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western countries, rural inhabitants are not thinly distributed over the landscape on individual land tracts. Rural inhabitants "live grouped together" in hamlets creating an absence of parcel bound dwellings in the countryside. This settlement pattern has existed in China for thousands of years for various purposes including defense from "attacks by bandits, local chieftains and other enemies came together in hamlets. There were practical reasons too, such as the boring of wells to assure themselves of sufficient clean water". This situation appeared much later in
European history for similar reasons. Rural Chinese live in small scale urban settlements of "about 500 to 700 persons each" with men traveling daily by horseback or bicycle to a nearby plot of land, while women either accompany their husbands to the fields or attend children or the household. Services, entertainment and social activities are agglomerated in the larger urbanized hamlets that are often planned to service roughly twenty-five surrounding settlements. The resulting geographic and planned patterns of such settlements respond "to regional criteria of urban distribution, something rarely occurring in other cultures". The resulting patterns of living in one area and working in another is considered to be a social characteristic that many Chinese peasants have continued as they gradually urbanize into global city regions and other more urbanized and planned environments. In contrast, European peasants did not begin to urbanize in a similar manner until the advent of modern transportation during the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and arrived in urban areas with little or no urban experience due to the disbursed settlement patterns of the West. Ortuzar furthers, that the urban tradition in China has been ever-present "as its origins can be traced back to the early ages of development; one which is not necessarily bound to the size of towns, nor to the level or degree of urbanization achieved".
310:, discovered in 1953, may have preceded Xi'an by 1,500 years or more and dates to approximately 5,000 BC. The village, while partially excavated presents considerable evidence of early planning efforts in China as its layout reveals "various land uses (zoning) were allocated and where several activities took place" and further represents "a clear indication of a conscious decision to separate the perilous outside world with a secure internal space" in fashion similar to present towns, cities and global city municipal zoning. Some 45 dwellings and various other structures used for food storage and animal pens compose the site. Further from these structures were work areas, several timber-fired kilns and a cemetery consisting of 250 tombs. Various types of pottery, bone and timber tools were also recovered from the site; reinforcing the spatial usage patterns derived from the layout, remains and other site data. The grouping of such objects in archaeological context further reinforces the level of "sophistication both in terms of spatial and human organisation that can only be classified as a settlement inhabited by a cohesive social group composed of urban dwellers" approximately 5,000 years ago. A second village near Beijing dating to 2,400BC further confirms that similar discoveries such as Banpo "are not isolated examples" of early and intentional urban planning in China.
282:. The construction of which was preceded by a regional survey to ensure the flow of water, resources and a strategic location for reasons of health, natural balance and safety; an exercise planners today practice on a daily basis. Xi'an's city walls during the seventh century AD enclosed approximately 80,000 ha and housed an estimated half a million people; an accomplishment even the most prominent European cities failed to achieve until the 19th century; furthering their historical and present value making them entirely relevant to recent planning paradigm shifts of both the East and Western.
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ensures each city follows the national economic plan, exists in a cohesive design with other cities, and is funded by an informed government. Urban planning in China focuses to guide and comprehensively regulate urban construction to ensure the rational development, construction and implementation of the national economic plan that serves as the nation's master planning document. The central government has established a tiered planning and legal system to guide, implement and regulate urban development and construction in accordance with the national economic plan.
1158:). This concept focuses on integrating multiple types of plans (such as urban-rural plans, ecological and environmental plans, and others) into a single plan structure at one administrative level (such as the city level or the county level). Integrating multiple plans into one aims to consolidate planning approaches into a single blueprint and thereby achieve more consistent long-term implementation. Reforms in this regard were first experimented with in the development of
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184:. Global cities are characterized by international familiarity, participation in international events and global affairs, densely populated metropolitan areas, Central Business Districts (CBD) housing key financial, corporate headquarters and national services, extensive public transportation systems, internationally networked airports, large-scale commercial and industrial zones and multiple urban cores. Examples include
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379:(1953-1957), China's urban planning was heavily influenced by the Soviet Union's experience. Soviet urban planners first came to the PRC in 1949 and returned in 1952 and 1955. Soviet experts helped write China's national standards and guidelines and Soviet text books and regulations were translated into Chinese. In the early part of the 1950s, city plans also followed the socialist city planning principles from the
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458:, the Chinese state sought to increase urban-rural coordination by incorporating rural planning as part of municipal governments' planning processes. New-type urbanization has since become a central theme of urban planning and development in China. The 2014 The National New-Type Urbanization plan requires 20% of municipal regions to be zoned as ecological protection areas.
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278:, a village outside of Xi'an dating to 4500 or 3000 B.C. provides an example of early urban activity centres as 45 dwellings still remain in what could be easily considered high density for the building materials of the time. The traditional walled cities, such as Xi'an were planned in the 7th century AD as the first Chinese capital city under the
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concept, a construction and design approach to dealing with heavy rainfall through promoting rainwater infiltration, stagnation, storage, purification, utilization, and discharge. It includes the use of permeable materials in buildings, roads, and open public spaces as well as remediation of natural
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Chinese settlements, while later than those of the Nile Valley, Indus, Euphrates and Tigris river basins "are undoubtedly some of the worlds first in terms of human evolution and urban character". Ortuzar furthers this statement by indicating that there is "a long urban tradition which stretches far
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dating to approximately (1100–256 BC) serve to emphasize the importance of such philosophies, the cardinal directions and harmony between the human and natural realms. China's history is rich with examples of early planning philosophies and practices evidenced by traditional cities such as, but not
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means missing out on opportunities for radical new thinking regarding city planning that are arising from the unprecedented speed of the current
Chinese urbanization. For instance, it has been suggested that putting the entire road network underground can be a viable solution when dense cities are
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philosophies and practices have undergone multiple transitions due to governance and economic structure changes throughout the nation's extensive history. The founding of the People's
Republic of China in 1949 marks the beginning of three recent historical stages of urban planning philosophies and
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Urban tradition is usually intimately related to urban antiquity. However, in the context of China, it has its own set of attributes in relation to urban planning, design and the social realm. China's population is classified as being approximately 55-60% rural, and in contrast to the majority of
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It is perhaps best to follow the example of
Santiago Ortuzar, Professor of Urban Planning, School of Architecture Central & Mayor Universities, Santiago, Chile, who analyzes traditional urban planning in China by separating urban tradition and urban antiquity; two highly integrated aspects of
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China provides one of many examples of how archaic philosophies and their resulting planning decisions have had a profound impact on not only the spatial organization, but the culture of cities and nations of the distant past and present. Planning in China originates previous to that of the very
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As understandings of pollution became more comprehensive, urban planning began to focus on creating more environmentally sustainable developments, while also preserving historic aesthetics. Currently, urban planning in China run on multiple levels of government. This central planning approach
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period redesigned cities both to accommodate the increasing urban population and increasing economic growth through light industry that produced consumer goods. This process changed urban areas from a focus on production to more livable cities. Architecture of this era was influenced by a
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Hybrid City - (1860–Present) Planning that incorporating western planning and design principles meshed with traditional
Chinese street grids and architectural principles. These were often the first cities to develop modern infrastructures networks and include cities such as
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confirm the importance cosmologically based philosophies such as directional orientation and symmetry. Santiago
Ortuzar indicates that such basic rural and urban planning philosophies may have originated more than 7000 years ago in the Neolithic villages, for example, the
383:. These principles included maintaining the old city core as administrative areas while building industry on the periphery with green space and residences between the two. Planning for factories and workers' housing in this period included strong central axes,
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features such as wetlands or lakes which were blocked or filled during earlier stages of development. China's central government mandates that by 2030, 80% of China's urban space must include sponge city adaptations and must recycle at least 70% of rainfall.
