391:, and good governance over the course of 2017–2022. This plan operates in tandem with the African Union Agenda 2063 (a plan that details how Africa can use its natural resources to further the continent and improve the quality of life) to help all Africans and not just Namibia exclusively. Namibia has been very proactive and cooperative when it comes to the Sustainable Development Goals introduced in 2015, and uranium mining may positively effect all of these goals if the expansion of the market is done carefully. This plan analyzes important metrics such as demographic data, poverty rates, human development indexes, environmental resilience, and governance scores in an attempt to quantify progress and identify weak areas that need to improve.
344:
potential of uranium which could lead to security concerns. Currently, the exploration of potential mining sites and the extraction of uranium cannot take place without the approval of the minister (leader of the
Ministry of Mines and Energy) and current practices do not meet the International Atomic Uranium Agency's standards for extraction. The exports laws are also included under this act. Nuclear power is a costly form of energy, the operating costs of waste disposal of nuclear waste are problematic factors that need to be considered when increasing uranium extraction. These laws must ensure uranium mining's validity while taking into account how the waste produced is disposed of properly with necessary precautions being taken.
353:
worsen as a result of prolonged exposure. This gas can also affect nearby residents meaning this issue can impact the health of innocent people you have no affiliation with these projects. Radon gas and contamination can also cause cancer, birth defects, increase infant mortality, and cause various lung, eye, and skin related illnesses. When digging into the ground to extract precious minerals, mines produce excess rock called tailings. The rock that does not contain uranium must be processed which can result in uranium leaking into the groundwater and contaminating the groundwater which can lead to health concerns similar to the air pollution specified earlier.
110:
reduce their carbon emissions by 2030. The initiative to minimize the carbon emissions led to nuclear energy gaining more validity as an energy source since it does not emit carbon. When large profile organizations such as the
International Atomic Energy Agency back nuclear energy as a potential solution to the problems we are facing, construction projects, the amount of investors interested in these projects, and international price points for uranium increased dramatically. Currently nuclear energy provides 10% of the world's electricity and with the Pandemic subsiding, the upwards trajectory of the uranium market is expected to continue.
138:
economy is susceptible to economic instability if the uranium markets experience decreases in price or demand. This was demonstrated by the economic recession reorts about the vast, natural reserves of uranium in
Namibia (7% of the global resources) indicate the mining market may grow since Namibia is considering opening more mines and investing more resources into the extraction of uranium. The depletion of other fossil fuels such as oil, gas, and coal has led to a dramatic increase in the price and demand of uranium on a global level, which has incentivized further pursuit to mine uranium.
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then discarded, and discarding of these tailings contaminates the surrounding environment, including the water. The tailings are still radioactive and when discared are absorbed into the ground which infuses with the groundwater and surface water. The water is now no longer safe for use. Explosives used for mining also create clouds of uranium dust, which settles in nearby fields and waterways. Extreme levels of uranium were detected in 80% of the groundwater taken for study and uranium concentration in the water is above 15 times the WHO limit.
