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79:
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33:
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3625:"In spite of the severe fighting ... great crowds of (Dutch) civilians thronged the streets (of Groningen) — apparently more excited than frightened by the sound of nearby rifle and machine-gun fire. Out of regard for these civilians, the Canadians did not shell or bomb the city, thereby accepting the possibility of delay and additional casualties" (
3035:
3179:
Armies that often engage in urban warfare operations may train most of their infantry in CQB doctrine. While training will vary, it generally will focus on what proficiencies each unit possess. This is in opposition to what units may lack in either strength or weapons capabilities. The fundamentals
2834:
and sprayed every doorway and window, but this meant the tank could not traverse its turret quickly. The other solution was to rely on heavy howitzers (152 mm and 203 mm) firing over open sights to blast defended buildings and to use anti-aircraft guns against defenders posted on the higher
2793:
Much of the housing stock consisted of apartment blocks built in the second half of the 19th century. Most of those, thanks to housing regulations and few elevators, were five stories high, built around a courtyard which could be reached from the street through a corridor large enough to take a horse
2734:
The
Soviets used the great amount of destruction to their advantage by adding man-made defenses such as barbed wire, minefields, trenches, and bunkers to the rubble, while large factories even housed tanks and large-caliber guns within. In addition, Soviet urban warfare relied on 20-to-50-man-assault
2725:
is largely seen as the defining battle of urban warfare, with the battle commonly studied and referenced in studies of urban warfare. The battle was the single largest and costliest urban battle ever, with it being seen as the worst and most extreme case of urban warfare. The Battle of
Stalingrad saw
2925:
In the long term, the
Russians brought in more infantry and began a systematic advance through the city, house by house and block by block, with dismounted Russian infantry moving in support of armour. In proactive moves, the Russians started to set up ambush points of their own and then move armour
2794:
and cart or small trucks used to deliver coal. In many places these apartment blocks were built around several courtyards, one behind the other, each one reached through the outer courtyards by a ground-level tunnel similar to that between the first courtyard and the road. The larger, more expensive
2712:
Worth's men used pick axes to chip holes in the adobe walls of the homes, in the roof of the house from where the soldiers could drop in, or used ladders to climb to the top of a rooftop and assault the
Mexican defenders in hand-to-hand combat. The typical assault on a home would include one man who
2730:
combat techniques. Historian Iain MacGregor states that the "evolution of urban, house-to-house fighting and defending these buildings and built-up areas was seemingly born in
Stalingrad in the winter of 1942". The battle "occupies a famous, notorious place in the history of war, particularly urban
2693:
graduates, marched down the city's streets and were cut down by the
Mexican defenders. They could not see the men hidden behind walls, loopholes, or rooftops. They tried to march straight down the street until the intense fire drove them to hide in adjacent buildings. Taylor tried to move artillery
3223:
was evacuated compulsorily to provide an urban training area for United States forces. The facility has been retained, despite efforts by the displaced people to recover their homes, and was used for
British Army training for counter-insurgency operations in Northern Ireland. A newer purpose-built
2807:
did not use the makeshift barricades erected close to street corners, because these could be raked by artillery fire from guns firing over open sights further along the straight streets. Instead, they put snipers and machine guns on the upper floors and the roofs – a safer deployment as the Soviet
2485:
Analysts debate the scope and size of urban battles in the modern day, as they are unlikely to match the scale of battles in the Second World War. For example, professor
Michael C. Desch states that while "enormous forces engaged on both sides in those battles may never be seen in high-intensity
3073:
to a heavy use of armoured bulldozers. The heavily armoured bulldozers began by clearing booby traps and ended with razing many houses, mainly in the center of the refugee camp. The armoured bulldozers were unstoppable and impervious to
Palestinian attacks and by razing booby-trapped houses and
2899:, five or six hunter-killer fire teams deployed at ground level, in second and third stories, and in basements. The snipers and machine gunners would pin down the supporting infantry while the antitank gunners would engage the armoured vehicle aiming at the top, rear and sides of vehicles.
2713:
would run to the door of the house and chip the door away with a pick axe under covering fire. Once the door showed signs of weakening, 3–4 other soldiers would run to the door and barge in with revolvers blazing. Worth lost few men on the 23rd using these new urban warfare techniques.
2650:
2091:. Urban combat operations may be conducted to capitalize on strategic or tactical advantages associated with the possession or the control of a particular urban area or to deny these advantages to the enemy. It is considered to be arguably the most difficult form of warfare.
2094:
Fighting in urban areas negates the advantages that one side may have over the other in armor, heavy artillery, or air support. Ambushes laid down by small groups of soldiers with handheld anti-tank weapons can destroy entire columns of modern armor (as in the
3200:
Armed forces seek to train their units for those circumstances in which they are to fight: built up, urban areas are no exception. Several countries have created simulated urban training zones. The
British Army has established an "Afghan village" within its
2415:
You are surrounded, all roads to Grozny are blocked...Persons who stay in the city will be considered terrorists and bandits and will be destroyed by artillery and aviation. There will be no further negotiations. Everyone who does not leave the city will be
2591:
Meanwhile, the attackers tend to become more exposed than the defender as they must use the open streets more often, unfamiliar with the defenders' secret and hidden routes. During a house to house search the attacker is often also exposed on the streets.
2106:
Some civilians may be difficult to distinguish from such combatants as armed militias and gangs, and particularly individuals who are simply trying to protect their homes from attackers. Tactics are complicated by a three-dimensional environment, limited
3082:
2490:
states that while lessons may be taken from Stalingrad, ultimately "Stalingrad took place in a theater with a large number of army groups with a total of a million soldiers involved on each side; modern armies are unlikely to fight with these numbers."
2922:) to engage the Chechen combat groups, as their tank's main gun did not have the elevation and depression to engage the fire teams and an armoured vehicle's machine gun could not suppress the fire of half a dozen different fire teams simultaneously.
2785:
Most of the central districts of Berlin consisted of city blocks with straight wide roads, intersected by several waterways, parks and large railway marshalling yards. The terrain was predominantly flat but there were some low hills like that of
2622:
2681:
invaded the town. The U.S. Army had no prior training in urban warfare and the Mexican defenders hid on rooftops, shot through loopholes, and stationed cannons in the middle of the city's streets. The houses at Monterrey were made of thick
2781:
The German tactics in the battle of Berlin were dictated by three considerations: the experience that the Germans had gained during five years of war; the physical characteristics of Berlin; and the tactics used by the Soviets.
2440:
fighters through ambush-induced attrition losses. The attacking army must account for three dimensions more often, and consequently expend greater amounts of manpower to secure a myriad of structures, and mountains of rubble.
2180:(fighting in fortified objectives) refers to clearing enemy personnel from narrow and entrenched places like bunkers, trenches and strongholds; the dismantling of mines and wires; and the securing of footholds in enemy areas.
