467:
318:
1739:
982:
55:
64:
808:
990:
1483:
impairing the ability of ATP (energy) production for muscle cells. In these metabolic myopathies, myogenic hyperuricemia is exercise-induced; inosine, hypoxanthine and uric acid increase in plasma after exercise and decrease over hours with rest. Excess AMP (adenosine monophosphate) is converted into
1291:
The normal concentration range of uric acid (or hydrogen urate ion) in human blood is 25 to 80 mg/L for men and 15 to 60 mg/L for women (but see below for slightly different values). An individual can have serum values as high as 96 mg/L and not have gout. In humans, about 70% of daily
1397:
Although foods such as meat and seafood can elevate serum urate levels, genetic variation is a much greater contributor to high serum urate. A proportion of people have mutations in the urate transport proteins responsible for the excretion of uric acid by the kidneys. Variants of a number of genes,
1296:. Normal excretion of uric acid in the urine is 270 to 360 mg per day (concentration of 270 to 360 mg/L if one litre of urine is produced per day – higher than the solubility of uric acid because it is in the form of dissolved acid urates), roughly 1% as much as the daily excretion of
2170:
Baillie, J. K.; Bates, M. G.; Thompson, A. A.; Waring, W. S.; Partridge, R. W.; Schnopp, M. F.; Simpson, A.; Gulliver-Sloan, F.; Maxwell, S. R.; Webb, D. J. (May 2007). "Endogenous urate production augments plasma antioxidant capacity in healthy lowland subjects exposed to high altitude".
1503:
of uric acid is typically 3.4–7.2 mg per 100 mL(200–430 μmol/L) for men, and 2.4–6.1 mg per 100 mL for women (140–360 μmol/L). Uric acid concentrations in blood plasma above and below the normal range are known as, respectively,
1625:
In humans, purines are metabolized into uric acid, which is then excreted in the urine. Consumption of large amounts of some types of purine-rich foods, particularly meat and seafood, increases gout risk. Purine-rich foods include liver, kidney, and
2351:
Maxwell, S. R. J.; Thomason, H.; Sandler, D.; Leguen, C.; Baxter, M. A.; Thorpe, G. H. G.; Jones, A. F.; Barnett, A. H. (1997). "Antioxidant status in patients with uncomplicated insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus".
1622:, and other tissues. Gout can occur where serum uric acid levels are as low as 6 mg per 100 mL (357 μmol/L), but an individual can have serum values as high as 9.6 mg per 100 mL (565 μmol/L) and not have gout.
1630:, and certain types of seafood, including anchovies, herring, sardines, mussels, scallops, trout, haddock, mackerel, and tuna. Moderate intake of purine-rich vegetables, however, is not associated with an increased risk of gout.
3860:
Banach, K.; Bojarska, E.; Kazimierczuk, Z.; Magnowska, L.; Bzowska, A. (2005). "Kinetic Model of
Oxidation Catalyzed by Xanthine Oxidase—The Final Enzyme in Degradation of Purine Nucleosides and Nucleotides".
1714:, a rare inherited disorder, is also associated with high serum uric acid levels. Spasticity, involuntary movement, and cognitive retardation as well as manifestations of gout are seen in this syndrome.
4263:
1730:. It is also possible that high levels of uric acid may have a causal role in the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, but this is controversial and the data are conflicting.
1226:
The figures given indicate what mass of water is required to dissolve a unit mass of compound indicated. The lower the number, the more soluble the substance in the said solvent.
4702:
2835:
821:
4932:
4074:
Hess, F. M.; King, J. C.; Margen, S. (1 December 1977). "Effect of low zinc intake and oral contraceptive agents on nitrogen utilization and clinical findings in young women".
2473:
Vitart, V.; Rudan, I.; Hayward, C.; et al. (April 2008). "SLC2A9 is a newly identified urate transporter influencing serum urate concentration, urate excretion and gout".
3044:
Zhao, J; Huang, Y (2015). "Salivary uric acid as a noninvasive biomarker for monitoring the efficacy of urate-lowering therapy in a patient with chronic gouty arthropathy".
2973:
Mineo, Ikuo; Kono, Norio; Hara, Naoko; Shimizu, Takao; Yamada, Yuya; Kawachi, Masanori; Kiyokawa, Hiroaki; Wang, Yan Lin; Tarui, Seiichiro (1987). "Myogenic
Hyperuricemia".
4150:
Wang, L.; Hu, W.; Wang, J.; Qian, W.; Xiao, H. (2016). "Low serum uric acid levels in patients with multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica: An updated meta-analysis".
4256:
4362:
4368:
1061:
is rather low. All these salts exhibit greater solubility in hot water than cold, allowing for easy recrystallization. This low solubility is significant for the
4249:
506:
1018:. XO, which is found in mammals, functions primarily as a dehydrogenase and rarely as an oxidase, despite its name. Xanthine in turn is produced from other
4380:
2073:
Uric Acid: The
Chemistry, Physiology and Pathology of Uric Acid and the Physiologically Important Purin Bodies, with a Discussion of the Metabolism in Gout
4111:"Effects of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on uric acid concentrations in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a randomized clinical trial"
3611:
4350:
4925:
2427:
Tausche, A. K.; Unger, S.; Richter, K.; et al. (May 2006). "Hyperurikämie und Gicht" [Hyperuricemia and gout: diagnosis and therapy].
6105:
2886:
Döring, A.; Gieger, C.; Mehta, D.; et al. (April 2008). "SLC2A9 influences uric acid concentrations with pronounced sex-specific effects".
5036:
4894:
4632:
771:
2098:"Cloning of the cDNA encoding human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase): Structural analysis of the protein and chromosomal location of the gene"
6466:
6388:
6325:
2593:
2408:
2244:
2207:
2080:
1987:
1069:
is very low or negligible. In ethanol/water mixtures, the solubilities are somewhere between the end values for pure ethanol and pure water.
744:
3008:
2044:
Jiménez, V.; Alderete, J. B. (November 2005). "Theoretical calculations on the tautomerism of uric acid in gas phase and aqueous solution".
1599:
A 2011 survey in the United States indicated that 3.9% of the population had gout, whereas 21.4% had hyperuricemia without having symptoms.
3548:
1267:, leading to the suggestion that urate may partially substitute for ascorbate in such species. Both uric acid and ascorbic acid are strong
4918:
4344:
5288:
5268:
4889:
4039:
Wang, J. Y.; et al. (2012). "Predictive value of serum uric acid levels for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in adolescents".
4899:
3318:
1672:, produces high uric acid levels in blood when tumor cells release their contents into the blood, either spontaneously or following
1476:
481:
1500:
6441:
4859:
3760:
Borghi, C.; Verardi, F. M.; Pareo, I.; Bentivenga, C.; Cicero, A. F. (2014). "Hyperuricemia and cardiovascular disease risk".
2785:"Meta-analysis of 28,141 individuals identifies common variants within five new loci that influence uric acid concentrations"
1796:
intakes cause lower uric acid levels. This effect can be even more pronounced in women taking oral contraceptive medication.
354:
5990:
5560:
3334:
Li, R.; Yu, K.; Li, C. (2018). "Dietary factors and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis and systematic review".
5970:
6130:
6120:
6095:
4513:
3682:
Luo, Y. C.; Do, J. S.; Liu, C. C. (October 2006). "An amperometric uric acid biosensor based on modified Ir–C electrode".
828:
185:
6836:
5935:
5930:
5041:
4326:
3369:
Heinig, M.; Johnson, R. J. (December 2006). "Role of uric acid in hypertension, renal disease, and metabolic syndrome".
424:
158:
6245:
4884:
6100:
6000:
4338:
2935:
445:
6090:
5017:
5727:
3619:
6308:
6145:
5945:
5545:
5198:
4625:
4591:
3635:"Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: Renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol"
658:
640:
3129:
Angelopoulos, T. J.; Lowndes, J.; Zukley, L.; Melanson, K. J.; Nguyen, V.; Huffman, A.; Rippe, J. M. (June 2009).
177:
166:
4356:
2096:
Ichida, K.; Amaya, Y.; Noda, K.; Minoshima, S.; Hosoya, T.; Sakai, O.; Shimizu, N.; Nishino, T. (November 1993).