23:
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As the uranium industry grows in
Namibia, the laws pertaining to the oversight and regulation of uranium must also be modified to accommodate this change. The minerals and prospecting Act of 1992 does not distinguish between the mining of uranium compared to other types of minerals despite the atomic
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Milling is the process of separating the rock from the uranium. The rock is reduced to small particles and then those particles are mixed with water. This creates a slurry; when the slurry is mixed with a solution such as sulfuric acid, the uranium is separated from the rock. The remaining slurry is
105:
mine in the world. However, there has been a resurgence in the industry since 2003, and in 2008 uranium mine production in the whole of Africa increased by 16% compared to the previous year. Primary mines have since been opened, including
Valencia, Ida Dome, and Goanikontes, as well as two secondary
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When it opened in 2006, the Langer
Heinrich mine was the first conventional uranium mine to be opened in the world in two decades. Langer Heinrich is now considered to have the greatest potential in the country, and saw a 59% increase to 1225 tons of uranium oxide in 2009, compared with 771 tons in
352:
The process of mining uranium is a dangerous process and can lead to adverse health effects for the miners involved. Uranium is often near to a variety of radio-nuclides such as radium, radon, thorium, and others. Radon gas can cause lung cancer and a number of other respiratory illnesses that can
109:
There are two types of
Uranium deposits in Namibia: primary uranium mineralization which occurs in granite and secondary uranium mineralization that occurs is calcrete. The necessity for uranium came to be after the COP 26 Convention where many of the member states of the United Nations agreed to
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Bannerman Energy owns and operates the Etango project, which is located 30 kilometres (19 mi) southwest of the
Rossing Mine, and 30 kilometres (19 mi) southeast of Swakopmund. Etango is considered to have the largest unexploited uranium resource in the world. A heap leach demonstration
137:
Namibia is the fourth largest uranium producer in the world and produces a staggering 10% of the world's uranium. The mining industry make up a considerable portion of the
Namibian economy, consisting of approximately 10% of its GDP and 50% of its total exports. This suggests that the Namibian
278:
of Canada is developing the
Valencia and Namibplaas uranium deposits, 40 km north of the Langer Heinrich mine. The company was granted a 25-year mining license in 2008 and, in 2009, announced the completion of an independent mineral resource study for the Valencia deposit. Total
260:
Australian-listed company Deep Yellow Limited is currently undertaking a definite feasibility study on the Tumas paleochannel uranium system and is expected to reach its advanced stage at the beginning of 2023. The tumas project has a total reserve of 122.6Mlb U3O8 at 232ppm.
365:. The highly acidic tailings dams found at Namibia's uranium mines are an environmental concern. Monitoring activities include: air, water, and dust quality; biodiversity; medical surveillance; occupational hazards; and radiation protection.
73:
of South Africa drilled and performed some underground exploration, but because of unstable uranium values and poor economic prospects, the search was abandoned. Uranium exploration was restarted in the country in the following decade, with
56:
Uranium is one of the five mineral resources that were declared "strategic" by the Namibian government in 2011. No new exploration licenses may be granted without involvement of the state-owned mineral exploration company Epangelo Mining.
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uranium to power stations in France, UK, USA and Japan. The open-cast mine opened in 1976 and at one time faced closure. Rössing Uranium Ltd. processed about 12 million metric tons of ore in 2006 and produced 3,617 tons of uranium oxide
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within a specified time span. There are five of these plans in total to date. The fifth National Development Plan of Namibia specifies how the mining projects can better achieve economic progression, social transformation,
18:
Namibia has one of the richest uranium mineral reserves in the world. There are currently two large operating mines in the Erongo Region and various exploration projects planned to advance to production in the next few
2106:
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Swakop Uranium operate the Husab mine which is expected to be the second largest uranium mine in the world. Another deposit, the Ida Dome mine, is part of this project.
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The environmental impact of uranium mining in Namibia has raised concerns amongst environmentalists, especially as many mining activities are conducted within the
174:), and in 2009 they processed 12.6 million tonnes of uranium ore and produced 4150 tonnes of uranium oxide in comparison to 4067 tonnes in the previous year.
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243:. In 2009, operations were estimated to produce about 100,000 metric tons per day of ore and about 3,000 tons a year of yellowcake. The company has built a
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pilot plant operated from 2015 to 2020. In 2021 feasibility studies were ongoing for a conventional open pit mining and heap leach processing operation.
161:. Rössing Uranium is owned by Rio Tinto, the world's largest mining group, which has annual profits of over $ 1.4 billion. It supplies enriched
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in 1928 by Captain G. Peter Louw. Though he tried promoting prospecting, it did not occur for another three decades. In the late 1950s,
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The National Development plans are the templates that dictate how uranium mining in Namibia can more effectively achieve their
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reported in the mid-1980s that the country's uranium mineralization was concentrated in the central zone of the Pan-African
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developed the Trekkopje Mine, but have decided to mothball the project. It is located 70 kilometres (43 mi) of
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China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets
49:. In 2020, Namibia produced 11% of uranium worldwide, ranked as the second largest producer, behind
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1946:
583:
485:. Washington, DC: Under Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy, and the Environment. 20 January 2017
284:
1941:
1894:
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1835:
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244:
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in uranium mining. Chinese companies have invested in Namibia's three biggest uranium producers:
70:
46:
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obtaining exploration rights for the Rössing deposit in 1966 and starting production in 1976.
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30:
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283:(2015) were estimated as 206 million tonnes of ore with average grade of 200 ppm (0.02%)
1259:
22:
2200:
1988:
227:
90:
82:
37:
1077:
872:
Minerals Yearbook Area Reports: International Review, 2009, Africa and the Middle East
724:
Minerals Yearbook, 2008, V. 3, Area Reports, International, Africa and the Middle East
157:
The Rössing mine contains the largest uranium deposit in the world associated with an
2297:
2142:
1284:
1183:
1161:
803:
332:
275:
193:
591:. Uppsala, Sweden: The Scandinavian Institute of African Studies. pp. 184–185.
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509:
158:
66:
961:
960:
OECD Nuclear Energy Agency; International Atomic Energy Agency (September 2002).
927:
903:
504:
Kufa, Leon (April 2016). "Boom and Slump. The Mining Industry Has Seen it All".
312:
188:
65:
Uranium mineralization was first discovered in the Namibia's Rössing Mountains,
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1816:
1113:
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162:
118:
50:
2272:
1338:"Uranium, the Environment and Sustainable Development: Lessons from Namibia"
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106:
mines, Langer Heinrich (started in 2006) and Trekkopje (started in 2012).
85:
held special hearings on "The plunder of Namibian uranium" in 1980. Jacob
1091:
102:
41:
622:
Environmental Activities in Uranium Mining and Milling: A Joint Report
585:
The Political Economy of Namibia: An Annotated Critical Bibliography
236:
187:
21:
1957:
1018:[Areva freezes its Trekkopje mining project in Namibia].
996:"Langer Heinrich Uranium still awaits recovery of uranium prices"
1961:
1788:
1369:
687:
Merkel, Broder J.; Hasche-Berger, Andrea (24 October 2008).
97:
reported that the only operating mine in the county was the
653:
Santcross, Nick; Ballard, Sebastian; Baker, Gordon (2001).
447:
The New Uranium Mining Boom: Challenge and Lessons Learned
619:
International Atomic Energy Agency (21 September 1999).
1016:"Areva gèle son projet minier de Trekkopje en Namibie"
247:
which is expected to be operating until around 2024.
1264:
New Mexico Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources
1136:"Etango Uranium Project, Namibia Optimisation Study"
2186:
2115:
2084:
1995:
1934:
1908:
1872:
1844:
1709:
1684:
1403:
905:
SouthScan Southern Africa monthly regional bulletin
545:International Atomic Energy Agency (17 June 2008).
439:
437:
422:. London: World Nuclear Association. September 2021
378:
Sustainable development goals of the uranium market
2107:List of inquiries into uranium mining in Australia
444:Merkel, Broder; Schipek, Mandy (28 October 2011).
132:
526:. London: World Nuclear Association. October 2021
1219:NSSC Development Studies Module 1 Student's Book
932:. British Geological Survey. 2006. p. 95.
1205:Environmental Evaluation Associates of Namibia
963:Uranium 2001: resources, production and demand
548:Uranium 2007: Resources, Production and Demand
1973:
1800:
1381:
1222:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–.
864:
862:
860:
858:
856:
854:
479:"2012 Investment Climate Statement - Namibia"
348:Safety hazards associated with mining uranium
8:
2173:List of Nuclear-Free Future Award recipients
721:Geological Survey (U.S.) (24 October 2010).
204:since 2018, awaiting higher uranium prices.