2626:
2624:
4082:"A Prussian law of 1875, enacted to cover the streets of Berlin, prescribed that the main streets should be 95 feet or more in width, secondary thoroughfares from 65 to 95 feet and the local streets from 40 to 65 feet." (
2506:
have predicted urban warfare to become the norm in wars. Spencer confirmed this to be true in an article in 2024, providing a list of numerous urban battles in the recent decades of the 21st century alone, those being
2765:
of six to eight men, closely supported by field artillery. These were tactical units which were able to apply the tactics of house to house fighting that the Soviets had been forced to develop and refine at each
2731:
warfare. It seems to encapsulate and personify it, to provide an instinctive yardstick by which urban warfare can be examined, understood, defined, and assessed" according to military historian Stephen Walsh.
2310:
noted the lethality of urban warfare in the Second World War, "When civilian met soldier in the confined landscapes, the death toll spiked, and it was no surprise that the greatest carnage of World War II—at
2625:
2694:
into the city but it could not hit the well-hidden defenders any better than the U.S. soldiers could. Two days later the US again assaulted the city from two sides and this time they fought differently.
2486:
urban battles again", that "the large numbers of killed and wounded underline the basic fact that such conflict is extremely lethal", referencing the battles of Stalingrad and Berlin. An article by the
3021:, entered to Nablus, killing 70 militants and arresting hundreds, while sustaining only one fatality. The forces deployed many small teams, advancing in non-linear manner from many directions, using
2099:), while artillery and air support can be severely reduced if the "superior" party wants to limit civilian casualties as much as possible, but the defending party does not (or even uses civilians as
3057:
the city and the refugee camp with thousands of explosive charges, some were very large and most were concealed in houses and on the streets. After 13 Israeli soldiers were killed in an
4194:"EU strongly condemns indiscriminate Hamas rockets on Israel and use of Palestinian population as human shields, 'terrorist groups in Gaza must disarm', calls for 'immediate ceasefire
2598:
2319:
2933:, some of the Russian armour was fitted quickly with a cage of wire mesh mounted some 25–30 centimetres away from the hull armour to defeat the shaped charges of the Chechen RPGs.
2686:, with strong double doors and few windows. The rooftops were lined with a two-foot-tall wall that acted as a parapet for the defending soldiers. Each home was a fort unto itself.
2883:
most of the Chechen fighters had been trained in the Soviet armed forces. They were divided into combat groups consisting of 15 to 20 personnel, subdivided into three or four-man
3180:
of muzzle awareness and weapons safety are of the utmost importance given the propensity for fratricide due to the confined spaces, as well as the limited avenues of approach.
3176:
Military CQB doctrine is different from police CQB doctrine, mainly because the military usually operates in hostile areas while the police operates within docile populations.
2214:
training for fighting forces (how a small team of infantry soldiers should fight in close and built-up spaces). IDF's LASHAB was developed mainly in recent decades, after the
4109:
2941:
3074:
buildings which used as gun posts they forced the militants in Jenin to surrender. In total, 56 Palestinians and 23 Israeli soldiers were killed in the battle of Jenin.
2975:
3804:
3126:
factor—namely: how a small squad of infantry troops should fight in urban environments and/or inside buildings in order to achieve its goals with minimal casualties.
3103:
The term close-quarter battle refers to fighting methods within buildings, streets, narrow alleys and other places where visibility and manoeuvrability are limited.
2567:
system. Defenders may have the advantage of detailed local knowledge of the area, right down to the layout inside of buildings and means of travel not shown on maps.
2697:
Not wanting to repeat the mistakes of the 21st, General William Jenkins Worth listened to his Texan advisers. These men had fought in Mexican cities before at the
2623:
4095:"The Berlin streets are for the most part very broad and straight. They are surprisingly even; there is not a hill worthy of the name in the whole of the city" (
3524:
2495:
2413:
handled the issue of civilian casualties by issuing an ultimatum urging citizens to leave or be destroyed without mercy. Leaflets dropped on the city read: '
4201:
3874:
3507:
3451:
2902:
Initially, the Russians were taken by surprise. Their armoured columns that were supposed to take the city without difficulty as Soviet forces had taken
2656:
78:
3608:
1022:
2349:
to the amount of force which can be applied when attacking an area where there are known to be civilians. Until the 1970s, this was covered by the
2895:, a machine gunner and a sniper. The team would be supported by ammunition runners and assistant gunners. To destroy Russian armoured vehicles in
1454:
3900:
2539:
in the 2020s. In 2023, analyst Mikael Weissmann claimed that it is widely agreed upon that urban warfare will be the "battlefields of tomorrow".
2853:
and grenades were very effective, but as the Berlin civilian population had not been evacuated these tactics inevitably killed many civilians.
3053:
the battle was much harder and fierce. Unlike in Nablus, the forces who fought in Jenin were mainly reserve forces. The Palestinian militants
4484:
4461:
4388:
4340:
4227:
4043:
4018:
3490:
3407:
2929:
As with the Soviet tank crews in Berlin in 1945, who attached bedsprings to the outside of their turrets to reduce the damage done by German
2838:
Soviet combat groups started to move from house to house instead of directly down the streets. They moved through the apartments and cellars
3690:
3655:
4351:
2967:
2230:
cities, villages and refugee camps. The IDF has a special large and advanced facility for training soldiers and units in urban warfare.
1810:
2447:
structures will be ruined by heavy bombardment, but it is very difficult to demolish such a building totally when it is well defended.
3592:
2005:
1783:
393:
4312:
1459:
2406:
2735:
groups, armed with machine guns, grenades and satchel charges, and buildings fortified as strongpoints with clear fields of fire.
2911:
2292:
1537:
44:
4545:
3928:
2749:
2516:
2394:, causes the attacking force to restrain from using all the force they could when attacking a city. In other cases, such as the
1520:
2503:
1882:
1307:
127:
3819:
3691:"Urban Warfare Considerations; Understanding and Combating Irregular and Guerrilla Forces During A "Conventional War" In Iraq"
2862:
2409:
in 1999, they conducted a massive artillery and air bombardment campaign in an attempt to smash the city into submission. The
2115:
because of buildings, enhanced concealment and cover for defenders, below-ground infrastructure, and the ease of placement of
2096:
4251:
2971:
2690:
2154:
1646:
40:
3402:
War in the Streets. The Story of Urban Combat from Calais to Khafji. by Colonel Michael. Dewar Hardcover – January 1, 1992 (
2318:
However, when liberating occupied territory some restraint was often applied, particularly in urban settings. For example,
2787:
2063:
1510:
2903:
2000:
459:
2872:
2468:
2010:
1197:
994:
865:
403:
3779:
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was the U.S. Army's first major encounter with urban warfare. It occurred in September 1846 when the U.S. Army under
4407:
4108:"The highest hill in the ridge was the Kreuzberg, which stood at 217 feet (66 m). It became the site of a from the
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2199:
2139:
1474:
4302:
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3119:
2635:
2508:
2452:
1584:
1092:
436:
310:
144:
4193:
2358:
Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of
3011:
2376:
2350:
2295:, roughly 40% of battles took place in urban areas. In some particularly vicious urban warfare battles such as
2112:
2035:
1902:
1449:
1142:
955:
803:
4034:
Walsh, Stephen (2020). "The Battle of Stalingrad, September–November 1942". In Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (ed.).
