Urban planning in Australia

1623:. At the moment buses and trains run along the same routes competing with each other. Ideally trains are used to travel long distances, with a high passenger capacity and avoid the traffic signals. Buses should be in place as an intermediary for fast inner city train networks and for passengers to access surrounding suburbs not suitable for trains. Land use integration would mean that urban planners design infrastructure around public transport to enable the public to have access to transport within close walking distance from their home or work. Some urban planners and policy makers think there is a need to remove car parks, build upon current transport infrastructure to create a more efficient system that facilitates urban regeneration. 248: 64: 460:". Height regulations were passed by New South Wales in 1912 and Melbourne in 1916. The efforts of those advocating for legislative changes led to the establishment of town planning commissions in Sydney (1922), Melbourne (1923) and Perth (1928), and the enactment of the first planning legislation in Australia. These commissions were important developments in the history of Australian town planning, but were ultimately ineffective in achieving town planning objectives. 1569: 1470: 1276: 533: 493: 475:(1914–1917). However, elsewhere the movement was entirely unsuccessful, and following World War II, progress towards metropolitan planning was achieved through the creation of statutory planning agencies under the direction of the state governments. Today, the idea of a single metropolitan municipal government coordinating development and infrastructure is seen as a largely discredited model of urban and regional planning. 4552: 1447: 1635: 382: 1556:

inclusive and encouraging the community to actively participate in the decision making process. In May 2011, national urban new policies were released by the Minister for Infrastructure and Transport, Anthony Albanese which promised to: "enhance the livability of cities by promoting better urban design, planning and affordable access to recreational, cultural and community facilities."

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Sydney. The Green Ban was created to defend the demolition of older style buildings that were to make way for new developments of skyscrapers, shopping precincts and luxury apartments. It was initiated by the builders labourers that were hired to construct these new buildings and was the first of its kind around the world. The key element of the movement came from the New South Wales

835:, along with Regional Strategies for the Far North Coast, Mid North Coast, Lower Hunter, Illawarra, Sydney to Canberra Corridor, and Murray regions. Whilst not provided for explicitly in the EP&A Act, these strategic planning documents provide a basis for more detailed planning at the Local Government Council, and sub-regional levels (especially in the Sydney Metropolitan Area). 1414:(DCCEE) has developed adaption programs and risk assessments. A risk assessment has been calculated for possible effects on urban areas due to climate change and replacement values for transport, industrial, residential and commercial infrastructure runs into billions of dollars. Therefore, avoidance of future risk is the most cost-effective approach to urban planning. 4540: 1105: 4574: 22: 1422:

risk areas. "Accommodate" means adapting the existing built environments to effectively cope with the changing conditions such as Island raising through adding sand to beaches and raising infrastructure and buildings near the coast and riverside. "Protect" involves building sea walls and levees to prevent damage from storm surges and sea level rise.

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importance of creating an urban environment that encourages social behavior among its residents. These new designs incorporate active living and recreational areas that provide for social connectivity and wellbeing. This new approach has come through feedback from the community showing the positive effects of their involvement.

438:. Griffin was influenced by Washington “with grand axes and vistas and a strong central focal point” with specialised centres and, being a landscape architect, used the landscape to complement this layout. John Sulman, however, was Australia's "leading proponent" of the City Beautiful movement and, in 1921, wrote the book 512:, particularly from western Europe and, from the 1970s, south east Asia. Furthermore, increasing ownership of the motor car, combined with cheap fuel, resulted in an explosion in the urban form of many Australian urban centres. Many cities were rapidly transformed from modest, medium density centres, supported by 1494:. Many critics of the union disputed that they were denying workers employment but the union responded that they wanted to build but in a way that enhanced the built environment, such as schools and houses for the everyday person not buildings based on developers' needs. Among the 40 green bans imposed in NSW, 1345:

has a growth target of 70% of all new housing to be in the existing urban footprint, with 80% of all housing to be within a 20-minute commute of a major centre. To facilitate this, the Minister for Planning in NSW released an Urban Renewal Planning Policy to specifically deliver urban renewal in key

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High density living in Australian cities is limited to the inner urban cores of major metropolitan areas, and is substantially less dense than comparable cities in Asia and Europe. Typically most urban housing development focused on a single one level house (although this is changing) on a separate

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resulted in Federal and State governments developing metropolitan plans in an attempt to address some of the negative aspects associated with urban growth. Typically, many capital cities engaged in creating metropolitan wide spatial plans to guide development over long periods of up to 20 years or

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meant urban planning became an increasingly important issue, with the early decades of the century characterised by political, civic and academic discussion around the coordinated planning and administration of rapidly growing metropolitan regions. Early town planners focused on the orderly planning

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Previously, urban planning in Australia quite often did not involve the community and projects went ahead to construct residential buildings that were crammed into small areas and did not provide space for recreation and socialising. Recently this approach has changed and planners have realised the

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was introduced which outlines a National Heritage List (NHL). The NHL is in place to protect "exceptional natural and cultural places that contribute to Australia's national identity". Since then measurements of heritage have evolved and in 2011, there are 113 places listed of iconic heritage value

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Data on rainfall patterns in eastern and southwest Australia, where the major cities are located, indicates a decline in the annual rate of rainfall per decade of up to 50 mm since 1950. This is providing challenges in terms of both availability and the quality of water supplies, particularly

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will increase from 7.4 million in 2001 to 10.2 million in 2026 while decline of household size is expected from 2.6 in 2001 to 2.3 in 2026. The composition and size of households varies across Australian cities. A significant proportion of population growth since 2000 has been attributed

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and the migration they attracted were key contributors to this effect. However, the simple colonial plans of the cities were inadequate to handle the growth. The suburbs surrounding inner-cities were often crowded and poorly serviced terrace housing subdivided by private developers. The states were

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and storm surges fall into three categories; "retreat", "accommodate" and "protect". "Retreat" entails relocating coastal and riverside infrastructure that are high risk of damage from extreme weather patterns, as well as designing buildings and infrastructures in new locations away from potential

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as a Federal Government responsibility. Nevertheless, the Federal Government is increasingly playing a role in the urban planning process in Australia, mainly through the regulation of development on areas that are of national environmental significance, or through actual development activities on

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city. The urban structure of Australian cities consists of dispersed suburbs and dense central building districts which creates immense planning challenges for decision makers. Urban planners now realise the need to integrate active and sustainable public transport with destinations accessible to

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is undertaken at all levels of Government in Australia. However, the Federal Government is playing an increasing part in setting policy as part of an overall response to developing climate adaptation and mitigation strategies. The local government has also been engaging with the community to make

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In the early twentieth century there was no historic sense of preservation with regard to the built environment and people were happy to see the old replaced by the new. Then in the 1970s came the Green Bans movement imposed by builders labourers across Australia, being particularly prominent in

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The structure of households within urban cities in Australia has also changed. There is an increasing trend towards couple only, lone parent and single person households with only a marginal increase in parents with children. Despite the trend towards smaller households Australian cities still

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emissions have been reported as one of strongest areas of emissions growth in Australia, which is a consequence of the distance separating many land uses, and of the underlying low density form of many Australian metropolitan areas. Private car use has continued to increase which is leading to

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Road transport contributes to 88% of all transport emissions and the cities of Australia are congested not only by automobiles but the parking lots they use. In March 2006, 75% of adults in Australian cities travelled to work or study by private automobile in comparison to 19% that used public

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to work with the newly established Major Cities Unit (MCU)in an effort to involve the community to develop urban environments into more productive and sustainable places. From then on the MCU has been researching ways to develop policies that improve urban planning to make cities more socially

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Urban planning in Australia in the 21st century now has very strict guidelines to follow and heritage is of fundamental significance in the decision making process before any construction takes place. As developers now know there will always be people watching and ready to protect Australia's

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and increase in smaller households, is leading to a greater demand in urban planning for housing and also different types of housing overall. Some metropolitan areas are experiencing housing shortages, particularly with regards to the provision of affordable accommodation. It is also placing

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and consolidation is changing the character of Australian cities. Planning strategies have focused on containing the outward physical sprawl of cities whilst at the same time emphasis has been placed on redeveloping the inner city and older employment zones as new residential spaces.

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and docklands and these have been transformed into new residential, commercial and recreational spaces often with high density development. Examples include the Docklands development in Melbourne, Green Square, Victoria Park and Barrangaroo in Sydney and South Bank in Brisbane.

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in a way that helps to encourage social cohesion. However, there is still room for developing a method that uses community involvement more effectively. Community participation has also created many barriers along the way by preventing urban planning projects from proceeding.

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The Minister is able to amend key aspects of the planning system in Victoria at their discretion and this most often seen through amendments to the planning provision and schemes as well as occasional interventions into permit applDepartment of Transport and Planningications.

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will improve the pollution problem and free up land to build more needed infrastructure such as schools, houses and hospitals. To encourage Australians to use public transport research suggests it should be more efficient (timely, reliable, and accessible) and affordable.

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There is still a need to develop more effective participation from the community. Often the participants do not represent the views of the whole community and disadvantaged groups such as the poor and minorities do not get a fair say in the urban planning process.

1050:. In 2007–08 the Australian Bureau of Statistics data records that migration contributed 60% of population growth. Long term migration to Australia has meant that 24% of the population was born overseas. The majority of these migrants live in the major cities. 238:

in 1837. Based on British survey technique, the surveyors would plan a town within a larger Township Reserve meant for parklands and future growth, with larger plans setting aside sites for a courthouse, a prison, churches, schools, and larger suburban allotments.

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Planning Schemes set out the premises of community interaction and proposals with land use and development. Through zoning and overlays, applications must align with the policies set out by local government areas who in turn prepare schemes around state policies.

1197:(WSUD) has evolved to become a framework for integrating the management of urban water within the practice of sustainable urban design in Australia. Water sensitive design aims to ensure that the management of urban water occurs with sensitivity towards natural 1029:

produced an Intergenerational Report in 2010 which predicts that there will be 8.1 million Australians over the age of 65 years by 2050. This compares to 2.6 million in 2006. This prediction for an aging population in Australia is attributed to low

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of cities, closely following international contemporary town planning and urban reform movements (especially from the UK), where urban planning aimed to improve urban health, efficiency and aesthetics. Critiques of existing urban design began to emerge, with

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nationally have increased, however waste generation has also increased over the period 2002–03 to 2006–07 by 31%. This exceeds the population increase of 5.6% over the same period. As a result, this has placed pressure on governments to adequate plan for

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greater levels of city congestion and urban air quality challenges. The cost of congestion to the Australia economy was estimated at $ 9.4 billion in 2005 with a prediction of a rise in cost to $ 20 billion by 2020 unless the issue is addressed.

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estates and a preference towards building car based infrastructure (such as new highways, etc.). Examples include the Sydney County of Cumberland Plan of 1948 (regarded as the first metropolitan plan for Sydney) and the Sydney Region Outline Plan of 1968.

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that oversee and regulate planning and land use activities. Consequently, there is no single urban planning system for Australia – rather, there are a number of planning systems that operate largely independently of each other along state based lines.

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decisions on urban planning designs that help to promote social cohesion. Over the past few decades Australians have developed a respect for urban heritage places and community groups have fought hard to stop developers from destroying them.

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philosophies were represented by Sulman’s “geometric or contour controlled” designs of the circulatory road systems in Canberra. The widths of pavements were also reduced and vegetated areas were increased, such as planted road verges.

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and others critiquing the grid pattern. City improvement also made an impact, with Melbourne for example having begun street tree planting in the 1880s. Outside the inner-city, model suburbs also became fashionable, one example being

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plan towns in the colony. The towns were to be identical with 66 feet (20.1 metres) wide streets, equal allotments, and a balance of private and public land. The equal lot sizes could be seen as a democratic expression. Surveyor

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in Sydney was the most significant areas saved. The green ban prevented the demolition of some of the oldest buildings in Australia and beautiful foreshore parks which were going to be replaced by concrete, glass office blocks.

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Politicians, planners and the community came to see the value of heritage buildings in Australia only recently in the 1970s. Laws and policies are now in place to conserve and protect historic buildings across Australia. The

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societies in the world. Continued population growth in Australian cities is placing increasing pressure on infrastructure, such as public transport and roadways, energy, air and water systems within the urban environment.

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Once introduced Strata Titling facilitated the redevelopment, particularly in valuable areas or often close to transport infrastructure, of older housing on larger pieces of land which were replaced with apartment blocks.

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The first examples of town planning in Australia occurred during the early phases of the Colonial era, where critical decisions locked in "path dependency" for the future form of cities. Typically this involved colonial

314:. Towards the end of the century, it and Melbourne were growing steadily, with the latter reaching the status of the 22nd largest city in the world in 1890. The two cities were comparable to other major cities of the 1425:

There is a number of simple but effective adaptation options possible at a local scale to deal with intense rainfall and temperature rises. These include reducing impervious surfaces to allow for water infiltration,

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Labour Government in the early 1970s, the Building Better Cities Program of the mid-1990s, and, most recently, with the release of a National Urban Policy in 2011. The National Urban Policy was released by the

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During this era there were two main approaches to urban reform: a movement towards the creation of a legal framework for town planning, and efforts towards creating large metropolitan governments, known as the

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were the chief public servants responsible for subdividing the territory. Primacy was given to the functional and practical needs of Colonial administration, as opposed to more lofty civic or aesthetic ideals.

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due to increased temperatures. The Australian Federal Government is in the process of developing climate adaptation and mitigation strategies along with risk assessment analysis initiatives to urban planning.

2066: 1382:. Over 80% of the Australian population lives in the coastal area of Australia and many on the fringe of bush land and rivers making them vulnerable to the effects of climate change. These effects include 1350:

projects are planned and underway in Sydney, with the NSW Government unveiling the Greater Sydney Region Plan in 2018 which identifies urban renewal corridors and a vision for three metropolitan cities.

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Utopian city plans were another influence on the Australian City Beautiful movement. A better Brisbane, for example, was described by Louis Esson and illustrated by Lloyd Rees with a Parisian influence.

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States and territories of Australia have since implemented heritage acts and have heritage frameworks in place to protect buildings and places of cultural significance. On a national scale in 1999 the

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Australia is one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world, with 17 cities of more than 100,000 people. However, 74.5 percent of the population lives in these major urban centres. All but

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urban system. Some of Australia's urban problems such as road congestion and pollution could be solved by the improvement of public transport, as it is a crucial aspect in creating a functional,

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The lack of architectural features, and extensive street advertising, were also concerns. This was attributed to “materialism, apathy, short-sightedness, political interference and indifference”.

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Stelter GA (2000) Rethinking the significance of the City Beautiful idea. In; Freestone R, Urban planning in a changing world: The twentieth century experience. Taylor & Francis, pp. 98–117.

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legislation enabled individuals to own individual apartments in a multi-apartment block on a single piece of land. Before this apartment blocks were predominantly owned as a single property by

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Freestone R (2000) From city improvement to the city beautiful; chapter 2. In: Hamnett S and Freestone R (eds) The Australian Metropolis: A Planning History. Allen & Unwin, Sydney.

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showed growth in couples with children that was above the overall Australian average. Consequently, cities are still the place where the next generation Australian will be raised.

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did in 1845. However, the establishment of tram and train lines allowed for broader settlement. For example, by 1861, 40% of Sydney's residents lived in suburbs. In the 1870s, the

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Each state and territory have their own specified legislation for the provision of urban planning and relevant controls that sees fit with the government of the day's policies.

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servicing backlogs in major metropolitan centres, the establishment of growth centres and new towns to foster de-centralization, funding infrastructure and public housing.

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It was thought that Australia, being a country that was relatively newly settled by Europeans, had wasted an opportunity to design cities comprehensively and aesthetically.

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integration of the potable drinking water covering both the piped system from catchments outside the urban area as well as water itself treated to drinking water standard;

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in 2011 and establishes for the first time the Australian Government's overarching goals for the nation's cities and how to make them more productive and sustainable.

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Williams, P 2007. "Planning and the legislative framework" in Thompson, S (Ed) (2007) Planning in Australia: An overview of urban and regional planning, Cambridge.

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The Australian government has begun to see community engagement in the decision making process of urban planning of fundamental importance. Due to this engagement

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to deal with urban planning disputes. Typically, these most urban planning cases heard by the Land and Environment Court deal with development assessment matters.

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federal land. Examples of this are where the Federal Government has actively sought to provide strategic guidance and direction in urban policy, starting with the

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Labour government establishing for the first time a federal Department of Urban and Regional Development. Federal government involvement included taking care of

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The concern with civic improvement was expressed in many ways, with citizen groups forming in Australian cities to advocate healthier, more beautiful cities. In

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will also help with increasing temperatures. While the only possible solution to bushfires might be to increase fire breaks between the houses and bush land.

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In addition, the Minister, the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning and relevant statutory bodies such as the Victorian Planning Authority and

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The Victorian Planning Provisions and Planning Schemes, which aim to provide a consistent framework for land use and development in municipalities such as

803:(EP&A Act) was consequently passed. The same period also saw the passing of the Heritage Act of 1977 and the Land and Environmental Court Act of 1979. 282:, and although the plan was not entirely realised, it is widely regarded as an achievement of colonial era civic design and as having an influence on the 1552: 330:, becoming centres of economic activity. This boom resulted in both cities building universities, museums, stock exchanges, churches, and public parks. 3330: 3289: 2578: 1927:

Christine, Garnaut (2000). "Towards metropolitan organisation: Town planning and the garden city idea". In Hamnett, Stephen; Freestone, Robert (eds.).

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At the planning level basic aspects of sustainable housing design such as raising density, mixed use, promoting mixed use development, and encouraging

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also reluctant to provide basic infrastructure such as water and sewerage systems. In 1856, Sydney had a worse proportion of childhood deaths than the

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Urban planning in Australia has evolved since early British colonial settlement, and has been heavily influenced by contemporary planning movements in

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become increasingly dispersed. For example, in 1840 40% of Sydney's residents lived in suburbs, while by the 1960s this figure had risen to over 70%.

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Toon J & Falk J 2003. Sydney: Planning or politics – town planning for the Sydney region since 1945, Planning Research Centre, Sydney University.

191:, which dominated their respective territories. As port cities, they provided connections to Britain and international markets. Early towns included 43: 30: 3612: 3404: 3278:

Randolph B 2006. Delivering the Compact City in Australia: Current Trends and Future Implications, Urban Policy and Research, 24:4, p. 474-490

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and the disorganisation of the early years. The other capital cities were founded in the early 19th century, with Hobart in 1804, Brisbane in 1825,

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The Australian Transport Council has found that the current networks of buses and trains in Australian cities need to be integrated with effective

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Freestone R 2007 A History of Planning in, Thompson, S (Ed) (2007) Planning in Australia: An overview of urban and regional planning, Cambridge.

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arrangements for individuals wishing to purchase a single apartment. Strata titles cover both apartments as well as attached dwellings such as

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sustainability assessment tool are being applied to new developments to improve energy and water conservation at the individual building scale.

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Forster C (2006). The challenge of change: Australian cities and urban planning in the new millennium, Geographical Research, 44:2 p 173-182

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communities. The transformation of these areas has predominantly seen the end of these areas being viewed as places of social disadvantage.

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In parallel to the renovation of the housing stock there has also been a revitalization of disused industrial and commercial spaces such as

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Strategic plan making functions, either through a State Environmental Planning Policy, Local Environmental Plan or Development Control Plan;

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Randolph B 2004. The Changing Australian City: New Patterns, New Policies and New Research Needs, Urban Policy and Research, 22:4, 481–493

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are able to scope strategic directions on their respective focus areas. For example, the Plan Melbourne 2017-2050 document is a long-term

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is a key aspect in the initiation of these regulations especially the impact it had on proposed urban development in the city of Sydney.

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Thom B, Cane J, Cox R, Farrell C, Hayes P, Kay R, Kearns A, Choy D L, McAneney J, McDonald J, Nolan M, Norman B, Nott J, Smith T 2009.

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National climate change adaptation research plan: settlements and infrastructure, National Climate Change Adaption Research Facility

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Crabtree L 2005. Sustainable Housing Development in Urban Australia: exploring obstacles to and opportunities for ecocity efforts,

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Yiftachel O 1989. "Towards a new typology of urban planning theories" in Planning and Environment B: Planning and Design 16, 23–39.

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will continue growing and will reach 35 million by 2050. It is estimated that 72% of this growth will occur in cities. The

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are on the coast. The population has been moving to the coast in so-called 'sea change', although more recently the popularity of

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in cities has fallen over the last ten years as a result of improved fuel and emissions standards, particulate air pollution and

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Population growth and demographic change is a key consideration for Australian urban planning. According to projections from the

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contain the majority (60.8%) of urban Australians. These factors together create a host of challenges to planning in Australia.

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Wong T 2006. Water Sensitive Urban Design – the Journey thus Far, Australian Journal of Water Resources, 1:10:3 p. 213-222

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Hugo G 2010. Implications of demographic change for future housing demand in Australia, Australian Planner, 42:2, p. 33-41

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Ward A (2000) Assessment of Garden City planning principles in the ACT. Environment ACT, Heritage Unit, Canberra. Available at

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alternative modes of transport such as cycling and walking to encourage people to reduce the stress of cars on the roads. The

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Australia's urban transport system could become under increasing demand as the population grows and Australia moves to a more

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Going forward this style of higher density housing is expected to play a large part in meeting housing needs for the changing

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providing the framework for land use. An online map service shows all the development zones and controls in New South Wales.

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Wong T 2006. An Overview of Water Sensitive Urban Design Practices in Australia, Water Practice and Technology, 1:1, p 1-8

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Owen D 2010. Green Metropolis – Why Living Smaller, Living Closer, and driving Less Are the Keys to Sustainability, Penguin

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Bunker R 1997. "Process and product in the foundation and laying out of Adelaide" in Urban Policy and Research, 21, 243–255

117:. However, over the past century, distinctly Australian responses and solutions to Australian urban issues have developed. 4169: 3316: 2067:'The wonderful possibilities of the future’: Political and administrative influences on urban planning in Greater Brisbane 1483: 1403: 3178: 4319: 3785: 3678: 3640: 3397: 3235: 3087: 1487: 1194: 1153: 669: 3186:

A methodology for assessing the heritage of planned urban environments: an Australian study of national heritage values

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Historically urban planning has been the role of the state, regional and local governments but since December 2009 the

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because of the physical construction of the built environment, infrastructure, and its ecological correlation with the

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in the UK, was also influential and was adopted as a design strategy in several areas of Australian cities (such as in

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Rethinking community participation in urban planning: the role of disadvantaged groups in Sydney metropolitan strategy

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effect" and constructing transport facilities away from flood areas. Designing buildings with natural ventilation and

831:, the Minister for Planning, through the Department of Planning and Infrastructure, publishes a Metropolitan Plan for 425: 4405: 4374: 3805: 3688: 3663: 3429: 1495: 1450: 468: 354: 226: 3361:

Gleeson B (2000). New challenges, new agendas for Australia's cities, International Planning Studies, 5:3, 269–271

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and onsite food production are being progressively seen as a necessary and significant part of planning for urban

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Climate change risks to coastal buildings and infrastructure: a supplement to the first pass national assessment

2402: 175:. This was itself based on the Greek and Roman traditions of urban planning. Another influence was the plan for 4426: 4410: 4369: 4314: 4244: 4189: 4015: 3593: 3583: 3578: 3073: 2378: 1583: 1512: 1047: 784: 573:

Urban planning in Australia is a distinct, defined profession, represented by a peak industry group called the

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Public transport network planning in Australia: assessing current practice in Australia’s five largest cities

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The role of the Minister and the key responsibilities in administering the Planning and Environment Act 1987

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and the Minister for Planning. The Act sets out the jurisdiction for key planning considerations such as:

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From the early 1970s the Australian Federal Government became directly involved in urban policy with the

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Bunker R (2009) Situating Australian Metropolitan Planning, International Planning Studies, 14:3 233–252

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Orchard L 1999. Shifting Visions in national urban and regional policy, in Australian Planner, 36, 20–25

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Hugo G 1987. Ageing in Australia: the Spatial Implications, Urban Policy and Research, 5:1, 24–26

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Gleeson B and Low N 2000. Australian Urban Planning: New Challenges, New Agendas, Allen and Unwin.

2042:: evolution and planning for future landscapes. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 1(3), 151-160. 1568: 977:

settlement has seen an inland movement in the so-called 'green change'. The capital cities of the

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Walsh K J E, Betts H, Church J, Pittock A B, McInnes K L, Jackett D R, & McDougall T J 2004.

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Climate change and health in the urban environment: adaptation opportunities in Australian cities

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British colonisation policy was based on the establishment of planned orderly towns based on the

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Given that urban planning in NSW is codified through specific legislation, there is a dedicated

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As well as overseas migration some cities are also experiencing internal movement. In 2007–08

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A low carbon and resilient urban future: an integrated approach to planning for climate change

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Department of Sustainability Environment, Water, Population & Communities (DSEWPC) 2011.

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Department of Sustainability Environment, Water, Population & Communities (DSEWPC) 2011.

3150: 2155:"Off the Shelf or Tailor Made? Sources of Ideas for the Creation of Greater Brisbane in 1924" 810:

The role of the Minister for Planning in NSW, as well as the administrative functions of the

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Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities (DSEWPC) 2002.

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has a significant role to play in ensuring the future sustainability of Australian cities.

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The principal piece of Commonwealth legislation impacting urban planning decisions is the

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in inner city areas since the 1930s but this started to change since the introduction of

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sewerage which encompasses the pipe system for handling the collection and transport of

1101:) are highlighting the need for increasing focus on sustainability in Australian cities. 806:

The EP&A Act establishes a number of key planning considerations in NSW, including:

4234: 4214: 4194: 4174: 4164: 4159: 4104: 4001: 3997: 3986: 3818: 3795: 3735: 3413: 1418: 1407: 1383: 1367: 1359: 1183: 550: 505: 413: 357:. Furthermore, railways allowed residential-only suburbs with gardens to be developed. 315: 311: 307: 204: 144: 106: 93: 3143: 2135: 2117: 2099: 4594: 4544: 4513: 4508: 4478: 4289: 4239: 4144: 4075: 4065: 4050: 3981: 3935: 3914: 3875: 3848: 3588: 3547: 3096:

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2178: 2154: 1596: 1427: 1269: 1253: 1213: 1198: 231: 219: 139:

and subdivisions, and making executive decisions on the location and construction of

110: 3195: 3191:

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2170: 151:

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4463: 4224: 4219: 4109: 4095: 4060: 4011: 3907: 3866: 3780: 3770: 3552: 2039: 1999:

Freestone R (2007) Designing Australia’s cities. UNSW Press, Kensington, pp. 45–79.

1592: 1330: 1304: 1300: 1261: 982: 789:

The first planning legislation in New South Wales was only passed in 1945 with the

344: 259: 184: 148: 3215:

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3060:

Australian social trends: public transport use for work and study, Australia, 2009

827:

In addition to the legislative framework governing land use and urban planning in

2464: 2434: 2330:"LAND AND ENVIRONMENT COURT ACT 1979 - As at 23 September 2020 - Act 204 of 1979" 4279: 4204: 4085: 4070: 4045: 3895: 3885: 3379:, South Australian Government's Department of Planning and Local Government site 3104:

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1587: 1491: 1446: 1234: 582: 509: 381: 349: 235: 644:, nuclear actions, and national heritage places, amongst other considerations. 4199: 3880: 3455: 3158:

World summit on sustainable development: Australian national assessment report

1630: 1548: 1490:. The most famous union leaders of the NSWBLF were Bob Pringle, Joe Owens and 1338: 1319: 1287: 1265: 1227: 1217: 1126: 1058: 1022: 892: 710: 517: 496: 196: 172: 136: 4488: 4118: 3961: 3144:

Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities

1576: 1572: 1547:

In 2008, the Australian federal government headed by former Prime Minister

1463: 1454: 1315: 1296: 1202: 1137: 1118: 1042: 1031: 990: 970: 838:

Local environmental plans are the principal planning instrument, crafted by

409: 327: 319: 294: 271: 160: 86: 82: 2053:

http://www.tams.act.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/13177/gardencity.pdf

1104: 1085:, urban development, rainfall patterns and extreme weather events (such as 360:

Both European and North American cities provided models for the Australian

21: 3304:

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1160:

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1308: 1245:

on site and also in the context of wider local and regional initiatives.

1142: 1098: 1086: 1002: 994: 966: 736: 597: 521: 435: 390: 267: 208: 183:. Economic and administrative needs caused a settlement pattern based on 176: 132: 68: 1486:(NSWBLF) which consisted of over 100 union members that belonged to the 1268:

and restoration of the housing stock formally owned by older inner city

1241:

WSUD incorporates planning and design as it relates to the building and

4020: 3229:

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3086:

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pressure on housing affordability where there is only a single income.

619: 558: 299: 3281:

Steele W E & Gleeson B 2010. Mind the gap – Oil vulnerability and

187:

locations separated from each other by large distances in the form of

4123: 4006: 3470: 3249: 1406:

has re-engaged in a strategic decision making process to prepare for

1374:

patterns. Australia's urban areas are susceptible to changes in the

1179: 1090: 986: 881: 843: 832: 562: 549:, establishing a hierarchy of urban centres, the construction of new 405: 397: 364:. A combination of elements about 1900 also influenced the movement: 323: 303: 200: 192: 114: 3093:

Bonyhardy T 2000. The Colonial Earth, Melbourne, The Miegunyah Press

2757:"Vision of A Metropolis of Three Cities | Greater Sydney Commission" 577:. Similarly, urban planning activities in Australia are codified in 592:, the six states and two territories have their own urban planning 3765: 3053:

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and associated waste management facilities in metropolitan areas.

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Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency (DCCEE) 2011.

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The greater city movements of Australia led to the creation of a

400:, this desire to improve planning found its expression through a 278:, a Colonial Surveyor and the Surveyor-General for the colony of 3460: 3331:

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1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1726: 1724: 1722: 1081:

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140: 3386: 3371: 3290:

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3153:, Australian Parliamentary Library Information Analysis Advice. 791:

Local Government (Town and Country Planning) Amendment Act 1945

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2466:

Planning Australia: An Overview of Urban and Regional Planning

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1417:

The options for coastal and riverside management to deal with

593: 578: 371:

Australian cities were seen as lacking beauty and civic pride.

15: 1959: 1957: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1824: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1237:

drainage and treatment/re-use as part of the urban landscape.

797:

established a commission to improve the planning system. The

633:

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

596:

and procedures resulting in separate systems of planning and

3188:, International Journal of Heritage Studies, 14:2, 156–175. 1322:

where these have been developed on a single title of land.

258:

Sydney itself was less clearly planned due to the shape of

3376: 1295:

block of land. There has been a small amount of low rise

715:

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2025: 2023: 1611:

transport and 5% that walked or cycled. Reducing private

949:

and local government authorities. Key legislation is the

588:

Australia's federal system of governance, the nationwide

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Rapid colonial expansion in the 19th century, matched by

163:, which was similar across cities. This was based on the 3090:, Asia-Pacific Journal of Public Health, 23: 2, 67S-79S. 1504:

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act

585:

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545:

more. Particular focus was given to land release on the

3123:

Department of Infrastructure and Transport (DIT) 2010.

1133:

levels remain above the national air quality standard.

636:

which establishes a framework for assessing impacts on

2579:"Australia faces $ 20 billion road congestion problem" 2070:. International Planning History Conference Barcelona. 1314:

The introduction of Strata Titles also enabled easier

1125:

Research indicates that while the total levels of key

865:, urban planning policies and controls fall under the 613:

Urban planning is not specifically referred to in the

167:

first proposed for the Irish and American colonies by

3125:

Major Cities Unit, State of Australian Cities Report

4454: 4419: 4393: 4347: 4340: 4307: 4267: 4143: 4136: 3949: 3857: 3804: 3728: 3719: 3697: 3654: 3621: 3603: 3571: 3518: 3509: 3448: 2159:

