109:
550:, as well as a large number of Turkic languages). They are, however, firmly entrenched in the non-Uralo-Siberian languages of northernmost Eurasia, including Yeniseian, Nivkh, Na-Dene, Haida, Salishan, etc. Fortescue suggests that the presence of uvulars in CK and EA may, then, represent an ancient areal innovation acquired from the earlier, "pre-Na-Dene" languages of Beringia.
219:
Fortescue (1998, pp. 60–95) surveys 44 typological markers and argues that a typological profile uniquely identifying the language families proposed to comprise the Uralo-Siberian family can be established. The Uralo-Siberian hypothesis is rooted in the assumption that this distinct typological
1524:
Berge, Anna (2024). "Mid-Holocene
Language Connections between Asia and North America. By Michael Fortescue and Edward Vajda. Brill's Studies in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, vol. 17. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2022. Part 1: The Uralo-Siberian Hypothesis, pp. 13–234. USD $ 179, hardcover
1284:
Some or all of the four Uralo-Siberian families have been included in more extensive groupings of languages (see links below). Fortescue's hypothesis does not oppose or exclude these various proposals. In particular, he considers that a remote relationship between Uralo-Siberian and Altaic (or some
1058:
According to Ante Aikio (who does not believe that
Yukaghir is related to Uralic), the words glossed 'weave' and 'morning' in the last two rows, despite being homonyms in each language, are most likely unrelated. Such instances of coincidental homonymy between languages, which only very rarely
1543:
As a result, F's list of proposed cognates contains numerous gaps, with many stems not found in more than two or three languages among the languages being compared. Therefore, it is sometimes difficult to evaluate the soundness of the reconstruction, and more illustrative examples would have
155:
Connections with the Uralic and other language families are generally seen as speculative, including
Fortescue's Uralo-Siberian hypothesis. Fortescue's observations have been evaluated by specialists as "inspiring" and "compelling" but are viewed as scattered evidence and still remain highly
395:
Contrasts with canonically monosyllabic word roots in Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Yeniseian, Na-Dene, Haida, Tsimshian, Wakashan, Salishan, etc. Some secondarily monosyllabic word roots have developed in Aleut and multiple Uralic languages, and they predominate in
2578:
337:
Original non-sibilant fricatives are absent from most other languages of
Eurasia. Voiceless fricatives prevail over voiced ones in most of northern America. Both voiced and voiceless fricatives occur in
546:
are absent from Uralic, but can be found in
Chukotko-Kamchatkan and Eskaleut. They are also present in Yukaghir, though are likely to be of secondary origin there (as also in the Uralic
1786:
1870:
1861:
1855:
152:. However, after 2011 Fortescue only included Uralic, Yukaghir and Eskaleut in the theory, although he argued that Uralo-Siberian languages have influenced Chukotko-Kamchatkan.
1289:). However, Fortescue holds that Uralo-Siberian lies within the bounds of the provable, whereas Nostratic may be too remote a grouping to ever be convincingly demonstrated.
383:
A feature shared with most 'Altaic' languages. Contrasts with the presence of abundant consonant clusters in Nivkh, as well as in the Indo-European and
Salishan languages.
1308:
also belongs to Uralo-Siberian. This would make Uralo-Siberian the proto-language of a much vaster language family. Kortlandt (2006:3) considers that Uralo-Siberian and
207:
proposed a relationship between the
Eskaleut and Chukotko-Kamchatkan language families. In 1998, Michael Fortescue presented more detailed arguments in his book,
1911:
2628:
2568:
1838:
1455:
I would no longer wish to relate CK directly to , although I believe that some of the lexical evidence will hold up in terms of borrowing/diffusion.
203:, in which he, like other authors before him, presented a number of grammatical similarities and a small number of lexical correspondences. In 1962,
1646:
1502:
1421:
538:
Several more widely spread typologically significant features may also instead represent contact influence, according to
Fortescue (1998):
1059:
happens by chance, suggest that some kind of contact most likely happened, but exact conclusions cannot be drawn with modern information.