48:. Traditional cities, were planned in a manner similar to that of present-day, as they were also directly affected by the philosophies, governance and economies of their time. Traditional cities are often planned in accordance with archaic concepts of
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The planning system has been undergoing a reform since the establishment of the
Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR) and the shift of urban planning administration from MOHURD to MNR. Since 2019, urban planning managed by the urban planning department,
485:. Development of these clusters includes establishing regional coordination mechanisms, sharing development costs and benefits, collaborative industrial development, and shared governance approaches to ecological issues and
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back in time. It has continued to remain uninterrupted for several thousands of years from the very origin of towns until the contemporary city. Few nations can exhibit such continuity over a long period of time".
263:. The planners of ancient China "imposed an orthogonal and cardinal regimen on the districts, temples, places and streets of its capital cities at least as early as the Zhou dynasty (1122-221 B.C.)" and that the
503:. The plan calls for acceleration of urban renewal to develop "human-centric cities." The plan's related Climate Change Special Plan emphasizes ecologically-oriented urban planning, including through means like
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created during the Zhou dynasty (1100-256BC). Further, the Rites of Zhou indicate that the origins of the most basic of urban planning philosophies in China are of a more archaic nature relating to concepts of
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180:- (1990–Present) Planning aimed to encourage strategic economic development of a region for the purposes of global economic participation as a key node in the globalized market; coined and conceptualized by
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Eventually, in 1979, formal urban planning efforts in China were restored and promoted due to the adoption of reform and open policy, causing consistent urban growth. The economic boom ushered in by
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Scott, A. J. (ed.) (2001) Global City-Regions, Oxford: Oxford
University Press Sennett, R. 1990 The Conscience of the Eye, the Design and Social Life of Cities, London: Norton & Company
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Early rural and urban planning philosophies and practice in China are directly related to astronomical observations, the Zouli (Rites of Zhou), concepts of
Geomancy, I-Ching and Feng-Shui.
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shifted the country's focus towards industrialization. Rural people were moved to factory jobs and city dwellings en masse, straining infrastructure. The country recovered slowly. In the
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In 1949, the year that the People's
Republic of China was founded, less than 10% of the population in mainland China was urban. Few cities at that time could be considered modern.
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During the 1990s and the early 2000s, environmental modeling and zoning concepts became important elements of city planning and management in China. During the subsequent
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Urban migration stayed below 20%, with city planning primarily supporting urban industries and limiting opportunities for migrating into cities from rural areas. In 1958,
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managed by the land management administration, as well as other specialized planning of different levels of jurisdictions, have been gradually merged into an integrated "
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Frieldmann, J. 1995. Where We Stand: Decade of World City Research, in Knox P and Taylor P J (eds). World Cities in a World System. Cambridge: Cambridge UP 21-47(p.15).
398:(1966 – 1976), however, urban residents are encouraged or forced to leave for the countryside. Many historical sites were damaged or destroyed during the "Destroy the
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era, Chinese state planners designed urban areas with an explicit purpose of developing a socialist citizenry, including through the construction of work units called
387:, symmetrical building placement, parameter blocks, and monumental entrances. Residential buildings were built in a historicist style with traditional Chinese roofs.
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Master plans are the most important document in the urban planning system, and are statutory documents. Development control plans are subordinate to master plans.
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Socialist City - (1950–1980) Planning efforts focused to increase the percentage of blue-collar workers, create affordable housing, urban communes, work unit (
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practice which represent a divergence from traditional Chinese urban planning morphologies and are broadly categorized as socialist, hybrid and global cities.
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Sassen, Saskia. 2001. Global cities and global city regions: a comparison, in Scott, A(ed). Global city regions, trends, theory and policy. Oxford: OUP 78-95.
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Whitehand, J.W.R. and Gu, Kai. (2006). Research on Chinese urban form: retrospect and prospect. Progress in Human Geography 30(3), 2006, pp. 337–355.
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Current Global Cities World Rankings can be found at the University of Loughborough's Globalisation and World Cities Research Network (GaWC)
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At the national level, urban and rural planning in mainland China has been mainly administrated by the following departments since 1979:
451:, China's first fully 'privatised city', was constructed under the aegis of developer Chairman Huang and is home to over 120,000 people.