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485: 467:(1925), with smaller and more limited successes in 416:, the future growth of Sydney, and aesthetics. 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Several 702:Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 536:Public housing (left) and apartments in Sydney. 3120:, Department Climate Change Energy Efficiency. 2874:Freestone, Marsden & Garnaut 2008, p.158. 1983: 1981: 1979: 1477:is included on the heritage list of Australia. 800:Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 600:management, including separate administrative 3398: 3333:, Journal of Coastal Research, 20:2, 586–598. 3238:, Community Development Journal, 29:1, 15–20. 2637: 2635: 2633: 1995: 1993: 1929:The Australian metropolis: a planning history 1507:to the whole of Australia, which include the 1068:These demographic changes, in particular the 851:Land and Environment Court of New South Wales 8: 3184:Freestone R Marsden S & Garnaut C 2008. 3167:, Australian Government. 12 September 2011. 3058:Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2009. 3051:Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2008. 2463:Thompson, Susan; Maginn, Paul (2012-02-17). 2433:Thompson, Susan; Maginn, Paul (2012-02-17). 2289:"NSW Planning Framework: History of Reforms" 2079: 1963: 1907: 1883: 1828: 947:Department of Planning, Lands & Heritage 933:urban planning is primarily directed by the 3302:Tiwari R, Cervero R & Schipper L 2011. 3149:Department of Parliamentary Services 2010. 3083:, Dictionary of Sydney. 18 September 2011. 2778: 2776: 2733:"Changing urban precincts - City of Sydney" 2614: 2612: 2602: 2600: 2564: 2562: 2513: 2511: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 440:An Introduction to Australian City Planning 4344: 4140: 3725: 3515: 3405: 3391: 3383: 3004:Tiwari, Cervero & Schipper 2011, p.394 2921:Department of Parliamentary Services, 2010 2469:. Cambridge University Press. p. 37. 2439:. Cambridge University Press. p. 35. 2140:Port Pirie Recorder and North Western Mail 1553:Department of Infrastructure and Transport 823:The role of the Greater Sydney Commission. 3220:Mahjabeen Z, Shrestha K K, Dee J A 2008, 3165:Find places on the national heritage list 3138:Department of Planning and Infrastructure 3072:Australian Transport Council (ATC) 2006. 3065:Australian Transport Council (ATC) 2003. 2897:Find places on the national heritage list 2792: 2790: 2788: 1693:Australian Metropolis: A Planning History 1599:system in an Australian city, comprising 1564:Integrating land use and public transport 1208:Within the frame-work planners consider: 1057:experienced a net loss of 19,831 whereas 741:Land Use Planning and Approvals Act 1993 3613:Regional Planning Association of America 1341:in Australian cities. For example, the 1009:Population growth and demographic change 654: 46:of all important aspects of the article. 3213:Mahjabeen Z & Shrestha K K (n.d.). 2958: 2956: 2954: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2038:Banks JCG, Bracks CL (2003) Canberra’s 1664: 869:which is currently administered by the 820:Environmental assessment functions: and 795:Planning and Environment Commission Act 497:Traffic Jam Problem In Australia (1965) 408:, which commenced in 1908, focusing on 404:into the improvement of Sydney and its 3032: 3030: 3028: 1931:. New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. 1386:, increased storm surges resulting in 1149:when combined with population growth. 1041:At the same time it is predicted that 1019:Department of the Treasury (Australia) 935:Western Australian Planning Commission 812:New South Wales Department of Planning 482: 42:Please consider expanding the lead to 3181:, Australian Geographer, 24:1, 17–24. 2948:Mahjabeen, Shrestha, Dee 2008, p.168. 2907:Mahjabeen & Shrestha, n.d., p.21 2458: 2456: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2282: 2280: 2278: 7: 4573: 887:Mechanisms for permit applications, 871:Department of Transport and Planning 540:Australia's long period of post war 254:was designed in grid pattern in 1837 3684:Professional transportation planner 1457:prevented development in this area. 1021:it is anticipated that Australia's 222:adopted Sharp's principles and had 121:British Colonial period (1788–1901) 3079:Burgmann M & Burgmann V 2011. 3062:, Cat. no. 4102.0, ABS, Canberra. 3055:, Cat. no. 4102.0, ABS, Canberra. 769:Planning and Development Act 2005 442:. Both the City Beautiful and the 339:City Beautiful and the Garden City 14: 3174:, Australian Government. website 1874:Steele & Gleeson, 2010 p. 305 1264:has emerged which has driven the 955:Planning and Development Act 2005 951:Environmental Protection Act 1986 867:Planning and Environment Act 1987 755:Planning and Environment Act 1987 274:in 1837. Adelaide was planned by 4572: 4551: 4550: 4538: 2856:Burgmann M & Burgmann V 2011 2200:Steele & Gleeson 2010 p. 305 1633: 1205:that the water systems support. 910:outline of urban development in 705:Local Environmental Plans (LEP) 491: 479:Post World War II period (1945+) 20: 4081:Transferable development rights 3636:Environmental impact assessment 3372:Planning Institute of Australia 3194:Freestone R and Ashton R 2008. 2171:10.1179/2051453014Z.00000000018 2153:Minnery, John (November 2014). 2064:Minnery, John (July 14, 2004). 1535:have looked for ways to design 1303:legislation in the 1960s. The 1249:Urban renewal and consolidation 1212:protecting natural systems and 1015:Australian Bureau of Statistics 943:Government of Western Australia 575:Planning Institute of Australia 34:may be too short to adequately 3707:Community economic development 3486:Planning and zoning commission 3317:National urban policy released 2124:. 10 November 1914. p. 5. 1430:in urban areas to reduce the " 1362:is an important factor in the 793:. Following this, in 1974 the 569:Australian planning frameworks 44:provide an accessible overview 1: 2986:International Railway Journal 2407:www.planningportal.nsw.gov.au 2100:"The Greater Sydney Movement" 1484:Builders Labourers Federation 1404:Australian Federal Government 1343:Sydney Metropolitan Plan 2036 985:. The five largest cities of 609:Australian Federal Government 581:, with a significant body of 243:Major cities and urban growth 4320:Planning Accreditation Board 3679:Transit-oriented development 3641:Recreation resource planning 3257:Water-sensitive urban design 3250:Water sensitive urban design 3241:Mees P & Dodson J 2011. 2782:Bambrick et al. 2011, p.68S. 2683:Water sensitive urban design 2585:. News Limited. 5 March 2010 1863:Freestone & Hamnett 2020 1851:Freestone & Hamnett 2020 1799:Freestone & Hamnett 2020 1780:Freestone & Hamnett 2020 1768:Freestone & Hamnett 2020 1756:Freestone & Hamnett 2020 1731:Freestone & Hamnett 2020 1488:Communist Party of Australia 1195:Water-sensitive urban design 1190:Water sensitive urban design 1167:rating and New South Wales' 1154:transit oriented development 4601:Urban planning in Australia 3377:Planning in South Australia 3255:National Water Commission. 3022:Bambrick et al. 2011, p.71S 2737:www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au 2379:"Local Planning and zoning" 1649:Public housing in Australia 1111:, Melbourne. An example of 914:over the next few decades. 625:Minister for Infrastructure 389:triangle from his plan for 79:Urban planning in Australia 4617: 4332:Professional organizations 3689:Urban freight distribution 3664:Transportation forecasting 3288:Thinking Transport (n.d). 2403:"ePlanning Spatial Viewer" 1156:to increase trips made by 1061:had a net gain of 18,388. 1027:Department of the Treasury 782: 640:of national significance, 428:in south eastern Sydney). 135:undertaking surveying for 85:is one of the most highly 4568:List of planning journals 4532: 3537:History of urban planning 3420: 3322:Urban Design Forum 2011. 3198:, in Dictionary of Sydney 2828:Walsh et al. 2004, p.595. 2104:The Sydney Morning Herald 2017:Freestone and Ashton 2008 1951:Toon & Falk 2003 p. 4 1696:. Routledge. p. 12. 1654:Urbanization in Australia 1442:Heritage and conservation 945:. and implemented by the 904:Public Transport Victoria 615:Constitution of Australia 490: 4504:Marine spatial planning 4016:Healthy community design 3594:Village design statement 3584:Preservation development 3579:Conservation development 2971:Thinking Transport, n.d. 2306:"View - NSW legislation" 2236:Farrier et al 2009 p. ix 2118:"Greater Perth Movement" 1603:that opened in 2019 and 1584:environmentally friendly 1517:Anzac Parade in Canberra 1513:Melbourne Cricket Ground 1230:to treatment plants; and 1174:Further improvements in 1048:immigration to Australia 785:Urban planning in Sydney 4519:Real estate development 4250:List of urban theorists 3746:City Beautiful movement 3674:Rational planning model 3656:Transportation planning 3646:Sustainable development 3196:Sydney Planning History 3113:, 36:3, p. 333-350 2930:Urban Design Forum 2011 2383:www.planning.nsw.gov.au 2080:Freestone & Hamnett 2055:(verified 18 May 2009). 