2773:
1579:
640:
sets with reflexes in at least three of the four language families, and even more shared by two of the language families. Examples are
2778:
1776:
656:
1492:
2788:
1356:
1304:(a proposed language family consisting of Uralic and Indo-European) is itself a branch of Uralo-Siberian and that, furthermore, the
2651:
1904:
1791:
2493:
2481:
664:
372:
Found in most other language families of northern
Eurasia as well; however, widely absent from languages of northern America.
2558:
1833:
1858:
as reconstructed by Uwe
Seefloth, who finds Uralic and Eskaleut to be each other's closest relatives within Uralo-Siberian
2708:
2698:
2693:
2386:
2170:
2165:
1617:
Kloekhorst, Alwin; Pronk, Tijmen (2019-09-25), "Introduction: Reconstructing Proto-Indo-Anatolian and Proto-Indo-Uralic",
149:
79:
2538:
1877:
2713:
2683:
2563:
1808:
2793:
2661:
2002:
1897:
1312:(defined by him as consisting of Turkic, Mongolian, Tungusic, Korean, and Japanese) may be coordinate branches of the
133:
1509:
Fortescue's observations are encylopaedic, and often innovative and inspiring, but the picture arrived at is one of
2330:
1411:
348:
1828:
1286:
164:
Structural similarities between Uralic and Eskaleut languages were observed early. In 1746, the Danish theologian
2783:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2586:
2508:
2503:
2159:
2145:
1920:
520:
441:
2269:
2498:
2099:
1988:
1796:
532:
278:
156:
speculative and unproven and the soundness of the reconstructed common ancestors are challenging to evaluate.
2367:
2262:
2212:
2191:
2182:
2064:
1981:
1941:
1865:
660:
326:
248:
1713:
Blažek, Václav. 2006. "Chukcho-Kamchatkan and Uralic: lexical evidence of their genetic relationship". In:
2523:
2518:
2283:
2255:
2246:
2205:
888:
878:
868:
858:
846:
836:
826:
816:
804:
795:
786:
777:
766:
757:
748:
739:
727:
717:
707:
697:
637:
366:
356:
352:
331:
308:
282:
272:
244:
2276:
1561:"Correlating Palaeo-Siberian languages and populations: recent advances in the Uralo-Siberian hypothesis"
2675:
2548:
2528:
2071:
2009:
1843:
1818:
1781:
1301:
668:
652:
527:. Frequently the modern-day descendant languages have diverged further from this profile — particularly
316:
220:
profile was, rather than an areal profile common to four unrelated language families, the profile of a
535:
influence from a language typologically more alike to the non-Uralo-Siberian languages of the region.
2656:
2646:
2636:
2486:
2340:
2153:
2037:
1813:
1313:
492:
402:
176:
165:
2703:
2476:
2461:
2396:
2198:
2120:
2030:
2023:
1974:
1932:
1823:
1317:
260:
252:
211:. His title evokes Morris Swadesh's 1962 article, "Linguistic relations across the Bering Strait".
108:
2437:
2391:
2306:
2301:
2296:
1730:
Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence.
1349:
Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence.
1297:
651:
Below are some lexical items reconstructed to Proto-Uralo-Siberian, along with their reflexes in
508:
389:
312:
264:
180:
129:
74:
69:
191:
in particular, and presented a list of lexical correspondences (Rask also considered Uralic and
2641:
2618:
2613:
2591:
2533:
2311:
2234:
2127:
1771:
1642:
1498:
1417:
1352:
1293:
478:
377:
344:
294:
268:
240:
137:
1590:
519:
None of the four families shows all of these 17 features; ranging from 12 reconstructible in
2603:
2596:
2543:
2471:
2466:
2423:
2416:
2346:
2290:
2228:
2134:
2106:
2092:
2078:
1995:
1967:
1955:
1948:
1721:
1693:
1632:
1622:
1534:
1446:
1383:
1309:
543:
528:
363:
256:
192:
188:
125:
64:
2430:
2381:
2335:
2218:
2113:
2085:
2044:
1961:
547:
512:
433:
423:
286:
170:
145:
121:
85:
49:
1883:
1437:
Fortescue, Michael (2011). "The relationship of Nivkh to Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited".