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was re-developed from an insular imperial quarter to a larger public space viewed as consistent socialist political. Over the 1950s, the
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Before the 2020s, the majority of urban growth generally consisted of outward expansion from city centers, mostly into former farmland.
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In practice, urban and rural planning in China is managed through the examination and approval of "one proposal & three permits" (
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increased funding to major city planning works, including urban revitalization and renewal projects. Chinese planners in the early
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Ortuzar, Santiago. (1997). Letter from China: a perspective on Chinese cities. Australian Planner, 34(4), 1997, pp. 195-199.
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Human settlements in China are considerably older than those of the West, as neolithic villages in the lower plains of the
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early dynastic times, for example, "the most influential study of an ideal layout for a royal capital" was recorded in the
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consciousness. Planners also emphasized the development of public squares and spaces across China. In Beijing,
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The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order
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Krupp, E. C. (2002). Skywise and Streetsmart. Sky & Telescope. 103.6 (June 2002): 78(3).
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Plans which are formulated by urban planning departments but not defined in the
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took place, greatly dampening the process of urbanization in China.
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Betting on Macau: Casino Capitalism and China's Consumer Revolution
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Traditional City - walled cities, for example, Xi'an and Beijing's
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city center, one of the largest cities in both China and the world.
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Hierarchies of legislation and examples concerning urban planning
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In mainland China, the statutory planning system defined in the
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Mumford, L. 1961. The city in history Penguin Books, London.
710:(1979 - 1982) State Administration of Urban Construction (
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administration, these techniques were further emphasized.
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on-site. In the view of state planners, the design of the
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The planning system with "Five Levels & Three Types"
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The New China Playbook: Beyond Socialism and Capitalism
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Standard for urban residential area planning and design
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The pace of urbanization in China accelerated in 2008.
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Regulations of Beijing Municipality on City Planning
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as their origins in Eastern planning are different.
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1234:China Urban Planning materials 中国近代城市化图片资料
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465:(covering 2016-2020) highlighted nineteen
1625:. Environments of East Asia. Ithaca, NY:
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869:) in Shenzhen; introduced from Hong Kong.
530:) and its relevant laws, acts and codes.
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302:are approximately 7,500-7,000 years old.
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1431:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024).
811:Provincial urban system planning (
274:settlements in Zhejiang province.
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439:In 2013, Xi Jinping promoted the
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600:Regulation on the Protection of
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1678:David Borenstein (2019-12-02).
1192:Urban Planning Society of China
375:During the period of the First
2135:Community economic development
1914:Planning and zoning commission
1783:. Thepolisblog.org. 2012-04-25
1573:University of Washington Press
1522:Gao, George (September 2015).
1361:Harvard University Asia Center
1187:Ancient Chinese urban planning
1104:Written proposal of location (
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1214:Metropolitan regions of China
1055:(Beyond UGB) Village planning
752:Ministry of Natural Resources
335:A large boulevard in Shanghai
2748:Planning Accreditation Board
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2996:List of planning journals
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1965:History of urban planning
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1744:. 国务院新闻办公室网站. 2019-05-27.
1718:Columbia University Press
1236:. Accessed on 17 May 2009
1137:, applied in rural areas)
1128:, applied in urban areas)
1119:, applied in urban areas)
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776:) varying with the city.
497:Fourteenth Five-Year Plan
463:Thirteenth Five-Year Plan
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2022:Village design statement
2012:Preservation development
2007:Conservation development
1755:吴次芳 叶艳妹 吴宇哲 丘文泽 (2019).
1627:Cornell University Press
1567:Harrell, Stevan (2023).
1435:. New Haven and London:
677:Technical standard/codes
487:environmental protection
372:was quadrupled in size.
3029:Urban planning in China
2947:Real estate development
2678:List of urban theorists
2174:City Beautiful movement
2102:Rational planning model
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2074:Sustainable development
581:Land Administration Law
381:1935 Moscow Master Plan
29:Urban Planning in China
2991:List of planned cities
2927:Landscape architecture
2683:List of urban planners
2405:Conservation community
2242:Collaborative planning
2051:Environmental planning
1959:Comprehensive planning
1742:"国土空间规划按层级和内容分为"五级三类""
1539:Cite journal requires
1526:. Pew Research Center.
658:Local government rules
392:The Great Leap Forward
336:
33:extensive urbanization
25:
3034:Urbanization in China
2902:Development economics
2753:Real estate education
2713:James Howard Kunstler
2638:Konstantinos Doxiadis
2519:Urban growth boundary
2459:Mixed-use development
2354:Intentional community
1759:(in Chinese). 地质出版社.
1437:Yale University Press
1387:Simpson, Tim (2023).
1209:Urbanization in China
1204:Urban village (China)
1069:Specialized planning
1058:Specialized planning
1038:Specialized planning
1024:Specialized planning
1010:Specialized planning
797:Urban system planning
702:Administrative system
415:Reform and Opening Up
334:
19:
2454:Leapfrog development
2400:Complete Communities
2257:Intelligent urbanism
2184:Garden city movement
2127:Economic development
2059:Environmental design
1712:Hu, Richard (2023).
1657:. New York: Viking.
1232:Hahn, Thomas. 2006.
1142:Criticism and reform
638:Administrative rules
604:, Towns and Villages
212:) and more recently
2860:Communist countries
2484:Planning Permission
2421:Filtering (housing)
2395:Cluster development
2204:Settlement movement
2189:Indigenous planning
1445:10.2307/jj.11589102
1090:Development control
1053:) Detailed planning
997:
863:traditional Chinese
535:
471:liang heng san zong
396:Cultural Revolution
360:would help promote
2743:Planning education
2703:Elizabeth Farrelly
2547:High-rise urbanism
2385:Affordable housing
1924:World Urbanism Day
995:
892:Town master plan (
855:simplified Chinese
827:City master plan (
693:national standards
533:
337:
26:
3016:
3015:
2973:Cities portal
2897:Civil engineering
2878:
2877:
2731:
2730:
2560:
2559:
2528:Peri-urbanisation
2348:Planned community
2179:Dark-sky movement
2169:Car-free movement
2143:
2142:
2097:Trip distribution
2033:Regional planning
1986:Urban green space
1954:Land-use planning
1929:Labor market area
1919:Growth management
1894:Metropolitan area
1727:978-0-231-21101-7
1680:"Emperor Complex"
1664:978-1-9848-7828-1
1636:978-1-5017-6900-9
1402:978-1-5179-0031-1
1370:978-0-674-26022-1
1122:Building permit (
1113:Land use permit (
1084:
1083:
1007:Detailed planning
976:land-use planning
909:Regulatory plan (
844:Regulatory plan (
699:
698:
619:Local regulations
505:urban green rings
294:Urban antiquities
3041:
3004:
3003:
2982:
2981:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2922:Land development
2773:
2608:Donald Appleyard
2569:
2319:Mining community
2272:Radical planning
2219:Transition towns
2154:
1970:Spatial planning
1944:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1709:
1684:
1683:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1564:
1549:
1548:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1527:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1487:(9): 1545–1569.
1476:
1467:
1466:
1428:
1407:
1406:
1384:
1375:
1374:
1351:Hou, Li (2021).