3504:
2421:
4582:
3283:
3268:
3253:
2814:
in cellar windows to ambush tanks as they moved down the streets. These tactics were quickly adopted by the
2331:
1988:
1970:
1726:
1285:
1207:
1152:
1032:
745:
408:
287:
4551:
4210:
3848:
4577:
3213:
3029:
2520:
2284:
2087:
levels. Complicating factors in urban warfare include the presence of civilians and the complexity of the
1855:
1830:
1552:
1464:
1337:
1212:
808:
785:
211:
110:
3612:
2134:
soldiers practice MOUT tactics in the Ojojibara Maneuver Area of Sendai, Japan during an exercise in 2004
2079:
is warfare in urban areas such as towns and cities. Urban combat differs from combat in the open at both
4518:
3193:
3098:
2963:
2482:
in 1944 fighting broke out in the sewers, as both Axis and Soviet troops used them for troop movements.
2410:
2387:
2183:
1444:
1377:
1330:
979:
942:
905:
823:
775:
659:
469:
262:
166:
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war at the time, measured by the number of troops involved. The picture shows the ruins of the city of
2502:, and retired military officer and chairman of the urban warfare studies at the Modern War Institute,
3629:, Chapter XX: The Rhine Crossing and the 2nd Corps' Advance to the North Sea March 23-April 22, 1945)
3216:
3202:
3150:
2999:
2754:
2722:
2487:
2456:
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2296:
1835:
1737:
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1589:
1407:
1372:
1107:
922:
780:
716:
570:
540:
117:
4176:"Then, they went in again for festooning their vehicles with bedsprings and other metal to make the
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3580:
3087:
2674:
2641:
2536:
2327:
2307:
1686:
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917:
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639:
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171:
95:
32:
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which claimed the lives of hundreds of Israeli civilians. It was in part characterized by alleged
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3015:
2907:
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2020:
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220:
139:
37:
4548:, Marine Corps Warfighting Publication (MCWP) 3–35.3 – US Marine Corps guidance on urban warfare
3875:"Defending the City: An Overview of Defensive Tactics from the Modern History of Urban Warfare"
3542:
YLE: Suomalaiset kuvaavat sotien jälkiä kaupungeissa – katso kuvat ja tarinat tutuilta kulmilta
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4457:
4384:
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3479:
Eight Lives Down: The Most Dangerous Job in the World in the Most Dangerous Place in the World
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faced the street and the smaller, less expensive ones were found around the inner courtyards.
2702:
2584:. Defenders can move from one part of the city to another undetected using tunnels and spring
2532:
2528:
2499:
2479:
2433:
2383:
2335:
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2056:
1965:
1912:
1815:
1805:
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1721:
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855:
694:
487:
464:
398:
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4359:
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4356:
Russian-Manufactured Armoured Vehicle Vulnerability in Urban Combat: The Chechnya Experience
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2399:
2323:
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2239:
2215:
2084:
2030:
1995:
1927:
1820:
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1362:
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1302:
1177:
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989:
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560:
383:
360:
252:
176:
105:
88:
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4205:
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3511:
3422:
Storming the City: U.S. Military Performance in Urban Warfare from World War II to Vietnam
3123:
3115:
2910:
in late 1944. As in the Soviet assault on Berlin, as a short term measure, they deployed
2819:
2698:
2612:
2524:
2300:
2223:
1840:
1825:
1743:
1699:
1641:
1297:
1292:
1182:
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1062:
999:
840:
770:
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699:
612:
597:
520:
492:
282:
277:
257:
100:
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avoided the use of artillery altogether to spare civilians and buildings, and during the
3378:
3236:
3555:
3161:
Routines and drills for engaging the enemy, securing a perimeter, clearing a room, etc.
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3003:
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were very effective), while others fought across the roof tops and through the attics.
2678:
2571:
2547:
2460:
2025:
2015:
1763:
1187:
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134:
67:
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4011:
The Lighthouse of Stalingrad: The Hidden Truth at the Centre of WWII's Greatest Battle
2689:
On September 21, 1846, the U.S. Army which included some of its best soldiers, recent
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4290:
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3288:
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3225:
2564:
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850:
765:
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711:
587:
550:
525:
365:
272:
230:
225:
122:
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It is also difficult to destroy underground or heavily fortified structures such as
2402:, both military forces considered evacuating civilians only to find it impractical.
2356:
which specifically includes articles 25–27. This has since been supplemented by the
3482:
3263:
3094:
2946:
2850:
2839:
2815:
2801:
Just as the Soviets had learned a lot about urban warfare, so had the Germans. The
2706:
2269:
2173:(fighting in someone's house and causing havoc in people's streets/public spaces).
2100:
2049:
1975:
1955:
1950:
1845:
1790:
1424:
1419:
1242:
1157:
900:
634:
535:
332:
216:
4563:
Urban warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa in 1970–1981: inventing the rules of the game.
3990:
McLaurin, R. D.; Jureidini, Paul A.; McDonald, David S.; Sellers, Kurt J. (1987).
3755:
2887:. A fire team consisted of an antitank gunner, usually armed with a Russian made
3991:
3972:
2831:
2810:
2428:, the capital of the Philippines, devastated during the Battle of Manila in 1945
2363:
2342:
2280:
2276:
1960:
1711:
1676:
1515:
1202:
1167:
875:
818:
721:
505:
206:
201:
17:
4497:
Volume III: The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North West Europe 1944–1945
3246:
3139:
3054:
2823:
2761:
A Soviet combat group was a mixed arms unit of about eighty men, divided into
2581:
2559:
The characteristics of an average city include tall buildings, narrow alleys,
2359:
2127:
2116:
1917:
1887:
1609:
973:
4112:
erected in 1821 and gave its name to the most famous of Berlin's districts" (
3901:"Monterrey, 1846: Still Offering Urban Combat Lessons after all these Years"
3379:"Urban Warfare: Challenges of Military Operations on Tomorrow's Battlefield"
3018:
2884:
2803:
2795:
2604:
2437:
2338:
initially placed a ban on artillery and air strikes to save civilian lives.
2273:
1907:
1731:
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1631:
1621:
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1481:
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1267:
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355:
322:
191:
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and air support. The battle ended quickly with a decisive Israeli victory.