2608:
2376:
1752:
Seefloth, Uwe (2000). "Die Entstehung polypersonaler Paradigmen im Uralo-Sibirischen".
1305:
1067:
Fortescue suggested the following grammatical similarities to point to a relationship:
672:
456:
298:
290:
234:
204:
196:
2767:
1681:
1560:
502:
462:
427:
1467:
16:
Proposed language family including Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut and possibly Nivkh
2513:
2321:
2055:
1363:
524:
1388:
1371:
1450:
184:
1889:
564:
Apparently shared elements of Uralo-Siberian morphology include the following:
2688:
2407:
2357:
2223:
1627:
472:
468:
448:
95:
1697:
498:
304:
1637:
1924:
1884:"Chukcho-Kamchatkan and Uralic: Evidence of their genetic relationship"
380:
are absent word-initially and word-finally, but present word-medially.
38:
2016:
452:
437:
275:
languages. They have also later arisen in several branches of Uralic.
42:
1748:. Tartu, Estonia: University of Tartu, Division of Uralic Languages.
1665:. In Bakró-Nagy, Marianne; Laakso, Johanna; Skribnik, Elena (eds.).
1662:
1538:
1468:"Uralic languages | Finno-Ugric, Samoyedic, & Permic Groups"
1413:
Mid-Holocene Language Connections between Asia and North America
1893:
1746:
Indo-European-Uralic-Siberian Linguistic and Cultural Contacts
187:
considered Greenlandic to be related to the Uralic languages,
140:, an expert in Eskaleut and Chukotko-Kamchatkan, in his book
1182:
Yukaghir and Proto-Eskaleut verbal and nominal inflections:
1728:
Greenberg, Joseph H (2000). "Review of Michael Fortescue,
1178:
Yukaghir and Proto-Eskaleut verbal and nominal inflections
1070:
Proto-Uralic and Proto-Eskaleut number and case markers:
1715:
Orientalia et Classica XI. Aspects of Comparativistics 2
1491:
Abondolo, Daniel; Valijärvi, Riitta-Liisa (2023-03-31).
1335:
Bergsland, Knut (1959). "The Eskimo–Uralic hypothesis".
324:
A series of voiced non-sibilant fricatives, including /
1787:
Classification of indigenous languages of the Americas
224:
language ancestral to all four: Proto-Uralo-Siberian.
2674:
2627:
2577:
2450:
2405:
2365:
2356:
2320:
2245:
2181:
2144:
2054:
1931:
94:
58:
48:
31:
21:
418:Contrasts particularly with Yeniseian and Na-Dene.
1612:
1610:
1410:Vajda, Edward; Fortescue, Michael (2022-01-31).
148:in Uralo-Siberian. Until 2011, it also included
1372:"Linguistic relations across the Bering Strait"
1905:
1856:Linguist List post about Uralo-Eskimo grammar
1527:International Journal of American Linguistics
330:/, which lack voiceless counterparts such as
8:
2749:Families with more than 30 languages are in
501:expressed by an auxiliary verb (known as a
2454:
2362:
1912:
1898:
1890:
1636:
1626:
1387:
899:Proposed cognates between the languages:
1682:"How the accusative became the relative"
1184:
1072:
987:
901:
677:
1402:
209:Language Relations across Bering Strait
195:to be related to each other). In 1959,
142:Language Relations across Bering Strait
1669:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
18:
1619:The Precursors of Proto-Indo-European
1337:Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
675:). (Source: Fortescue 1998:152–158.)
57:
7:
1878:"Nivkh as a Uralo-Siberian language"
1839:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages
1667:Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages
1554:
1552:
1525:or e-book edition". Review article.
