1955:
1991:
1943:
774:
873:
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by
Atlantic winds whereas the eastern slopes are chilled by Siberian air masses. The average January temperatures increase in the western areas from −20 °C (−4 °F) in the Polar to −15 °C (5 °F) in the Southern Urals and the corresponding temperatures in July are 10 and 20 °C (50 and 68 °F). The western areas also receive more rainfall than the eastern ones by 150–300 mm (5.9–11.8 in) per year. This is because the mountains trap clouds from the Atlantic Ocean. The highest precipitation, approximately 1,000 mm (39 in), is in the Northern Urals with up to 1,000 cm (390 in) snow. The eastern areas receive from 500–600 mm (20–24 in) in the north to 300–400 mm (12–16 in) in the south. Maximum precipitation occurs in the summer: the winter is dry because of the
1979:
1967:
1931:
1016:
853:
1207:
911:
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2010:
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49:
869:(6,217 ft) in elevation. Transverse faults divide the mountain chain into seven major units, each of which has its own typical pattern of mountain ridges. From north to south, these are the Pay-Khoy, Zapolyarnyy, Pripolyarnyy, Polyarnyy, Severnyy, Sredniy, Yuzhnny Ural and Mugodzhary. The average altitudes of the Urals are around 1,000–1,300 m (3,300–4,300 ft), the highest point being Narodnaya peak in the Pripolyarnyy Ural which reaches a height of 1,894 metres (6,214 ft).
1009:
1414:
555:
1907:
2066:
5854:
510:
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1030:
2143:
1895:
1883:
1357:
2125:
1371:
1062:
82:
1378:
1023:
1919:
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1954:
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1461:. The rivers are frozen for more than half the year. Generally, the western rivers have higher flow volume than the eastern ones, especially in the Northern and Nether-Polar regions. Rivers are slower in the Southern Urals. This is because of low precipitation and the relatively warm climate resulting in less snow and more evaporation.
2038:
947:. Most of the tops are flattened, but those of the highest mountains, such as Telposiz, 1,617 m (5,305 ft) and Konzhakovsky Stone, 1,569 m (5,148 ft) have a dissected topography. Intensive weathering has produced vast areas of eroded stone on the mountain slopes and summits of the northern areas.
1526:, reaching the height of 60–80 centimetres (24–31 in). Much of the land is cultivated. To the south, the meadow steppes become more sparse, dry and low. The steep gravelly slopes of the mountains and hills of the eastern slopes of the Southern Urals are mostly covered with rocky steppes. River valleys contain
694:
The first ample geographic survey of the Ural
Mountains was completed in the early 18th century by the Russian historian and geographer Vasily Tatishchev under the orders of Peter I. Earlier, in the 17th century, rich ore deposits were discovered in the mountains and their systematic extraction began
1737:
The continuous and intensive economic development of the last centuries has affected the fauna, and wildlife is much diminished around all industrial centers. During World War II, hundreds of factories were evacuated from
Western Russia before the German occupation, flooding the Urals with industry.
1541:
Forest landscapes of the Urals are diverse, especially in the southern part. The western areas are dominated by dark coniferous taiga forests which change to mixed and deciduous forests in the south. The eastern mountain slopes have light coniferous taiga forests. The
Northern Urals are dominated by
1464:
The mountains contain a number of deep lakes. The eastern slopes of the
Southern and Central Urals have most of these, among the largest of which are the Uvildy, Itkul, Turgoyak, and Tavatuy lakes. The lakes found on the western slopes are less numerous and also smaller. Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye, the
1473:
The climate of the Urals is continental. The mountain ridges, elongated from north to south, effectively absorb sunlight thereby increasing the temperature. The areas west of the Ural
Mountains are 1–2 °C (1.8–3.6 °F) warmer in winter than the eastern regions because the former are warmed
1642:(north only). The fauna of Polar Urals also includes species like Arctic Fox and lemmings. Because of the easy accessibility of the mountains there are no specifically mountainous species. In the Central Urals, one can see a rare mixture of sable and pine marten named kidus. In the Southern Urals,
1496:
The landscapes of the Urals vary with both latitude and longitude and are dominated by forests and steppes. The southern area of the
Mughalzhar Hills is a semidesert. Steppes lie mostly in the southern and especially south-eastern Urals. Meadow steppes have developed on the lower parts of mountain
1870:
by industrial wastes resulted. Population exodus followed, and economic depression at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union, but in post-Soviet times additional mineral exploration, particularly in the northern Urals, has been productive and the region has attracted industrial investment.
1805:
per day. As of 2006, 500 mrem in the natural environment was the upper limit of exposure considered safe for a member of the general public in an entire year (though workplace exposure over a year could exceed that by a factor of 10). Over 23,000 km (8,900 sq mi) of land were
801:
for the territories which they expected to conquer in the USSR. Faced with the threat of having a significant part of the Soviet territories occupied by the enemy, the government evacuated many of the industrial enterprises of
European Russia and Ukraine to the eastern foothills of the Ural,
1234:
and underground streams. The karst topography is much less developed on the eastern slopes. The eastern slopes are relatively flat, with some hills and rocky outcrops and contain alternating volcanic and sedimentary layers dated to the middle
Paleozoic Era. Most high mountains consist of
868:
along the border of
Kazakhstan. Vaygach Island and the island of Novaya Zemlya form a further continuation of the chain on the north. Geographically this range marks the northern part of the border between Europe and Asia. Its highest peak is Mount Narodnaya, approximately 1,895 m
894:
extend for about 385 kilometers (239 mi) from Mount Konstantinov Kamen in the north to the river Khulga in the south; they have an area of about 25,000 km (9,700 sq mi) and a strongly dissected relief. The maximum height is 1,499 m (4,918 ft) at
1990:
1465:
deepest lake in the Polar Urals, is 136 meters (446 ft) deep. Other lakes, too, are found in the glacial valleys of this region. Spas and sanatoriums have been built to take advantage of the medicinal muds found in some of the mountain lakes.
422:
942:
The Northern Ural consist of a series of parallel ridges up to 1,000–1,200 m (3,300–3,900 ft) in height and longitudinal hollows. They are elongated from north to south and stretch for about 560 km (350 mi) from the river
1942:
763:. In 1909, yet another railway connecting Perm and Yekaterinburg passed through Kungur by the way of the Siberian Route. It has eventually replaced the Ufa – Chelyabinsk section as the main trunk of the Trans-Siberian railway.