1964:Freestone & Hamnett 1908:Freestone & Hamnett 1884:Freestone & Hamnett 1829:Freestone & Hamnett 1527:Community participation 1260:A new inner urban city 362:City Beautiful movement 113:of America and western 4563:List of planned cities 4499:Landscape architecture 4255:List of urban planners 3977:Conservation community 3814:Collaborative planning 3623:Environmental planning 3531:Comprehensive planning 3248:Melbourne Water 2010. 3106:, Power & Protest. 2962:Mees & Dodson 2011 2713:Randolph, 2006, p.474. 2556:Randolph, 2004, p.485. 2547:Randolph, 2004, p.484. 2334:classic.austlii.edu.au 2310:legislation.nsw.gov.au 1579: 1478: 1458: 1283: 1243:landscape architecture 1220:close to their source; 1186:in Australian cities. 1165:Green Star (Australia) 1115: 979:states and territories 884:and Overlay conditions 840:local government areas 537: 393: 255: 75: 4474:Development economics 4325:Real estate education 4285:James Howard Kunstler 4210:Konstantinos Doxiadis 4091:Urban growth boundary 4031:Mixed-use development 3926:Intentional community 3132:National Urban Policy 3111:Australian Geographer 2840:Freestone 1993, p.18. 2701:Randolph, 2004, p.487 2659:Melbourne Water, n.d. 2618:Crabtree, 2005, p.333 1613:automobile dependence 1571: 1472: 1449: 1278: 1107: 1089:, heat waves, severe 1034:rates and increasing 590:Australian Government 535: 528:Metropolitan planning 458:greater city movement 451:Urban reform movement 432:Walter Burley Griffin 384: 276:Colonel William Light 250: 169:Anthony Ashley Cooper 73:Walter Burley Griffin 66: 4026:Leapfrog development 3972:Complete Communities 3829:Intelligent urbanism 3756:Garden city movement 3699:Economic development 3631:Environmental design 3326:. 15 September 2011. 3319:. 17 September 2011. 3315:Urban Analyst 2011. 2254:Freestone 2007 p. 87 2227:Williams, 2007 p. 93 2218:Freestone 2007 p. 79 2209:Yiftachel 1989 p. 29 2008:Bonyhardy 2000 p. 21 1671:Freestone 2007 p. 67 1607:under construction. 1537:urban infrastructure 1453:, Sydney, 2010. The 664:Land use regulation 642:World Heritage Sites 418:Garden City movement 284:Garden city movement 252:Adelaide city centre 4432:Communist countries 4056:Planning Permission 3993:Filtering (housing) 3967:Cluster development 3776:Settlement movement 3761:Indigenous planning 3081:Green bans movement 2245:Williams 2007 p. 94 2122:The West Australian 1716:Freestone 2007 p.68 1436:building insulation 1280:Melbourne docklands 981:are overwhelmingly 939:statutory authority 675:Territory Plan 2008 661:Planning framework 4315:Planning education 4275:Elizabeth Farrelly 4119:High-rise urbanism 3957:Affordable housing 3496:World Urbanism Day 3177:Freestone R 1993. 3127:2010, p. 28, 3069:, AGPS, Canberra. 2939:Urban Analyst 2011 2761:www.greater.sydney 2641:Wong, 2006, p.213. 2627:DSEWPC, 2002, p.4. 2136:"Greater Adelaide" 1810:Bunker 1997 p. 244 1580: 1523:cultural history. 1509:Sydney Opera House 1479: 1475:Sydney Opera House 1459: 1284: 1116: 1113:sustainable design 908:strategic planning 889:dispute resolution 658:State / Territory 638:threatened species 547:Rural-urban fringe 538: 394: 343:Australia's rapid 334:Early 20th century 256: 218:In 1829, Governor 76: 4588: 4587: 4545:Cities portal 4469:Civil engineering 4450: 4449: 4303: 4302: 4132: 4131: 4100:Peri-urbanisation 3920:Planned community 3751:Dark-sky movement 3741:Car-free movement 3715: 3714: 3669:Trip distribution 3605:Regional planning 3558:Urban green space 3526:Land-use planning 3501:Labor market area 3491:Growth management 3466:Metropolitan area 3324:Major cities unit 3299:, AGPS, Canberra. 3227:Mcdonald J 2011. 3172:National heritage 3102:Burgmann V 1993. 3076:, AGPS, Canberra. 2885:National heritage 2722:Hugo, 2010, p.41. 2505:Hugo, 1974, p.24. 2476:978-1-107-69624-2 2446:978-1-107-69624-2 1703:978-1-136-88827-4 1533:local governments 1282:development, 2009 1070:population ageing 931:Western Australia 925:Western Australia 776: 775: 772:Planning Schemes 759:Planning Schemes 744:Planning Schemes 731:Development Plan 718:Planning Schemes 502: 501: 153:surveyors general 61: 60: 4608: 4576: 4575: 4554: 4553: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4494:Land development 4345: 4180:Donald Appleyard 4141: 3891:Mining community 3844:Radical planning 3791:Transition towns 3726: 3542:Spatial planning 3516: 3407: 3400: 3393: 3384: 3283:urban resilience 3234:McManus P 1994. 3140:(DP&I) 2011. 3037: 3034: 3023: 3020: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2992: 2978: 2972: 2969: 2963: 2960: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2908: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2841: 2838: 2829: 2826: 2820: 2819:Thom et al. 2009 2817: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2783: 2780: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2767: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2729: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2702: 2699: 2686: 2679: 2673: 2666: 2660: 2657: 2651: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2628: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2607: 2604: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2575: 2569: 2566: 2557: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2536: 2535:DIT, 2010, p.36. 2533: 2527: 2526:DIT, 2010, p.34. 2524: 2518: 2517:DIT, 2010, p.33. 2515: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2496:DIT, 2010, p.28. 2494: 2481: 2480: 2460: 2451: 2450: 2430: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2413: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2375: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2356:. Archived from 2350: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2317: 2316: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2293: 2284: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2201: 2198: 2192: 2191:Owen 2010 p. 143 2189: 2183: 2182: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2142:. 18 March 1911. 2132: 2126: 2125: 2114: 2108: 2107: 2106:. 12 April 1900. 2096: 2090: 2089: 2077: 2071: 2062: 2056: 2049: 2043: 2036: 2030: 2027: 2018: 2015: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1988: 1985: 1974: 1973: 1961: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1905: 1894: 1893: 1881: 1875: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1839: 1838: 1826: 1811: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1783: 1782:, p. 13-14. 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1753: 1734: 1728: 1717: 1714: 1708: 1707: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1643: 1641:Australia portal 1638: 1637: 1636: 1551:inaugurated the 1335:aging population 1201:and the broader 1158:public transport 1083:waste management 692:Planning Scheme 679:Land Use Policy 655: 514:public transport 495: 494: 483: 465:greater Brisbane 402:Royal Commission 224:Surveyor General 56: 53: 47: 24: 16: 4616: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4539: 4537: 4528: 4524:Social sciences 4484:Urban economics 4456: 4446: 4415: 4389: 4336: 4299: 4263: 4230:Peter Calthorpe 4185:Ebenezer Howard 4146: 4128: 4115:Verticalization 3945: 3853: 3839:Market urbanism 3834:Livable streets 3800: 3721: 3711: 3693: 3650: 3617: 3599: 3567: 3511: 3505: 3444: 3416: 3411: 3368: 3352: 3350:Further reading 3262:Norman B 2010. 3217:. p. 1-25. 