1717:
803:
1712:{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{r}{\ce {^{235}_{92}U->{^{231}_{90}Th}->{^{231}_{91}Pa}->{^{227}_{89}Ac}}}{\begin{Bmatrix}{\ce {->{^{227}_{90}Th}->}}\\{\ce {->{^{223}_{87}Fr}->}}\end{Bmatrix}}{\ce {^{223}_{88}Ra->{^{219}_{86}Rn}}}\\{\ce {^{219}_{86}Rn->{^{215}_{84}Po}}}{\begin{Bmatrix}{\ce {->{^{211}_{82}Pb}->}}\\{\ce {->{^{215}_{85}At}->}}\end{Bmatrix}}{\ce {^{211}_{83}Bi}}{\begin{Bmatrix}{\ce {->{^{207}_{81}Tl}->}}\\{\ce {->{^{211}_{84}Po}->}}\end{Bmatrix}}{\ce {^{207}_{82}Pb_{(stable)}}}\end{array}}}
395:
45:
655:
can enable a more compact, economical weapon using one-fourth or less of the nominal critical mass, though this would likely only be possible in a country that already had extensive experience in engineering nuclear weapons. Most modern nuclear weapon designs use
627:. The nominal spherical critical mass for an untampered U nuclear weapon is 56 kilograms (123 lb), which would form a sphere 17.32 centimetres (6.82 in) in diameter. The material must be 85% or more of U and is known as
660:
as the fissile component of the primary stage; however, HEU (highly enriched uranium, in this case uranium that is 20% or more U) is frequently used in the secondary stage as an ignitor for the fusion fuel.
552:, and the mass of U required to produce the critical condition is said to be a critical mass. A critical chain reaction can be achieved at low concentrations of U if the neutrons from fission are
548:
from uranium-235 fission strikes another nucleus and causes it to fission, then the chain reaction will continue. If the reaction continues to sustain itself, it is said to be
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nuclei are bombarded with neutrons, one of the many fission reactions that it can undergo is the following (shown in the adjacent image):
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529:(HEU), which contains an even greater proportion of uranium-235, is sometimes used in the reactors of
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atomic bomb dropped on
Hiroshima on August 6, 1945, was made of highly enriched uranium with a large
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Uranium-235 has many uses such as fuel for nuclear power plants and in nuclear weapons such as
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2068:
1958:
1954:
1849:
Cabell, M. J.; Slee, L. J. (1962). "The ratio of neutron capture to fission for uranium-235".
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Energy released when those prompt neutrons which do not (re)produce fission are captured
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uranium, though for a crude and inefficient weapon 20% enrichment is sufficient (called
418:, or 83.14 TJ/kg. Another 8.8 MeV escapes the reactor as anti-neutrinos. When
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removes some of the uranium-238 and increases the proportion of uranium-235.
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348:
131:
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2072:, January 1941βone of the earliest articles on U-235 for the general public
17:
808:
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765:
Total energy converted into heat in an operating thermal nuclear reactor
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induce fission, though a minority (about 15%) result in the formation of
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648:
635:). Even lower enrichment can be used, but this results in the required
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576:, which contribute to the fission chain reaction. The power output of
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DOE Fundamentals handbook: Nuclear
Physics and Reactor theory
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to lower their speed, since the probability for fission with
340:. It is the only fissile isotope that exists in nature as a
30:"U-235" redirects here. For the World War II submarine, see
2022:
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is greater. A fission chain reaction produces intermediate
351:
of 703.8 million years. It was discovered in 1935 by
1742:
were powered by nuclear reactors fueled with uranium-235.
1695:
584:
containing elements that strongly absorb neutrons, e.g.,
2059:
NLM Hazardous
Substances Databank β Uranium, Radioactive
414:) inside the reactor. That corresponds to 19.54 TJ/
600:, the reaction is uncontrolled and the large amount of
1502:
1288:
988:
806:
1953:. New York (NY): Reinhold Book Corporation. p.
1879:
Nuclear fission and fusion, and neutron interactions
1921:. Federation of American Scientists. Archived from
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1978:"SNAP Overview β radium-219 β general background"
402:The fission of one atom of uranium-235 releases
2006:"RORSAT (Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellite)"
398:Nuclear fission seen with a uranium-235 nucleus
1943:Miner, William N.; Schonfeld, Fred W. (1968).
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1792:. Archived from the original on July 17, 2007
8:
49:Uranium metal highly enriched in uranium-235
37:
639:rapidly increasing. Use of a large tamper,
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1851:Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry
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1951:The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements
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2268:Radionuclides used in radiometric dating
663:
572:. Some of them produce neutrons, called
378:it is on the order of 1 barn. Most
1881:, National Physical Laboratory Archive.
1751:
1802:
718:Energy from decaying fission products
36:
2054:Radionuclide Basics: Uranium | US EPA
7:
682:Kinetic energy of fission fragments
568:and produce further energy by their
1613:
1528:
1415:
1314:
1099:
1014:
690:Kinetic energy of prompt neutrons
25:
328:. Unlike the predominant isotope
1892:"FAS Nuclear Weapons Design FAQ"
704:Energy carried by prompt Ξ³-rays
677:Instantaneously released energy
1976:Schmidt, Glen (February 2011).
1949:. In Clifford A. Hampel (ed.).
1760:"#Standard Reaction: 235U(n,f)"
580:is adjusted by the location of
1691:
1685:
1:
509:can use natural uranium, but
1863:10.1016/0022-1902(62)80002-5
1786:""Some Physics of Uranium",
643:geometries, trigger tubes,
507:graphite moderated reactors
2284:
1825:"Capture-to-fission Ratio"
596:, in the reactor core. In
299:Complete table of nuclides
29:
2263:Special nuclear materials
2197:
1809:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
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773:Energy of anti-neutrinos
737:Energy of delayed Ξ³-rays
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336:, i.e., it can sustain a
324:making up about 0.72% of
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42:
1985:American Nuclear Society
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871:
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75:uranium-235, 235U, U-235
723:Energy of Ξ²β particles
527:Highly enriched uranium
353:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster
2064:"The Miracle of U-235"
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517:because of the higher
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338:nuclear chain reaction
32:German submarine U-235
1918:Nuclear Weapon Design
1732:artificial satellites
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357:fission cross section
2008:. daviddarling.info.
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515:low enriched uranium
511:light water reactors
503:Heavy water reactors
2258:Isotopes of uranium
2191:isotopes of uranium
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604:released creates a
380:neutron absorptions
295:Isotopes of uranium
39:
38:Uranium-235, U
2091:Uranium-235 is an
2046:2016-12-20 at the
2035:2017-07-31 at the
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531:nuclear submarines
523:Uranium enrichment
519:neutron absorption
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390:Fission properties
347:Uranium-235 has a
342:primordial nuclide
27:Isotope of uranium
2253:Fissile materials
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2234:
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2069:Popular Mechanics
2023:Table of Nuclides
1857:(12): 1493β1500.
1829:nuclear-power.com
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122:Natural abundance
16:(Redirected from
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2146:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2130:plutonium-239
2127:
2126:neptunium-235
2123:
2117:
2116:Decay product
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2096:
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2007:
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1998:
1986:
1979:
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1964:
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1956:
1952:
1947:
1939:
1936:
1925:on 2008-12-26
1924:
1920:
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1898:on 1999-05-07
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1199:
1186:
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1148:
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1126:
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1102:
1096:
1083:
1079:
1065:
1052:
1048:
1041:
1038:
1022:
1018:
1011:
998:
994:
985:
977:
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945:
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858:
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828:
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669:
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665:
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659:
658:plutonium-239
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:critical mass
634:
630:
629:weapons grade
626:
622:
619:
611:
609:
607:
603:
599:
598:nuclear bombs
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:slow neutrons
555:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
484:
470:
445:
431:
417:
396:
389:
387:
385:
381:
377:
376:fast neutrons
373:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
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339:
335:
331:
327:
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245:
241:
237:
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232:
228:
210:
208:
204:
201:
187:
185:
184:Excess energy
181:
177:
175:
171:
168:
164:
162:
158:
145:
138:
133:
129:
125:
123:
119:
116:
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78:
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68:
64:
62:
58:
53:
46:
41:
33:
19:
2216:
2149:
2135:
2120:
2106:
2093:
2084:
2075:
2067:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1971:
1950:
1938:
1927:. Retrieved
1923:the original
1917:
1911:
1900:. Retrieved
1896:the original
1886:
1854:
1850:
1844:
1832:. Retrieved
1828:
1819:
1794:. Retrieved
1787:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1763:
1754:
1725:
800:
632:
615:
582:control rods
543:
501:
401:
346:
314:
310:
306:
305:
273:Decay energy
165:235.0439299
161:Isotope mass
136:
115:Nuclide data
102:
85:
2151:thorium-231
2137:Decay chain
2108:uranium-236
2086:uranium-234
1946:"Plutonium"
566:radioactive
384:uranium-236
330:uranium-238
307:Uranium-235
262:Decay modes
154: years
18:Uranium 235
2242:Categories
1929:2016-06-04
1902:2010-09-02
1796:2009-01-18
1788:UIC.com.au
1746:References
672:released
647:triggers,
618:Little Boy
319:isotope of
268:Decay mode
2248:Actinides
2104:Heavier:
2082:Lighter:
1990:27 August
1665:α
1622:−
1618:β
1614:%
1578:−
1574:β
1532:α
1529:%
1467:α
1424:−
1420:β
1416:%
1408:−
1400:×
1364:−
1360:β
1318:α
1315:%
1261:α
1200:α
1149:−
1145:β
1103:α
1100:%
1066:α
1023:−
1019:β
1015:%
961:α
938:×
905:−
901:β
859:α
836:×
641:implosion
554:moderated
513:must use
505:and some
412:10 J
363:is about
359:for slow
349:half-life
132:Half-life
2044:Archived
2033:Archived
1963:68029938
1834:June 26,
1805:cite web
1738:and the
1736:SNAP-10A
1648:→
1594:→
1556:→
1509:→
1450:→
1380:→
1342:→
1295:→
1244:→
1183:→
1127:→
1080:→
1049:→
995:→
931:→
883:→
829:→
645:polonium
621:gun-type
550:critical
332:, it is
317:) is an
98:Neutrons
2099:uranium
2095:isotope
1740:RORSATs
1730:. Some
780:
777:
758:
755:
744:
741:
730:
727:
711:
708:
697:
694:
667:Source
649:tritium
594:hafnium
590:cadmium
546:neutron
334:fissile
322:uranium
81:Protons
55:General
2145:Decays
2041:Vol. 2
2030:Vol. 1
1961:
1766:. IAEA
1689:stable
1655:
1601:
1563:
1516:
1457:
1387:
1349:
1302:
1251:
1190:
1187:11.434
1134:
1087:
1084:21.773
1056:
1053:18.718
1002:
999:21.773
951:
890:
849:
790:211.3
768:202.5
685:169.1
625:tamper
602:energy
374:. For
355:. Its
61:Symbol
2189:Main
1981:(PDF)
1770:4 May
1652:0.516
1526:99.73
1384:1.778
1312:99.99
1299:1.778
1012:98.62
935:3.276
887:25.52
833:7.038
592:, or
586:boron
372:barns
365:584.3
315:U-235
289:4.679
285:Alpha
223:1.996
197:1.970
126:0.72%
71:Names
2147:to:
2118:of:
1992:2012
1959:LCCN
1836:2024
1811:link
1772:2020
1722:Uses
1611:0.27
1598:2.13
1560:4.77
1513:2.13
1454:0.10
1346:36.1
1248:3.96
1131:21.8
1097:1.38
787:Sum
782:8.8
760:8.8
746:6.3
732:6.5
713:7.0
699:4.8
616:The
537:and
486:+ 3
408:3.24
219:.285
193:.062
178:7/2β
174:Spin
2097:of
1955:541
1859:doi
1701:207
1641:211
1605:min
1567:min
1549:207
1520:min
1493:211
1443:215
1397:2.3
1353:min
1335:211
1278:215
1238:219
1217:219
1177:223
1138:min
1120:223
1042:227
978:227
924:231
876:231
823:235
416:mol
313:or
277:MeV
225:keV
217:870
214:783
200:keV
191:914
152:000
149:800
147:703
140:1/2
109:143
2244::
2066:,
2039:,
1983:.
1957:.
1871:^
1855:24
1853:.
1827:.
1807:}}
1803:{{
1762:.
1698:82
1682:Pb
1638:84
1632:Po
1546:81
1540:Tl
1490:83
1484:Bi
1461:ms
1440:85
1434:At
1404:10
1391:ms
1332:82
1326:Pb
1306:ms
1275:84
1269:Po
1235:86
1229:Rn
1214:86
1208:Rn
1174:88
1168:Ra
1117:87
1111:Fr
1039:90
1033:Th
975:89
969:Ac
942:10
921:91
915:Pa
873:90
867:Th
840:10
820:92
608:.
588:,
541:.
533:,
483:Kr
478:36
472:+
469:Ba
464:56
458:β
452:92
446:+
424:92
386:.
344:.
256:Th
244:Pu
240:Np
236:Pa
189:40
167:Da
92:92
2227:U
2222:U
2217:U
2212:U
2207:U
2202:U
2182:e
2175:t
2168:v
2050:.
2025:.
1994:.
1965:.
1932:.
1905:.
1865:.
1861::
1838:.
1813:)
1799:.
1790:"
1774:.
1692:)
1686:(
1675:}
1659:s
1500:{
1477:}
1411:4
1286:{
1255:s
1194:d
1161:}
1091:y
1060:d
1006:y
986:{
955:y
946:4
894:h
853:y
844:8
814:U
498:n
492:0
456:U
444:n
438:0
428:U
410:Γ
406:(
369:1
367:Β±
311:U
309:(
279:)
275:(
221:Β±
212:1
195:Β±
142:)
137:t
135:(
105:)
103:N
101:(
88:)
86:Z
84:(
65:U
34:.
20:)
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