located at the church of Dagsberg in 1946:

Gæiʀvī {} ok {} Gulla {} ræistu {} stæin þenna {} æftiʀ {} Anund, {} faður sinn. Es vas {} austr {} dauðr {} með {} Ingvari. {} Guð {} hialpi and {} Anundaʀ.

1044:'s name is partially superficially carved and the last rune has disappeared, but it was probably Alrikr. It is a characteristic of this runemaster that the 7387:

u ulf=ui : raisti : stain þana| |at bruþur sin : u:snikin saʀ furs : a:ust:arla : maþ : i:ikn:u:ari : ksibari hulmstains

3340:

barkuiþr × auk × þu : helka × raistu × stain × þansi : at · ulf : sun · sin · han × entaþis + miþ : ikuari + kuþ + hialbi + salu ulfs ×

9573: 7710:"Gunnvaldr had this stone raised in memory of Ormr, his stepson, a good valiant man. And (he) travelled to the east with Ingvarr. May God help his soul." 7707:

Gunnalr {} lēt stæin {} þennsa æftiʀ {} Orm, {} stiūp sinn, {} dræng gōn, {} ok {} vas {} farinn {} ausr {} með {} Ingvari. {} Hialpi Gð {} sālu hns. {}

3992:: rulifʀ : raisti : stein : þnsi : at : faþur : sin : skarf : ha uaʀ : farin : miþ : ikuari : 515: 366:

The Ingvar expedition was the single Swedish event that is mentioned on most runestones, and in number, they are only surpassed by the approximately 30

514:. Of the names in the text, Sæbiorn means "sea bear," Hærlæif means "warrior love relic" or "beloved warrior," and Þorgærðr is the name of a goddess, 33: 9808: 3040:. The runemaster used the imagery of the cross in the center to emphasize salvation; the text meaning "may God help Ulfr's soul" surrounds the cross. 3014:"Gunnarr and Bjôrn and Þorgrímr raised this stone in memory of Þorsteinn, their brother, who was dead in the east with Ingvarr, and made this bridge." 7171:

The first rune in the inscription is apparently superfluous, and this can be compared with the fact that the name Ingvar is spelled with two initial

1966:

This stone is in runestone style Fp and was carved by the runemaster Áskell. It is located in the porch of the church of Svinnegarn. It contains an

9410: 9406: 4652:. Both inscriptions are from the 11th century and tell of the same family. They probably refer to Viking expeditions both westwards and eastwards. 9778: 2729:

in return for intercession for the soul. There are many examples of these bridge stones dated from the 11th century, including runic inscriptions

1014:") and Ryssviken ("Bay of the Russians") so as to be well visible for both those travelling on land and those travelling by water. It contains an 7916:Ásgautr was a common name which appears in about 30 runic inscriptions. Gauti (modern Göte) was, however, rare in the runic inscriptions of the 550:"Herleif and Þorgerðr had this stone raised in memory of Sæbjǫrn, their father, who steered a ship east with Ingvarr to Estonia(?)/Serkland(?)." 9813: 3011:{} Gunnarr {} ok Biorn {} ok {} Þorgrīmʀ {} rætæin {} þenna {} at Þorst {} brōður sinn, {} es vas austr {} dauðr {} mari, {} ok {} gærðō þessi. 4660:

surrounded with rows of smaller stones, which Gadd described as a "fairly large cemetery". Not far from the stones, there were also two giant

9803: 9747: 9603: 9515: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9147: 9130: 5167: 5145: 3769: 2745: 2730: 429: 334:

Clickable map of the geographic distribution of the Ingvar Runestones in southern Sweden (modern administrative borders and cities are shown)

330: 8859: 9246: 8554: 8527: 8502: 8322: 6599:(a)lui : lit * kira : kubl : ifti... ... burþur : ulfs * þiʀ * a(u)... ... (m)iþ * ikuari : ą : sirk*la(t)... 9631: 9390: 9386: 9382: 7921: 3346:"Bergviðr/Barkviðr and Helga, they raised this stone in memory of Ulfr, their son. He met his end with Ingvarr. May God help Ulfr's soul." 8442: 7175:. What name was written in the first runes is not certain, but some scholars have proposed that it was a not hitherto known woman's name 4961:

mus:kia/mes:kia : a(u) (m)an(i) : litu : rasa : kuruþur · (s)in : hr(u)þkaiʀ · auk : faþur sin hulm:stain ·