2808:
tanks could not elevate their guns that high. They also put men armed with
2467:, despite heavy bombardment with artillery at point blank range (including
3308:
3066:
2915:
2762:
2315:
and Stalingrad—was the result of efforts to storm municipal fortresses".
1922:
1897:
1530:
1162:
1137:
750:
305:
247:
159:
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These tactics took the Germans lying in ambush for tanks in the flanks.
4450:
The spaces of the modern city: imaginaries, politics, and everyday life
4377:
The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape
4236:
3585:
The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won
3135:
3034:
2660:
2577:
2261:
2198:. LASHAB in the IDF includes large-scale tactics (such as use of heavy
1932:
1892:
1656:
1490:
1486:
828:
813:
689:
350:
345:
315:
234:
196:
3206:
3114:(UO) are related to urban warfare, but while UO refers mainly to the
3058:
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388:
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3525:"Urban Warfare Training Center – Simulating the Modern Battle-Field"
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of adjacent buildings (for which the Soviets found abandoned German
2580:
posts while alleys and rubble-filled streets are ideal for planting
3541:
3235:
3220:
3205:
and the French Army has built several urban training areas in its
3187:
3081:
3050:
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during an exercise simulating the takeover of a hostile urban area
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446:
441:
31:
2709:" through each house and root out the defenders in close combat.
2146:(urban operations), but this term has been largely replaced with
4500:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War.
3007:
2770:(fortress city) they had encountered from Stalingrad to Berlin.
186:
181:
4552:
FM 90-10-1 AN INFANTRYMAN 'S GUIDE TO COMBAT IN BUILT-UP AREAS
2926:
towards them to lure the Chechen combat groups into ambushes.
2211:
2207:
59:
4452:(illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. pp.
4379:(illustrated ed.). University of Chicago Press. p.
4224:"European Union: Hamas, other Gaza terror groups must disarm"
4307:. London; New York: Viking-Penguin Books. pp. 316–319.
4142:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4134:
2436:
can offer some advantages to a weaker defending force or to
2303:, all weapons were used irrespective of their consequences.
2222:
and Lebanese villages, and was further developed during the
4322:
Dishman, Chris (August 2009). "Street Fight in Monterrey".
3780:"Urban Warfare Project Case Study #1: Battle of Stalingrad"
3693:. Emergency Response and Research Institute. Archived from
2777:
A devastated street in Berlin's city centre on July 3, 1945
3756:"Soldiers in Cities: Military Operations on Urban Terrain"
2165:(fighting in built-up areas), or sometimes (colloquially)
4275:
FM 90-10 Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT)
3587:(Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 210.
3452:"The final battle for Basra is near, says Iraqi general"
2494:
Many analysts, such as former American army general and
2226:(2000–2005) in which IDF soldiers entered and fought in
3350:"The City Is Not Neutral: Why Urban Warfare Is So Hard"
2551:
Urban warfare is fought within the constraints of the
4430:"Military Operations on Urban Terrain [MOUT]"
4333:
A Perfect Gibraltar: The Battle for Monterrey, Mexico
4113:
2830:
To counter these tactics, Soviet submachine gunners
2375:
Japanese troops in the ruins of Shanghai during the
4402:. Vol. 6. Americana Corporationn. p. 720.
3873:Spencer, John; Geroux, Jayson (February 14, 2022).
2906:were decimated in fighting more reminiscent of the
3065:, the IDF changed its tactics from slow advancing
2705:in 1835. They understood that the army needed to "
3439:(3 ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 162.
3240:A Brazilian soldier moves down an escape corridor
2790:that is 66 metres (217 ft) above sea level.
3849:"War Books: The Urban Battlefield of the Future"
4546:Military Operations on Urbanized Terrain (MOUT)
2607:soldiers assault a fortified house in downtown
3778:Geroux, John Spencer, Jayson (June 28, 2021).
3424:. University of North Texas Press. p. 99.
2451:had to fight room by room while defending the
3954:
3952:
3760:Monographs, Collaborative Studies, & IRPs
3118:factor (i.e. sending troops, using of heavy
2057:
8:
4448:Prakash, Gyan; Kruse, Kevin Michael (2008).
4070:
3803:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3212:During World War II, as preparation for the
3129:As a doctrine, CQB concerns topics such as:
2496:Commandant of the United States Marine Corps
3820:"The City Is the Battlefield of the Future"
3649:
3647:
3219:, the population of the English village of
4398:McDonnald, Alexander Hopkins, ed. (1951).
3307:The poorer tenement blocks were known as "
2064:
2050:
49:
4083:
3676:
2966:in April 2002 as a response to a wave of
3122:, battle management), CQB refers to the
2354:IV – The Laws and Customs of War on Land
2150:(military operations in urban terrain).
1023:List of military strategies and concepts
3958:
3943:
3554:Kitfield, James C. (December 1, 1998).
3328:
3300:
3061:combined with booby traps, snipers and
2978:by both IDF and Palestinian militants.
2594:
57:
4527:
4516:
4416:
4405:
4252:"Navy SEAL Close Quarter Battle (CQB)"
4181:
4146:
4096:
4058:
3796:
3715:
3638:
3626:
3611:. canadiansoldiers.com. Archived from
4161:
4159:
4157:
4155:
3973:"Weapons Effects in Cities. Volume 1"
3842:
3840:
3773:
3771:
3769:
2390:, as in the case of the Canadians in
2256:was the largest urban warfare in the
2186:calls urban warfare לש"ב (pronounced
7:
4165:
4125:
4036:A History of Modern Urban Operations
3656:"Russia Warns Civilians in Chechnya"
3372:
3370:
3335:
3086:Simulated city used for training on
2962:military operation conducted by the
2576:The buildings can provide excellent
2272:often relied on large quantities of
4013:. New York: Scribner. p. 173.
3899:Glenn, Russell W. (March 6, 2023).
2981:The two major battles were held in
4559:– Urban operations, reading guide.
4038:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 55.
3992:"Modern Experience in City Combat"
3847:Spencer, John (February 9, 2024).
3754:Desch, Michael (October 1, 2001).
3481:(Delta Trade Paperback ed.),
3224:training area has been created at
2169:(fighting in someone's house), or
25:
4513:(9–12). Urban Land Institute: 88.
4475:. BoD – Books on Demand. p.
4428:Pike, John (September 16, 2002).
4358:. Red Thrust Star. Archived from
3729:"World War II: Siege of Budapest"
2912:self-propelled anti-aircraft guns
2640:shot by the French Resistance of
2341:Military forces are bound by the
2142:has referred to urban warfare as
4350:Grau, Lester W. (January 1997).
4335:. University of Oklahoma Press.
3450:Sengupta, Kim (March 24, 2008).
3192:Zambraniyah Training Village in
2840:blasting holes through the walls
2649:
2620:
2597:
2478:and utility tunnels; during the
2161:(operations in built-up areas),
77:
45:United States invasion of Panama
4352:"Chechen Anti-armor Techniques"
3818:Spencer, John (July 19, 2017).