325:
6338:
5550:
1711:
4840:
4835:
4429:
1540:
1472:
385:
6200:
5975:
5732:
1292:
uric acid disposal occurs via the kidneys, and in 5–25% of humans, impaired renal (kidney) excretion leads to
2609:
Zeeck, E.; Harder, T.; Beckmann, M. (1998). "Uric acid: the sperm-release pheromone of the marine polychaete
6861:
6741:
6691:
6110:
5540:
5130:
5060:
4952:
4845:
4493:
4420:
4397:
3615:
1872:
1653:. Allopurinol, which weakly inhibits xanthine oxidase, is an analog of hypoxanthine that is hydroxylated by
1468:
954:
677:
2650:"Evaluation of the diet wide contribution to serum urate levels: meta-analysis of population based cohorts"
313:
6866:
6751:
6716:
6701:
6549:
6170:
5985:
5585:
5555:
5503:
5258:
5143:
5075:
4581:
4558:
4503:
4275:
1805:
1727:
720:
6771:
6015:
6796:
6766:
6746:
6726:
6696:
5995:
5965:
5575:
5535:
5055:
4958:
4618:
4518:
4476:
2400:
1373:
844:
627:
391:
5955:
5525:
1637:
salts; lithium urate is more soluble. Today, inflammation during attacks is more commonly treated with
5520:
255:
6806:
6776:
6721:
6591:
6265:
6115:
6020:
5897:
5875:
5844:
5615:
5203:
5193:
2307:
2016:
1909:
1665:
1571:
1565:
931:
82:
4985:
6871:
6801:
6290:
6165:
6085:
5892:
5685:
5570:
5095:
5031:
4498:
4374:
4332:
3196:
Howard, A. N. (1981). "The historical development, efficacy and safety of very-low-calorie diets".
1677:
462:
120:
6160:
6155:
5980:
5797:
5742:
5600:
5580:
5263:
5148:
5026:
3080:
2836:"Genome-wide association analyses identify 18 new loci associated with serum urate concentrations"
6856:
6314:
5839:
5670:
5665:
5498:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5090:
5085:
5000:
4944:
4854:
4655:
4320:
4303:
4216:
3886:
3842:
3785:
3742:
3593:
3486:
3394:
3111:
3019:
2911:
2765:
2630:
2498:
2452:
2377:
2333:
2276:
1952:
1867:
1823:
were significantly lower compared to those of healthy controls, possibly indicating a diagnostic
1820:
1801:
1777:
1480:
1263:. The loss of uricase in higher primates parallels the similar loss of the ability to synthesize
215:
6575:
6150:
5940:
5849:
5458:
5110:
5065:
3568:
Schrauzer, Gerhard N. (2002). "Lithium: Occurrence, Dietary
Intakes, Nutritional Essentiality".
3170:
2740:
Aringer, M.; Graessler, J. (December 2008). "Understanding deficient elimination of uric acid".
2097:
203:
6070:
6030:
5950:
5822:
5722:
5610:
1979:
6643:
6363:
6358:
6348:
6260:
6230:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6210:
6205:
6080:
6075:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
5887:
5869:
5762:
5737:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5605:
5468:
5413:
5358:
5353:
5343:
5338:
5273:
5248:
5125:
5120:
5115:
4749:
4447:
4283:
4236:
4208:
4167:
4132:
4091:
4056:
4021:
3970:
3935:
3878:
3834:
3826:
3777:
3734:
3699:
3664:
3585:
3530:
3478:
3443:
3386:
3351:
3314:
3291:
3273:
3205:
3152:
3103:
3061:
2990:
2952:
2903:
2868:
2816:
2757:
2722:
2681:
2589:
2564:
2543:"Observations concerning the causes of the excess excretion of uric acid in the Dalmatian dog"
2523:
2490:
2444:
2404:
2369:
2325:
2240:
2217:
2188:
2152:
2117:
2076:
1983:
1932:
1912:(1776). "Examen Chemicum Calculi Urinari" [A chemical examiniation of kidney stones].
1584:(disrupted NADH/NAD ratio) caused by diabetic hyperglycemia and excessive alcohol consumption.
1516:
and hypouricosuria. Uric acid levels in saliva may be associated with blood uric acid levels.
1349:
1248:
1035:
935:
6368:
6180:
5408:
5403:
1471:
running when ATP reservoirs in muscle cells are low, is a common pathophysiologic feature of
1352:
that is energetically costly in comparison to processing of other nitrogenous wastes such as
6510:
6499:
6240:
6235:
6135:
6065:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5712:
5705:
5675:
5630:
5590:
5398:
5393:
5238:
5188:
4406:
4198:
4159:
4122:
4083:
4048:
4011:
4001:
3962:
3925:
3917:
3870:
3816:
3769:
3726:
3691:
3654:
3646:
3577:
3520:
3470:
3433:
3425:
3378:
3343:
3281:
3265:
3142:
3095:
3053:
2982:
2944:
2895:
2858:
2850:
2806:
2796:
2749:
2712:
2671:
2663:
2622:
2554:
2482:
2436:
2361:
2315:
2180:
2144:
2109:
2053:
2024:
1944:
1654:
1058:
1003:
864:
616:
550:
6175:
6140:
5854:
5817:
5747:
5565:
5080:
1738:
433:
6456:
5864:
5859:
5832:
5807:
5378:
5318:
4941:
4868:
4660:
2948:
1765:
1513:
1309:
275:
3347:
2311:
2020:
981:
466:
317:
235:
130:
54:
6543:
6446:
6406:
5368:
5323:
4740:
4712:
4586:
4185:
Umeki, S.; Ohga, R.; Konishi, Y.; Yasuda, T.; Morimoto, K.; Terao, A. (November 1986).
4016:
3989:
3930:
3905:
3659:
3634:
3438:
3413:
3286:
3253:
2863:
2811:
2784:
2676:
2649:
2365:
1972:
1681:
1646:
1272:
1268:
1055:
799:
3474:
2753:
2559:
2542:
1891:
6850:
6533:
5690:
5448:
5383:
5213:
4553:
4309:
4241:
4203:
4186:
3846:
3490:
2717:
2700:
2588:. Iguanas: Biology and Conservation. University of California Press. pp. 84–85.
2113:
1816:
1581:
1524:
1505:
1464:
1293:
958:
915:
903:
701:
605:
306:
4220:
3890:
3789:
3746:
3597:
3398:
3115:
2915:
2634:
2456:
2381:
1956:
891:, such as ammonium acid urate. Uric acid is a product of the metabolic breakdown of
6816:
6756:
6653:
6638:
6633:
6612:
6560:
6538:
6451:
6421:
6378:
5919:
5453:
5363:
5308:
5298:
4813:
4452:
3581:
3131:"The Effect of High-Fructose Corn Syrup Consumption on Triglycerides and Uric Acid"
2769:
2502:
2337:
2057:
1789:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1723:
1673:
1669:
1509:
1496:
1341:
1280:
1051:
1015:
927:
4548:
1819:
of 10 case-control studies found that the serum uric acid levels of patients with
1512:. Likewise, uric acid concentrations in urine above and below normal are known as
4187:"Oral zinc therapy normalizes serum uric acid level in Wilson's disease patients"
3773:
3507:
Choi, H. K.; Atkinson, K.; Karlson, E. W.; Willett, W.; Curhan, G. (March 2004).
3429:
2801:
2583:
1864:
named by Robert
Behrend who was attempting to synthesize derivatives of uric acid
1344:), uric acid also is the end product of purine metabolism, but it is excreted in
413:
6628:
6585:
6528:
6523:
6479:
6436:
6401:
6285:
6190:
5792:
5483:
5463:
5443:
5428:
5423:
5373:
5243:
5223:
5153:
5138:
4969:
4798:
4773:
4758:
4707:
4670:
4641:
4508:
4163:
4052:
3553:
2986:
2517:
1836:
1693:
1689:
1650:
1544:
1276:
1023:
950:
31:
3966:
3953:
Pak, C. Y. (September 2008). "Medical stone management: 35 years of advances".
3821:
3804:
3695:
3223:
6648:
6607:
6580:
6565:
6555:
6411:
6373:
6280:
6010:
5802:
5717:
5595:
5488:
5473:
5333:
5293:
5278:
5208:
5178:
5105:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4763:
4735:
4725:
4682:
4272:
3921:
3057:
2626:
2440:
2148:
2029:
2004:
1861:
1700:
1680:
when uric acid crystals are deposited in the kidneys. Treatment includes
1642:
1627:
1606:, a painful condition resulting from needle-like crystals of uric acid termed
1575:
1378:
1357:
1047:
1027:
895:
584:
344:
266:
4910:
4087:
3830:
3803:
Saito, Yuichi; Tanaka, Atsushi; Node, Koichi; Kobayashi, Yoshio (July 2021).
3277:
6736:
6686:
6602:
6570:
6426:
6353:
6343:
6255:
6195:
6185:
6005:
5960:
5757:
5530:
5438:
5433:
5418:
5303:
5253:
5228:
5100:
5050:
5005:
4802:
4792:
4730:
4717:
4697:
4686:
4676:
3730:
3382:
2930:
2213:
1848:
1824:
1797:
1615:
1382:
1364:, but has the advantages of reducing water loss and preventing dehydration.