8812: 8758: 3547:-(t)ain : þansi : at : begli : faþur : sii :: buanta :: sifuʀ :: han : uaʀ : fa... ... 1949:"Geirvé and Gulla raised this stone in memory of Ǫnundr, their father, who died in the east with Ingvarr. May God help Ǫnundr's spirit." 8481: 1037:) at Ekilla Bro a few kilometres to the south of Varpsund, which is why scholars are certain that their names were Andvéttr and Blesi. 374:. It was a fateful expedition taking place between 1036 and 1041 with many ships. The Vikings came to the south-eastern shores of the 8911: 8677: 4305:

The last part of the inscription is an alliterative poem. This kind of verse appears on several runestones and it is well known from

1943:

kairui × auk × kula × ristu × stain þina × aftir × ąnunt × fąþur sia is uas × austr × tauþr × miþ × ikuari × kuþ × hialbi ąt × ąnutar

9113: 9092: 9073: 9056: 9035: 9003: 8992:

Gräslund, Anne-Sofie (2003). "The Role of Scandinavian Women in Christianisation: The Neglected Evidence". In Carver, Martin (ed.).

8946: 8261: 7393:"Ulfr(?) raised this stone in memory of his brother Ósníkinn. He travelled to the east with Ingvarr; (he was) Holmsteinn's seaman." 4964:

Myskia {} ok {} Manni/Māni {} lētu {} ræisa {} kumbl {} þausi {} at {} brōður {} sinn {} Hrōðgæiʀ {} ok {} faður sinn Holmstæin. {}

1636:

The artwork of the stone is in line with many of the other Ingvar runestones, but it is debated whether they were made by the same

8305: 7859:. It is located in Sylten, and it is the southernmost of the Ingvar runestones. It was known in the 17th century and a drawing by 4723:. It is also disputed whether it is a man's name or a woman's name, but most scholars think that it refers to a woman. The name 463:

are in the Swedish and Danish dialect to facilitate comparison with the inscriptions, while the English translation provided by

9430: 9414: 8824: 6189:

u--r : auk : inki:burk : (l)itu : ra... ... ...- : …a at · uerþr · iki : inkuars : ma... ...

5143: 9798: 9378: 9374: 7390:{} Ulfʀ(?) {} ræisti {} stæin þenna at brōður sinn {} Ōsnīkin, sāʀ fōrs {} austarla {} með {} Ingvari, {} skipari Holmstæins. 3995:{} Hrōðlæifʀ {} ræisti {} stæin {} þennsi/þannsi {} at {} faður {} sinn {} Skarf. {} Hann vaʀ {} farinn {} með {} Ingvari. {} 1629: 356: 395: 4778:

refers to Hróðgeirr (Roger) or Holmsteinn, but most think that it is Holmsteinn who had been westwards. The plural ending -

9507: 9418: 9370: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9285: 8935:

Andrén, Anders (2003). "The Meaning of Animal Art: An Interpretation of Scandinavian Rune-Stones". In Veit, Ulrich (ed.).

2738: 2734: 1982: 8202:"Þorfríðr/Þorfreðr raised this stone in memory of Ásgautr and Gauti, her/his sons. Gauti met his end in Ingvarr's troop." 428:. Below follows a presentation of the runestones, but additional runestones that are associated with the expedition are: 9647: 9607: 9569: 9495: 9426: 9422: 9152: 4641: 1110: 584: 480: 8196:þurfriþ × risti × eftiʀ × askut × auk × kauta sunu × sina × stin × þasi × han × kuti × etaþis × i × ikuars × hilfniki × 7920:

and the only additional runestone where it appears is on U 516 (although damaged or unclear inscriptions on runestones

9643: 4695:

can be interpreted in two ways, since runic inscriptions never repeat two runes. One possibility is that it refers to