1720:Georg, Stefan; Seefloth, Uwe 2000.
1777:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan language
392:, with the exception of pronouns.
14:
1803:Related language family proposals
1686:Journal of Historical Linguistics
1621:, Brill | Rodopi, pp. 1–14,
415:Exclusively suffixal morphology.
325:
144:. Some have attempted to include
1792:Linguistic areas of the Americas
1320:but rejected by most linguists.
107:
1285:part of Altaic) is likely (see
430:and at least three local cases.
1351:London and New York: Cassell.
531:, for which Fortescue assumes
233:A single, voiceless series of
1:
1389:10.1525/aa.1962.64.6.02a00090
136:. It was proposed in 1998 by
1880:by Frederik Kortlandt (2004)
1871:More discussion of the above
1451:10.1016/j.lingua.2011.03.001
1316:language family proposed by
732:'push, thrust at with pole'
648:'mountain' and many others.
495:, used as an auxiliary verb.
455:as morphologically distinct
388:Canonically bisyllabic word
201:The Eskimo–Uralic Hypothesis
1717:, pp. 197–212. Moscow.
1680:Fortescue, Michael (2016).
1559:Fortescue, Michael (2017).
1362:Kortlandt, Frederik. 2006.
2810:
2774:Proposed language families
2569:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
1580:"Uralic-Yukaghir wordlist"
1347:Fortescue, Michael. 1998.
687:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan
636:Fortescue (1998) lists 94
2779:History of Northeast Asia
2737:
2457:
1834:Uralic–Yukaghir languages
1754:Zentralasiatische Studien
1628:10.1163/9789004409354_002
873:'bring, take, give' (FU)
657:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan
521:Proto-Chukotko-Kamchatkan
311:occur in Na-Dene, Haida,
106:
50:Linguistic classification
26:
2789:Paleo-Siberian languages
1797:The Last of the Vostiaks
1497:. Taylor & Francis.
1370:Swadesh, Morris (1962).
1364:"Indo-Uralic and Altaic"
54:Proposed language family
2746:have no living members.
2629:East and Southeast Asia
1886:by Václav Blažek (2006)
1862:Discussion of the above
1809:Eskimo–Uralic languages
1376:American Anthropologist
1262:*-(m/n)un / *ŋus/*-ŋun
1300:(2006:1) asserts that
1088:nom./absolutive sing.
1041:*kuda 'morning, dawn'
638:lexical correspondence
615:interrogative pronoun
1844:Sino-Uralic languages
1829:Ural–Altaic languages
1819:Indo-Uralic languages
1782:Proto-Uralic language
1734:Review of Archaeology
1698:10.1075/jhl.6.1.03for
1287:Ural–Altaic languages
681:Proto-Uralo-Siberian
27:(not widely accepted)
1814:Eurasiatic languages
1661:Aikio, Ante (2019).
1494:The Uralic Languages
1294:University of Leiden
1020:*tut 'arrive, land'
362:The occurrence of a
199:published the paper
2387:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2171:Northwest Caucasian
2166:Northeast Caucasian
1864:and comparisons to
1824:Nostratic languages
1186:
1074:
989:
903:
722:'chase, herd' (PC)
509:Subordinate clauses
479:Possessive suffixes
351:consonants such as
150:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
80:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2794:Eskaleut languages
2652:Austronesian–Ongan
2451:Proposed groupings
1578:Häkkinen, Jaakko.
1298:Frederik Kortlandt
1185:
1143:plural accusative
1073:
988:
902:
491:The presence of a
378:Consonant clusters
120:is a hypothetical
2761:
2760:
2670:
2669:
2662:Sino-Austronesian
2446:
2445:
1921:Language families
1772:Haplogroup N-M231
1744:Künnap, A. 1999.