1321:
1264:
1260:
1244:
1007:
4171:
4136:
4060:
4025:
4006:
3974:
3939:
3882:
3838:
3781:
3738:
3703:
3668:
3589:
3534:
3482:
3447:
3390:
3355:
3295:
3156:
3107:
3099:
3065:
2956:
2907:
2872:
2820:
2761:
2726:
2685:
2568:
2527:
2494:
2448:
2221:
2192:
2156:
490:
InChI=1S/C5H4N4O3/c10-3-1-2(7-4(11)6-1)8-5(12)9-3/h5,12H,(H,9,10)(H,7,8,11)
4212:
3874:
3509:"Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men"
3269:
3209:
3147:
3130:
2994:
2373:
2329:
2184:
2121:
6711:
6706:
6597:
6270:
5827:
5348:
5328:
5233:
5070:
4783:
4692:
4462:
4095:
3525:
3508:
2783:
Kolz, M.; Johnson, T.; et al. (June 2009). Allison, David B. (ed.).
1561:
1457:
1424:
1418:
1062:
1011:
911:
860:
852:
286:
978: = 10.3. At physiological pH, urate predominates in solution.
295:
63:
6820:
6791:
6761:
6731:
6681:
6431:
6416:
6275:
6025:
5904:
5882:
5680:
5218:
4990:
4973:
4808:
4570:
2654:
1948:
1634:
1442:
1430:
1412:
1361:
1337:
1256:
1066:
943:
400:
326:
4127:
4110:
4109:
Garg, J. P.; Chasan-Taber, S.; Blair, A.; et al. (January 2005).
3650:
2667:
1756:
when the urate crystallizes in the kidney. These uric acid stones are
1574:, a metabolic complication of certain cancers or chemotherapy, due to
1557:
Fasting or rapid weight loss can temporarily elevate uric acid levels.
6786:
6781:
6493:
5700:
5695:
5660:
5388:
4537:
2320:
2295:
1858:
1854:
1851:
or 1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid, a purine alkaloid found in some teas
1697:
1551:
1536:
1400:
1386:
1385:. The female of the species releases uric acid into the water during
1324:, so this breed excretes uric acid, and not allantoin, in the urine.
1317:
1252:
1240:
1031:
1019:
892:
856:
848:
527:
514:
246:
172:
153:
17:
2854:
957:
also indicating that tautomer to be the most stable. Uric acid is a
798:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
2899:
2486:
1564:
diuretics, can increase blood uric acid levels by interfering with
374:
6250:
5812:
5752:
3079:
Cirillo, P.; Sato, W.; Reungjui, S.; et al. (December 2006).
1761:
1752:
Saturation levels of uric acid in blood may result in one form of
1737:
1685:
1638:
1611:
1448:
1406:
1345:
1313:
899:
226:
184:
176:
165:
157:
143:
1937:
Monatshefte für Chemie und
Verwandte Teile Anderer Wissenschaften
1633:
One treatment for gout in the 19th century was administration of
104:
2,6,8-Trioxypurine; 2,6,8-Trihydroxypurine; 2,6,8-Trioxopurine; 1
5909:
5620:
5313:
5283:
1970:
Lieberman, M.; Marks, A. D.; Smith, C. M.; Marks, D. B. (2007).
1793:
1619:
1603:
1594:
1528:
1436:
1353:
1333:
1297:
1075:
Solubility of urate salts (grams of water per gram of compound)
939:
907:
365:
35:
4914:
4614:
4610:
4245:
1692:
to reduce levels of poorly soluble uric acid in blood, or
989:
3990:"High plasma uric acid concentration: Causes and consequences"
962:
6467:
6389:
6326:
1550:
Serum uric acid can be elevated by reduced excretion via the
1978:. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp.
910:
and are associated with other medical conditions, including
450:
62:
53:
3224:"Diuretic-Related Side Effects: Development and Treatment"
1487:
AMP → IMP → Inosine → Hypoxanthine → Xanthine → Uric Acid
3805:"Uric acid and cardiovascular disease: A clinical review"
1835:
Correcting low or deficient zinc levels can help elevate
1749:
can form through deposits of sodium urate microcrystals.
2135:
Hille, R. (2005). "Molybdenum-containing hydroxylases".
3252:
Howard, S. C.; Jones, D. P.; Pui, C.-H. (12 May 2011).
1764:. Uric acid crystals can also promote the formation of
816:
3081:"Uric acid, the metabolic syndrome, and renal disease"
2648:
Major, T. J.; Topless, R. K.; Merriman, T. R. (2018).
2296:"Similar functions of uric acid and ascorbate in man?"
3414:"Gout - a guide for the general and acute physicians"
2277:"Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism: Purine Catabolism"
1243:
uric acid (actually hydrogen urate ion) is the final
1065:
of gout. The solubility of the acid and its salts in
2585:
Sodium and
Potassium Secretion by Iguana Salt Glands
2541:
Friedman, M. & Byers, S. O. (1 September 1948).
1398:
linked to serum urate, have so far been identified:
6671:
6621:
6509:
6492:
6465:
6387:
6324:
6307:
5918:
5497:
5482:
4999:
4968:
4951:
4877:
4828:
4648:
4567:
4534:
4527:
4486:
4475:
4440:
4413:
4390:
4300:
4293:
4282:
3412:Abhishek, A; Roddy, E; Doherty, M (February 2017).
2931:"The molecular physiology of uric acid homeostasis"
1340:, and in some desert-dwelling mammals (such as the
1279:. In humans, over half the antioxidant capacity of
353:
5037:4'-O-β-D-Glucosyl-9-O-(6''-deoxysaccharosyl)olivil
3717:Nyhan, W. L. (March 2005). "Lesch-Nyhan Disease".
2929:Mandal, Asim K.; Mount, David B. (February 2015).
2005:"The molecular and crystal structure of uric acid"
1971:
1742:Comparison of different types of urinary crystals.
953:. Uric acid crystallizes in the lactam form, with
3461:Richette, P.; Bardin, T. (January 2010). "Gout".
202:
2422:
2420:
1722:Hyperuricemia is associated with an increase in
1602:Excess blood uric acid (serum urate) can induce
1312:has a genetic defect in uric acid uptake by the
1251:and is excreted in urine, whereas in most other
714:166.15 J K mol (at 24.0 °C)
412:
3633:Pacher, P.; Nivorozhkin, A.; Szabó, C. (2006).
2516:Kaur, P.; Bhatt, H. (2022). "Hyperuricosuria".
1776:Hyperuricemia is associated with components of
1456:gene, is known to transport both uric acid and
129:
5504:
4369:Phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide
2468:
2466:
1668:, an emergency condition that may result from
6472:Tooltip Plasma membrane monoamine transporter
6394:Tooltip Equilibrative nucleoside transporters
6331:Tooltip Concentrative nucleoside transporters
4926:
4626:
4257:
3088:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1535:Diet may be a factor. High intake of dietary
522:intermediate form: Oc0nc(O)nc1c0NC(=O)N1
8:
4363:5′-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole
4191:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
3570:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
1808:, can significantly reduce serum uric acid.
4381:5-Formamidoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribotide
3719:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences
1328:Birds, reptiles and desert-dwelling mammals
1022:. Xanthine oxidase is a large enzyme whose
6506:
6321:
5494:
4965:
4933:
4919:
4911:
4633:
4619:
4611:
4531:
4483:
4297:
4290:
4264:
4250:
4242:
3336:Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition
2834:Köttgen, A.; et al. (February 2013).
2397:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
2354:European Journal of Clinical Investigation
1527:(high levels of uric acid), which induces
1073:
985:Lactam ion, a stable tautomer of uric acid
535:urate monoanion: Oc0nc(O)nc1c0N=C()N1
465:
316:
274:
42:
4202:
4126:
4015:
4005:
3929:
3820:
3658:
3524:
3437:
3285:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3146:
2862:
2810:
2800:
2716:
2675:
2558:
2319:
2028:
1760:, so do not appear on an abdominal plain
914:and the formation of ammonium acid urate
432:
6511:
4152:Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders
3988:De Oliveira, E. P.; et al. (2012).
3910:Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice
3313:. Hayes Barton Press. pp. 176–177.
2046:Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM
1792:) can have numerous causes. Low dietary
1389:, which induces males to release sperm.
993:Urate ion, a conjugate base of uric acid
988:
980:
3762:Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy
3549:"Gout diet: What's allowed, what's not"
3502:
3500:
2137:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
1883:
1348:as a dry mass. This involves a complex
1320:, resulting in decreased conversion to
938:first synthesized uric acid by melting
511:
486:
461:
390:
294:
3009:"Harmonisation of Reference Intervals"
1657:at the 2-position to give oxipurinol.