9660: 9615: 9531: 4967:"Myskja and Manni/Máni had these monuments raised in memory of their brother Hróðgeirr and their father Holmsteinn." 4675:. This depiction has helped scholars reconstruct the parts that are damaged today. The runestone was raised anew by 4246:

Gunnulfʀ {} ræisti {} stæin {} þannsi {} at {} Ulf, {} faður {} sinn. {} Hann {} vaʀ ī {} faru {} með {} Ingvari. {}

3581:. He was married to Gýriðr, the sister of Sigfastr, the owner of Snottsta, who is mentioned on runestones U 623 and 8960: 3578: 606:

The inscription is finished with a Christian prayer, which shows that the family was Christian. It is of note that

7924:, G 65, and Norway's N 331 also have words translated as the name Gauti). It is believed to mean an inhabitant of 9556: 3582: 6605:"-vé had the monument made in memory of ... Ulfr's brother. They in / to the east ... with Ingvarr in Serkland." 6217: 9239: 6237: 5206: 5134: 360: 9668: 9444: 6602:

vī {} lēt {} gærva {} kumbl {} æfti ... brōður {} Ulfs. {} Þæiʀ {} au/au ... með {} Ingvari {} ą̄ {} Særkland.

1010:. It is almost three metres tall, and it is located on a promontory between Stora Ullfjärden ("Great fjord of 9680: 9548: 9457: 5183: 4685: 4624: 1613: 619: 405: 9307: 9108:. Cambridge, Mass.: Distributed by Harvard University Press for the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. 1981:, the Scandinavian forces that served the English kings from 1013–1066, and is used that way on runestone 1078:, which was a larger seagoing trading vessel with ample cargo space. The knarr is mentioned in five other 3741:: hulmuiþr : -þi-(s)… …(ʀ) …ur--(r)- su {} han : uaʀ : fa-in : m(i)- : ikuari ×+ 526:, the latter word meaning "fenced in." Ingvar, the leader of the expedition, has a name meaning "the god 9725: 9280: 6225: 5194: 4640:

In the village of Tystberga there are three raised stones. Two of them are runestones called Sö 173 and

433: 9705: 6204: 4672: 2577: 622:. The same form was used on a lost runestone in the vicinity, which, however, was not made by the same 9197: 7868: 7864: 7704:

khu(r) · tir · horm · stob sen · trek| |ku-…n · auk · uas · farin · (o)(s)-r · miþ · ikuari · hiolbi k

5985: 9676: 9635: 9627: 9565: 9301: 9162: 5119:· han hafþi · ystarla u(m) : uaʀit · lenki : tuu : a:ustarla : meþ : inkuari 4287: 1106: 580: 453: 445: 410: 352: 8551: 6383: 626:, which suggest that there were two runemasters in the region using the same linguistic innovation. 9823: 9462: 9232: 9193:

An English Dictionary of Runic Inscriptions of the Younger Futhark, at the University of Nottingham

6213: 5155: 4271: 3585:, but for further information on the family saga of Sigfastr and his descendants, see the articles 9203: 6192:{} {} ok {} Ingiborg {} lētu {} ræ ... ... {} ... <at> {} verðr {} ængi {} Ingvars {} ma ... 4680: 1098:, where someone has carved the image of a knarr and written in runes "there was a knarr outside". 9761: 9729: 9586: 9539: 9491: 9275: 8212: 7424: 6195:"and Ingibjǫrg, they had raised ... ... ... in memory of ... will not be among Ingvarr's men ..." 5217: 1030: 449: 441: 417: 379: 371: 9685: 9552: 9544: 9535: 9503: 8531: 8506: 8326: 7883: 4656: 4019:

is located in Gredby. The father's name Ulf means "wolf," while the son Gunnulf's name combines

3586: 3550:

tæin {} þannsi {} at {} Bægli, {} faður {} sinn, {} bōanda {} Sæfuʀ. {} Hann {} vaʀ {} fa(?) ...

610:("the spirit") is in the definite form, as this is a grammatic category that does not appear in 3574:

is located in Högstena, Södermanland. It was raised by Holmviðr in memory of his son Þorbjörn.