133:Namibia's economy relative to uranium mining
2241:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act
2236:Anti-nuclear movement in the United States
1980:
1966:
1958:
1807:
1793:
1785:
1388:
1374:
1366:
875:. Government Printing Office. p. 32.
777:. New York, NY, United States of America:
659:. Footprint Travel Guides. pp. 355–.
1216:Mweti, I.; van Wyk, H. (6 October 2009).
727:. Government Printing Office. p. 1.
1160:Shindondola-Mote, Hilma (October 2008).
802:Shindondola-Mote, Hilma (October 2008).
2097:List of countries by uranium production
1323:"Rossing, Namibia: Uranium Mining Site"
1141:. Bannerman Resources. 22 December 2015
830:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 41–.
420:"Uranium Production Figures, 2011-2020"
411:
1304:
1293:
1116:. Subiaco, Australia: Bannerman Energy
1094:. Toronto, Ontario: Forsys Metals Corp
869:Geological Survey (10 November 2011).
2102:List of countries by uranium reserves
1049:. MTH Multimedia S.L. pp. 102–.
827:Introduction to Ore-Forming Processes
768:
766:
45:is of considerable importance to the
7:
2268:The Navajo People and Uranium Mining
2263:History of the anti-nuclear movement
2258:International Uranium Film Festival
295:) for 90.6 million pounds of U
113:Namibia is a major destination for
2221:Nuclear power in the United States
1359:from websites or documents of the
994:Ndjavera, Maihapa (10 June 2021).
966:. OECD Publications. p. 216.
656:Namibia Handbook: The Travel Guide
551:. OECD Publishing. pp. 256–.
95:International Atomic Energy Agency
14:
2216:Botanical prospecting for uranium
1815:
1696:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1466:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1355: This article incorporates
1350:
690:Uranium, Mining and Hydrogeology
625:. OECD Publishing. p. 115.
450:. Springer. pp. xvi, 111–.
1361:United States Geological Survey
908:. D. Coetzee. 2005. p. 142
755:Uranium Association, Namibian.
2278:1974 Elliot Lake miners strike
2226:Church Rock uranium mill spill
1:
384:Sustainable Development Goals
1024:(in French). 12 October 2012
389:environmental sustainability
363:Namib-Naukluft National Park
281:Proven and Probable Reserves
1285:"Uranium mining in Namibia"
1260:"Uranium: How is it Mined?"
1184:"Uranium Mining in Namibia"
1162:"uranium Mining in Namibia"
804:"Uranium Mining in Namibia"
757:"Uranium Mining in Namibia"
582:; Moorsom, Richard (1985).
2330:
2231:Sequoyah Fuels Corporation
2196:Uranium in the environment
1043:Belda, Pascal (May 2008).
357:Environmental implications
310:
268:
225:
211:
181:
150:
2314:Uranium mining by country
1827:
1397:Uranium mining in Africa
1283:Shindondola-Mote, Hilma.
276:Forsys Metals Corporation
234:multinational corporation
200:2008. This mine is under
71:Anglo America Corporation
2309:Uranium mines in Namibia
2247:The Return of Navajo Boy
2168:Floyd Red Crow Westerman
2092:List of uranium projects
1451:Central African Republic
1182:Shinondola-Mote, Hilma.
929:World mineral production
773:Massot, Pascale (2024).
693:. Springer. p. 17.
483:U.S. Department of State
29:, an open-pit mine near
779:Oxford University Press
1357:public domain material
1303:Cite journal requires
339:Mining laws in Namibia
271:Norasa uranium project
196:
61:Background and history
33:
2206:Uranium mining debate
2178:World Uranium Hearing
1611:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1471:Republic of the Congo
1249:Agency (2008), p. 263
214:Husab Uranium Project
191:
25:
2253:Nuclear labor issues
2010:Kakadu National Park
824:Robb, L. J. (2005).
524:"Uranium in Namibia"
202:care and maintenance
184:Langer Heinrich Mine
153:Rössing uranium mine
99:Rössing uranium mine
27:Rössing uranium mine
2283:Yellowcake boomtown
1686:States with limited
580:Eriksen, Tore Linné
369:Water Contamination
1836:South African rand
1821:Economy of Namibia
1336:Schneider, G.I.C.
