429:. The overall labelling of these events as manifestations of the Kurdish national-liberation struggle against Turkish or Iranian suppressors is an essential element of the Kurdish identity-makers’ ideology. (...) With the Kurdish conglomeration, as I said above, far from being a homogeneous entity―either ethnically, culturally, or linguistically (see above, fn. 5; also fn. 14 below)―the basic component of the national doctrine of the Kurdish identity-makers has always remained the idea of the unified image of one nation, endowed respectively with one language and one culture. The chimerical idea of this imagined unity has become further the fundament of Kurdish identity-making, resulting in the creation of fantastic ethnic and cultural prehistory, perversion of historical facts, falsification of linguistic data, etc. (for recent Western views on Kurdish identity, see Atabaki/Dorleijn 1990).
125:
319:. But the Ottomans were informed by a rival Kurdish chieftain ahead of the uprising, and therefore deployed troops to Amadya as well. The uprising failed and was quickly subdued by the Ottomans. The Kurdish chieftains were not as trustworthy as hoped by Sheikh Ubeydullah, and preferred to expand their own areas of influence with raids. Sheikh Ubeydullah then also changed his mind and reassured the Sultan of his loyalty. The Ottomans reacted very to the Sheikhs pleasure, removed the Kaymakam of YĂĽksekova and encouraged him very cordially to find an agreement with the local Ottoman authorities.
146:
389:
diplomatic support. Following his travel, the
Ottomans began extensive negotiations with the Qajars on how to solve the conflict. Despite his rebellion against them in 1879, the Ottomans didn't want to loose the possibility of assistance from Sheikh Ubeydullah's troops in an eventual war against the Qajars in the future. After all, Sheikh Ubeydullah was able to raise a considerable amount of troops. Both the Ottomans and the Qajars demanded reparations from the other side due to their losses they experienced from Ubeydullah's rebellions.
160:
41:
332:
As
Ubeydullah prepared for an uprising against Iran, he relied on the support of the Ottomans. Sheikh Ubeydullah's troops still possessed weapons they received from the Ottomans during the Russo-Turkish war. For a while, Christian Assyrians supported the uprising because it was presented as a way to
397:
In August 1882, Sheikh
Ubeydullah lost hopes for negotiating his peoples’ independence, and left Istanbul to return to his hometown Nehri. The Ottomans ordered the capture of Sheikh Ubeydullah in October 1882, as a result of pressure from the European powers, due to Ubeydullah's treatment of the
388:
Abdulkadir
Ubeydullah and his force retreated to Mahabad, which they held for a few days, because of Qajar forces coming from Tabriz. After eight weeks, the Kurdish rebels retreated and Sheikh Ubeydullah returned to Nehri. Eventually, Ubeydullah travelled to Istanbul asking the Ottomans for
310:
in 1879. Sheikh
Ubeydullah sent out messengers to several Kurdish chieftains in order to gain their support and troops for an uprising against the Ottoman Empire. He managed to raise a small contingent of nine hundred tribes men which was led by his son
337:, elaborating what the Qajar Empire had done to upset Kurdish tribes. In August 1880, the decision for an uprising was taken after a meeting of about 220 Kurdish chieftains. The forces of Sheikh Ubeydullah were well equipped, they had a large amount of
352:
80,000 rebels charged against the
Iranians and initially the uprising was a success. Ubeydullah's troops were deployed into three separate forces, of which his sons led the first two. The first force heading to
448:
267:. Thus the family had a considerable influence, disposed over large amounts of donations, owned several villages in the region and many Kurdish tribal leaders were devout followers of him.
425:
In the recent period of
Kurdish history, a crucial point is defining the nature of the rebellions from the end of the 19th and up to the 20th century―from Sheikh Ubaydullah’s revolt to
373:
was a failure, so instead the rebels looted captured territories. In the first two weeks of the uprising, Sheikh
Ubeydullah fought in battles and attempted to seize
333:
protect them from raids by
Kurdish bandits, which neither the Ottomans or the Iranians were able or willing to prevent. In September 1880, Ubeydullah wrote to
163:
847:
626:
577:
552:
522:
458:
426:
867:
862:
271:
693:
872:
206:
32:
28:
842:
857:
852:
369:. Iranian soldiers were not well-equipped like the rebels, who soon occupied Mahabad and Maragheh. The capture of
159:
812:
AteĹź, Sabri (2014). "In the Name of the Caliph and the Nation: The Sheikh
Ubeidullah Rebellion of 1880–81".
275:
218:
210:
366:
214:
515:
Kurdish Notables and the Ottoman State: Evolving Identities, Competing Loyalties, and Shifting Boundaries
312:
181:
362:
545:
Nationalismus in Kurdistan: Vorgeschichte, Entstehungsbedingungen und erste Manifestationen bis 1925
877:
202:
198:
189:
681:
341:
689:
622:
573:
548:
518:
492:
454:
358:
252:
177:
87:
40:
821:
790:
778:
418:
415:
185:
398:
Christian Nestorians. After his capture, he was brought to Istanbul and then exiled to
334:
295:
244:
194:
130:
66:
481:"In the Name of the Caliph and the Nation: The Sheikh Ubeidullah Rebellion of 1880–81"
836:
794:
711:
653:
614:
299:
114:
338:
283:
307:
825:
382:
378:
256:
248:
151:
70:
570:
The emergence of Kurdish nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880-1925
496:
411:
279:
688:(in French). La Découverte (réédition numérique FeniXX). pp. 50–52.
303:
260:
480:
354:
316:
264:
370:
286:
with considerable rights and autonomy, to which he did not agree to.
93:
Borders between the Ottoman and Persian Empires were slightly changed
365:, and the third force of 5,000 men were led by, his brother in law,
399:
374:
450:
The Kurdish Movement and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1880–1923
357:
was led by Abdulkadir Ubeydullah, the second force heading to
270:
The initial cause for the uprisings were the outcome of the
619:
The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development
547:(in German). Deutsches Orient-Institut. p. 215.
251:between 1880 and 1881. Both uprising were led by
781:(2009). "Prolegomena to the Study of the Kurds".
294:The possibility of a first uprising against the
423:
21:
96:Beginning of the Ottoman centralization policy
8:
385:rebels, who in the end couldn't capture it.
18:
621:. Syracuse University Press. p. 89.
243:refers to a Kurdish uprising against the
572:. University of Texas Press. p. 3.
439:
381:population refused to surrender to the
230:Unknown, former Kurdish rebels submerg
707:
705:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
7:
640:
638:
609:
607:
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603:
593:
591:
589:
538:
536:
534:
508:
506:
259:family who claimed descendance from
732:Behrendt, Günter (1993), pp.222–223
290:Uprising against the Ottoman Empire
14:
323:Uprising against the Qajar Empire
795:10.1163/160984909X12476379007846
158:
144:
123:
39:
750:Behrendt, GĂĽnter (1993), p.222
741:Behrendt, GĂĽnter (1993), p.223
723:Behrendt, GĂĽnter (1993), p.221
1:
848:History of the Ottoman Empire
278:which provided the Christian
255:, the leader of the Semdinan
241:Uprising of Sheikh Ubeydullah
33:Timeline of Kurdish uprisings
826:10.1080/00210862.2014.934151
759:Olson, Robert W. (1989), p.7
644:Olson, Robert W. (1989), p.6
513:Ă–zoÄźlu, Hakan (2004-02-12).
272:Russo-Turkish war in 1877-78
894:
868:1880 in the Ottoman Empire
863:1879 in the Ottoman Empire
768:Ă–zoÄźlu, Hakan (2004), p.75
686:Les Kurdes et le Kurdistan
597:Ă–zoÄźlu, Hakan (2004), p.74
517:. SUNY Press. p. 73.
82:Ottoman and Qajar victory
22:Sheikh Ubeydullah uprising
568:Olson, Robert W. (1989).
543:Behrendt, GĂĽnter (1993).
224:
171:
106:
49:
45:Map of the uprising, 1880
38:
26:
427:Simko’s (Simitko) mutiny
112:Companions of Ubeydullah
29:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
302:had a dispute with the
219:Albert Joseph Gasteiger
211:Naser al-Din Shah Qajar
117:and neighbouring tribes
431:
215:Hasan Ali Khan Garrusi
182:Sayyid Abdulkadir Taha
172:Commanders and leaders
783:Iran and the Caucasus
447:Bajalan, Djene Rhys,
313:Abdulkadir Ubeydullah
263:through his daughter
225:Casualties and losses
873:19th century in Iran
479:AteĹź, Sabri (2014).
453:, pp. 104–137,
367:Sheikh Muhammad Said
298:was given when the
203:Mustafa Zihni Pasha
199:Ibrahim Edhem Pasha
190:Ibrahim Pasha Milli
164:Austrian missionary
843:Kurdish rebellions
137:Kurdish volunteers
858:Conflicts in 1879
853:Conflicts in 1880
628:978-0-8156-3093-7
579:978-0-292-77619-7
554:978-3-89173-029-4
524:978-0-7914-5993-5
460:978-1-108-47335-4
363:Siddiq Ubeydullah
253:Sheikh Ubeydullah
237:
236:
207:Kurt Ä°smail Pasha
178:Sheikh Ubeydullah
102:
101:
88:Sheikh Ubeydullah
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829:
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779:Asatrian, Garnik
775:
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748:
742:
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682:Chaliand, GĂ©rard
678:
657:
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410:In the words of
276:Treaty of Berlin
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51:
50:
43:
19:
16:Kurdish uprising
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806:Further reading
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820:(5): 735–798.
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712:Jwaideh, Wadie
701:
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684:(1981-01-01).
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654:Jwaideh, Wadie
646:
634:
627:
615:Jwaideh, Wadie
599:
585:
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491:(5): 735–798.
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459:
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407:
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349:
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342:Martini rifles
339:breech loading
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296:Ottoman Empire
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245:Ottoman Empire
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195:Abdul Hamid II
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131:Ottoman Empire
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90:and his troops
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67:Ottoman Empire
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59:
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47:
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35:
24:
23:
15:
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377:. The city's
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789:(1): 65–66.
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714:(2006). p.92
685:
656:(2006). p.91
649:
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464:, retrieved
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409:
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331:
328:Preparations
293:
269:
247:in 1879 and
240:
238:
141:
120:
107:Belligerents
81:
416:Iranologist
412:Kurdologist
361:was led by
300:Herki tribe
878:Qajar Iran
837:Categories
695:2707110132
466:2024-07-14
434:References
284:Nestorians
257:Naqshbandi
249:Qajar Iran
86:Defeat of
497:0021-0862
393:Aftermath
308:YĂĽksekova
280:Armenians
57:1879–1881
617:(2006).
348:Uprising
304:Kaymakam
282:and the
274:and the
261:Mohammed
62:Location
27:Part of
359:Marageh
355:Mahabad
317:Amadiya
233:Unknown
692:
625:
576:
551:
521:
495:
457:
406:Legacy
371:Tabriz
265:Fatima
152:Persia
149:
128:
78:Result
400:Hejaz
383:Sunni
375:Urmia
315:onto
115:Herki
690:ISBN
623:ISBN
574:ISBN
549:ISBN
519:ISBN
493:ISSN
455:ISBN
414:and
379:Shia
239:The
71:Iran
69:and
54:Date
31:and
822:doi
791:doi
306:of
839::
818:47
816:.
787:13
785:.
704:^
661:^
637:^
602:^
588:^
533:^
505:^
489:47
487:.
483:.
421::
402:.
344:.
828:.
824::
797:.
793::
698:.
631:.
582:.
557:.
527:.
499:.
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