605:(Upper Tura) was founded in 1598. Customs was established in Verkhoturye shortly thereafter and the road was made the only legal connection between European Russia and Siberia for a long time. In 1648, the town of
1822:
The Urals have been viewed by Russians as a "treasure box" of mineral resources, which were the basis for its extensive industrial development. In addition to iron and copper, the Urals were a source of gold,
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1930:
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One of the first scientific descriptions of the mountains was published in 1770–71. Over the next century, the region was studied by scientists from a number of countries, including Russia (geologist
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from Yekaterinburg across the Ural to Kungur and Yegoshikha (Perm) and further to Moscow, which was completed in 1763 and rendered Babinov's road obsolete. In 1745, gold was discovered in the Ural at
1814:
of radioactive material, 90% of which settled into the land immediately around the facility. Although some reactors of Mayak were shut down in 1987 and 1990, the facility keeps producing plutonium.
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1978:
1966:
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1433:, Chusovaya, and Belaya and originate on both the eastern and western slopes. The rest of the Urals drain into the Arctic Ocean, mainly via the Pechora basin in the west, which includes the
918:
The Nether-Polar Ural are higher, and up to 150 km (93 mi) wider than the Polar Urals. They include the highest peaks of the range: Mount Narodnaya (1,895 m (6,217 ft)),
281:
form a further continuation of the chain to the north into the Arctic Ocean. The average altitudes of the Urals are around 1,000–1,300 metres (3,300–4,300 ft), the highest point being
872:
440:
had been aware of the existence of the mountain range in its entirety, stretching as far as the Arctic Ocean in the north. The first Russian mention of the mountains to the east of the
773:
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By topography and other natural features, the Urals are divided, from north to south, into the Polar (or Arctic), Nether-Polar (or Sub-Arctic), Northern, Central and Southern parts.
5670:
5170:
1594:, etc.) are abundant. The forests of the Southern Urals are the most diverse in composition: here, together with coniferous forests are also abundant broadleaf tree species such as
300:. Their resources include metal ores, coal, and precious and semi-precious stones. Since the 18th century, the mountains have contributed significantly to the mineral sector of the
1574:. The forests are much sparser in the Polar Urals. Whereas in other parts of the Ural Mountains they grow up to an altitude of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), in the Polar Urals the
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The Central Ural are the lowest part of the Ural, with smooth mountain tops, the highest mountain being 994 m (3,261 ft) (Basegi); they extend south from the river
316:, in the 16th century, Russians called the Ural range by a variety of names derived from the Russian words for rock (stone) and belt. The modern Russian name for the Urals (
1862:
was built and Russian industry relocated to the Urals during the Nazi advance at the beginning of World War II, and as the center of the Soviet nuclear industry during the
3643:
407:, on the other hand, have achieved majority support for their assertion that 'ural' in Tatar means a belt, and recall that an earlier name for the range was 'stone belt'.
352:
who sacrificed his life for the sake of his people who then poured a stone pile over his grave, which later turned into the Ural Mountains. Possibilities include Bashkir
5404:
529:(1517) argued that there were no mountains in Eastern Europe at all, challenging the point of view of some authors of Classical antiquity, which were popular during the
416:
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of 1483 and 1499–1500 across the Ural, Moscow managed to subjugate Yugra completely. The Russians received tribute, but contact with the tribes ceased after they left.
2980:
Brown, D.; Juhlin, C.; Ayala, C.; Tryggvason, A.; Bea, F.; Alvarez-Marron, J.; Carbonell, R.; Seward, D.; Glasmacher, U.; Puchkov, V.; Perez-Estaun, sexbombA. (2008).
1793:), in the Southern Ural, after World War II. Its plants went into operation in 1948 and, for the first ten years, dumped unfiltered radioactive waste into the river
1141:
and are unusually well preserved for their age, being underlaid by a pronounced crustal root. East and south of the Urals much of the orogen is buried beneath later
332:, was initially applied to its southern parts and gained currency as the name of the entire range during the 18th century. It might have been borrowed from either
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to succeed de Gennin in 1734–1737. Transportation of the output of the smelting works to the markets of European Russia necessitated the construction of the
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The relief of the Southern Ural is more complex, with numerous valleys and parallel ridges directed south-west and meridionally. The range includes the
573:
and proceeded to gradually annex the lands of the Bashkirs, the Russians finally reached the southern part of the mountain chain. In 1574, they founded
1314:, and the largest deposit of bituminous coal is in the north (Pechora field). The specialty of the Urals is precious and semi-precious stones, such as
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930:. The many ridges are sawtooth shaped and dissected by river valleys. Both Polar and Nether-Polar Urals are typically Alpine; they bear traces of
1690:. Unlike mammals, the highest peaks and plateaus of Northern and Southern Urals are inhabited by some mountainous or tundra avian species, like
5900:
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577:. The upper reaches of the Kama and Chusovaya in the Middle Ural, still unexplored, as well as parts of Transuralia still held by the hostile
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1226:. It is composed of severely eroded sedimentary rocks (sandstones and limestones) that are about 350 million years old. There are many
1081:. Some have estimated the age to be 250 to 300 million years, the elevation of the mountains is unusually high. They formed during the
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1801:. In 1990, efforts were underway to contain the radiation in one of the lakes, which was estimated at the time to expose visitors to 500
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395:"mountain" has also been theorized. (cf also Ewenkī ürǝ-l (pl.) "mountains") Finno-Ugrist scholars consider Ural deriving from the
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2587:... the name of Urals (Uraly)—derived either from the Ostyak urr (chain of mountains) or from the Turkish aral-tau or oral-tau...
590:
1806:
contaminated in 1957 from a storage tank explosion, only one of several serious accidents that further polluted the region. The
993:. The Southern Urals extend some 550 km (340 mi) up to the sharp westward bend of the river Ural and terminate in the
5814:
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803:
551:. The Middle and Southern Ural were still largely unavailable and unknown to the Russian or Western European geographers.
827:
539:(1549) had reported, following Russian sources, that there are mountains behind the Pechora and identified them with the
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to oversee and develop the mining and smelting works in the Ural. Tatishchev proposed a new copper smelting factory in
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The mountains of the Polar Ural have exposed rock with sharp ridges, though flattened or rounded tops are also found.
852:
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of ancient authors, did the existence of the Ural, or at least of its northern part, become firmly established in the
329:
2336:
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5698:
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5648:
4560:
4393:
4175:
4156:
4056:
4046:
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3513:
728:
707:
535:
502:, the grand prince of Moscow, captured Perm, Pechora and Yugra from the declining Novgorod Republic in 1472. With
371:
is set to "belt" and associates it with the Turkic verb oralu- "gird". I.G. Dobrodomov suggests a transition from
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is at 250–400 metres (820–1,310 ft). The low polar forests are mixed with swamps, lichens, bogs and shrubs.
1302:
and abrasives. The Western Urals contain deposits of coal, oil, natural gas (Ishimbay and Krasnokamsk areas) and
815:
703:
514:
313:
3078:"Insights into orogenesis: Getting to the root of a continent-ocean-continent collision, Southern Urals, Russia"
1206:
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are common. Reptiles and amphibians live mostly in the Southern and Central Ural and are represented by the
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The forests of Urals are inhabited by animals typical of Eurosiberia, such as elk, brown bear, fox, wolf,
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3263:
Robert B. Hayes, “Some Mathematical and Geophysical Considerations in Radioisotope Dating Applications,”
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4011:
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1835:. As Russians in other regions gather mushrooms or berries, Uralians gather mineral specimens and gems.
1767:
1323:
1086:
688:
671:, which would become the largest in the world at the time of construction and give birth to the city of
609:
was founded at the western foothills of the Middle Ural. During the 17th century, the first deposits of
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31:
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2892:(2006). "European geography in a global context from the Vendian to the end of the Palaeozoic". In
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1430:
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that are between 395 and 570 million years old. The river valleys are underlain by limestone.
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around 1581. In 1597, Babinov's road was built across the Ural from Solikamsk to the valley of the
586:
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441:
160:
2312:
2009:
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glaciation, along with permafrost and extensive modern glaciation, including 143 extant glaciers.
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in the early 18th century, eventually turning the region into the largest mineral base of Russia.
304:. The region is one of the largest centres of metallurgy and heavy industry production in Russia.
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926:(1,662 m (5,453 ft)). They extend for more than 225 km (140 mi) south to the
711:
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by several decrees of the tsar in 1558–1574. The Stroganovs land provided the staging ground for
499:
341:
238:
172:
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1421:
Many rivers originate in the Ural Mountains. The western slopes south of the border between the
1894:
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739:
The first railway across the Urals had been built by 1878 and linked Perm to Yekaterinburg via
5833:
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2710:"Climbing the highest mountains of the Nether-Polar Ural ::: Ural Expedition & Tours"
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2498:
2395:
2368:
2342:
2114:
1627:
1587:
656:
652:
636:
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486:, were first mentioned in the chronicles of 1396 and 1468, respectively. In 1430, the town of
470:, slowly expanding southwards. The city-state of Novgorod established two trade routes to the
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dialects. Geographer E.V. Hawks believes that the name goes back to the Bashkir folklore
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3189:"Three Hundred Years of Glory and Gloom: The Urals Region of Russia in Art and Reality"
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The conservation measures include establishing national wildlife parks. There are nine
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985:) and the width reaches 250 km (160 mi). Other notable peaks lie along the
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3021:"Arrested orogenic development: Eclogitization, delamination, and tectonic collapse"
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53:
Landscape in the northern part of the Ural Mountains (Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug)
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and Perm Krai and the eastern slopes south of approximately 54°30'N drain into the
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considered a safe place out of reach of the German bombers and troops. Three giant
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2982:"Mountain building processes during continent–continent collision in the Uralides"
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A History of the Urals: Russia's Crucible from Early Empire to the Post-Soviet Era
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2552:
2492:
2389:
5372:
5334:
5326:
4948:
4932:
4846:
4788:
3658:
3465:
3342:
2916:
2015:
1828:
1595:
1579:
1571:
1426:
1130:
956:
931:
896:
891:
790:
752:
632:
602:
558:
530:
459:
2859:
Brown, D.; Echtler, H. (2005). "The Urals". In Selley, R. C.; Cocks, L. R. M.;
1746:, the oldest one, mineralogical reserve founded in 1920 in Chelyabinsk Oblast,
5362:
3687:
3347:
3337:
3251:
3165:Производство плутония с ПО "Маяк" на Сибирский химкомбинат перенесено не будет
3153:
2860:
2585:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 786–787.
2414:
2005:
1739:
1551:
1490:
1446:
1356:
1134:
1110:
819:
660:
640:
614:
582:
544:
471:
467:
433:
384:
349:
250:
97:
3205:
3188:
2842:
1709:
The steppes of the Southern Urals are dominated by hares and rodents such as
458:
in the year 1096. During the next few centuries, the Novgorodians engaged in
126:
113:
5582:
5577:
5399:
5292:
5122:
4783:
3332:
3104:
2461:
1867:
1824:
1782:
1699:
1619:
1583:
1575:
1507:
1385:
1370:
1335:
1331:
1279:
1236:
1223:
1196:
1188:
1168:
1122:
1061:
648:
487:
479:
421:
404:
81:
17:
1377:
1022:
899:
and the average height is 1,000 to 1,100 m (3,300 to 3,600 ft).
432:
and other people living on the western slopes of the Ural as far north as
5572:
5117:
4851:
4811:
2221:
1863:
1695:
1635:
1535:
1438:
1395:
1319:
1299:
1275:
1271:
1231:
1176:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1118:
1098:
1094:
927:
923:
861:
807:
756:
740:
629:
622:
610:
429:
372:
1363:
5464:
4968:
3692:
1726:
1710:
1662:. Bird species of Northern, Middle and South Urals are represented by
1655:
1531:
1339:
1315:
1311:
1291:
990:
860:
The Ural Mountains extend about 2,500 km (1,600 mi) from the
789:
was founded in the South-Eastern Ural as a center of iron smelting and
376:
270:
234:
148:
4693:
3164:
3077:
1847:
and Olga Slavnikova, post-Soviet writers, have written of the region.
1429:
via the Kama and Ural basins. The tributaries of the Kama include the
1105:, which now underlies much of Kazakhstan and West Siberia west of the
3301:
2570:
2099:
1718:
1659:
1527:
1400:
1327:
1250:
The Ural Mountains contain about 48 species of economically valuable
1244:
1240:
1200:
1106:
1066:
986:
744:
606:
475:
396:
258:
93:
2958:
2709:
1486:
3257:
1866:. Extreme levels of air, water, and radiological contamination and
5387:
5265:
3270:
1794:
1786:
1639:
1485:
1450:
1434:
1412:
1390:
1205:
1060:
871:
851:
833:
823:
772:
675:. Both factories were actually founded by Tatishchev's successor,
594:
553:
508:
463:
420:
3810:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2837:. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 25 May 1991.
1199:
left from ancient shallow seas. The eastern side is dominated by
732:"compiled the first geologic map of the Ural in 1841", published
639:
was established in 1702 at an ancient copper deposit known since
5499:
5275:
2367:. International Business Publications. August 2013. p. 42.
1623:
1295:
1283:
1267:
1227:
1187:. The sediments to the west of the Ural Mountains are formed of
1113:. The collision lasted nearly 90 million years in the late
618:
521:
Nevertheless, around the early 16th century, Polish geographer,
262:
4697:
3274:
206:
5484:
5304:
2905:. Vol. 32. Geological Society of London. pp. 83–95.
1251:
840:, was a center of the Soviet nuclear industry and site of the
651:. Mining intensified particularly quickly during the reign of
574:
209:
30:
This article is about the land formation. For other uses, see
2835:
Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Science and Public Affairs
1706:, in Polar Urals also by Rough-legged Buzzard and Snowy Owl.
691:
and later at other deposits. It has been mined since 1747.
679:, in 1723. Tatishchev returned to the Ural on the order of
1831:, and other gems such as those used by the court jeweller
1214:
The western slope of the Ural Mountains has predominantly
285:, which reaches a height of 1,894 metres (6,214 ft).
2730:
Podvig, Pavel; Bukharin, Oleg; von Hippel, Frank (2004).
2662:
The Quarterly journal of the Geological Society of London
2494:
The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages
2391:
The Urals and Western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron Ages
1789:, opened in Chelyabinsk-40 (later called Chelyabinsk-65,
770:, (elevation 1,895 m ) was identified in 1927.
1936:
View from mount Yamantau second peak (Bolshaya Yamantau)
663:, which would eventually become the core of the city of
2624:
2622:
1160:
are not a part of the Uralian orogen and formed later.
328:), first appearing in the 16th–17th century during the
292:
geographical region and significantly overlap with the
2695:
The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains
1342:. Some of the deposits, such as the magnetite ores at
1037:
Mountain formation near Saranpaul, Nether-Polar Urals
981:. The maximum height is 1,640 m (5,380 ft) (
734:
The Geology of Russia in Europe and the Ural Mountains
2725:
2723:
2211:
2182:
462:
with the local population and collected tribute from
218:
2854:
2852:
2240:
989:
mountain ridge (Bolshoy Iremel and Maly Iremel) and
818:
in Chelyabinsk. After the war, in 1947–1948, Chum –
593:. Yermak crossed the Ural from the Chusovaya to the
5790:
5764:
5684:
5598:
5543:
5450:
5413:
5353:
5256:
5218:
5138:
5000:
4991:
4941:
4889:
4880:
4732:
4419:
4174:
3998:
3742:
3541:
3476:
3318:
3309:
2768:"Military reactors go on show to American visitors"
810:in Sverdlovsk (as Yekaterinburg used to be known),
203:
171:
159:
147:
142:
103:
89:
73:
63:
58:
41:
3076:Scarrow, J. H.; Ayala, C.; Kimbell, G. S. (2002).
1850:The region served as a military stronghold during
1069:in the Ural Mountains, early colour photograph by
428:As merchants from the Middle East traded with the
417:History of human settlement in the Ural Mountains
340:, where the same name is used for the range), or
5573:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
2939:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
625:and other minerals were discovered in the Ural.
1781:The area has also been severely damaged by the
3174:, obzor.westsib.ru, 25 March 2010 (in Russian)
2792:
2790:
2491:Koriakova, Ludmila; Epimakhov, Andrei (2007).
2388:Koryakova, Ludmila; Epimakhov, Andrey (2014).
1077:The Urals are among the world's oldest extant
533:. Only after Sigismund von Herberstein in his
4709:
3286:
2651:
2649:
2170:
759:. In 1896, this section became a part of the
494:at the foothills of the Ural, where salt was
317:
8:
3260:page on the five parts of the Ural Mountains
3182:
3180:
2364:Russian Regional Economic and Business Atlas
726:). In 1845, Murchison, who had according to
2825:
2823:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2497:. Cambridge University Press. p. 338.
2394:. Cambridge University Press. p. 338.
1858:with Sweden, during Stalin's rule when the
836:, 150 kilometres (93 mi) southeast of
5926:Landforms of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug
5604:
4997:
4886:
4716:
4702:
4694:
4180:
4004:
3748:
3547:
3315:
3293:
3279:
3271:
3267:197 (2017): 209-218, doi:10.13182/NT16-98.
3140:Davis, W.M. (1898). "The Ural mountains".
1606:in the northern Urals are recognized as a
1254:and minerals. Eastern regions are rich in
375:to Ural explained on the basis of ancient
38:
3204:
2867:. Vol. 2. Elsevier. pp. 86–95.
2462:"Урал (географич.) (Ural (geographical))"
237:that runs north–south mostly through the
2330:
2328:
1348:
1121:. Unlike the other major orogens of the
1003:
909:
822:railway, built with the forced labor of
3946:Collective Security Treaty Organization
2341:. Macmillan Education UK. p. 404.
2308:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2266:
2162:
1878:
1721:. There are many birds of prey such as
667:and a new iron smelting factory on the
454:expedition to the upper reaches of the
253:. The mountain range forms part of the
4742:Index of Soviet Union–related articles
2640:
2628:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2419:Этимологический словарь русского языка
2288:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2270:
1449:basin in the east, which includes the
977:separated from the main ridges by the
363:"mountain peak, top of the mountain",
3504:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
2935:"The evolution of the Uralian orogen"
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2249:
2220:
2191:
1040:Rocks in a river, Nether-Polar Urals
799:became a key element in Nazi planning
710:), the United Kingdom (geologist Sir
7:
5936:Landforms of Nenets Autonomous Okrug
4643:Unified Sports Classification System
3224:Naumov, Igor V. (22 November 2006).
2605:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 5.
2527:Chlyabinsk Encyclopedia (in Russian)
751:. In 1890, a railway linked Ufa and
3028:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2831:"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists"
2803:Chemistry in the Community: ChemCom
2766:Paine, Christopher (22 July 1989).
1222:basin, which is a tributary of the
1171:age, surface within the Urals. The
922:(1,878 m (6,161 ft)) and
795:German invasion of the Soviet Union
436:, since the 10th century, medieval
3941:Commonwealth of Independent States
1960:View of the two-peak mount Taganay
1860:Magnitogorsk Metallurgical Complex
1139:post-orogenic extensional collapse
25:
3122:from the original on 17 June 2012
3085:Journal of the Geological Society
2551:. 30 October 2014. Archived from
2472:from the original on 9 April 2022
2322:, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
1350:Minerals from the Ural Mountains
736:with de Verneuil and Keyserling.
474:, both starting from the town of
265:, marking the separation between
5865:
5864:
5852:
2733:Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
2141:
2123:
2064:
2050:
2036:
2022:
2008:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1235:weather-resistant rocks such as
1137:), the Urals have not undergone
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
856:Map including the Ural Mountains
655:. In 1720–1722, he commissioned
199:
80:
47:
5921:Landforms of Chelyabinsk Oblast
5911:Landforms of Arkhangelsk Oblast
3006:10.1016/j.earscirev.2008.05.001
2110:Ural Mountains in Nazi planning
1346:, are already nearly depleted.
1210:Wooded Ural Mountains in winter
490:(Kama Salt) was founded on the
5941:Landforms of Sverdlovsk Oblast
5931:Landforms of the Komi Republic
2569:; Bealby, John Thomas (1911).
766:The highest peak of the Ural,
403:meaning "chain of mountains".
350:legend about a hero named Ural
1:
5901:Mountain ranges of Kazakhstan
5405:Political abuse of psychiatry
5197:Congress of People's Deputies
3851:Political abuse of psychiatry
3048:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00374-5
2899:European Lithosphere Dynamics
527:Tractatus de duabus Sarmatiis
288:The mountains lie within the
4496:Traditions and superstitions
3258:Ural Expeditions & Tours
2896:; Stephenson, R. A. (eds.).
2657:Geological Society of London
2567:Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch
1948:Forest around mount Yamantau
1497:slopes and are covered with
797:in 1941–1942, the mountains
635:emerged. In particular, the
5568:Academy of Medical Sciences
4162:Water supply and sanitation
2335:Embleton, Clifford (2016).
2241:
2212:
2193:[ʊˈralʲskʲɪjəˈɡorɨ]
2183:
2090:East Ural Radioactive Trace
718:), and Germany (naturalist
344:. From the 13th century in
330:Russian conquest of Siberia
6002:
5946:Landforms of Tyumen Oblast
5916:Landforms of Bashkortostan
3254:page on the Ural Mountains
2806:. Macmillan. p. 499.
1306:. Both slopes are rich in
966:
785:in the 1930s, the city of
714:), France (paleontologist
536:Notes on Muscovite Affairs
414:
257:between the continents of
29:
5971:Mountain ranges of Europe
5896:Mountain ranges of Russia
5846:
5607:
4662:
4183:
4007:
3751:
3550:
3154:10.1126/science.7.173.563
2798:American Chemical Society
2736:. MIT Press. p. 70.
2682:Murchison, Roderick Impey
2466:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2251:[woˈrɑɫtʰɑwɫɑˈrə]
2230:
2201:
2171:
1810:expelled 20 million
1375:
1368:
1361:
1354:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
816:Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant
450:, where it describes the
318:
314:Sigismund von Herberstein
78:
46:
3936:Prime Minister of Russia
3206:10.1177/2158244013486657
2222:[ʊˈrɑɫtʰɑwðɑˈrɤ]
1843:(1879–1950), as well as
997:and finally in the wide
914:Ural Mountains in summer
848:Geography and topography
806:were established at the
783:Soviet industrialization
643:— so-called "legendary"
565:In the 1550s, after the
356:"elevation; upland" and
241:, from the coast of the
27:Mountain range in Russia
5976:Physiographic divisions
5966:Mountain ranges of Asia
5859:Soviet Union portal
4374:Social entrepreneurship
4263:Forced public apologies
4198:Anti-American sentiment
3105:10.1144/0016-764901-147
3040:2001E&PSL.185..149L
2933:Puchkov, V. N. (2009).
2865:Encyclopedia of Geology
2665:. The Society. p.
2582:Encyclopædia Britannica
2338:Geomorphology of Europe
729:Encyclopædia Britannica
677:Georg Wilhelm de Gennin
5751:Stalinist architecture
5505:Science and technology
5415:Ideological repression
5343:Soviet Airborne Forces
5281:Destruction battalions
4122:Social security system
4105:Science and technology
3771:Classified information
3597:Central Russian Upland
3227:The History of Siberia
3199:(2): 215824401348665.
3170:23 August 2011 at the
2572:"Ural Mountains"
2523:12 August 2011 at the
2080:Yugyd Va National Park
1972:Mount Otkliknoy Greben
1778:in Sverdlovsk Oblast.
1762:in Sverdlovsk Oblast,
1754:and its former branch
1750:in the Komi Republic,
1740:strict nature reserves
1582:, mosses and berries (
1493:
1418:
1211:
1093:of the supercontinent
1074:
1071:Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky
915:
879:
877:Yugyd Va National Park
857:
828:crossed the Polar Ural
778:
761:Trans-Siberian Railway
720:Alexander von Humboldt
591:incursion into Siberia
581:, were granted to the
562:
518:
438:mideastern geographers
425:
5533:List of metro systems
5086:Collective leadership
4583:Russian tsars regalia
3916:Intelligence agencies
3639:Great Russian Regions
3383:Expansion (1500-1800)
3187:Givental, E. (2013).
3019:Leech, M. L. (2001).
2986:Earth-Science Reviews
2690:Keyserling, Alexander
2318:29 April 2015 at the
2085:Dyatlov Pass incident
1984:Taganay national park
1837:Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak
1818:Cultural significance
1489:
1416:
1209:
1064:
913:
875:
855:
814:in Nizhny Tagil, and
777:Wooded Ural Mountains
776:
557:
525:, in his influential
512:
496:produced in open pans
424:
294:Ural Federal District
255:conventional boundary
32:Ural (disambiguation)
5906:Landforms of Siberia
5495:Net material product
5438:Censorship of images
5355:Political repression
5315:Soviet Border Troops
5248:First Deputy Premier
4832:1965 economic reform
4827:Soviet space program
4650:World Heritage sites
4027:Droughts and famines
3580:Environmental issues
3328:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2686:de Verneuil, Edouard
2599:Dukes, Paul (2015).
1785:-producing facility
1664:Western Capercaillie
1282:ores, as well as in
1264:Serov nickel deposit
1218:, especially in the
1043:Big Iremel Mountain
724:Alexander Keyserling
647:which also produced
601:, where the town of
298:Ural economic region
5563:Academy of Sciences
5378:Population transfer
5322:Soviet Armed Forces
5185:Congress of Soviets
5166:Presidium/Politburo
5130:Soviet anti-Zionism
4979:West Siberian Plain
4857:Revolutions of 1989
4794:Great Patriotic War
4779:New Economic Policy
4501:Forms of addressing
4110:Academy of Sciences
4067:Financial districts
3931:President of Russia
3856:Political divisions
3816:Freedom of assembly
3698:West Siberian Plain
3444:Great Patriotic War
3405:February Revolution
3097:2002JGSoc.159..659S
2998:2008ESRv...89..177B
2951:2009GSLSP.327..161P
2545:"What is the Urals"
1604:Virgin Komi Forests
1351:
1097:with the young and
716:Édouard de Verneuil
700:Alexander Karpinsky
444:is provided by the
442:East European Plain
367:believes that this
348:, there has been a
277:and the islands of
123: /
5208:Military Collegium
5076:Capital punishment
4954:Caucasus Mountains
4867:Post-Soviet states
4747:Russian Revolution
4551:Russian given name
4137:Telecommunications
4087:Petroleum industry
3951:State of emergency
3796:Far-right politics
3761:Capital punishment
3607:Meshchera Lowlands
3461:Russian Federation
3417:October Revolution
3265:Nuclear Technology
2555:on 17 August 2018.
2148:Siberia portal
1996:Sunrise on Taganay
1856:Great Northern War
1766:in Bashkortostan,
1758:in Bashkortostan,
1742:in the Urals: the
1676:spotted nutcracker
1494:
1419:
1349:
1288:Chelyabinsk Oblast
1212:
1163:Many deformed and
1109:, and intervening
1101:weak continent of
1075:
995:Guberlin Mountains
975:Ilmensky Mountains
916:
880:
858:
779:
712:Roderick Murchison
563:
519:
426:
391:geographical term
239:Russian Federation
59:Highest point
5961:Geology of Russia
5878:
5877:
5842:
5841:
5834:Hammer and sickle
5776:and their groups
5774:Soviet dissidents
5553:Communist Academy
5470:Economic planning
5446:
5445:
5339:Soviet Air Forces
5258:Security services
5178:General Secretary
5161:Central Committee
5103:Political parties
5035:Brezhnev Doctrine
5030:Foreign relations
4987:
4986:
4928:Autonomous okrugs
4842:Soviet–Afghan War
4822:Sino-Soviet split
4764:Russian Civil War
4691:
4690:
4658:
4657:
4238:Domestic violence
4170:
4169:
4092:Russian oligarchs
4017:Aircraft industry
3994:
3993:
3971:Mass surveillance
3961:Search and rescue
3926:Political parties
3806:Foreign relations
3738:
3737:
3537:
3536:
3529:Historical cities
3388:Tsardom of Russia
3237:978-1-134-20703-9
2888:Cocks, L. R. M.;
2813:978-0-7167-8919-2
2743:978-0-262-66181-2
2643:, pp. 53–54.
2612:978-1-4725-7379-7
2504:978-0-521-82928-1
2401:978-1-139-46165-8
2239:
2210:
2181:
2150:
2132:
2130:Russia portal
2115:Magnetic Mountain
1912:Mount Iremel peak
1774:in Perm Krai and
1628:Siberian chipmunk
1542:conifers, namely
1457:, Iset, Tura and
1406:
1405:
1167:rocks, mostly of
1156:to the north and
1054:
1053:
906:Nether-polar Ural
657:Vasily Tatishchev
653:Peter I of Russia
637:Gumyoshevsky mine
569:had defeated the
567:Tsardom of Russia
549:Western geography
541:Riphean Mountains
523:Maciej of Miechów
447:Primary Chronicle
249:and northwestern
191:
190:
105:Range coordinates
16:(Redirected from
5993:
5868:
5867:
5857:
5856:
5855:
5605:
5513:
5368:Collectivization
5113:Marxism–Leninism
4998:
4887:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4695:
4671:
4618:Russian language
4561:National symbols
4181:
4100:
4057:Fishing industry
4047:Economic regions
4042:Defence industry
4005:
3749:
3703:Russian Far East
3602:Northwest Russia
3560:Cities and towns
3548:
3410:Russian Republic
3316:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3241:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3184:
3175:
3162:
3156:
3148:(173): 563–564.
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3082:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3057:on 23 April 2021
3056:
3050:. Archived from
3034:(1–2): 149–159.
3025:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2922:on 31 July 2009.
2921:
2915:. Archived from
2904:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2763:
2748:
2747:
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2945:(1): 161–195.
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2912:978-1862392120
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2890:Torsvik, T. H.
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2874:978-0126363807
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1608:World Heritage
1564:Siberian larch
1523:Bromus inermis
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967:Main article:
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812:Uralvagonzavod
804:tank factories
706:and zoologist
704:Porfiry Krylov
685:Siberian Route
513:A fragment of
504:the excursions
478:. The rivers,
415:Main article:
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365:V.N. Tatischev
336:"stone belt" (
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5203:Supreme Court
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4293:Mental health
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4253:Ethnic groups
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3230:. Routledge.
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2861:Plimer, I. R.
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2773:New Scientist
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2030:Europe portal
2020:
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1799:Lake Karachay
1796:
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1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1764:Southern Ural
1761:
1757:
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1749:
1748:Pechora-Ilych
1745:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1720:
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1707:
1705:
1704:Willow Grouse
1701:
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1692:Golden Plover
1689:
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1681:
1677:
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1649:
1648:black polecat
1645:
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1611:
1609:
1605:
1602:and elm. The
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1572:downy birches
1569:
1565:
1561:
1560:Norway spruce
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:Siberian pine
1545:
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1476:Siberian High
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1423:Komi Republic
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1165:metamorphosed
1161:
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1158:Novaya Zemlya
1155:
1151:
1148:
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1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:Carboniferous
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:rheologically
1096:
1092:
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1072:
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1048:Ignateva Cave
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969:Southern Ural
963:Southern Ural
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938:Northern Ural
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866:Kazakh Steppe
863:
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839:
838:Yekaterinburg
835:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
800:
796:
793:. During the
792:
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689:Beryozovskoye
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279:Novaya Zemlya
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245:to the river
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225:), or simply
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5850:
5622:Demographics
5612:Antisemitism
5465:Central Bank
5383:Forced labor
5331:Spetsnaz GRU
5151:organisation
5059:Human rights
5008:Constitution
4973:
4891:Subdivisions
4769:Russian SFSR
4725:Soviet Union
4571:Coat of arms
4531:Martial arts
4439:Army culture
4429:Architecture
4399:Witch trials
4354:Prostitution
4300:Human rights
4233:Demographics
4147:Trade unions
4117:Shipbuilding
4077:Homelessness
4037:Central Bank
4032:Car industry
3871:Conservatism
3781:Constitution
3776:Conscription
3675:
3449:Eastern Bloc
3439:Soviet Union
3432:Russian SFSR
3362:Feudal Rus'
3264:
3226:
3218:Bibliography
3196:
3192:
3160:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3088:
3084:
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3052:the original
3031:
3027:
3014:
2992:(3–4): 177.