245:desalination plant
197:
115:Chinese investment
34:
2304:Mining in Namibia
2291:
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1955:
1954:
1839:
1782:
1781:
1713:other territories
1486:Equatorial Guinea
1229:978-0-521-17955-3
1078:"Reptile Project"
1056:978-84-935202-1-2
1046:EBizguide Namibia
973:978-92-64-19823-4
939:978-0-85272-614-3
882:978-1-4113-2975-1
837:978-0-632-06378-9
788:978-0-19-777140-2
734:978-1-4113-2965-2
700:978-3-540-87745-5
666:978-1-900949-91-0
632:978-92-64-17064-3
558:978-92-64-04766-2
457:978-3-642-22121-7
401:Mining in Namibia
251:Advanced projects
192:Deposit from the
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512:. pp. 9–11.
508:. Supplement to
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2031:
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2024:
2014:
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1993:
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1989:Uranium mining
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1962:
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1722:Canary Islands
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1305:|journal=
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1242:
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1208:
1203:Pallet, John,
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311:Main article:
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269:Main article:
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228:Trekkopje mine
226:Main article:
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212:Main article:
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182:Main article:
179:
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151:Main article:
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101:, the largest
91:Damaran Orogen
83:United Nations
62:
59:
38:Uranium mining
13:
10:
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3:
2:
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2146:
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2143:Jacqui Katona
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2059:Navajo Nation
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2044:United States
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2028:
2025:
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1935:Miscellaneous
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1526:Guinea-Bissau
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1522:
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1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
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1502:
1499:
1497:
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1339:
1332:
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1315:
1310:
1297:
1286:
1279:
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1265:
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1246:
1243:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1178:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1058:
1052:
1048:
1047:
1039:
1036:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1002:
997:
990:
987:
975:
969:
965:
964:
956:
953:
941:
935:
931:
930:
923:
920:
907:
906:
899:
896:
884:
878:
874:
873:
865:
863:
861:
859:
857:
855:
851:
839:
833:
829:
828:
820:
817:
812:
805:
798:
795:
790:
784:
780:
776:
769:
767:
763:
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751:
748:
736:
730:
726:
725:
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714:
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680:
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598:91-7106-297-1
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392:
390:
385:
377:
375:
368:
366:
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347:
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338:
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333:Marenica mine
331:
329:
326:
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319:
314:
306:
304:
286:
285:uranium oxide
282:
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272:
264:
262:
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250:
248:
246:
242:
238:
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221:
219:
215:
207:
205:
203:
195:
194:Erongo Region
190:
185:
177:
175:
164:
160:
154:
146:
142:Notable mines
141:
139:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
111:
107:
104:
100:
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88:
84:
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60:
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32:
28:
24:
20:
16:
2245:
2211:Peak uranium
2148:Scott Ludlam
2038:
1916:Central bank
1861:
1761:Saint Helena
1732:
1636:South Africa
1626:Sierra Leone
1590:
1431:Burkina Faso
1349:
1331:
1317:
1296:cite journal
1278:
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
1254:
1245:
1233:. Retrieved
1218:
1211:
1204:
1199:
1190:
1177:
1168:
1155:
1143:. Retrieved
1130:
1118:. Retrieved
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1086:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1045:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1019:
1010:
999:
989:
977:. Retrieved
962:
955:
943:. Retrieved
928:
922:
910:. Retrieved
904:
898:
886:. Retrieved
871:
841:. Retrieved
826:
819:
810:
797:
774:
750:
738:. Retrieved
723:
716:
704:. Retrieved
689:
682:
670:. Retrieved
655:
648:
636:. Retrieved
621:
614:
602:. Retrieved
584:
574:
562:. Retrieved
547:
540:
528:. Retrieved
518:
510:The Namibian
505:
499:
487:. Retrieved
482:
473:
461:. Retrieved
446:
424:. Retrieved
414:
381:
372:
360:
351:
342:
316:
274:
259:
231:
217:
198:
159:igneous rock
156:
136:
112:
108:
86:
80:
67:Namib Desert
64:
55:
36:
35:
17:
15:
2027:Elliot Lake
1852:Agriculture
1688:recognition
1641:South Sudan
1531:Ivory Coast
1145:10 December
1120:10 December
1098:12 December
1028:2 September
604:10 December
530:12 December
489:12 December
426:12 December
313:Etango mine
237:Areva Group
2298:Categories
2163:Sun Xiaodi
2158:JoAnn Tall
2116:Opposition
2064:New Mexico
2034:Kazakhstan
1997:By country
1829:Currency:
1743:(Portugal)
1701:Somaliland
1621:Seychelles
1586:Mozambique
1571:Mauritania
1556:Madagascar
1511:The Gambia
1446:Cape Verde
1269:2022-12-12
407:References
241:Swakopmund
163:yellowcake
51:Kazakhstan
2273:Hibakusha
2138:Jim Green
2005:Australia
1576:Mauritius
1191:Issue Lab
1169:Issue Lab
1021:Les Échos
811:Issue Lab
222:Trekkopje
76:Rio Tinto
2189:articles
2054:Colorado
2022:Bancroft
1947:Taxation
1873:Services
1767: /
1763: /
1756:(France)
1750: /
1728: /
1724: /
1676:Zimbabwe
1651:Tanzania
1501:Ethiopia
1496:Eswatini
1476:Djibouti
1441:Cameroon
1426:Botswana
1092:"Norasa"
395:See also
2074:Wyoming
2049:Arizona
2039:Namibia
1942:Poverty
1895:Tourism
1880:Banking
1845:Sectors
1752:RĂ©union
1748:Mayotte
1739:Madeira
1734:(Spain)
1730:Melilla
1661:Tunisia
1631:Somalia
1616:Senegal
1601:Nigeria
1591:Namibia
1581:Morocco
1546:Liberia
1541:Lesotho
1491:Eritrea
1461:Comoros
1436:Burundi
1411:Algeria
1001:New Era
147:Rössing
127:Rössing
103:uranium
42:Namibia
31:Arandis
2187:Other
2017:Canada
1857:Mining
1771:
1754:
1741:
1671:Zambia
1666:Uganda
1606:Rwanda
1561:Malawi
1521:Guinea
1416:Angola
1235:30 May
1226:
1062:30 May
1053:
979:30 May
970:
945:30 May
936:
912:30 May
888:30 May
879:
843:30 May
834:
785:
740:30 May
731:
706:30 May
697:
672:29 May
663:
638:30 May
629:
595:
564:30 May
555:
463:30 May
454:
322:Others
307:Etango
265:Norasa
125:, and
87:et al.
19:years.
2085:Lists
1726:Ceuta
1646:Sudan
1596:Niger
1551:Libya
1536:Kenya
1516:Ghana
1506:Gabon
1481:Egypt
1421:Benin
1341:(PDF)
1288:(PDF)
1187:(PDF)
1165:(PDF)
1139:(PDF)
807:(PDF)
589:(PDF)
256:Tumas
208:Husab
119:Husab
2069:Utah
1656:Togo
1566:Mali
1456:Chad
1309:help
1237:2012
1224:ISBN
1147:2021
1122:2021
1100:2021
1064:2012
1051:ISBN
1030:2016
981:2012
968:ISBN
947:2012
934:ISBN
914:2012
890:2012
877:ISBN
845:2012
832:ISBN
783:ISBN
742:2012
729:ISBN
708:2012
695:ISBN
674:2012
661:ISBN
640:2012
627:ISBN
606:2021
593:ISBN
566:2012
553:ISBN
532:2021
491:2021
465:2012
452:ISBN
428:2021
81:The
1926:NSX
40:in
2300::
1363:.
1300::
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1294:{{
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