1578:and potassium release into the plasma.
1034:and oxygen. Uric acid is released in
904:High blood concentrations of uric acid
610:300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
307:
3904:Worcester, E. M.; Coe, F. L. (2008).
2968:
2966:
2949:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021113-170343
2209:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
1974:Marks' Essential Medical Biochemistry
1800:, a drug indicated for prevention of
792:−1921.2 to −1919.56 kJ mol
493:Key: DZGSAURIFGGOJK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
254:
234:
7:
4351:5′-Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine
3994:Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome
3371:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
2705:Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
1684:to dilute and excrete uric acid via
1649:, and urate levels are managed with
1038:conditions (low oxygen saturation).
765:−619.69 to −617.93 kJ mol
4345:Phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycineamide
3513:The New England Journal of Medicine
3258:The New England Journal of Medicine
2547:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
2275:Angstadt, C. N. (4 December 1997).
1768:stones, acting as "seed crystals".
1676:. Tumor lysis syndrome may lead to
1230:Genetic and physiological diversity
883:. It forms ions and salts known as
403:
373:
5893:Tetramethylpyrazine (ligustrazine)
4237:Uric acid blood test – MedlinePlus
3612:"NHS Clinical Knowledge Summaries"
2366:10.1046/j.1365-2362.1997.1390687.x
1935:[Synthesis of uric acid].
1491:Clinical significance and research
926:Uric acid was first isolated from
898:, and it is a normal component of
517:form: O=C1Nc2nc(=O)nc2C(=O)N1
25:
2212:(62nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL:
1703:from adding to uric acid levels.
1547:can increase levels of uric acid.
1531:, has various potential origins:
1381:worm, uses uric acid as a sexual
949:Uric acid displays lactam–lactim
934:. In 1882, the Ukrainian chemist
622:6 mg/100 mL (at 20 °C)
4204:10.1097/00000441-198611000-00007
3198:International Journal of Obesity
2718:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.04.007
2075:. Charleston, SC: BiblioBazaar.
1010:the formation of uric acid from
806:
568:
562:
530:form: Oc0nc(O)nc1c0N=C(O)N1
3684:Biosensors & Bioelectronics
3348:10.6133/apjcn.201811_27(6).0022
3311:Quick Look Medicine: Metabolism
2975:New England Journal of Medicine
1283:comes from hydrogen urate ion.
802:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
5509:Tooltip Adenosine triphosphate
3582:10.1080/07315724.2002.10719188
2058:10.1016/j.theochem.2005.08.001
1259:further oxidizes uric acid to
574:
556:
1:
6837:Receptor/signaling modulators
5199:8-Phenyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine
3475:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60883-7
2754:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61344-6
2560:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)57191-X
2294:Proctor, P. (November 1970).
2003:Ringertz, H. (1 March 1966).
1146:Magnesium dihydrogen diurate
738:173.2 J K mol
4327:Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate
3774:10.1586/14779072.2014.957675
3430:10.7861/clinmedicine.17-1-54
2802:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000504
2114:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90652-J
1173:
1104:
4339:Glycineamide ribonucleotide
4164:10.1016/j.msard.2016.05.008
4053:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.03.036
2987:10.1056/NEJM198707093170203
2936:Annual Review of Physiology
2615:Journal of Chemical Ecology
2399:(11th ed.). New York:
2395:Braunwald, E., ed. (1987).
1217:
1214:
1206:
1203:
1195:
1192:
1184:
1181:
1170:
1162:
1159:
1157:Calcium dihydrogen diurate
1151:
1148:
1140:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1118:
1115:
1107:
1096:
1093:
930:in 1776 by Swedish chemist
49:
6888:
6339:6-Hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone
5046:-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine
4514:Orotidine 5'-monophosphate
3967:10.1016/j.juro.2008.05.048
3822:10.1016/j.jjcc.2020.12.013
3696:10.1016/j.bios.2006.07.013
3309:Coffee, Carole J. (1999).
3254:"The Tumor Lysis Syndrome"
3094:(12 Suppl. 3): S165–S168.
2235:Windholz, M., ed. (1976).
2206:Weast, R. C., ed. (1981).
2071:McCrudden, F. H. (2008) .
1592:
29:
6830:
4357:5-Aminoimidazole ribotide
4041:The Journal of Pediatrics
3922:10.1016/j.pop.2008.01.005
3058:10.1016/j.cca.2015.08.005
2441:10.1007/s00108-006-1578-y
2149:10.1016/j.abb.2004.08.012
2030:10.1107/S0365110X66000914
1931:Horbaczewski, J. (1882).
1831:Normalizing low uric acid
1780:, including in children.
1734:Uric acid stone formation
1608:monosodium urate crystals
1135:Potassium hydrogen urate
796:
694:
543:
502:
477:
113:
101:
81:
76:
48:
6516:Tooltip Xanthine oxidase
4841:Butylated hydroxytoluene
4836:Butylated hydroxyanisole
4430:Xanthosine monophosphate
4115:Arthritis and Rheumatism
4076:The Journal of Nutrition
3135:The Journal of Nutrition
1933:"Synthese der Harnsäure"
1827:for multiple sclerosis.
1541:high-fructose corn syrup
1452:. GLUT9, encoded by the
1102:Ammonium hydrogen urate
164:intermediate form:
30:Not to be confused with
6106:UDP-N-acetylglucosamine
4592:β-Ureidoisobutyric acid
4494:Carbamoyl aspartic acid
4276:metabolic intermediates
3731:10.1080/096470490512490
3639:Pharmacological Reviews
3616:National Health Service
3383:10.3949/ccjm.73.12.1059
2627:10.1023/A:1022328610423
2239:(9th ed.). Merck.
1873:Purine nucleotide cycle
1655:xanthine oxidoreductase
1560:Certain drugs, such as
1469:purine nucleotide cycle
1247:(breakdown) product of
1113:Lithium hydrogen urate
955:computational chemistry
678:Magnetic susceptibility
6550:Cinnamomum osmophloeum
5259:Choline theophyllinate
4582:3-Aminoisobutyric acid
4559:3-Ureidopropionic acid
4504:4,5-Dihydroorotic acid
4088:10.1093/jn/107.12.2219
4007:10.1186/1758-5996-4-12
3955:The Journal of Urology
3171:"High uric acid level"
3100:10.1681/ASN.2006080909
3016:Pathology Harmony (UK)
2701:"The biology of urate"
2699:Keenan, R. T. (2020).
2582:Hazard, L. C. (2004).
2260:McCrudden, Francis H.
2009:Acta Crystallographica
1806:chronic kidney failure
1743:
1728:cardiovascular disease
1718:Cardiovascular disease
1124:Sodium hydrogen urate
1046:In general, the water
1026:consists of the metal
994:
986:
971: = 5.4 and p
183:urate monoanion:
67:
58:
5793:Opiranserin (VVZ-149)
5134:-Cyclopentyladenosine
4519:Uridine monophosphate
3875:10.1081/ncn-200060006
3809:Journal of Cardiology
3270:10.1056/NEJMra0904569
3148:10.3945/jn.108.098194
2611:Platynereis dumerilii
2185:10.1378/chest.06-2235
1741:
1467:, as a result of the
1374:Platynereis dumerilii
1050:of uric acid and its
992:
984:
845:heterocyclic compound
66:
57:
6592:Pistacia integerrima
5898:Ligusticum wallichii
5876:Ligusticum wallichii
5204:8-Phenyltheophylline
5194:8-Chlorotheophylline
5144:Neladenoson dalanate
3526:10.1056/NEJMoa035700
3046:Clinica Chimica Acta
1712:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
1707:Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
1666:Tumor lysis syndrome
1661:Tumor lysis syndrome
1572:Tumor lysis syndrome
932:Carl Wilhelm Scheele
108:-Purine-2,6,8-trione
83:Preferred IUPAC name
4499:Carbamoyl phosphate
4375:AICA ribonucleotide
4333:Phosphoribosylamine
3177:. 11 September 2010
2748:(9654): 1929–1930.
2312:1970Natur.228..868P
2021:1966AcCry..20..397R
1678:acute kidney injury
1076:
617:Solubility in water
592: g·mol
216:Beilstein Reference
45:
4855:1,2-Diaminopropane
4656:6-Hydroxymelatonin
4321:Ribose 5-phosphate
3141:(6): 1242S–1245S.