9697: 9639: 9599: 9527: 9467: 9452: 9312: 9269: 9143: 9126: 9109: 9088: 9069: 9052: 9031: 8999: 8942: 6818: 6229: 5198: 1609: 600: 437: 400: 383: 367: 265: 256: 247: 238: 229: 220: 211: 202: 193: 184: 175: 166: 157: 148: 139: 130: 121: 112: 103: 94: 85: 76: 67: 58: 49: 40: 7913:. It is consequently not known whether it was the mother or the father who raised the stone. 7163:

This stone is located at the church ruin of Ärja and it is in style Fp. It contains the word

6368:

ai... ... ...(u)a : --(a)- ... ...uni ÷ aimunt... ... sunarla : a : se(r)kl...

4734:

The last part of the cross-less inscription is both unusual and partly problematic. The word

386:. Few returned, as many died in battle, but most of them, including Ingvar, died of disease. 17: 9701: 9689: 9664: 9652: 9623: 9611: 9519: 9511: 9499: 9472: 9317: 9135: 9118: 9048:

Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse

6805: 5163: 4249:"Gunnulfr raised this stone in memory of Ulfr, his father. He was on a voyage with Ingvarr." 3562: 1977:

of Ingvar. This word, translated by Rundata as "retinue," is often used in reference to the

1967: 1617: 1015: 511: 344: 7847: 575:. The same family also raised the runestone U 643 and which reports the death of Andvéttr. 9709: 9672: 9656: 9581: 9101: 8956: 8918: 8866: 8819: 8765: 8684: 8558: 8488: 8449: 8309: 8268: 4291: 2722: 1652: 1624: 1102: 1022: 576: 500: 489: 8975: 5994: 4759: 4728: 1101:

The same family also raised the runestone U 643 and which reports the death of Andvéttr.

1083: 4007: 3998:"Hróðleifr raised this stone in memory of his father Skarfr. He travelled with Ingvarr." 3756: 2721:

references related to the soul passing the bridge into the afterlife. At this time, the

2576:. Although very worn today, the text of the inscription is known from a drawing made by 467:

gives the names in the de facto standard dialect (the Icelandic and Norwegian dialect):

9733: 9081: 8302: 7155: 6614: 4738:

could without context be interpreted as both "westwards" and "eastwards", but since an

4676: 4632: 4306: 4275: 3355: 1664: 1068: 592: 9014: 7905:

phonemes, which means that the first name can be interpreted both as the woman's name

7724: 9792: 9693: 9175: 7860: 6241: 5210: 5179: 5122:{} Hann hafði {} vestarla um {} vaʀit {} længi, {} dōu {} austarla {} með {} Ingvari. 4668: 4661: 1026: 9192: 3553:"this stone in memory of Beglir, his father, Sæfa's husbandman. He travelled(?) ..." 5626: 4767: 4290:. The name Spjóti is also unusual and the unique name Spjót is found on the nearby 4258: 3028: 2718: 504: 8964: 1090:. A sixth inscription is found in the medieval church of Sakshaug in the fjord of 9046: 8993: 8936: 8645: 5182:, or something similar, and this is a use of the word that appears on one of the 9523: 9440: 7925: 7435:

meaning "wielder" or "keeper," while the name Ormr means "serpent" or "dragon."

6814: 1958: 559: 375: 9166: 1596: 424:, the Ingvar Runestones are the only remaining runic inscriptions that mention 9619: 9477: 9176:

An online presentation, where some the runestones are available with pictures.

7917: 7420: 4299: 4280: 3765: 2726: 1637: 1079: 1041: 998: 623: 615: 531: 8995:

The Cross Goes North: Processes of Conversion in Northern Europe, AD 300–1300

3768:

in the 17th century, and then moved to Gredby in 1930 adjacent to Sö 108 and

9255: 7856: 6392: 6221: 5998: 4754: 4748: 4667:

There is a depiction of the cross-less stone from the 17th century, made by

4649: 4267: 3777: 3773: 3744:{} Holmviðr {} ... {} orr(?) sun . Hann {} vaʀ {} fainn {} me {} Ingvari. {} 2573: 1641: 1091: 1064: 1053: 611: 460: 8922: