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126:. A large source of fresh water near the Persian Gulf is reason enough to create a trading port located at Uqair and to facilitate the civilization that flourished at Al-Hasa. It is well documented that the Al-Hasa region and most notably Uqair were once considered to be strong candidates for the possible lost city of Gerrha, an emporium of trade and mercantile activity dating to at least 225 BC.
85:. At the ancient locale are the remains of a large fort that now marks the site of the same name. The current structure that exists is of unknown origin. It is not absolutely clear who built the fort that measures roughly 50 m (160 ft) on each side which consists of a stone rampart topped with mud brick. (The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, Vol. II, D.T. Potts, P. 56).
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2000 years ago. If that were true then this wall (at Uqair) could not be as old as the wall at Thaj." (Bibby, p. 324). (The walls of Thaj, another ruined city near Qatif, were built during the same period as Gerrha - the Greek period.) But as Bibby concludes ... "in the cities of the Greek period on
Bahrain and the temple of towns of the Seleucid on
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430:, Michael Rice, p. 70). The Portuguese stayed in the gulf just until the 18th century after several revolts of Arab natives attempted to regain their harbors and trade. The confusion and growing interest of the Turks (who also built forts in the region) and Persians created a situation for the Portuguese which they could not control. (
282:: "On the Arabian shore of the Gulf one comes to the island Ichara and then the Gulf of Capeus where we find the city of Gerrha, five miles in circumference, with towers built of square blocks of salt. Fifty miles from the east lying in the interior is the region of Attene and opposite to Gerrha is the island of Tylos." (Bibby, p. 318).
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subkha toward the shore, the ruined tower - certainly a modern addition - marked the southwestern corner ... ahead of me the wall ended at a coastal tower, but like the wall, only a course or so high ... and beyond the strait lay the mud brick houses and yellow fort of the present villages." (Bibby, p. 323).
426:, Geoffrey Frauke Heard-Bey, p. 271). The construction of Portuguese forts was common. A large structure still stands on the island of Bahrain (1521 AD) in recognition of its importance as a favorable position to assert their power and control of the Persian Gulf by way of the Straits of Hormuz. (
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In Bibby's quest for the city of Dilmun he managed three sondages (digs) at the city of Uqair. Of his investigation, he detailed his search for pre-Islamic clues: "the ruined city of Uqair stretches more vastly on the ground than it appeared from the air. I followed ... the northern wall across the
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Trade and commerce of early civilizations in the
Persian Gulf region was both the umbilical cord to surrounding cultures and the eventual physical link that has allowed scientists and researchers to literally piece together its murky history. The greatest regional center of civilization lay only 300
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and
Hellenistic Bahrain. Identical results were obtained in a sounding carried out in a different structure. This was the so called inland fort. It measured 150 ft. (49 m) by 156 ft. (52 m) and was constructed by large stone ashlars. The contention has sometimes been made that this was the site
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on Gerrha: "from their trafficking, the
Gerrhaeans have become the richest of all; and they have a vast equipment of both gold and silver articles, such as couches and tripods and bowls, together with drinking vessels and very costly houses; for doors and wall and ceilings are variegated with ivory
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under the ground to present
Bahrain - in the land called Enki. "Dilmun founded a maritime network unrivaled for its breadth by any other in the early days of man's world ... it was home of the Utunapishtim, who survived the flood, it was soapstone for figurines, alabaster for bowls, carnelian heads
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The location of pre-Islamic Al-Hasa is of great importance and relevance to Uqair. Artesian wells once fed "a series of interconnected streams and lakes draining north eastward toward the
Persian Gulf above Uqair. Reports of the existence of this active ravine system can be traced back to the time
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Bibby details the construction of the wall and deduces that "the wall was built of a coral like conglomerate called farush," which to Bibby "felt wrong because of the fluctuating level of sea water." He stated; "If anywhere there was a subkha today there should have been water even as recently as
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oasis. On the coast, in the direct line between Hofuf and
Bahrain, lay the village of Uqair, and beside it the ruins of a large walled town. It had seemed obvious to many modern theorists that Uqair must be Gerrha and the identification seemed clinched by the fact that in the local dialect of the
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The lure of wealth generated in Gerrha by its inhabitants was too tempting for
Antiochus to avoid. In 205 BC, he felt it necessary to make a large-scale military incursion against the Gerrhaeans with the object of securing himself a reasonable portion of their trade. (Bibby, p. 330).
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writes: "the leading people of this time were the
Gerrhaeans, and the Arab tribe whose capital lay on the mainland just opposite Bahrain made ... enormous incomes by trading the precious wares of Arabia and India to the mouths of the Euphrates and Tigris, along the upper course of the rivers by
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has been associated with several locations. The notorious shifting sands of the desert have made it difficult to locate the trading emporium, well described in general history and archeological texts. Even though Uqair is the present location of what is believed to be an
Islamic fort, the whole
422:, Frauke Heard-Bay, p. 271). Before the Portuguese, "wealthy city states were developed around favorably situated harbors ... inhabited mostly by Arab tribes ... to dominate the entrepot trade between India, Arab countries and Europe, which passed through Mesopotamia and the Red Sea." (
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beads, cowries and pearls ... it was copper and lapis lazuli." ("The Sumerian Connection", Jon Mandaville and Michael Grimsdale, ARAMCO World March/April 1980). Dilmun is the "Paradise Land, the original home of the gods, the archetypical Holy Land" to which the Mesopotamian hero
358:, an English archeologist who excavated on the island of Bahrain from 1954 to 1969 and claimed it to be Dilmun, included Uqair, across the straits, in his investigations, visiting it on three separate journeys, in 1963 by air only, and in 1965 and in 1968 by land. Bibby wrote:
418:. His mission was to destroy Arab trade and establish Portuguese dominance. Their oppressive influence may have completely transformed the regional power structure but they left no religious and hardly any cultural imprint, except for their cannons and ruined garrisons. (
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244:(Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States, 1st Edition, p. 11). To the Sumerians, Dilmun was the land of immortality and the god of Abzu. The second sea of fresh water that lay beneath the gulf and was believed to flow from the
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and gold and silver set with precious stones." (Frankincense and Myrrh, A Study of Arabian Incense Trade, Nigel Groom, p. 67). The city of Gerrha played a central role in the interchange of commodities of certain regions of the
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Antiochus was diverted from his goal of capturing the city, however, when the "Gerrhaeans bought off his attack with 500 talents of silver, 1000 talents of frankincense, and 200 talents of 'stacte' myrrh." (Groom, p. 195).
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frontier (in the west). It gave Ibn Saud a large chunk of territory by Kuwait ... but transferred another large slice of Ibn Saud's territory into Iraqi hands. And to meet the needs of the Bedouin tribes ... a neutral zone."
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Other ancient civilizations flourished in the surrounding area. Across the shallow Gulf strait sixty miles to the northeast are the ancient burial mounds of what is now known to be the lost ancient civilization of
397:. (Potts, p. 56-57). Bibby went to these irrigation channels to dig and search for artifacts in 1968. He excavated what he labeled the "subkha fort and produced several shards comparable to types known from
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quotes Artimedoros: "by the incense trade ... the Gerrhaei have become the richest of all the tribes and possess great quantity of wrought articles in gold and silver." (Bibby, p. 317). Gerrha is described by
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Lastly, Uqair was an historic meeting place of major early Arabian political importance. In 1922, prominent politicians and leaders met to discuss and from new boundaries of the growing Arab state under
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of Great Britain. Representing the not yet established kingdom of Saudi Arabia was Ibn Saud himself. The purpose of the rendezvous was to harness and "guarantee the limits of Saudi expansion." (
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The Gerrhaeans also traded with East Africa and China through India. In their activity "they act as the warehouse for everything from Asia and Europe ... seem more prosperous than the
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region twenty miles north of the current structure was also referred to as Uqair, or Gerrha, long before the fort was built. The lost city of Gerrha according to Danish archeologist
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In 200 BC a Greek grammarian named Agathrachides, who wrote a book on the Erythraean (modern Red) Sea now lost, is quoted by the Roman geographer/historian
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Arabic, the letter 'q' was pronounced as a 'g.' Uqair is pronounced Ogair, which is close enough to the Greek name to be convincing." (Bibby, p. 318).
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mentions a planned coastal exploration of 323 BC that includes the eastern Arabian coast but does not mention Gerrha. A hundred years later, however,
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of Pliny." (Potts, p. 29). Evidence of this effluent has a great bearing on the exploration of the fort at Uqair and the ancient Arabian city of
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once thought to be a Hellenistic foundry of coins) farush was never used. The walls there were made of quarried limestone." (Bibby, p. 324.)
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of ancient Gerrha, but there is no evidence to support this. (Potts, p. 56-57). The site of the fort is not the same as the irrigation channels.
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tells of merchants from Gerrha carrying their spices and incense overland to Mesopotamia. And later
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Mandaville, J. and Grimsdale M., "The Sumerian Connection", ARAMCO World, March/April 1980.
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is 80 miles north of Uqair and just 20 miles inland from another ancient Arabian oasis,
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civilization began. By 3500 BC the Sumerians were living and trading beyond the
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The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of
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330:." (Groom, p. 71). Trade through Gerrha was heavy in the time of Antioch;
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travels to in his epic journey. (Dilmun Discovered, Michael Rice, p. 7).
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The fort sits about 70 km (43 mi) northeast of the fertile oasis of
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domination of the Persian Gulf, which began in 1506 with the expedition of
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Gerrha was preceded by the legendary Sumerian-era civilization of
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in 2340, becoming united under Babylon from 1792 - 1750 BC.
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compound. It lies about 70 km (43 mi) northeast of
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was issued, which helped to establish the borders of modern
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Frankincense and Myrrh, A Study of Arabian Incense Trade
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on the Al-Ahsa Oasis. It is located on the coast of the
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Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States, 1st Edition.