1648:978-90-04-40935-4
1504:978-1-317-23097-7
1423:978-90-04-43682-4
1277:
1276:
1267:adv. loc./lative
1175:
1174:
1056:
1055:
986:
985:
897:
896:
629:
628:
544:uvular consonants
471:markers based on
138:Michael Fortescue
115:
114:
2801:
2784:Uralic languages
2729:Proto-Euphratean
2455:
2363:
2331:Great Andamanese
1914:
1907:
1900:
1891:
1761:
1741:
1702:
1701:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1640:
1630:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1595:
1589:. Archived from
1584:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1511:disetcta membra
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1445:(8): 1359–1376.
1434:
1428:
1427:
1407:
1393:
1391:
1382:(6): 1262–1291.
1344:
1318:Joseph Greenberg
1187:
1132:accusative sing
1075:
990:
958:*iɣa- 'swallow'
939:*cowinə 'spear'
923:*amlə 'swallow'
904:
890:
880:
870:
860:
848:
838:
828:
818:
806:
797:
788:
779:
768:
759:
752:'father in law'
750:
741:
729:
719:
709:
699:
678:
567:
566:
368:
364:rhotic consonant
358:
354:
333:
329:
310:
284:
246:
174:
111:
19:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2764:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2733:
2724:Paleo-Laplandic
2719:Pre-Finno-Ugric
2666:
2623:
2587:Greater Siangic
2573:
2559:Uralic–Yukaghir
2509:Ibero-Caucasian
2504:Elamo-Dravidian
2442:
2401:
2352:
2316:
2241:
2177:
2160:North Caucasian
2140:
2050:
1989:Paleo-Sardinian
1927:
1918:
1852:
1805:
1768:
1751:
1727:
1722:"Uralo-Eskimo?"
1710:
1708:Further reading
1705:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1616:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1582:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1505:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1369:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1282:
1180:
1083:Proto-Eskaleut
1065:
1052:*qilaɣ 'weave'
942:*caviɣ 'knife'
934:*aŋ-va- 'open'
910:Proto-Eskaleut
712:'drive, chase'
702:'push forward'
690:Proto-Eskaleut
644:'grandfather',
634:
562:
557:
513:non-finite verb
457:parts of speech
447:The absence of
424:Accusative case
235:stop consonants
217:
168:
162:
122:language family
33:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2807:
2805:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2583:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2554:Uralo-Siberian
2551:
2546:
2541:
2539:Serbi–Mongolic
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Dravido-Korean
2496:
2494:Dené–Yeniseian
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2482:Dené–Caucasian
2479:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2410:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2373:
2371:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2100:Hurro-Urartian
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2068:
2060:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1982:Paleo-Corsican
1978:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1945:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1851:
1850:External links
1848:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1749:
1742:
1725:
1718:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1672:
1663:"Proto-Uralic"
1653:
1647:
1606:
1570:
1548:
1539:10.1086/727525
1533:(1): 130–132.
1516:
1503:
1483:
1459:
1429:
1422:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1367:
1360:
1345:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1306:Nivkh language
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1165:dative/lative
1162:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1064:
1061:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:*kuda 'weave'
1046:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1004:*at(ǝ) 'down'
1002:
998:
997:
994:
984:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
968:
967:
966:*uməɣ 'close'
964:
960:
959:
956:
952:
951:
948:
944:
943:
940:
936:
935:
932:
928:
927:
926:*ama 'suckle'
924:
920:
919:
916:
912:
911:
908:
907:Proto-Yukagir
895:
894:
884:
874:
864:
853:
852:
842:
832:
822:
811:
810:
800:
791:
782:
772:
771:
770:'grandfather'
762:
761:'grandfather'
753:
744:
743:'grandfather'
734:
733:
723:
713:
703:
692:
691:
688:
685:
682:
665:Proto-Eskaleut
633:
630:
627:
626:
625:genitive case
623:
617:
616:
613:
607:
606:
603:
597:
596:
593:
587:
586:
583:
577:
576:
573:
561:
558:
556:
553:
552:
551:
517:
516:
506:
496:
488:
487:
483:
482:
476:
466:
460:
445:
431:
421:
420:
419:
412:
411:
407:
406:
399:
398:
397:
386:
385:
384:
375:
374:
373:
360:
341:
340:
339:
322:
321:
320:
307:stops such as
302:
281:stops such as
276:
243:stops such as
230:
229:
216:
213:
205:Morris Swadesh
197:Knut Bergsland
166:Marcus Wøldike
161:
158:
124:consisting of
118:Uralo-Siberian
113:
112:
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
90:
89:
83:
77:
72:
67:
60:
56:
55:
52:
46:
45:
35:
29:
28:
24:
23:
22:Uralo-Siberian
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2806:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2752:
2748:
2745:
2741:
2740:
2736:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Eskimo–Uralic
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:Paleosiberian
2364:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2263:Austroasiatic
2260:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2213:Austroasiatic
2210:
2208:
2207:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:Indo-European
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2066:
2065:Indo-European
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2007:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1942:Indo-European
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1903:
1901:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1866:Indo-European
1863:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1596:on 2021-08-31
1592:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1487:
1484:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:0-304-70330-3
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1288:
1280:Relationships
1279:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1080:Proto-Uralic
1079:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:*qilaɣ 'sky'
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:*tuli 'come'
1016:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1001:*ila 'under'
1000:
999:
995:
992:
991:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
969:
965:
962:
961:
957:
954:
953:
949:
946:
945:
941:
938:
937:
933:
931:*aŋa 'mouth'
930:
929:
925:
922:
921:
918:*atə 'below'
917:
914:
913:
909:
906:
905:
900:
892:
885:
882:
875:
872:
865:
862:
855:
854:
850:
843:
840:
833:
830:
823:
820:
813:
812:
808:
801:
798:
792:
789:
783:
780:
774:
773:
769:
763:
760:
754:
751:
745:
742:
736:
735:
731:
724:
721:
714:
711:
704:
701:
694:
693:
689:
686:
684:Proto-Uralic
683:
680:
679:
676:
674:
670:
666:
662:
661:Proto-Chukchi
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
631:
624:
622:
619:
618:
614:
612:
609:
608:
604:
602:
599:
598:
594:
592:
589:
588:
584:
582:
579:
578:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
559:
554:
549:
545:
541:
540:
539:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
514:
510:
507:
504:
503:negative verb
500:
497:
494:
490:
489:
485:
484:
480:
477:
474:
470:
467:
464:
463:Evidentiality
461:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
432:
429:
428:genitive case
425:
422:
417:
416:
414:
413:
409:
408:
404:
401:Word-initial
400:
394:
393:
391:
387:
382:
381:
379:
376:
371:
370:
365:
361:
350:
346:
342:
336:
335:
328:
323:
318:
314:
306:
303:
300:
296:
292:
288:
280:
277:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:Indo-European
247:occur in the
242:
239:
238:
236:
232:
231:
227:
226:
225:
223:
214:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
167:
159:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
110:
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
87:
84:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
61:
53:
51:
47:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
2750:
2743:
2742:Families in
2699:Pre-Goidelic
2694:Pre-Germanic
2553:
2524:Indo-Semitic
2519:Indo-Pacific
2514:Indo-Hittite
2429:
2422:
2415:
2345:
2322:Indian Ocean
2289:
2284:Austronesian
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2256:Sino-Tibetan
2254:
2233:
2211:
2206:Sino-Tibetan
2204:
2197:
2190:
2158:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2010:North Picene
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1714:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1666:
1656:
1638:1887/3295765
1618:
1598:. Retrieved
1591:the original
1586:
1573:
1565:Man in India
1564:
1542:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1493:
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1462:
1454:
1442:
1438:
1432:
1412:
1405:
1379:
1375:
1348:
1340:
1336:
1324:Bibliography
1291:
1283:
1181:
1069:
1066:
1057:
1028:*kina 'who'
1012:*ǝt(ǝ) 'be'
1009:*elä 'live'
963:*um 'close'
955:*ləɣ- 'eat'
950:*kina 'who'
915:*al 'below'
898:
893:'take' (PE)
886:
876:
866:
856:
844:
834:
824:
814:
802:
793:
784:
775:
764:
755:
746:
737:
725:
715:
705:
695:
669:Proto-Eskimo
653:Proto-Uralic
650:
645:
641:
635:
620:
610:
600:
590:
580:
570:
563:
537:
525:Proto-Uralic
518:
273:Sino-Tibetan
221:
218:
208:
200:
163:
154:
141:
117:
116:
100:
59:Subdivisions
34:distribution
2549:Ural-Altaic
2529:Indo-Uralic
2341:Sentinelese
2072:Afroasiatic
2038:Eteocypriot
1740:(2): 23–24.