3689:Staten, C.L. (March 29, 2003).
3679:, Russia will pay for Chechnya.
3560:Air & Space Forces Magazine
3348:Spencer, John (March 4, 2020).
4473:Peeps at Great Cities – Berlin
4291:"Russia will pay for Chechnya"
4289:BBC staff (December 7, 1999).
2871:A Chechen separatist near the
41:M113 armored personnel carrier
1:
4505:Urban Land Institute (2006).
4331:Dishman, Christopher (2010).
3142:most suitable for the mission
2873:Presidential Palace in Grozny
2268:Urban military operations in
3762:. US Army War College Press.
3437:Dictionary of Military Terms
3514:Retrieved December 7, 2007.
3228:, some 3 miles from Imber.
2669:Battle of Monterrey, Mexico
2200:armoured personnel carriers
1521:Military–industrial complex
995:Operational manoeuvre group
4599:
4400:The Encyclopedia Americana
4324:Military Heritage Magazine
4204:December 31, 2014, at the
4110:Schinkel-designed monument
3556:"War in the Urban Jungles"
3377:Weissmann, Mikael (2023).
3120:armoured fighting vehicles
3092:
3027:
2991:
2955:Operation Defensive Shield
2937:Operation Defensive Shield
2863:Battle of Grozny (1994–95)
2860:
2742:
2569:
2459:, and in 1945, during the
2237:
2218:included urban warfare in
2140:United States Armed Forces
4304:Berlin: The Downfall 1945
4114:Urban Land Institute 2006
3510:February 7, 2016, at the
3274:Second Battle of Fallujah
2757:after its capture in 1945
2453:Red October Steel Factory
2210:for intelligence, etc.),
1585:Loss-of-strength gradient
437:Combat information center
4071:Prakash & Kruse 2008
4009:MacGregor, Iain (2022).
3435:Bowyer, Richard (2004).
2945:Israeli soldiers of the
2642:street fighting in Paris
2377:Second Sino-Japanese War
2196:warfare on urban terrain
1903:Military science fiction
1388:Technology and equipment
804:List of military tactics
3926:Battle of Monterrey.com
3477:Hunter, Chris (2009) ,
3284:Urban guerrilla warfare
3269:Operation Urban Warrior
3254:Civilian casualty ratio
3250:(documentary TV series)
3016:armoured Caterpillar D9
2563:tunnels and possibly a
2293:European theatre of war
1971:Wartime sexual violence
1727:Full-spectrum dominance
1538:Supply-chain management
4471:Siepen, Edith (2011).
4230:April 5, 2015, at the
4180:explode prematurely" (
3420:Wahlman, Alec (2015).
3241:
3197:
3184:Urban warfare training
3090:
3046:
3030:Battle of Jenin (2002)
3006:, backed by reservist
2976:usage of human shields
2950:
2876:
2778:
2758:
2636:La Libération de Paris
2556:
2429:
2379:
2285:ground attack fighters
2265:
2135:
2097:First Battle of Grozny
1883:Awards and decorations
1856:Peace through strength
1831:Low-intensity conflict
1465:Conscientious objector
1338:Area of responsibility
47:
27:Warfare in urban areas
4494:Stacey, C.P. (1966).
4211:European Jewish Press
3931:July 7, 2011, at the
3239:
3194:Orogrande, New Mexico
3191:
3108:close-quarters-battle
3099:Close-quarters combat
3085:
3078:Close-quarters battle
3037:
2964:Israel Defense Forces
2944:
2870:
2776:
2752:
2550:
2543:Urban warfare tactics
2465:capture the Reichstag
2424:
2374:
2351:1907 Hague Convention
2247:
2238:Further information:
2184:Israel Defense Forces
2130:
470:Torpedo data computer
460:Ship gun fire-control
35:
4375:Ladd, Brian (1998).
3996:Technical Memorandum
3905:smallwarsjournal.com
3879:Modern War Institute
3853:Modern War Institute
3784:Modern War Institute
3581:Hanson, Victor Davis
3354:Modern War Institute
3217:invasion of Normandy
3203:Stanford Battle Area
3151:night vision devices
3145:Extra gear, such as
3000:Paratroopers Brigade
2972:Palestinian factions
2723:Battle of Stalingrad
2717:Battle of Stalingrad
2488:Modern War Institute
2457:Battle of Stalingrad
2405:When Russian forces
2396:Battle of Stalingrad
2155:British armed forces
2123:Military terminology
2001:Military occupations
1836:Military engineering
1738:Unrestricted Warfare
1595:Force multiplication
488:Military manoeuvrers
4149:, pp. 316–319.
3971:Intrec Inc (1974).
3615:on January 9, 2008.
3531:. October 26, 2011.
3088:San Clemente Island
3069:soldiers backed by
2675:Battle of Monterrey
2659:street fighting in
2320:Canadian operations
2308:Victor Davis Hanson
2306:Military historian
2204:armoured bulldozers
1687:Penal military unit
1672:Rules of engagement
1348:Command and control
968:Operations research
432:Director (military)
422:Fire-control system
172:Command and control
53:Part of a series on
4557:Small Wars Journal
4434:GlobalSecurity.org
4128:, pp. 99–102.
3718:, p. 354,355.
3242:
3198:
3091:
3071:attack helicopters
3047:
3044:armoured bulldozer
3040:IDF Caterpillar D9
2951:
2908:Battle of Budapest
2877:
2779:
2759:
2557:
2430:
2380:
2347:military necessity
2266:
2138:Historically, the
2136:
1796:Counter-insurgency
1717:Command of the sea
1662:Jewish laws on war
1637:Geneva Conventions
1173:Divide and conquer
963:Military operation
928:Tactical objective
427:Fire-control radar
404:Electronic-warfare
48:
38:United States Army
4526:Missing or empty
4486:978-3-86403-134-2
4463:978-0-691-13343-0
4415:Missing or empty
4408:cite encyclopedia
4390:978-0-226-46762-7
4362:on April 30, 2010
4342:978-0-8061-4140-4
4073:, pp. 44–46.
4045:978-3-030-27088-9
4020:978-1-9821-6358-7
3998:– via DTIC.
3979:– via DTIC.
3666:on March 2, 2022.
3492:978-0-553-38528-1
3408:978-0-7153-9477-9
3259:Military urbanism
3147:bulletproof vests
2960:counter-terrorism
2881:First Chechen War
2857:First Chechen War
2627:
2500:Charles C. Krulak
2480:Siege of Budapest
2434:urban environment
2364:Non-International
2336:General MacArthur
2264:after the battle.