1949:10.1007/BF01516847
1868:Metabolic myopathy
1821:multiple sclerosis
1812:Multiple sclerosis
1802:hyperphosphataemia
1778:metabolic syndrome
1744:
1481:metabolic myopathy
1179:Dipotassium urate
1074:
995:
987:
829:Infobox references
68:
59:
43:
6844:
6843:
6667:
6666:
6644:Mycophenolic acid
6503:
6488:
6487:
6318:
6303:
6302:
6299:
6298:
5870:Angelica sinensis
4962:
4908:
4907:
4829:Fuel antioxidants
4720:
4671:Alpha-lipoic acid
4664:
4649:Food antioxidants
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4471:
4470:
4448:5-Hydroxyisourate
4436:
4435:
4128:10.1002/art.20781
4082:(12): 2219–2227.
3906:"Nephrolithiasis"
3768:(10): 1219–1225.
3651:10.1124/pr.58.1.6
3519:(11): 1093–1103.
3469:(9711): 318–328.
3418:Clinical Medicine
3377:(12): 1059–1064.
3264:(19): 1844–1854.
2668:10.1136/bmj.k3951
2595:978-0-520-23854-1
2410:978-0-07-079454-2
2246:978-0-911910-26-1
2082:978-0-554-61991-0
1989:978-0-7817-9340-7
1610:precipitating in
1350:metabolic pathway
1249:purine metabolism
1222:
1221:
936:Ivan Horbaczewski
837:Chemical compound
835:
834:
446:CompTox Dashboard
186:Interactive image
178:Interactive image
167:Interactive image
159:Interactive image
72:
71:
16:(Redirected from
6879:
6517:
6513:
6507:
6497:
6473:
6469:
6395:
6391:
6332:
6328:
6322:
6312:
5706:Rheum officinale
5510:
5506:
5495:
5239:Caffeine citrate
5189:7-Methylxanthine
5022:-methyladenosine
4966:
4956:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4912:
4753:-Acetylserotonin
4718:
4662:
4635:
4628:
4621:
4612:
4574:
4541:
4532:
4484:
4424:
4407:Adenylosuccinate
4401:
4313:
4298:
4291:
4266:
4259:
4252:
4243:
4225:
4224:
4206:
4182:
4176:
4175:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4071:
4065:
4064:
4036:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4009:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3869:(5–7): 465–469.
3857:
3851:
3850:
3824:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3662:
3630:
3624:
3623:
3622:on 4 March 2012.
3618:. Archived from
3608:
3602:
3601:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3504:
3495:
3494:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3441:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3342:(6): 1344–1356.
3331:
3325:
3324:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3249:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3085:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3025:on 2 August 2013
3024:
3018:. Archived from
3013:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2970:
2961:
2960:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2840:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2814:
2804:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2720:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2679:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2323:
2321:10.1038/228868a0
2291:
2285:
2284:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2179:(5): 1473–1478.
2167:
2161:
2160:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2052:(1–3): 209–214.
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1977:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1888:
1201:Strontium urate
1077:
1042:Water solubility
1004:xanthine oxidase
819:
813:
810:
809:
788:
761:
734:
710:
695:Thermochemistry
690:
688:
591:
576:
570:
564:
558:
551:Chemical formula
470:
469:
454:
452:
436:
416:
405:
394:
377:
357:
328:
320:
309:
298:
278:
258:
238:
206:
188:
180:
169:
161:
133:
50:
46:
27:Organic compound
21:
6887:
6886:
6882:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6847:
6846:
6845:
6840:
6826:
6663:
6617:
6515:
6496:
6484:
6471:
6461:
6457:Propentofylline
6407:Benzodiazepines
6393:
6383:
6330:
6311:
6295:
5914:
5865:Sodium ferulate
5833:Radix puerariae
5808:Phenolphthalein
5508:
5501:
5486:
5478:
5379:Propentofylline
5319:Isovaleric acid
5003:
4995:
4955:
4947:
4942:Purine receptor
4939:
4909:
4904:
4873:
4869:Ethylenediamine
4860:2,4-Dimethyl-6-
4824:
4744:-Acetylcysteine
4644:
4639:
4609:
4596:
4569:
4563:
4536:
4523:
4478:
4467:
4432:
4415:
4409:
4392:
4386:
4302:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4233:
4228:
4184:
4183:
4179:
4149:
4148:
4144:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4047:(4): 753–6.e2.
4038:
4037:
4033:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3759:
3758:
3754:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3632:
3631:
3627:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3251:
3250:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3178:
3169:
3168:
3164:
3128:
3127:
3123:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3002:
2972:
2971:
2964:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2888:Nature Genetics
2885:
2884:
2880:
2855:10.1038/ng.2500
2843:Nature Genetics
2838:
2833:
2832:
2828:
2795:(6): e1000504.
2782:
2781:
2777:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2475:Nature Genetics
2472:
2471:
2464:
2426:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2403:. p. A-3.
2394:
2393:
2389:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1845:
1833:
1814:
1804:in people with
1788:Low uric acid (
1786:
1774:
1766:calcium oxalate
1736:
1720:
1709:
1663:
1647:corticosteroids
1597:
1591:
1566:renal clearance
1522:
1514:hyperuricosuria
1501:reference range
1493:
1395:
1370:
1330:
1306:
1289:
1273:electron donors
1269:reducing agents
1237:
1232:
1168:Disodium urate
1044:
1000:
977:
969:
924:
882:
878:
874:
870:
838:
831:
826:
825:
824: ?)
815:
811:
807:
803:
789:
786:
780:
776:
773:
772:Std enthalpy of
762:
759:
753:
749:
746:
745:Std enthalpy of
735:
732:
725:
722:
711:
704:
686:
684:
681:
667:
649:
619:
600:White crystals
589:
579:
573:
567:
561:
553:
539:
536:
531:
523:
518:
510:
509:
498:
495:
494:
491:
485:
484:
473:
455:
448:
439:
419:
406:
380:
360:
347:
338:
301:
281:
261:
241:
218:
209:
191:
147:
136:
123:
109:
97:
96:
91:-purine-2,6,8(3
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6885:
6883:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6862:Nitrogen cycle
6859:
6849:
6848:
6842:
6841:
6831:
6828:
6827:
6825:
6824:
6810:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6668:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6546:
6544:Cinnamaldehyde
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6520:
6518:
6504:
6490:
6489:
6486:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6476:
6474:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6447:Pentoxifylline
6444:
6439:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6404:
6398:
6396:
6385:
6384:
6382:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6319:
6305:
6304:
6301:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6124:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6058:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6028:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6008:
6003:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5924:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5514:
5512:
5492:
5480:
5479:
5477:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5369:Pentoxifylline
5366:
5361:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5324:Istradefylline
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5018:2-(1-Hexynyl)-
5011:
5009:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4988:
4986:8-Aminoadenine
4979:
4977:
4963:
4949:
4948:
4940:
4938:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4915:
4906:
4905:
4903:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4871:
4866:
4857:
4852:
4843:
4838:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4811:
4806:
4796:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4715:
4713:Hydroxytyrosol
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4640:
4638:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4587:Dihydrothymine
4584:
4578:
4576:
4565:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4529:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4481:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4426:
4411:
4410:
4405:
4403:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4366:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4330:
4324:
4317:
4315:
4295:
4288:
4280:
4279:
4271:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4232:
4231:External links
4229:
4227:
4226:
4197:(5): 289–292.
4177:
4142:
4121:(1): 290–295.
4101:
4066:
4031:
3980:
3961:(3): 813–819.
3945:
3916:(2): 369–391.
3896:
3852:
3795:
3752:
3709:
3690:(4): 482–488.
3674:
3625:
3603:
3560:
3557:. 2 July 2020.
3540:
3496:
3453:
3404:
3361:
3326:
3319:
3301:
3237:
3215:
3204:(3): 195–208.
3188:
3162:
3121:
3071:
3036:
3000:
2962:
2921:
2900:10.1038/ng.107
2894:(4): 430–436.
2878:
2849:(2): 145–154.
2826:
2775:
2732:
2711:(35): S2–S10.
2691:
2640:
2601:
2594:
2574:
2553:(2): 727–735.
2533:
2522:. StatPearls.
2508:
2487:10.1038/ng.106
2481:(4): 437–442.
2462:
2435:(5): 509–521.
2416:
2409:
2387:
2360:(6): 484–490.
2343:
2286:
2267:
2252:
2245:
2227:
2198:
2162:
2143:(1): 107–116.
2127:
2108:(2): 279–284.
2088:
2081:
2063:
2036:
2015:(3): 397–403.
1995:
1988:
1962:
1923:
1910:Scheele, C. W.