2989:
2985:
2975:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2917:the original
2898:
2883:
2864:
2834:
2802:
2777:. Retrieved
2771:
2732:
2713:
2704:
2694:
2675:
2661:
2636:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2580:
2561:
2553:the original
2548:
2513:
2493:
2486:
2474:. Retrieved
2415:Фасмер, Макс
2410:
2390:
2383:
2363:
2357:
2337:
2242:Oral taulary
2231:Орал таулары
2213:Ural tawźarı
2202:Урал тауҙары
2165:
2138:
2137:
2120:
2119:
2072:World portal
1900:Mount Iremel
1888:Mount Iremel
1849:
1841:Pavel Bazhov
1821:
1780:
1756:Shulgan-Tash
1736:
1708:
1680:Siberian Jay
1672:hazel grouse
1668:black grouse
1660:grass snakes
1652:common viper
1626:, squirrel,
1617:
1600:Norway maple
1544:Siberian fir
1540:
1521:
1518:meadow-grass
1506:
1495:
1472:
1463:
1420:
1344:Magnitogorsk
1260:nickel oxide
1256:chalcopyrite
1249:
1213:
1162:
1127:Appalachians
1103:Kazakhstania
1091:eastern edge
1076:
972:
954:
951:Central Ural
941:
917:
901:
889:
881:
859:
832:
787:Magnitogorsk
780:
765:
749:Nizhny Tagil
738:
733:
727:
722:, geologist
697:
693:
681:Empress Anna
627:
564:
545:Hyperboreans
534:
526:
520:
445:
427:
405:Turkologists
400:
392:
360:
353:
324:
311:
287:
243:Arctic Ocean
226:
194:
192:
173:Type of rock
36:
5726:Phraseology
5671:Prohibition
5659:Linguistics
5644:Drug policy
5637:1989 census
5558:Cybernetics
5460:Agriculture
5373:Great Purge
5335:Soviet Navy
5327:Soviet Army
5199:(1989–1991)
5193:(1938–1991)
5187:(1922–1936)
5171:Secretariat
5042:Gun control
4949:Caspian Sea
4933:Closed city
4862:Dissolution
4847:Perestroika
4789:Great Purge
4623:tea culture
4476:Fairy tales
4339:Open access
4312:Immigration
4273:Gun control
4012:Agriculture
3981:Term limits
3891:Martial law
3886:Nationalism
3881:Irredentism
3876:Imperialism
3659:Caspian Sea
3575:Environment
3570:Earthquakes
3466:Union State
3454:Dissolution
3353:Kievan Rus'
3343:Early Slavs
2641:Naumov 2006
2629:Naumov 2006
2016:Asia portal
1829:alexandrite
1596:English oak
1580:Dwarf birch
1427:Caspian Sea
1179:layers are
1173:sedimentary
1131:Caledonides
1111:island arcs
1085:due to the
932:Pleistocene
897:Mount Payer
892:Polar Urals
791:steelmaking
781:During the
753:Chelyabinsk
702:, botanist
603:Verkhoturye
559:Verkhoturye
531:Renaissance
460:fur trading
452:Novgorodian
186:sedimentary
178:Metamorphic
161:Age of rock
130: /
18:Ural Soviet
5885:Categories
5766:Opposition
5756:Television
5736:Propaganda
5709:Literature
5583:Naukograds
5578:Sharashkas
5512:(currency)
5490:Inventions
5433:Censorship
5363:Red Terror
5047:Government
4921:Autonomous
4904:Autonomous
4837:Stagnation
4800:Evacuation
4628:Television
4603:Philosophy
4536:Mass media
4526:Literature
4521:Inventions
4283:Healthcare
4218:Corruption
4208:Censorship
4099:(currency)
3976:Separatism
3921:Opposition
3906:Neo-Nazism
3896:Monarchism
3866:Liberalism
3861:Propaganda
3821:Government
3688:North Asia
3489:Journalism
3348:East Slavs
3338:Sarmatians
3091:(6): 659.
2894:Gee, D. G.
2261:References
1588:cloudberry
1552:Scots pine
1491:Cloudberry
1441:, and the
1324:aquamarine
1135:Variscides
886:Polar Ural
820:Labytnangi
661:Yegoshikha
641:Bronze Age
583:Stroganovs
468:Great Perm
434:Great Perm
385:Ural-Batyr
251:Kazakhstan
98:Kazakhstan
5827:Republics
5815:Republics
5803:Republics
5654:Languages
5518:Transport
5400:Holodomor
5293:Militsiya
5231:President
5123:Stalinism
5025:Elections
4899:Republics
4882:Geography
4872:Nostalgia
4784:Stalinism
4486:Festivals
4379:Sociology
4329:Languages
4248:Education
4152:Transport
3986:Terrorism
3831:Judiciary
3825:Apparatus
3791:Elections
3756:Anarchism
3730:Far North
3681:Volcanoes
3666:Mountains
3543:Geography
3422:Civil war
3333:Scythians
3193:SAGE Open
3126:28 August
3061:28 August
2967:129439058
2843:0096-3402
2236:romanized
2207:romanized
2178:romanized
1868:pollution
1825:malachite
1783:plutonium
1700:Ptarmigan
1620:wolverine
1584:blueberry
1576:tree line
1508:Serratula
1386:Andradite
1336:malachite
1332:rhodonite
1280:magnetite
1237:quartzite
1232:sinkholes
1224:Chusovaya
1197:sandstone
1189:limestone
1169:Paleozoic
1150:sediments
1123:Paleozoic
1087:collision
1046:Entry to
826:inmates,
649:malachite
623:gemstones
488:Solikamsk
480:Chusovaya
308:Etymology
227:the Urals
127:60°N 59°E
90:Countries
74:Geography
5870:Category
5423:Religion
5310:Chairmen
5156:Congress
5118:Leninism
5098:Propiska
4993:Politics
4852:Glasnost
4812:Cold War
4752:February
4678:Category
4556:Nobility
4516:Internet
4511:Heraldry
4506:Graffiti
4491:Folklore
4434:Armorial
4364:Religion
4349:Polygamy
4288:HIV/AIDS
4268:Funerals
4258:Feminism
4228:Deafness
4213:Citizens
4203:Cannabis
4188:Abortion
4132:Taxation
4072:Gambling
4062:Forestry
3911:Military
3744:Politics
3725:Wildlife
3671:Caucasus
3634:Glaciers
3514:Military
3499:Internet
3477:By topic
3371:Vladimir
3366:Novgorod
3320:Timeline
3168:Archived
3117:Archived
3113:17694777
2863:(eds.).