2254:Finnish Civil War
2250:Battle of Tampere
2074:
2073:
1966:Horses in warfare
1913:Anti-war movement
1816:Gunboat diplomacy
1806:Disaster response
1754:Philosophy of war
1749:Principles of war
1722:Deterrence theory
1667:Right of conquest
1590:Lanchester's laws
1358:Principles of war
1048:Counter-offensive
1028:Military campaign
933:Target saturation
856:Counterinsurgency
465:Gun data computer
399:Close air support
361:Aircraft carriers
16:(Redirected from
4590:
4535:
4529:
4524:
4522:
4514:
4501:
4490:
4467:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4424:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4403:
4394:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4346:
4327:
4318:
4294:
4276:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4247:
4241:
4240:, July 22, 2014.
4221:
4215:
4214:, July 22, 2014.
4197:
4191:
4185:
4174:
4168:
4163:
4150:
4144:
4129:
4123:
4117:
4106:
4100:
4093:
4087:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3977:Technical Report
3968:
3962:
3956:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3924:Urban Warfare –
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3870:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3844:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3802:
3794:
3792:
3790:
3775:
3764:
3763:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3702:
3697:on June 13, 2006
3686:
3680:
3674:
3668:
3667:
3662:. Archived from
3660:Associated Press
3651:
3642:
3636:
3630:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3605:
3599:
3598:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3551:
3545:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3521:
3515:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3383:academic.oup.com
3374:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3316:
3305:
3112:urban operations
3012:combat engineers
2994:Battle of Nablus
2968:suicide bombings
2904:Budapest in 1956
2745:Battle in Berlin
2739:Battle of Berlin
2701:in 1842 and the
2657:Italian soldiers
2653:
2629:
2628:
2601:
2469:203 mm howitzers
2400:Battle of Berlin
2332:Battle of Manila
2252:during the 1918
2240:Urban camouflage
2234:Urban operations
2216:1982 Lebanon War
2066:
2059:
2052:
1821:Humanitarian aid
1759:Security dilemma
1580:Power projection
1363:Economy of force
1343:Chain of command
1058:Defence in depth
1043:Commerce raiding
861:Defeat in detail
177:Defense ministry
81:
72:
71:
62:
50:
43:during the 1989
21:
18:Urban Operations
4598:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4587:
4568:
4567:
4542:
4525:
4515:
4504:
4493:
4487:
4470:
4464:
4447:
4438:
4436:
4427:
4414:
4404:
4397:
4391:
4374:
4365:
4363:
4349:
4343:
4330:
4321:
4315:
4297:
4288:
4285:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4270:
4260:
4258:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4232:Wayback Machine
4222:
4218:
4206:Wayback Machine
4195:
4192:
4188:
4175:
4171:
4164:
4153:
4145:
4132:
4124:
4120:
4107:
4103:
4094:
4090:
4081:
4077:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4021:
4008:
4007:
4003:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3957:
3950:
3942:
3938:
3933:Wayback Machine
3923:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3883:
3881:
3872:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3846:
3845:
3838:
3828:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3795:
3788:
3786:
3777:
3776:
3767:
3753:
3752:
3748:
3738:
3736:
3735:. June 12, 2006
3727:
3726:
3722:
3714:
3710:
3700:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3675:
3671:
3653:
3652:
3645:
3637:
3633:
3624:
3620:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3595:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3564:
3562:
3553:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3512:Wayback Machine
3503:
3499:
3493:
3485:, p. 204,
3476:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3456:The Independent
3449:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3358:
3356:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3306:
3302:
3297:
3234:
3196:, United States
3186:
3124:micromanagement
3116:macromanagement
3101:
3093:Main articles:
3080:
3063:suicide bombers
3032:
2998:In Nablus, the
2996:
2939:
2865:
2859:
2820:First World War
2747:
2741:
2719:
2703:Battle of Bexar
2671:
2664:
2654:
2645:
2630:
2621:
2616:
2613:Warsaw Uprising
2602:
2574:
2545:
2432:Fighting in an
2407:attacked Grozny
2388:proportionality
2366:Armed Conflicts
2242:
2236:
2224:Second Intifada
2125:
2070:
2041:
2040:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1878:
1868:
1867:
1841:Multilateralism
1826:Law enforcement
1786:
1776:
1775:
1744:Just war theory
1702:
1692:
1691:
1642:Geneva Protocol
1612:
1602:
1601:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1506:
1496:
1495:
1403:
1393:
1392:
1333:
1323:
1322:
1288:
1278:
1277:
1208:Network-centric
1128:
1118:
1117:
1020:
1010:
1009:
958:
948:
947:
896:Rapid dominance
801:
791:
790:
746:Electromagnetic
655:
645:
644:
631:
584:
532:
508:
498:
497:
493:Combat training
474:
451:
417:Combat systems:
413:
375:
371:Auxiliary ships
337:
297:
239:
162:
152:
151:
91:
65:
64:
63:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4596:
4594:
4586:
4585:
4583:Sniper warfare
4580:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4560:
4554:
4549:
4541:
4540:External links
4538:
4537:
4536:
4502:
4491:
4485:
4468:
4462:
4445:
4425:
4395:
4389:
4372:
4347:
4341:
4328:
4319:
4313:
4299:Beevor, Antony
4295:
4284:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4268:
4250:Military.com.
4242:
4216:
4186:
4184:, p. 317)
4169:
4151:
4130:
4118:
4116:, p. 88).
4101:
4088:
4086:, p. 720)
4084:McDonnald 1951
4075:
4063:
4061:, p. 317.
4051:
4044:
4026:
4019:
4001:
3982:
3963:
3948:
3936:
3917:
3891:
3865:
3836:
3810:
3765:
3746:
3720:
3708:
3681:
3677:BBC staff 1999
3669:
3654:Bagrov, Yuri.
3643:
3641:, p. 318.
3631:
3618:
3600:
3594:978-1541674103
3593:
3572:
3546:
3534:
3516:
3497:
3491:
3469:
3442:
3427:
3412:
3395:
3366:
3340:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3299:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3233:
3230:
3185:
3182:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3165:
3164:Team maneuvers
3162:
3159:
3153:
3143:
3079:
3076:
3004:Golani Brigade
2938:
2935:
2875:, January 1995
2858:
2855:
2832:rode the tanks
2763:assault groups
2743:Main article:
2740:
2737:
2718:
2715:
2699:Battle of Mier
2679:Zachary Taylor
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2663:, October 1941
2655:
2648:
2646:
2631:
2619:
2617:
2603:
2596:
2572:Tunnel warfare
2544:
2541:
2235:
2232:
2171:FISH and CHIPS
2124:
2121:
2109:fields of view
2072:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Military terms
2003:
1998:
1992:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1764:Tripwire force
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1613:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1587:
1582:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1493:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1286:Administrative
1284:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1213:New generation
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:Fleet in being
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1126:Grand strategy
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1113:Scorched earth
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
985:Deep operation
982:
977:
970:
965:
959:
954:
953:
950:
949:
946:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
914:
913:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
832:
831:
826:
821:
811:
802:
797:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
786:Unconventional
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
734:
732:Disinformation
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
703:
702:
697:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
656:
651:
650:
647:
646:
643:
642:
637:
630:
629:
628:
627:
626:
625:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
583:
582:
581:
580:
579:
578:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
531:
530:
529:
528:
523:
518:
509:
504:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
490:
485:
483:Basic training
480:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
450:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
412:
411:
409:Reconnaissance
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
374:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
336:
335:
330:
328:Special forces
325:
320:
319:
318:
308:
303:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
238:
237:
228:
223:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
163:
158:
157:
154:
153:
150:
149:
148:
147:
142:
132:
131:
130:
125:
115:
114:
113:
106:Post-classical
103:
98:
92:
87:
86:
83:
82:
74:
73:
55:
54:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4595:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:Urban warfare
4576:
4575:
4573:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4520:
4512:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4465:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4446:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4409:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4320:
4316:
4314:0-670-03041-4
4310:
4306:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4269:
4261:September 28,
4257:
4253:
4246:
4243:
4239:
4238:
4233:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4190:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4099:, p. 7).