1901:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1852:
1844:
1841:
1832:
1829:
1813:
1810:
1785:
1782:
1773:
1770:
1735:
1732:
1719:
1716:
1708:
1705:
1682:hyperhydration
1662:
1659:
1593:Main article:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1569:
1558:
1555:
1548:
1521:
1520:High uric acid
1518:
1492:
1489:
1394:
1391:
1369:
1366:
1329:
1326:
1305:
1302:
1288:
1285:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1190:Calcium urate
1187:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1086:Boiling water
1084:
1081:
1056:alkaline earth
1043:
1040:
999:
996:
975:
967:
923:
920:
880:
876:
872:
868:
836:
833:
832:
827:
805:
804:
800:standard state
797:
794:
793:
790:
784:
778:
770:
767:
766:
763:
757:
751:
743:
740:
739:
736:
730:
719:
716:
715:
712:
700:
697:
696:
692:
691:
689:10 cm mol
682:
676:
673:
672:
669:
665:
655:
654:
651:
647:
637:
636:
633:
624:
623:
620:
615:
612:
611:
608:
602:
601:
598:
594:
593:
587:
581:
580:
577:
571:
565:
559:
554:
549:
546:
545:
541:
540:
538:
537:
534:
532:
526:
524:
521:
519:
513:
505:
504:
503:
500:
499:
497:
496:
492:
489:
488:
480:
479:
478:
475:
474:
472:
471:
458:
456:
444:
441:
440:
438:
437:
429:
427:
421:
420:
418:
417:
409:
407:
399:
396:
395:
388:
382:
381:
379:
378:
370:
368:
362:
361:
359:
358:
350:
348:
343:
340:
339:
337:
336:
332:
330:
322:
321:
311:
303:
302:
300:
299:
291:
289:
283:
282:
280:
279:
271:
269:
263:
262:
260:
259:
251:
249:
243:
242:
240:
239:
231:
229:
223:
222:
219:
214:
211:
210:
208:
207:
199:
197:
193:
192:
190:
189:
181:
170:
162:
150:
148:
141:
138:
137:
135:
134:
126:
124:
119:
116:
115:
111:
110:
103:
99:
98:
86:
85:
79:
78:
74:
73:
70:
69:
60:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6884:
6873:
6870:
6868:
6867:Organic acids
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6854:
6852:
6839:
6838:
6835:
6829:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6738:
6735:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6620:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6594:
6593:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6534:Benzbromarone
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6514:
6508:
6505:
6501:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6470:
6464:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6392:
6386:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6306:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6237:
6234:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6166:AR-C 118925XX
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6096:UDP-galactose
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6009:
6007:
6004:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5917:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5900:
5899:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5877:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5834:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5691:Chelerythrine
5689:
5687:
5686:Calmidazolium
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5571:Cibacron blue
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5507:
5500:
5496:
5493:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5449:Theodrenaline
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5384:Proxyphylline
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5214:Aminophylline
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5002:
4998:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4936:
4931:
4929:
4924:
4922:
4917:
4916:
4913:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4677:Ascorbic acid
4675:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:
4631:
4629:
4624:
4622:
4617:
4616:
4613:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4566:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4554:Dihydrouracil
4552:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4474:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4419:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4389:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4325:
4322:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4267:
4262:
4260:
4255:
4253:
4248:
4247:
4244:
4238:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4181:
4178:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4143:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4070:
4067:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3984:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3897:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3863:Nucleic Acids
3856:
3853:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3753:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3645:(1): 87–114.
3644:
3640:
3636:
3629:
3626:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3457:
3454:
3449:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3405:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3320:1-59377-192-4
3316:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3225:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3189:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3021:
3017:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2882:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2644:
2641:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2587:
2586:
2578:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:(in German).
2430:
2429:Der Internist
2423:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2391:
2388:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2306:(5274): 868.
2305:
2301:
2297:
2290:
2287:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2268:
2264:. p. 58.
2263:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2202:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2166:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1975:
1966:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:Meta-analysis
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:Low uric acid
1783:
1781:
1779:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1754:kidney stones
1750:
1748:
1747:Kidney stones
1740:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1670:blood cancers
1667:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1582:Pseudohypoxia
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1525:Hyperuricemia
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:hyperuricemia
1502:
1498:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:, which is a
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:hyperuricemia
1461:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1368:Invertebrates
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:hyperuricemia
1286:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1275:) and potent
1274:
1270:
1266:
1265:ascorbic acid
1262:
1258:
1255:, the enzyme
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1229:
1227:
1212:Barium urate
1211:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1134:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
997:
991:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
960:
959:diprotic acid
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:kidney stones
921:
919:
917:
916:kidney stones
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
894:
890:
886:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
830:
823:
818:
801:
795:
791:
783:
775:
769:
768:
764:
756:
748:
742:
741:
737:
729:
724:
718:
717:
713:
708:
703:
702:Heat capacity
699:
698:
693:
683:
679:
675:
674:
670:
664:
660:
657:
656:
652:
646:
642:
639:
638:
634:
632:
631:
626:
625:
621:
618:
614:
613:
609:
607:
606:Melting point
604:
603:
599:
596:
595:
588:
586:
583:
582:
555:
552:
548:
547:
542:
533:
529:
525:
520:
516:
512:
508:
501:
487:
483:
476:
468:
464:
463:DTXSID3042508
460:
459:
457:
447:
443:
442:
435:
431:
430:
428:
426:
423:
422:
415:
411:
410:
408:
402:
398:
397:
393:
389:
387:
384:
383:
376:
372:
371:
369:
367:
364:
363:
356:
352:
351:
349:
346:
342:
341:
334:
333:
331:
329:
324:
323:
319:
315:
312:
310:
308:ECHA InfoCard
305:
304:
297:
293:
292:
290:
288:
285:
284:
277:
273:
272:
270:
268:
265:
264:
257:
253:
252:
250:
248:
245:
244:
237:
233:
232:
230:
228:
225:
224:
220:
217:
213:
212:
205:
201:
200:
198:
195:
194:
187:
182:
179:
174:
171:
168:
163:
160:
155:
152:
151:
149:
145:
140:
139:
132:
128:
127:
125:
122:
118:
117:
112:
107:
100:
94:
90:
87:7,9-Dihydro-1
84:
80:
75:
65:
61:
56:
52:
51:
47:
41:
37:
33:
19:
6833:
6832:
6817:Chrysophanol
6813:
6757:Hypoxanthine
6678:
6658:
6654:Pralatrexate
6639:Methotrexate
6634:Azathioprine
6613:Topiroxostat
6590:
6561:Myo-inositol
6548:
6539:Caffeic acid
6452:Progesterone
6422:Dipyridamole
6402:Barbiturates
6379:Progesterone
6161:AR-C 69931MX
6156:AR-C 67085MX
6128:Antagonists:
6127:
5981:AR-C 67085MX
5927:
5896:
5874:
5868:
5831:
5798:Oxidized-ATP
5743:JNJ-47965567
5704:
5628:Antagonists:
5627:
5601:L-β,γ-Me-ATP
5581:D-β,γ-Me-ATP
5517:
5454:Theophylline
5364:Paraxanthine
5309:Fenethylline
5299:Enprofylline
5264:Ciforadenant
5186:Antagonists:
5185:
5149:Piclidenoson
5131:
5043:
5027:2-Cl-IB-MECA
5019:
5014:
4982:
4885:Folin method
4878:Measurements
4864:-butylphenol
4861:
4850:-butylphenol
4847:
4819:
4816:(coenzyme Q)
4799:Tocotrienols
4750:
4741:
4642:Antioxidants
4568:
4535:
4457:
4453:Hypoxanthine
4417:
4414:
4394:
4391:
4306:
4301:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4118:
4114:
4104:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4044:
4040:
4034:
3997:
3993:
3983:
3958:
3954:
3948:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3866:
3862:
3855:
3815:(1): 51–57.
3812:
3808:
3798:
3765:
3761:
3755:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3642:
3638:
3628:
3620:the original
3606:
3576:(1): 14–21.
3573:
3569:
3563:
3552:
3543:
3516:
3512:
3466:
3462:
3456:
3424:(1): 54–59.
3421:
3417:
3407:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3310:
3304:
3261:
3257:
3228:. Retrieved
3218:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3179:. Retrieved
3174:
3165:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3091:
3087:
3074:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3027:. Retrieved
3020:the original
3015:
3003:
2981:(2): 75–80.
2978:
2974:
2940:
2934:
2924:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2846:
2842:
2829:
2792:
2788:
2778:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2708:
2704:
2694:
2659:
2653:
2643:
2621:(1): 13–22.