1587:elisanet.fi
1329:Works cited
1302:Indo-Uralic
1063:Grammatical
1036:*ta 'that'
1033:*to 'that'
982:*ta 'that'
979:*ta 'that'
974:*nəɣ 'get'
971:*n’ə 'get'
947:*kin 'who'
883:'pull out'
831:'tie' (FU)
799:'not' (PC)
667:(sometimes
659:(sometimes
605:2nd person
595:1st person
473:participles
349:palatalized
185:Rasmus Rask
183:. In 1818,
177:Greenlandic
169: [
2768:Categories
2689:Pre-Celtic
2657:East Asian
2647:Austro-Tai
2637:Andamanese
2487:Eurasiatic
2408:North Asia
2358:North Asia
2270:Hmong–Mien
2224:Burushaski
2183:South Asia
2154:Kartvelian
2121:Philistine
2031:Eteocretan
1975:Tartessian
1760:: 163–191.
1600:2020-05-04
1477:2023-06-14
1472:Britannica
1398:References
1314:Eurasiatic
1201:trans. 1s
1025:*ke 'who'
809:'not' (A)
560:Morphology
469:Indicative
449:adjectives
410:Morphology
32:Geographic
2714:Pre-Vedic
2704:Pre-Greek
2676:Substrata
2579:Arunachal
2477:Nostratic
2462:Alarodian
2397:Yeniseian
2247:East Asia
2199:Dravidian
2056:West Asia
2024:Tyrsenian
1692:: 72–92.
1416:. BRILL.
1296:linguist
1251:*(m/n)əɣ
1248:*-(n)kət
1240:*-(n)kən
1237:*-(n)kən
1196:Eskaleut
1193:Yukaghir
1157:*-(kə)tə
1154:ablative
1124:*-(kə)na
1121:locative
996:Eskaleut
851:'tie up'
841:'tie up'
821:'tie up'
533:substrate
523:to 16 in
511:based on
317:Tsimshian
285:occur in
279:Aspirated
261:Mongolian
253:Yeniseian
228:Phonology
181:Hungarian
175:compared
96:Glottolog
37:Northern
2709:Vasconic
2684:Atlantic
2438:Eskaleut
2392:Yukaghir
2307:Koreanic
2302:Tungusic
2297:Mongolic
2235:Harappan
2146:Caucasus
2128:Sumerian
2003:Ligurian
1766:See also
1259:*(ŋi)n’
1223:3 poss.
1190:Pronoun
1168:*-kə/-ŋ
555:Evidence
542:Primary
499:Negation
465:marking.
434:singular
396:Itelmen.
343:Primary
313:Salishan
305:Ejective
265:Tungusic
215:Typology
134:Eskaleut
130:Yukaghir
75:Eskaleut
70:Yukaghir
2744:italics
2642:Austric
2619:Kho-Bwa
2614:Hrusish
2592:Siangic
2534:Karasuk
2434: ?
2347:Kenaboi
2312:Japonic
2277:Kra–Dai
2238: ?
2229:Kusunda
2135:Elamite
2107:Kassite
2093:Kaskian
1996:Camunic
1968:Iberian
1925:Eurasia
1544:helped.
1343:: 1–29.