4098:
4092:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4027:
4022:
4016:
4012:
4005:
4002:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3983:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3940:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3927:
3921:
3918:
3906:
3902:
3895:
3892:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3866:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3841:
3837:
3825:
3821:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3800:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3750:
3747:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3709:
3696:
3692:
3685:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
3596:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3538:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3443:
3438:
3431:
3428:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3329:
3322:
3314:
3313:Mietskasernen
3310:
3309:Rent-barracks
3304:
3301:
3294:
3290:
3289:Urban terrain
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3279:Siege warfare
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3231:
3229:
3227:
3226:Copehill Down
3222:
3218:
3215:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3195:
3190:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:booby-trapped
3052:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2948:
2943:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2851:Flamethrowers
2847:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:Festungsstadt
2764:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2726:all types of
2724:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2687:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2647:
2644:, August 1944
2643:
2639:
2637:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2554:
2553:urban terrain
2549:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2489:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2449:Soviet forces
2446:
2445:Ferroconcrete
2442:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2360:International
2355:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:heavy bombers
2286:
2283:varying from
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2120:
2119:and snipers.
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2101:human shields
2098:
2092:
2090:
2089:urban terrain
2086:
2082:
2078:
2077:Urban warfare
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1893:Warrior caste
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1871:
1864:
1863:Show of force
1861:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Peacebuilding
1849:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1707:Air supremacy
1705:
1704:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1647:Islamic rules
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1627:Court-martial
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1611:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Arms industry
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:Broken-backed
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1013:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
980:Expeditionary
978:
976:
975:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
957:
952:
951:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
912:
909:
908:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
851:Counterattack
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
800:
795:
794:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
776:Psychological
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
712:Combined arms
710:
708:
705:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
654:
649:
648:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
624:
621:
620:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
590:
589:
586:
585:
577:
574:
573:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
551:Fortification
549:
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19:
4528:|title=
4519:cite journal
4510:
4506:
4496:
4472:
4449:
4437:. Retrieved
4433:
4417:|title=
4399:
4376:
4364:. Retrieved
4360:the original
4355:
4332:
4323:
4303:
4271:
4259:. Retrieved
4256:Military.com
4255:
4245:
4235:
4219:
4209:
4189:
4178:panzerfausts
4177:
4172:
4121:
4104:
4091:
4078:
4066:
4054:
4035:
4029:
4010:
4004:
3995:
3985:
3976:
3966:
3959:Dishman 2010
3944:Dishman 2009
3939:
3920:
3908:. Retrieved
3904:
3894:
3882:. Retrieved
3878:
3868:
3858:February 21,
3856:. Retrieved
3852:
3829:February 28,
3827:. Retrieved
3823:
3813:
3789:February 27,
3787:. Retrieved
3783:
3759:
3749:
3737:. Retrieved
3732:
3723:
3711:
3699:. Retrieved
3695:the original
3684:
3672:
3664:the original
3659:
3634:
3621:
3613:the original
3603:
3584:
3575:
3565:February 24,
3563:. Retrieved
3559:
3549:
3544:(in Finnish)
3537:
3528:
3519:
3500:
3483:Random House
3478:
3472:
3460:. Retrieved
3455:
3445:
3436:
3430:
3421:
3415:
3398:
3388:February 21,
3386:. Retrieved
3382:
3359:February 24,
3357:. Retrieved
3353:
3343:
3331:
3312:
3303:
3264:Mouse-holing
3245:
3211:
3199:
3178:
3175:
3167:Methods and
3128:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3095:Close combat
3048:
3008:armour force
2997:
2980:
2953:
2952:
2947:Kfir Brigade
2931:panzerfausts
2930:
2928:
2924:
2901:
2878:
2848:
2844:panzerfausts
2843:
2837:
2829:
2822:
2816:Hitler Youth
2811:panzerfausts
2809:
2802:
2800:
2792:
2784:
2780:
2767:
2760:
2733:
2727:
2720:
2711:
2696:
2688:
2672:
2633:
2590:
2575:
2558:
2504:John Spencer
2493:
2484:
2473:
2443:
2431:
2414:
2411:Russian Army
2404:
2381:
2357:
2353:
2340:
2317:
2305:
2270:World War II
2267:
2195:
2194:acronym for
2187:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2137:
2105:
2093:
2076:
2075:
1976:Fifth column
1956:War resister
1951:Women in war
1846:Peacekeeping
1791:Arms control
1736:
1425:Mobilization
1420:Conscription
1378:Intelligence
1331:Organization
972:
901:Encirclement
781:Radiological
717:Conventional
571:Subterranean
565:
478:Development:
477:
454:
416:
378:
341:Naval units:
340:
333:Signal corps
300:
263:Intelligence
243:Specialties:
242:
167:Organization
118:Early modern
29:
4182:Beevor 2002
4147:Beevor 2002
4097:Siepen 2011
4059:Beevor 2002
3946:, p. .
3716:Beevor 2002
3639:Beevor 2002
3627:Stacey 1966
2879:During the
2611:during the
2582:booby traps
2455:during the
2384:distinction
2343:laws of war
2281:air support
2277:bombardment
2228:Palestinian
2117:booby traps
2081:operational
1961:War studies
1784:Non-warfare
1712:Appeasement
1677:Martial law
1516:War economy
1455:Transgender
1408:Recruitment
1168:Containment
1053:Culminating
1033:Anti-access
956:Operational
876:Envelopment
819:Air assault
700:Air cavalry
660:Air defence
640:Information
541:Cold-region
506:Battlespace
455:Historical:
301:Land units:
207:Space force
202:Coast guard
135:Late modern
96:Prehistoric
4572:Categories
4507:Urban Land
4283:References
3961:, p.