1348:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1315:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1253:
1250:
1237:
1230:
1199:
1198:
1176:spatial planning
1136:
1135:
1127:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1108:
1099:
1098:
998:
987:
986:
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941:
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923:
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878:
868:
860:
849:
848:
832:
831:
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815:
807:
806:
775:
774:
769:
768:
759:
758:
746:
745:
733:
732:
724:
723:
715:
714:
669:
668:
649:
648:
630:
629:
611:
610:
588:
587:
577:
576:
536:
529:
528:
483:Greater Bay area
288:urban morphology
221:
220:
211:
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173:
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135:
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125:
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113:
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103:
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93:
92:
83:
82:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2952:Social sciences
2912:Urban economics
2884:
2874:
2843:
2817:
2764:
2727:
2691:
2658:Peter Calthorpe
2613:Ebenezer Howard
2574:
2556:
2543:Verticalization
2373:
2281:
2267:Market urbanism
2262:Livable streets
2228:
2149:
2139:
2121:
2078:
2045:
2027:
1995:
1939:
1933:
1872:
1844:
1839:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1786:
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1779:
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1774:
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1687:
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1637:
1620:
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1608:
1595:
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1552:
1538:
1528:
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1516:
1478:
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1470:
1455:
1430:
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1403:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1350:
1349:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1256:
1251:
1240:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1178:system in China
1168:
1160:Pudong New Area
1144:
1092:
1054:
1004:Master planning
971:
965:
936:Township plan (
906:Detailed plans
841:Detailed plans
794:
788:is as follows:
782:
704:
688:(GB 50180-2018)
684:
683:(GB/T 50280-98)
579:
518:
513:
511:Planning system
454:Under the 2014
342:Throughout the
329:
320:
318:Urban tradition
296:
235:
229:
20:Skyline of the
12:
11:
5:
3047:
3045:
3037:
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3021:
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3014:
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3011:
3010:
2998:
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2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2813:United Kingdom
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2793:Czech Republic
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2725:
2723:Randal O'Toole
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2663:Patrick Geddes
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2643:Kevin A. Lynch
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2623:Guy Benveniste
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2603:Daniel Burnham
2600:
2598:Colin Buchanan
2595:
2593:Clarence Stein
2590:
2588:Clarence Perry
2585:
2579:
2577:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2549:
2540:
2535:
2533:Urban vitality
2530:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2440:Healthy cities
2437:
2432:
2430:Brusselization
2426:Gentrification
2423:
2418:
2415:Eminent domain
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2381:
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2328:
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2311:
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2301:
2291:
2289:
2287:Cities by type
2283:
2282:
2280:
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2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2247:Context theory
2244:
2238:
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2227:
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2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
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2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2164:Athens Charter
2160:
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2145:
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2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
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2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
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2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1842:Urban planning
1840:
1838:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1793:
1772:
1765:
1747:
1733:
1726:
1685:
1670:
1663:
1642:
1635:
1606:
1588:
1581:
1550:
1541:|journal=
1514:
1493:10.1068/a34192
1468:
1453:
1408:
1401:
1376:
1369:
1328:
1319:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1254:
1238:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:- the current
1167:
1164:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1081:
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1070:
1067:
1064:
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1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
967:Main article:
964:
961:
953:
952:
945:Village plan (
943:
933:
932:
931:Rural planning
928:
927:
926:
925:
916:
904:
903:
902:
889:
888:
884:
883:
882:
881:
872:
871:
870:
839:
838:
837:
824:
823:
819:
818:
809:
799:
798:
793:
790:
781:
780:Types of plans
778:
762:
761:
748:
737:(2008 - 2018)
735:
726:
717:
703:
700:
697:
696:
689:
678:
674:
673:
671:
659:
655:
654:
651:
639:
635:
634:
632:
620:
616:
615:
613:
609:历史文化名城名镇名村保护条例
597:
593:
592:
590:
565:
559:
558:
556:
553:
547:
546:
543:
540:
517:
514:
512:
509:
377:Five Year Plan
354:iron rice bowl
328:
325:
319:
316:
295:
292:
272:Hemudu culture
231:Main article:
228:
225:
224:
223:
175:
141:
115:
46:Forbidden City
37:urban planning
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3046:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Public policy
2940:
2938:
2937:Public health
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:Urban ecology
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2871:
2870:Ancient Egypt
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
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2809:
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2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
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2767:
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2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Lewis Mumford
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2668:Raymond Unwin
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
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2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
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2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2575:practitioners
2570:
2567:
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2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2541:
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2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Tract housing
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2494:Temporary use
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2479:Planning gain
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
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2436:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
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2416:
2413:
2411:
2410:Creative city
2408:
2406:
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2396:
2393:
2391:
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2364:Urban village
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2349:
2346:
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2343:Model village
2341:
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2322:
2321:
2320:
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2304:Commuter town
2302:
2300:
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2278:
2277:Urban renewal
2275:
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2214:Structuralism
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2100:
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2036:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Rural housing
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:Redevelopment
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1682:. BBC Sounds.