2618:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2584:
2577:
2550:
2546:
2536:
2518:
2511:
2478:
2474:
2432:
2428:
2396:
2390:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2303:
2299:
2289:
2280:
2270:
2261:
2255:
2236:
2230:
2208:
2201:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2105:
2101:
2091:
2072:
2066:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1973:
1965:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1917:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1886:
1834:
1815:
1790:hypouricemia
1787:
1775:
1751:
1745:
1724:risk factors
1721:
1710:
1674:chemotherapy
1664:
1632:
1624:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1523:
1510:hypouricemia
1497:blood plasma
1494:
1486:
1473:glycogenoses
1462:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1372:
1371:
1342:kangaroo rat
1331:
1307:
1290:
1281:blood plasma
1277:antioxidants
1238:
1225:
1052:alkali metal
1045:
1016:hypoxanthine
1001:
998:Biochemistry
972:
964:
948:
925:
906:can lead to
888:
884:
840:
839:
781:
754:
727:
706:
662:
644:
629:
114:Identifiers
105:
102:Other names
92:
88:
40:
6679:Precursors:
6659:Many others
6629:Aminopterin
6586:Phytic acid
6529:Amflutizole
6524:Allopurinol
6480:Decynium-22
6437:Hexobendine
6309:Transporter
6286:Ticlopidine
6191:Clopidogrel
6101:UDP-glucose
5840:Purotoxin 1
5671:AZ-11645373
5666:AZ-10606120
5464:Tracazolate
5444:Theobromine
5429:SCH-442,416
5424:Rolofylline
5374:Preladenant
5244:Cartazolate
5224:Bamifylline
5174:Tecadenoson
5169:Sonedenoson
5164:Selodenoson
5159:SDZ WAG 994
5154:Regadenoson
5139:Namodenoson
5091:Capadenoson
5086:Binodenoson
5081:BAY 60–6583
4789:Tocopherols
4774:Resveratrol
4759:Oleocanthal
4708:Glutathione
4703:Polyphenols
4683:Carotenoids
4679:(vitamin C)
4509:Orotic acid
3725:(1): 1–10.
3554:Mayo Clinic
3175:Mayo Clinic
2943:: 323–345.
2401:McGraw-Hill
2237:Merck Index
1943:: 796–797.
1892:"Uric Acid"
1839:uric acid.
1758:radiolucent
1696:to inhibit
1694:allopurinol
1690:rasburicase
1651:allopurinol
1628:sweetbreads
1616:capillaries
1484:uric acid.
1377:, a marine
1083:Cold water
1024:active site
1002:The enzyme
951:tautomerism
896:nucleotides
889:acid urates
597:Appearance
544:Properties
314:100.000.655
236:CHEBI:27226
175:form:
156:form:
32:uronic acid
6872:Triketones
6851:Categories
6649:Pemetrexed
6608:Tisopurine
6581:Oxipurinol
6576:Niraxostat
6566:Kaempferol
6556:Febuxostat
6500:inhibitors
6412:Cilostazol
6374:Phloridzin
6281:Ticagrelor
6151:AR-C 66096
6011:Diquafosol
5956:α,β-Me-ATP
5941:2-Thio-UTP
5850:Ro 0437626
5803:Phenol Red
5718:Gefapixant
5713:Evans blue
5596:Ivermectin
5526:α,β-Me-ATP
5489:nucleotide
5474:ZM-241,385
5459:Tozadenant
5334:MRE3008F20
5294:Dyphylline
5279:Dimethazan
5209:Acefylline
5179:UK-432,097
5111:Evodenoson
5106:CP-532,903
5066:Apadenoson
4945:modulators
4814:Ubiquinone
4779:Selegiline
4769:Rasagiline
4764:Oleuropein
4736:Mofegiline
4726:Ladostigil
4721:-carnitine
4665:-carnitine
4528:catabolism
4479:metabolism
4477:pyrimidine
4441:catabolism
4286:metabolism
4273:Nucleotide
3226:. Medscape
3052:: 115–20.
2789:PLOS Genet
2519:StatPearls
2281:NetBiochem
1879:References
1862:nucleobase
1701:catabolism
1643:colchicine
1576:nucleobase
1475:, such as
1379:polychaete
1358:urea cycle
1356:(from the
1091:Uric acid
1048:solubility
1028:molybdenum
774:combustion
585:Molar mass
434:268B43MJ25
345:IUPHAR/BPS
267:ChemSpider
142:3D model (
121:CAS Number
44:Uric acid
6857:Uric acid
6834:See also:
6737:Guanosine
6687:Adenosine
6603:Quercetin
6571:Myricetin
6427:Estradiol
6354:Estradiol
6344:Adenosine
6256:Prasugrel
6196:Elinogrel
6186:Cangrelor
6131:2-Me-SAMP
6071:PAPET-ATP
6031:INS-37217
6006:Denufosol
5961:Adenosine
5951:5-OMe-UDP
5936:2-Me-SATP
5931:2-Me-SADP
5928:Agonists:
5823:PSB-12062
5758:Magnesium
5723:GW-791343
5611:PAPET-ATP
5531:Adenosine
5521:2-Me-SATP
5518:Agonists:
5439:Theacrine
5434:SCH-58261
5419:Reversine
5304:Etazolate
5254:CGS-15943
5229:Cafedrine
5101:CGS-21680
5051:Adenosine
5032:2'-MeCCPA
5015:Agonists:
5006:adenosine
4983:Agonists:
4820:Uric acid
4803:vitamin E
4793:vitamin E
4731:Melatonin
4698:Edaravone
4687:vitamin A
4549:β-Alanine
4487:anabolism
4458:Uric acid
4294:anabolism
4158:: 17–22.
3847:230482803
3831:1876-4738
3491:208793280
3278:0028-4793
3029:13 August
2662:: k3951.
2262:Uric acid
2214:CRC Press
1849:Theacrine
1825:biomarker
1798:Sevelamer
1495:In human
1463:Myogenic
1383:pheromone
1322:allantoin
1310:Dalmatian
1261:allantoin
1245:oxidation
1080:Compound
1030:bound to
1008:catalyzes
922:Chemistry
863:with the
841:Uric acid
747:formation
721:Std molar
392:Uric+Acid
335:200-720-7
327:EC Number
256:ChEMBL792
6712:Cytidine
6707:Cytosine
6598:Propolis
6364:KGO-2173
6359:KGO-2142
6349:dMeThPmR
6315:blockers
6271:Regrelor
6261:PSB-0739
6231:MRS-2578
6226:MRS-2500
6221:MRS-2395
6216:MRS-2279
6211:MRS-2211
6206:MRS-2179
6081:PSB-1114
6076:PSB-0474
6061:MRS-4062
6056:MRS-2957
6051:MRS-2768
6046:MRS-2693
6041:MRS-2690
6036:MRS-2365
5946:5-Br-UDP
5888:TC-P 262
5828:Puerarin
5763:MRS-2159
5738:isoPPADS
5656:A-839977
5651:A-804598
5646:A-740003
5641:A-438079
5636:A-317491
5606:MRS-2219
5469:VUF-5574
5414:PSB-1115
5359:MRS-3777
5354:MRS-1754
5349:MRS-1706
5344:MRS-1334
5339:MRS-1220
5329:KF-26777
5274:CVT-6883
5249:CGH-2466
5234:Caffeine
5126:LUF-5845
5121:LUF-5835
5116:GR 79236
5071:ATL-146e
4953:Receptor
4784:Selenium
4693:Curcumin
4463:Xanthine
4383:(FAICAR)
4371:(SAICAR)
4221:39995735
4172:27645338
4137:15641045
4061:22575243
4026:22475652
3975:18635234
3940:18486720
3891:42906456
3883:16247972
3839:33388217
3790:42023170
3782:25192804
3747:37934468
3739:15804753
3704:16908130
3669:16507884
3598:25752882
3590:11838882
3535:15014182
3483:19692116
3448:28148582
3399:45409308
3391:17190309
3356:30485934
3296:21561350
3181:24 April
3157:19403709
3116:28722975
3108:17130256
3066:26276048
2957:25422986
2916:29751482
2908:18327256
2873:23263486
2821:19503597
2762:18834627
2727:32620198
2686:30305269
2635:42318049
2569:18880769
2528:32965872
2495:18327257
2457:11480796
2449:16586130
2382:11773699
2193:17494796
2157:15581570
1957:92323943
1914:Opuscula
1843:See also
1772:Diabetes
1562:thiazide
1458:fructose
1425:SLC22A12
1419:SLC22A11
1393:Genetics
1338:reptiles
1235:Primates
1063:etiology
1012:xanthine
912:diabetes
861:hydrogen
853:nitrogen
680:(χ)
659:Basicity
287:DrugBank
95:)-trione
6821:rhubarb
6814:Others:
6792:Uridine
6762:Inosine
6732:Guanine
6682:Adenine
6432:Ethanol
6417:Dilazep
6369:MeThPmR
6276:Suramin
6181:C1330-7
6026:INS-365
5905:TNP-ATP
5883:Suramin
5681:Calcium
5409:PSB-788
5404:PSB-603
5219:ATL-444
4991:Adenine
4974:adenine
4959:ligands
4846:2,6-Di-
4809:Tyrosol
4667:(ALCAR)
4661:Acetyl-
4571:thymine
4377:(AICAR)
4213:3777013
4017:3359272
3931:2518455
3660:2233605
3439:6297580
3287:3437249
3210:7024153
2995:3473284
2864:3663712
2812:2683940
2770:1839089
2677:6174725
2655:The BMJ
2503:6720464
2374:9229228
2338:4146946
2330:5477017
2308:Bibcode
2222:7842683
2122:8224915
2017:Bibcode
1896:PubChem
1635:lithium
1552:kidneys
1545:sucrose
1477:GSD-III
1443:LRRC16A
1431:SLC16A9
1413:SLC17A1
1362:ammonia
1318:kidneys
1257:uricase
1253:mammals
1094:15,000
1067:ethanol
1036:hypoxic
1020:purines
944:glycine
865:formula
822:what is
820: (
723:entropy
641:Acidity
635:−1.107
590:168.112
401:PubChem
296:DB01696
221:156158
131:69-93-2
6787:Uracil
6782:Ribose
6672:Others
6622:Others
6494:Enzyme
6241:NF-340
6236:NF-157
6136:A3P5PS
6066:NF-546
5788:NF-449
5783:NF-279
5778:NF-157
5773:NF-110
5768:NF-023
5701:Emodin
5696:Copper
5661:AF-353
5631:5-BDBD
5591:HT-AMP
5399:PSB-36
5394:PSB-11
5389:PSB-10
4538:uracil
4365:(CAIR)
4353:(FGAM)
4347:(FGAR)
4329:(PRPP)
4284:purine
4219:
4211:
4170:
4135:
4096:925768
4094:
4059:
4024:
4014:
4000:: 12.