3733:HistoryNet
3247:Battleplan
3209:facility.
3157:explosives
3140:ammunition
3110:(CQB) and
3028:See also:
3019:bulldozers
2992:See also:
2885:fire teams
2861:See also:
2827:veterans.
2824:Volkssturm
2707:mouse hole
2691:West Point
2570:See also:
2537:Khan Yunis
2527:, and now
2382:Sometimes
2345:governing
2297:Stalingrad
2157:terms are
2021:War crimes
2011:Operations
1918:Foot drill
1888:Battle cry
1801:deterrence
1460:Harassment
1435:Specialism
1258:Technology
1253:Succession
1198:Liberation
1133:Asymmetric
1068:Empty fort
974:Blitzkrieg
943:Withdrawal
906:Investment
685:Camouflage
680:Biological
618:Underwater
593:Amphibious
512:Aerospace
379:Air units:
356:Submarines
145:fourth-gen
140:industrial
128:napoleonic
4166:Grau 1997
4126:Ladd 1998
3462:April 11,
3336:Pike 2002
3323:Citations
3155:Accurate
2804:Waffen-SS
2788:Kreuzberg
2755:Reichstag
2605:Home Army
2513:Sadr City
2438:guerrilla
2416:destroyed
2334:in 1945,
2328:Groningen
2313:Leningrad
2291:. In the
2274:artillery
2176:The term
1908:War novel
1811:Grey-zone
1771:War games
1732:Overmatch
1682:War crime
1632:Desertion
1622:Ceasefire
1617:Armistice
1504:Logistics
1482:Mercenary
1470:Volunteer
1401:Personnel
1373:Engineers
1318:Sociology
1273:World war
1268:Total war
1248:Strategic
1238:Religious
1223:Political
1218:Perpetual
1193:Irregular
1108:Offensive
1083:Defensive
1078:Deception
1038:Attrition
886:Guerrilla
881:Formation
824:Airbridge
756:Loitering
670:Artillery
323:Artillery
258:Engineers
221:Irregular
192:Air force
4439:July 14,
4366:June 16,
4301:(2002).
4228:Archived
4202:Archived
3929:Archived
3910:April 1,
3884:April 1,
3799:cite web
3739:April 4,
3701:July 22,
3609:"Ortona"
3583:(2020).
3508:Archived
3458:. London
3232:See also
3067:infantry
3002:and the
2916:ZSU-23-4
2835:floors.
2818:and the
2586:ambushes
2533:Mariupol
2509:Fallujah
2398:and the
2322:in both
2085:tactical
2083:and the
1923:War song
1898:War film
1531:Materiel
1450:Children
1430:Training
1368:Medicine
1353:Doctrine
1308:Training
1243:Resource
1228:Princely
1178:Economic
1163:Conquest
1158:Colonial
1153:Cold war
1138:Blockade
1018:Strategy
990:Maneuver
751:Infantry
707:Chemical
561:Mountain
521:Airborne
384:Fighters
351:Warships
306:Infantry
248:Rifleman
212:Reserves
160:Military
4237:Haaretz
3169:tactics
3136:Weapons
3023:snipers
2893:RPG-18s
2661:Stalino
2615:of 1944
2578:sniping
2529:Bakhmut
2476:bunkers
2262:Tampere
2036:Writers
2031:Weapons
1996:Battles
1945:Related
1933:Wargame
1928:Uniform
1876:Culture
1657:Perfidy
1652:Justice
1573:Science
1558:Outpost
1511:History
1491:Warrior
1487:Soldier
1475:foreign
1413:counter
1313:Service
1263:Theater
1203:Limited
1183:Endemic
1098:Nuclear
866:Foxhole
841:Cavalry
829:Airdrop
814:Airlift
799:Tactics
771:Nuclear
761:Missile
690:Cavalry
675:Barrage
653:Weapons
613:Surface
394:Command
389:Bombers
346:Frogman
316:Cavalry
273:Medical
235:Militia
217:Regular
197:Marines
111:castles
101:Ancient
89:History
68:outline
4483:
4460:
4387:
4383:–102.
4339:
4311:
4293:. BBC.
4042:
4017:
3591:
3529:idf.il
3489:
3406:
3214:Allied
3207:CENZUB
3059:ambush
2983:Nablus
2958:was a
2897:Grozny
2889:RPG-7s
2609:Warsaw
2565:subway
2561:sewage
2535:, and
2525:Marawi
2426:Manila
2392:Ortona
2324:Ortona
2301:Warsaw
2258:Nordic
2220:Beirut
2192:Hebrew
2188:LASHAB
2016:Sieges
1700:Theory
1440:Morale
1298:Policy
1293:Branch
1073:Mosaic
1063:Fabian
1005:Covert
938:Trench
923:Screen
846:Charge
836:Battle
809:Aerial
727:Denial
695:Horses
623:Seabed
576:Tunnel
556:Jungle
546:Desert
516:Aerial
283:Diving
278:Police
4456:–46.
3505:FOFO.
3295:Notes
3221:Imber
3106:Both
3051:Jenin
3014:with
2987:Jenin
2920:2K22M
2796:flats
2684:adobe
2632:Film
2521:Raqqa
2517:Mosul
2190:), a
2163:FIBUA
2132:JGSDF
1989:Lists
1445:Women
1383:Ranks
1303:Staff
1233:Proxy
1148:Class
1103:Naval
1088:Depth
918:Swarm
911:Siege
891:Naval
871:Drone
766:Music
741:Robot
737:Drone
722:Cyber
665:Armor
635:Cyber
608:Green
603:Brown
566:Urban
526:Space
447:Radar
442:Sonar
311:Armor
293:Pilot
288:Comms
268:Recon
253:Staff
226:Ranks
4532:help
4481:ISBN
4458:ISBN
4441:2017
4421:help
4385:ISBN
4368:2010
4337:ISBN
4309:ISBN
4263:2016
4040:ISBN
4015:ISBN
3912:2024
3886:2024
3860:2024
3831:2024
3805:link
3791:2024
3741:2024
3703:2006
3589:ISBN
3567:2024
3487:ISBN
3464:2008
3404:ISBN
3390:2024
3361:2024
3149:and
3138:and
3097:and
3010:and
2985:and
2918:and
2753:The
2728:MOUT
2721:The
2673:The
2461:race
2386:and
2362:and
2326:and
2299:and
2279:and
2248:The
2208:UAVs
2178:FOFO
2167:FISH
2159:OBUA
2153:The
2148:MOUT
2113:fire
2111:and
2026:Wars
1543:Base
1093:Goal
1000:Raid
598:Blue
536:Land
187:Navy
182:Army
3824:WSJ
3311:" (
3049:In
3038:An
2970:by
2891:or
2471:).
2463:to
2418:'.
2287:to
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2103:).
1610:Law
1553:FOB
1548:MOB
588:Sea
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