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From the Trucial States to the United Arab Emirates
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From the Trucial States to the United Arab Emirates
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From the Trucial States to the United Arab Emirates
66:and has been linked by some to the ancient city of
1640:Populated places in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
117:Other important surrounding locations of antiquity
93:Uqair is located 70 km (43 mi) south of
335:ancient caravan routes to the coast of Syria and
265:In accounts written by his biographer Arrian,
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184:miles north of Uqair at the confluence of the
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385:Northwest of Uqair, referred to as the
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434:, George Allen, p. 94).
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378:(an island off the coast of
38:), alternatively spelled as
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1107:History of the oil industry
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162:Links to ancient Gerrha
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637:25.64306°N 50.21444°E
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511:This article
509:
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476:
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468:
464:
460:
459:House of Saud
456:
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33:
29:
21:
1617:
1598:
1589:Shanqal Fort
1569:Asfan Castle
1564:Qasr Ibrahim
1534:Marid Castle
1524:Dhat al-Hajj
1261:Prostitution
1234:universities
1207:Demographics
1102:Oil reserves
947:Human rights
814:Governorates
698:Saudi Arabia
618:
606:
599:
592:
582:
575:
568:
561:
540:
531:
512:
483:
479:Trans-Jordan
467:Saudi Arabia
458:
447:
431:
427:
423:
419:
409:
384:
372:
368:
360:
354:
345:
325:
309:frankincense
289:
271:Eratosthenes
264:
238:Indus Valley
227:
200:, and where
182:
165:
128:
120:
107:Persian Gulf
99:Saudi Aramco
92:
80:
76:Saudi Arabia
64:Persian Gulf
60:Saudi Arabia
47:
43:
39:
27:
26:
1539:Masmak fort
1301:Visual arts
1241:Health care
1077:Agriculture
1021:Air Defense
984:Visa policy
809:Earthquakes
758:Unification
640: /
574:Groom, N.,
560:Bibby, G.,
305:Antioch III
242:Mesopotamia
210:Indus River
194:Mesopotamia
1634:Categories
1326:television
1197:Censorship
1119:Irrigation
628:50°12′52″E
625:25°38′35″N
615:References
598:Rice, M.,
595:, Vol. II.
534:April 2016
526:footnoting
412:Portuguese
341:Aegean Sea
1618:Also See:
1266:Terrorism
1229:libraries
1224:Education
1159:Transport
1082:Companies
1016:Air Force
969:Judiciary
937:Elections
927:Basic Law
824:Provinces
819:Mountains
782:Geography
337:Phoenicia
321:Hadramawt
255:Gilgamesh
250:Euphrates
218:Akkadians
190:Euphrates
40:al-'Uqair
1445:Category
1372:Heritage
1360:football
1343:Religion
1316:Language
1256:Polygamy
1192:Abortion
998:Military
979:Passport
848:Politics
834:Wildlife
702:articles
522:citation
451:Ibn Saud
328:Sabaeans
323:region.
301:Seleucid
212:and the
202:Sumerian
192:Rivers.
166:Ancient
89:Location
1584:Qishlah
1429:Outline
1382:Symbols
1367:Theatre
1311:Cuisine
1288:Culture
1251:Obesity
1180:Society
1154:Tourism
1065:Economy
869:Cabinet
804:Climate
794:Borders
710:History
376:Failaka
234:Bahrain
214:Red Sea
136:Bahrain
111:Bahrain
95:Dhahran
83:Al-Hasa
54:of the
1529:Kasbah
1450:Portal
1400:Emblem
1390:Anthem
1306:Cinema
1097:Energy
700:
471:Kuwait
391:Gerrha
380:Kuwait
332:Strabo
292:Strabo
275:Strabo
246:Tigris
230:Dilmun
224:Dilmun
186:Tigris
168:Gerrha
156:Jubail
132:Dilmun
124:Gerrha
68:Gerrha
46:, and
32:Arabic
1599:Uqair
1554:Qamus
1436:Index
1410:Motto
1395:Dance
1355:Sport
1348:Islam
1333:Music
1321:Media
1212:youth
1202:Crime
962:Women
829:Wadis
469:with
389:, or
363:Hofuf
317:Yemen
313:myrrh
303:King
152:Tarut
144:Qatif
103:Hofuf
48:Ogair
44:Uqayr
28:Uqair
23:Uqair
1405:Flag
1164:rail
1124:OPEC
1011:Navy
1006:Army
957:Rape
952:LGBT
889:King
524:and
475:Iraq
473:and
399:Thaj
311:and
248:and
240:and
198:Iraq
188:and
140:Thaj
97:, a
36:عقير
1296:Art
919:Law
319:'s
58:of
1636::
78:.
42:,
34::
1484:e
1477:t
1470:v
690:e
683:t
676:v
602:.
585:.
578:.
571:.
564:.
547:)
541:(
536:)
532:(
528:.
518:.
482:(
30:(
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