1234:vialis
1160:*-kənc
1149:*-(ŋ)i
1110:plural
993:Uralic
879:teɣiŋrə
863:'take'
663:), and
642:*ap(p)a
632:Lexicon
575:plural
529:Itelmen
453:adverbs
444:number.
345:palatal
295:Na-Dene
269:Japonic
189:Finnish
160:History
39:Eurasia
2604:Mijiic
2597:Digaro
2544:Pontic
2472:Borean
2467:Altaic
2431:Rouran
2424:Turkic
2417:Uralic
2406:Other
2291:Turkic
2219:Nihali
2114:Gutian
2086:Hattic
2079:Turkic
2045:Minoan
2017:Sicani
1962:Basque
1956:Turkic
1949:Uralic
1933:Europe
1645:
1501:
1439:Lingua
1420:
1355:
1310:Altaic
1171:*-ŋun
1146:*-j/i
817:pit(uɣ
790:'not'
781:'not'
778:el(l)ä
767:ap(p)a
740:ap(p)a
718:aj-tat
646:*kað'a
548:Selkup
515:forms.
493:copula
486:Syntax
438:plural
403:stress
357:/ʎ~lʲ/
353:/ɲ~nʲ/
338:Nivkh.
319:, etc.
301:, etc.
287:Korean
257:Turkic
241:Voiced
222:single
193:Altaic
132:, and
126:Uralic
65:Uralic
43:Arctic
41:, the
2382:Nivkh
2336:Ongan
1594:(PDF)
1583:(PDF)
1245:abl.
1226:*ntə
1127:*-ni
1102:*-kə
1099:dual
847:pətuɣ
805:-la(ɣ
698:aj(aɣ
673:Aleut
585:dual
390:roots
299:Haida
291:Nivkh
173:]
146:Nivkh
86:Nivkh
2751:bold
2609:Miju
2377:Ainu
1643:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1292:The
1273:*nə
1270:*nə
1256:all
1218:*ŋi
1215:*ŋi
1212:3pl
1207:*ŋa
1135:*-m
1116:*-t
1113:*-t
889:teɣu
869:toɣe
859:toɣə
827:pitV
796:ællæ
749:appe
728:ajaɣ
451:and
442:dual
440:and
309:/tʼ/
283:/tʰ/
271:and
101:None
2324:rim
1923:of
1732:".
1694:doi
1633:hdl
1623:doi
1535:doi
1447:doi
1443:121
1384:doi
1229:*n
1204:*ŋ
1105:*k
837:pət
787:elä
758:æpæ
708:aja
671:or
621:*-n
611:*ka
601:*t-
591:*m-
581:*-k
571:*-t
367:/r/
347:or
332:/θ/
245:/d/
179:to
2770::
1758:30
1756:.
1738:21
1736:.
1688:.
1684:.
1641:,
1631:,
1609:^
1585:.
1563:.
1551:^
1541:.
1531:90
1529:.
1507:.
1470:.
1453:.
1441:.
1380:64
1378:.
1374:.
1341:61
1339:.
1138:–
1094:Ø
1091:Ø
819:)-
807:)-
700:)-
655:,
436:,
426:,
369:.
355:,
334:.
315:,
297:,
293:,
289:,
267:,
263:,
259:,
255:,
251:,
237:.
171:da
128:,
2753:.
2370:"
2366:"
1913:e
1906:t
1899:v
1724:.
1700:.
1696::
1690:6
1635::
1625::
1603:.
1567:.
1537::
1480:.
1449::
1426:.
1392:.
1386::
1366:.
1359:.
891:-
887:*
881:-
877:*
871:-
867:*
861:-
857:*
849:-
845:*
839:-
835:*
829:-
825:*
815:*
803:*
794:*
785:*
776:*
765:*
756:*
747:*
738:*
730:-
726:*
720:-
716:*
710:-
706:*
696:*
505:)
481:.
475:.
459:.
405:.
359:.
327:ð
88:?
82:?
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