3146:(DSEWPC) (2011) 3048: 3040: 3035: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2961: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2911: 2906: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2869: 2865:Burgmann V 1993 2864: 2860: 2855: 2844: 2839: 2832: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2786: 2781: 2774: 2765: 2763: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2741: 2739: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2705: 2700: 2689: 2680: 2676: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2606:DIT, 2010, p.71 2605: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2568:DIT, 2010, p.70 2567: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2484: 2477: 2462: 2461: 2454: 2447: 2432: 2431: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2387: 2385: 2377: 2376: 2372: 2363: 2361: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2338: 2336: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2314: 2312: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2116: 2115: 2111: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2083: 2078: 2074: 2063: 2059: 2050: 2046: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1991: 1986: 1977: 1967: 1962: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1939: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1906: 1897: 1887: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1849: 1842: 1832: 1827: 1814: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1766: 1762: 1754: 1737: 1729: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1704: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1680:Troy 1995 p. 15 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1566: 1529: 1444: 1388:coastal erosion 1380:urban ecosystem 1364:decision making 1357: 1251: 1192: 1109:Council House 2 1079: 1055:New South Wales 1036:life expectancy 1011: 963: 927: 921: 891:and amendments 859: 829:New South Wales 787: 781: 779:New South Wales 650: 611: 571: 542:economic growth 530: 492: 486:External videos 481: 453: 422:Ebenezer Howard 341: 336: 291:economic growth 280:South Australia 245: 227:Thomas Mitchell 181:Granville Sharp 128: 123: 103: 57: 51: 48: 41: 29:This article's 25: 12: 11: 5: 4614: 4612: 4604: 4603: 4593: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4582: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4548: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4460: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4387: 4385:United Kingdom 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4365:Czech Republic 4362: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4342: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4328: 4327: 4322: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4295:Randal O'Toole 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4235:Patrick Geddes 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4215:Kevin A. Lynch 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4195:Guy Benveniste 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4175:Daniel Burnham 4172: 4170:Colin Buchanan 4167: 4165:Clarence Stein 4162: 4160:Clarence Perry 4157: 4151: 4149: 4138: 4134: 4133: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4112: 4107: 4105:Urban vitality 4102: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4012:Healthy cities 4009: 4004: 4002:Brusselization 3998:Gentrification 3995: 3990: 3987:Eminent domain 3984: 3979: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3917: 3912: 3911: 3910: 3900: 3899: 3898: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3859:Cities by type 3855: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3819:Context theory 3816: 3810: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3778: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3736:Athens Charter 3732: 3730: 3723: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3710: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3607: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3539: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3520: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3414:Urban planning 3412: 3410: 3409: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3374: 3367: 3366:External links 3364: 3363: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3340: 3337: 3334: 3327: 3320: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3267: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3232: 3225: 3218: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3182: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3154: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3094: 3091: 3084: 3077: 3070: 3063: 3056: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3038: 3024: 3015: 3006: 2997: 2973: 2964: 2950: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2909: 2900: 2895:DSEWPC, 2011, 2888: 2883:DSEWPC, 2011, 2876: 2867: 2858: 2842: 2830: 2821: 2807: 2798: 2784: 2772: 2748: 2724: 2715: 2703: 2687: 2685:, 2006, p.214. 2674: 2661: 2652: 2643: 2629: 2620: 2608: 2596: 2570: 2558: 2549: 2537: 2528: 2519: 2507: 2498: 2482: 2475: 2452: 2445: 2418: 2394: 2370: 2345: 2321: 2297: 2274: 2265: 2256: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2211: 2202: 2193: 2184: 2165:(2): 107–122. 2145: 2127: 2109: 2091: 2072: 2057: 2044: 2031: 2019: 2010: 2001: 1989: 1975: 1953: 1944: 1937: 1919: 1895: 1876: 1867: 1855: 1840: 1812: 1803: 1784: 1772: 1760: 1735: 1718: 1709: 1702: 1682: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1628: 1625: 1605:one other line 1565: 1562: 1528: 1525: 1443: 1440: 1419:sea level rise 1408:climate change 1384:sea level rise 1368:urban planning 1360:Climate change 1356: 1355:Climate change 1353: 1250: 1247: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1191: 1188: 1184:sustainability 1078: 1077:Sustainability 1075: 1010: 1007: 983:primate cities 962: 959: 926: 923: 896: 895: 885: 878: 858: 855: 825: 824: 821: 818: 815: 780: 777: 774: 773: 770: 767: 761: 760: 757: 752: 746: 745: 742: 739: 733: 732: 729: 726: 720: 719: 716: 713: 707: 706: 703: 700: 694: 693: 690: 687: 681: 680: 677: 672: 666: 665: 662: 659: 649: 646: 610: 607: 570: 567: 551:public housing 529: 526: 506:capital cities 500: 499: 488: 487: 480: 477: 452: 449: 414:slum clearance 410:transportation 379: 378: 375: 372: 369: 340: 337: 335: 332: 316:British Empire 312:slum clearance 308:City of Sydney 244: 241: 236:Melbourne plan 205:Port Macquarie 189:capital cities 145:rail transport 127: 126:Early planning 124: 122: 119: 102: 99: 94:Urban planning 67:1913 plan for 59: 58: 52:September 2011 38:the key points 28: 26: 19: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4613: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4581: 4580: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4558: 4549: 4547: 4546: 4535: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4514:Public policy 4512: 4510: 4509:Public health 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4479:Urban ecology 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4443: 4442:Ancient Egypt 4440: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4290:Lewis Mumford 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4240:Raymond Unwin 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4150: 4148: 4147:practitioners 4142: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4076:Tract housing 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4066:Temporary use 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4051:Planning gain 4049: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3982:Creative city 3980: 3978: 3975: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3936:Urban village 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3915:Model village 3913: 3909: 3906: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3876:Commuter town 3874: 3872: 3868: 3865: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3849:Urban renewal 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3786:Structuralism 3784: 3782: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3589:Rural housing 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3559: 3556: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3548:Redevelopment 3546: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3396: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3385: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3193: 3190: 3187: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3085: 3082: 3078: 3075: 3071: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3001: 2998: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2933: 2927: 2924: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2871: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2738: 2734: 2728: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2644: 2638: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2571: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2553: 2550: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2529: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2395: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2360:on 2016-09-02 2359: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2311: 2307: 2301: 2298: 2290: 2287:Park, Holly. 2283: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2257: 2251: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2212: 2206: 2203: 2197: 2194: 2188: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2105: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2082:, p. 31. 2081: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2058: 2054: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2032: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1971: 1966:, p. 25. 1965: 1960: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1940: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1910:, p. 24. 1909: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1886:, p. 23. 