3973:
3938:
3928:
3889:
3881:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3788:
3780:
3745:
3737:
3702:
3667:
3657:
3596:
3588:
3533:
3489:
3481:
3463:Lancet
3446:
3436:
3397:
3389:
3354:
3317:
3294:
3284:
3276:
3230:17 May
3208:
3155:
3114:
3106:
3064:
2993:
2955:
2914:
2906:
2871:
2861:
2819:
2809:
2768:
2760:
2742:Lancet
2725:
2684:
2674:
2633:
2592:
2567:
2526:
2501:
2493:
2455:
2447:
2407:
2380:
2372:
2336:
2328:
2300:Nature
2243:
2220:
2191:
2155:
2120:
2079:
1986:
1955:
1859:purine
1855:Uracil
1698:purine
1639:NSAIDs
1612:joints
1543:, and
1537:purine
1499:, the
1454:SLC2A9
1446:; and
1401:SLC2A9
1387:mating
1287:Humans
1241:humans
1218:2,700
1215:7,900
1207:1,790
1204:4,300
1196:1,440
1193:1,500
1149:3,750
1127:1,175
1108:1,600
1097:2,000
1032:sulfur
893:purine
885:urates
859:, and
857:oxygen
849:carbon
817:verify
814:
528:lactim
515:lactam
507:SMILES
375:C00366
247:ChEMBL
204:B00094
196:3DMet
173:lactim
154:lactam
77:Names
6442:NBMPR
6251:PPADS
6176:BzATP
6141:AMPαS
6121:UTPγS
6091:UDPβS
5991:ATPγS
5971:ADPβS
5855:Ro 51
5818:PPNDS
5813:PPADS
5753:KN-62
5748:KN-04
5566:BzATP
5561:ATPγS
5289:DPCPX
4755:(NAS)
4746:(NAC)
4673:(ALA)
4359:(AIR)
4341:(GAR)
4335:(PRA)
4323:(R5P)
4217:S2CID
3887:S2CID
3843:S2CID
3786:S2CID
3743:S2CID
3614:. UK
3594:S2CID
3487:S2CID
3395:S2CID
3112:S2CID
3084:(PDF)
3023:(PDF)
3012:(PDF)
2912:S2CID
2839:(PDF)
2766:S2CID
2631:S2CID
2499:S2CID
2453:S2CID
2378:S2CID
2334:S2CID
2173:Chest
1953:S2CID
1920:: 73.
1837:serum
1762:X-ray
1686:urine
1645:, or
1449:PDZK1
1407:ABCG2
1360:) or
1346:feces
1334:birds
1314:liver
1059:salts
1006:(XO)
961:with
942:with
900:urine
843:is a
685:−6.62
482:InChI
227:ChEBI
144:JSmol
18:Urate
6468:PMAT
6390:ENTs
6327:CNTs
6266:RB-2
6201:Ip5I
6146:Ap4A
6111:Up3U
6001:dATP
5976:Ap3A
5910:Zinc
5860:RO-3
5845:RB-2
5733:Ip5I
5621:Zinc
5551:Ap5A
5546:Ap4A
5314:IBMX
5284:DMPX
5096:CCPA
4900:FRAP
4895:TEAC
4890:ORAC
4862:tert
4848:tert
4209:PMID
4168:PMID
4133:PMID
4092:PMID
4057:PMID
4022:PMID
3971:PMID
3936:PMID
3879:PMID
3835:PMID
3827:ISSN
3778:PMID
3735:PMID
3700:PMID
3665:PMID
3586:PMID
3531:PMID
3479:PMID
3444:PMID
3387:PMID
3352:PMID
3315:ISBN
3292:PMID
3274:ISSN
3232:2013
3206:PMID
3183:2011
3153:PMID
3104:PMID
3062:PMID
3031:2013
2991:PMID
2953:PMID
2904:PMID
2869:PMID
2817:PMID
2758:PMID
2723:PMID
2682:PMID
2590:ISBN
2565:PMID
2524:PMID
2491:PMID
2445:PMID
2405:ISBN
2370:PMID
2326:PMID
2241:ISBN
2218:OCLC
2189:PMID
2153:PMID
2118:PMID
2102:Gene
2077:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1794:zinc
1726:for
1620:skin
1604:gout
1595:Gout
1589:Gout
1529:gout
1508:and
1437:GCKR
1354:urea
1336:and
1316:and
1308:The
1304:Dogs
1298:urea
1163:276
1160:603
1152:160
1138:790
1130:124
1116:370
1054:and
1014:and
940:urea
908:gout
887:and
671:8.4
653:5.6
628:log
425:UNII
414:1175
386:MeSH
366:KEGG
355:4731
276:1142
36:urea
6807:UTP
6802:UDP
6797:UMP
6777:ITP
6772:IDP
6767:IMP
6752:GTP
6747:GDP
6742:GMP
6727:CTP
6722:CDP
6717:CMP
6702:ATP
6697:ADP
6692:AMP
6291:UDP
6246:PIT
6171:ATP
6116:UTP
6086:UDP
6021:ITP
6016:IDP
5996:CTP
5986:ATP
5966:ADP
5920:P2Y
5728:HMA
5676:BBG
5616:UTP
5586:GTP
5576:CTP
5556:ATP
5541:AMP
5536:ADP
5505:ATP
5499:P2X
5269:CPX
5076:ATP
5061:AMP
5056:ADP
5042:5'-
4421:GMP
4416:IMP
4398:AMP
4393:IMP
4310:IMP
4304:R5P
4199:doi
4195:292
4160:doi
4123:doi
4084:doi
4080:107
4049:doi
4045:161
4012:PMC
4002:doi
3963:doi
3959:180
3926:PMC
3918:doi
3871:doi
3817:doi
3770:doi
3727:doi
3692:doi
3655:PMC
3647:doi
3578:doi
3521:doi
3517:350
3471:doi
3467:375
3434:PMC
3426:doi
3379:doi
3344:doi
3282:PMC
3266:doi
3262:364
3143:doi
3139:139
3096:doi
3054:doi
3050:450
2983:doi
2979:317
2945:doi
2896:doi
2859:PMC
2851:doi
2807:PMC
2797:doi
2750:doi
2746:372
2713:doi
2672:PMC
2664:doi
2660:363
2623:doi
2613:".
2555:doi
2551:175
2483:doi
2437:doi
2362:doi
2316:doi
2304:228
2181:doi
2177:131
2145:doi
2141:433
2110:doi
2106:133
2054:doi
2050:755
2025:doi
1982:–.
1945:doi
1332:In
1239:In
1185:35
1182:44
1171:77
1141:75
1119:39
847:of
785:298
758:298
731:298
451:EPA
404:CID
34:or
6853::
6512:XO
5873:,
5484:P2
5001:P1
4970:P0
4215:.
4207:.
4193:.
4189:.
4166:.
4154:.
4131:.
4119:52
4117:.
4113:.
4090:.
4078:.
4055:.
4043:.
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