2800:(2006).
2692:(1845).
2659:(1894).
2549:Survinat
2521:Archived
2470:Archived
2316:Archived
2002:See also
1864:Cold War
1803:millirem
1727:buzzards
1711:hamsters
1696:Dotterel
1636:reindeer
1538:shrubs.
1536:caragana
1514:dropwort
1510:gmelinii
1439:Shchugor
1396:Platinum
1320:amethyst
1300:fireclay
1276:chromite
1272:platinum
1193:dolomite
1177:volcanic
1147:Cenozoic
1143:Mesozoic
1119:Triassic
1117:– early
1095:Laurasia
928:Shchugor
924:Manaraga
862:Kara Sea
808:Uralmash
757:Zlatoust
741:Chusovoy
630:smelting
500:Ivan III
472:Ob River
430:Bashkirs
342:Ob-Ugric
296:and the
229:, are a
5791:Symbols
5704:Fashion
5686:Culture
5600:Society
5545:Science
5510:Rouble
5452:Economy
5428:Science
5238:Premier
5219:Offices
5081:Leaders
5001:General
4969:Siberia
4942:Regions
4916:Oblasts
4757:October
4734:History
4669:Outline
4481:Fashion
4471:Fashion
4459:Cuisine
4421:Culture
4409:in army
4394:Wedding
4389:Suicide
4384:Smoking
4369:Slavery
4344:Orphans
4317:Illegal
4193:Alcohol
4176:Society
4142:Tourism
4022:Banking
4000:Economy
3845:Prisons
3693:Siberia
3649:Islands
3629:Geology
3565:Climate
3555:Borders
3519:Outline
3494:Judaism
3484:Economy
3311:History
3142:Science
3093:Bibcode
3036:Bibcode
2994:Bibcode
2947:Bibcode
2579:(ed.).
2476:22 June
2238::
2209::
2198:Bashkir
1875:Gallery
1833:Fabergé
1791:Ozyorsk
1772:Vishera
1752:Bashkir
1733:Ecology
1715:susliks
1656:lizards
1469:Climate
1431:Vishera
1340:diamond
1316:emerald
1312:lignite
1292:bauxite
1262:(e. g.
1201:basalts
1185:faulted
1089:of the
1057:Geology
991:Nurgush
864:to the
561:in 1910
456:Pechora
411:History
381:Chuvash
338:Bashkir
271:Siberia
235:Eurasia
182:igneous
149:Orogeny
143:Geology
5810:Emblem
5798:Anthem
5746:Sports
5699:Cinema
5694:Ballet
5676:Racism
5649:Family
5139:Bodies
4727:topics
4683:Portal
4638:Sports
4566:Anthem
4454:Cinema
4449:Ballet
4359:Racism
4322:Labour
4278:Health
4243:Doping
4097:Ruble
4082:Mining
4052:Energy
3715:Rivers
3624:Fjords
3524:Postal
3376:Moscow
3302:Russia
3234:
3111:
2965:
2909:
2871:
2841:
2810:
2779:8 July
2740:
2609:
2501:
2398:
2371:
2345:
2227:Kazakh
2100:Pangea
1812:curies
1768:Basegi
1719:jerboa
1717:, and
1684:Common
1644:badger
1610:site.
1568:silver
1532:poplar
1528:willow
1499:zigzag
1401:Quartz
1328:jasper
1245:gabbro
1241:schist
1181:folded
1107:Irtysh
1073:, 1910
987:Iremel
745:Kushva
617:ores,
615:copper
607:Kungur
587:Yermak
517:'s map
484:Belaya
476:Ustyug
397:Ostyak
387:. The
377:Bulgar
369:oronym
361:ур ала
334:Turkic
259:Europe
132:60; 59
94:Russia
5741:Radio
5719:Opera
5714:Music
5617:Crime
5388:Gulag
5266:Cheka
4911:Krais
4588:Opera
4541:Music
4404:Women
4305:LGBTQ
4223:Crime
4157:Waste
3676:Urals
3654:Lakes
3120:(PDF)
3109:S2CID
3081:(PDF)
3055:(PDF)
3024:(PDF)
2963:S2CID
2920:(PDF)
2903:(PDF)
2575:. In
2157:Notes
1795:Techa
1787:Mayak
1760:Visim
1744:Ilmen
1702:and
1640:sable
1614:Fauna
1482:Flora
1455:Tavda
1451:Tobol
1435:Ilych
1391:Beryl
1228:caves
1220:Sylva
979:Miass
834:Mayak
824:Gulag
633:works
595:Tagil
464:Yugra
399:word
389:Evenk
358:Mansi
5822:Flag
5780:List
5588:List
5500:OGAS
5393:List
5276:NKVD
5064:LGBT
5052:List
5018:1977
5013:1936
4576:Flag
4464:Wine
4444:Arts
3509:LGBT
3393:Army
3232:ISBN
3128:2015
3063:2015
2907:ISBN
2869:ISBN
2839:ISSN
2808:ISBN
2781:2010
2738:ISBN
2679:cf.
2607:ISBN
2499:ISBN
2478:2020
2396:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2247:IPA:
2218:IPA:
2189:IPA:
1797:and
1725:and
1686:and
1658:and
1646:and
1638:and
1624:lynx
1570:and
1562:and
1534:and
1520:and
1501:and
1338:and
1310:and
1296:talc
1284:coal
1278:and
1268:gold
1252:ores
1243:and
1195:and
1183:and
1175:and
1145:and
1067:mine
890:The
755:via
747:and
669:Iset
665:Perm
619:mica
613:and
611:iron
599:Tura
543:and
492:Kama
482:and
466:and
373:Aral
325:Ural
319:Урал
290:Ural
269:and
263:Asia
261:and
247:Ural
220:YOOR
207:jʊər
193:The
118:59°E
115:60°N
96:and
64:Peak
5305:KGB
5300:MGB
5288:MVD
5271:GPU
5071:Law
3836:Law
3201:doi
3150:doi
3101:doi
3089:159
3044:doi
3032:185
3002:doi
2955:doi
2943:327
1854:'s
1678:,
1443:Usa
1290:),
1266:),
957:Ufa
945:Usa
589:'s
575:Ufa
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