1885: 1880: 1877: 1871: 1868: 1865:, p. 20. 1864: 1859: 1856: 1853:, p. 17. 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1836: 1831:, p. 22. 1830: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1801:, p. 16. 1800: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1773: 1770:, p. 14. 1769: 1764: 1761: 1758:, p. 13. 1757: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1733:, p. 12. 1732: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1674: 1668: 1665: 1659: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1631: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1597:rapid transit 1595:is the first 1594: 1589: 1585: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1538: 1534: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1429: 1428:tree planting 1423: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348:urban renewal 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1271: 1270:working class 1267: 1263: 1258: 1255: 1254:Urban renewal 1248: 1246: 1244: 1236: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1215: 1214:water quality 1211: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199:water systems 1196: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1074: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 960: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 924: 922: 919: 915: 913: 909: 905: 900: 894: 890: 886: 883: 879: 876: 875: 874: 872: 868: 864: 856: 854: 852: 847: 845: 841: 836: 834: 830: 822: 819: 816: 813: 809: 808: 807: 804: 802: 801: 796: 792: 786: 778: 771: 768: 766: 763: 762: 758: 756: 753: 751: 748: 747: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 730: 727: 725: 722: 721: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 704: 701: 699: 696: 695: 691: 689:Planning Act 688: 686: 683: 682: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 667: 663: 660: 657: 656: 653: 647: 645: 643: 639: 635: 634: 628: 626: 621: 616: 608: 606: 603: 599: 595: 591: 586: 584: 580: 576: 568: 566: 564: 560: 555: 552: 548: 543: 534: 527: 525: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 498: 489: 484: 478: 476: 474: 470: 466: 461: 459: 450: 448: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 427: 423: 420:, founded by 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 392: 388: 383: 376: 373: 370: 367: 366: 365: 363: 358: 356: 351: 346: 338: 333: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 296: 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 266:in 1829, and 265: 261: 253: 249: 242: 240: 237: 233: 232:Robert Hoddle 228: 225: 221: 220:Ralph Darling 216: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 157: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 125: 120: 118: 116: 112: 111:United States 108: 100: 98: 95: 91: 88: 84: 80: 74: 70: 65: 55: 45: 39: 37: 32: 27: 23: 18: 17: 4578: 4555: 4536: 4464:Architecture 4437:Nazi Germany 4354: 4245:Thomas Adams 4225:Loretta Lees 4220:Le Corbusier 4190:Edmund Bacon 4155:Andrés Duany 4110:Urbanization 4096:Urban sprawl 4061:Rural flight 4041:Permeability 4036:Model cities 3908:Logging camp 3867:Company town 3781:Smart growth 3771:New Urbanism 3553:Urban design 3259:, Canberra. 3041: 3018: 3009: 3000: 2989:. Retrieved 2985: 2976: 2967: 2944: 2935: 2926: 2903: 2896: 2891: 2884: 2879: 2870: 2861: 2824: 2801: 2796:Norman, 2010 2764:. Retrieved 2760: 2751: 2740:. Retrieved 2736: 2727: 2718: 2682: 2677: 2669: 2668:Wong, 2006, 2664: 2655: 2646: 2623: 2589:25 September 2587:. Retrieved 2582: 2573: 2552: 2531: 2522: 2501: 2465: 2435: 2410:. Retrieved 2406: 2397: 2386:. Retrieved 2382: 2373: 2362:. Retrieved 2358:the original 2348: 2337:. Retrieved 2333: 2324: 2313:. Retrieved 2309: 2300: 2272:DSEWPC, 2011 2268: 2259: 2250: 2241: 2232: 2223: 2214: 2205: 2196: 2187: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2094: 2075: 2065: 2060: 2047: 2040:urban forest 2034: 2013: 2004: 1947: 1928: 1922: 1879: 1870: 1858: 1806: 1775: 1763: 1712: 1692: 1685: 1676: 1667: 1618: 1609: 1593:Sydney Metro 1581: 1558: 1546: 1542: 1530: 1521: 1503: 1501: 1480: 1460: 1424: 1416: 1401: 1366:process for 1358: 1342: 1337:and smaller 1331:demographics 1328: 1324: 1313: 1305:Strata Title 1301:Strata Title 1293: 1285: 1262:middle class 1259: 1252: 1240: 1207: 1193: 1173: 1162: 1151: 1147: 1135: 1124: 1117: 1097:, extensive 1080: 1067: 1063: 1052: 1046:to overseas 1040: 1012: 964: 928: 920: 916: 901: 897: 860: 848: 837: 826: 805: 798: 794: 790: 788: 651: 631: 629: 612: 587: 572: 556: 539: 503: 462: 454: 439: 430: 395: 359: 345:urbanization 342: 288: 260:Port Jackson 257: 217: 158: 149:water supply 129: 104: 92: 78: 77: 49: 33: 31:lead section 4457:disciplines 4280:Jane Jacobs 4205:James Rouse 4086:Urban decay 4071:Third place 4046:Placemaking 3896:Pit village 3886:Global city 2670:An Overview 2650:AGNWC, 2010 2583:news.com.au 1588:sustainable 1575:traffic in 1492:Jack Mundey 1432:heat island 1320:town houses 1235:storm water 1233:Integrated 602:departments 583:legislation 510:immigration 471:(1938) and 444:Garden City 385:A model of 350:John Sulman 295:gold rushes 270:as well as 165:Grand Model 137:land grants 4200:Ian McHarg 4145:Theorists/ 3922:(New town) 3881:Ghost town 3720:Concepts/ 3456:Urban area 3160:2002 p 4 3046:References 3042:123123123 2991:2021-01-14 2805:DCCEE 2011 2766:2020-02-13 2742:2020-02-13 2412:2021-01-08 2388:2021-01-08 2364:2017-03-08 2339:2021-06-17 2315:2021-06-17 1938:1865080535 1549:Kevin Rudd 1339:households 1297:apartments 1288:warehouses 1266:renovation 1228:wastewater 1218:pollutants 1127:pollutants 1059:Queensland 1043:households 1023:population 961:Challenges 893:inter alia 783:See also: 518:population 426:Daceyville 318:, such as 302:-infected 197:Parramatta 173:John Locke 161:grid model 4489:Geography 4401:Barcelona 4380:Singapore 4355:Australia 4348:Countries 3962:Cityscape 3729:Movements 3036:ATC, 2003 2263:DIT, 2011 2179:129775406 1577:Melbourne 1573:Peak hour 1496:The Rocks 1464:Green Ban 1455:Green Ban 1451:The Rocks 1396:bushfires 1316:financing 1309:landlords 1203:ecosystem 1178:, water, 1138:recycling 1136:Rates of 1119:Transport 1095:bushfires 1032:fertility 991:Melbourne 971:Toowoomba 912:Melbourne 469:Newcastle 355:Annandale 328:Hong Kong 320:Singapore 272:Melbourne 234:made the 133:Governors 87:urbanised 83:Australia 36:summarize 4595:Category 4557:Category 4406:Shanghai 4308:Training 3950:Concepts 3941:Boomtown 3931:Arcology 3903:Man camp 3871:Monotown 3824:Ekistics 3806:Theories 3722:theories 3563:Urbanism 3512:branches 3481:Planning 3476:Land use 3430:Theories 3013:ABS 2009 1627:See also 1621:land use 1601:one line 1392:flooding 1143:landfill 1099:flooding 1087:droughts 1017:and the 1003:Adelaide 995:Brisbane 967:Canberra 953:and the 863:Victoria 857:Victoria 598:land use 522:land use 436:Canberra 391:Canberra 387:Griffins 268:Adelaide 209:Brisbane 177:Freetown 69:Canberra 4579:Commons 4455:Related 4268:Critics 4021:LEED-ND 3519:General 3449:General 3440:Outline 3425:History 2672:, p.2. 1376:climate 1372:weather 975:exurban 941:of the 842:, with 620:Whitlam 559:Whitlam 406:suburbs 300:cholera 185:primate 107:Britain 101:History 4427:Africa 4411:Sydney 4394:Cities 4375:Serbia 4370:Russia 4341:Places 4137:People 4124:Zoning 4007:Infill 3471:Suburb 2681:Wong, 2473: 2443: 2177: 1935: 1700: 1410:. The 1333:of an 1180:energy 1091:storms 987:Sydney 882:Zoning 844:zoning 833:Sydney 563:sewage 398:Sydney 326:, and 324:Mumbai 310:began 304:London 213:Albany 211:, and 201:Hobart 193:Sydney 115:Europe 109:, the 4420:Other 4360:China 3796:YIMBY 3766:NIMBY 3572:Rural 3544:(Eur) 3510:Major 3435:Index 3134:2011. 2292:(PDF) 2175:S2CID 1660:Notes 1176:waste 1169:BASIX 1131:ozone 999:Perth 473:Perth 264:Perth 141:roads 3989:(US) 3596:(UK) 3533:(US) 3461:City 2591:2011 2471:ISBN 2441:ISBN 2086:help 1970:help 1933:ISBN 1914:help 1890:help 1835:help 1698:ISBN 1515:and 1473:The 1394:and 1001:and 969:and 937:, a 594:laws 520:and 171:and 2167:doi 929:In 861:In 750:VIC 737:TAS 711:QLD 698:NSW 670:ACT 579:law 179:by 71:by 4597:: 4117:/ 4098:/ 4014:/ 4000:/ 3869:/ 3252:. 3027:^ 2984:. 2953:^ 2912:^ 2845:^ 2833:^ 2810:^ 2787:^ 2775:^ 2759:. 2735:. 2706:^ 2690:^ 2632:^ 2611:^ 2599:^ 2581:. 2561:^ 2540:^ 2510:^ 2485:^ 2455:^ 2421:^ 2405:. 2381:. 2332:. 2308:. 2277:^ 2173:. 2161:. 2157:. 2138:. 2120:. 2102:. 2022:^ 1992:^ 1978:^ 1956:^ 1898:^ 1843:^ 1815:^ 1787:^ 1738:^ 1721:^ 1519:. 1511:, 1311:. 1093:, 1038:. 997:, 993:, 989:, 957:. 765:WA 724:SA 685:NT 412:, 322:, 286:. 215:. 207:, 203:, 199:, 195:, 147:, 143:, 3406:e 3399:t 3392:v 3292:. 3231:, 2994:. 2769:. 2745:. 2593:. 2479:. 2449:. 2415:. 2391:. 2367:. 2342:. 2318:. 2294:. 2181:. 2169:: 2163:9 2088:) 1972:) 1941:. 1916:) 1892:) 1837:) 1706:. 814:; 456:" 54:) 50:( 40:.

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