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2648:Le Corbusier
2618:Edmund Bacon
2583:Andrés Duany
2538:Urbanization
2524:Urban sprawl
2489:Rural flight
2469:Permeability
2464:Model cities
2336:Logging camp
2295:Company town
2209:Smart growth
2199:New Urbanism
1981:Urban design
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2633:James Rouse
2514:Urban decay
2499:Third place
2474:Placemaking
2324:Pit village
2314:Global city
1571:. Seattle:
1463:jj.11589102
1100:), namely:
918:Site plan (
874:Site plan (
516:Legislation
441:sponge city
385:green belts
362:proletarian
327:Modern time
280:Sui dynasty
178:Global City
70:limited to
3023:Categories
2628:Ian McHarg
2573:Theorists/
2350:(New town)
2309:Ghost town
2148:Concepts/
1884:Urban area
1787:2012-11-07
1601:Britannica
1220:References
1029:Provincial
963:New system
792:Old system
750:(2018 - )
481:, and the
431:Xi Jinping
344:Mao Zedong
35:. China's
2917:Geography
2829:Barcelona
2808:Singapore
2783:Australia
2776:Countries
2390:Cityscape
2157:Movements
1651:Jin, Keyu
1509:145093393
1501:0308-518X
1148:Singapore
1134:乡村建设规划许可证
1125:建设工程规划许可证
1116:建设用地规划许可证
1107:建设项目选址意见书
1043:Municipal
741:(MOHURD,
722:城乡建设环境保护部
628:北京市城乡规划条例
420:I. M. Pei
400:Four Olds
366:Tiananmen
255:Feng Shui
240:Kaogongji
204:Guangzhou
194:Hong Kong
54:Feng-shui
22:Chongqing
2985:Category
2834:Shanghai
2736:Training
2378:Concepts
2369:Boomtown
2359:Arcology
2331:Man camp
2299:Monotown
2252:Ekistics
2234:Theories
2150:theories
1991:Urbanism
1940:branches
1909:Planning
1904:Land use
1858:Theories
1653:(2023).
1197:中国城市规划学会
1166:See also
1049:(Within
1015:National
814:省域城镇体系规划
805:全国城镇体系规划
773:规划和自然资源局
744:住房和城乡建设部
713:国家城市建设总局
647:城市规划编制办法
542:Examples
251:geomancy
214:Shenzhen
190:Shanghai
156:Shenyang
146:Shanghai
72:Chang'an
50:geomancy
3007:Commons
2883:Related
2696:Critics
2449:LEED-ND
1947:General
1877:General
1868:Outline
1853:History
1194:(UPSC,
921:修建性详细规划
912:控制性详细规划
877:修建性详细规划
847:控制性详细规划
449:Sichuan
260:I Ching
227:History
186:Beijing
166:Tianjin
138:Beijing
106:Luoyang
96:Nanjing
86:Beijing
59:I-Ching
2855:Africa
2839:Sydney
2822:Cities
2803:Serbia
2798:Russia
2769:Places
2565:People
2552:Zoning
2435:Infill
1899:Suburb
1763:
1757:国土空间规划
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1063:County
985:国土空间规划
865::
857::
830:城市总体规划
754:(MNR,
691:Among
545:Notes
477:, the
370:square
358:danwei
349:danwei
164:) and
136:) and
128:Harbin
119:danwei
104:) and
2848:Other
2788:China
2224:YIMBY
2194:NIMBY
2000:Rural
1972:(Eur)
1938:Major
1863:Index
1799:Notes
1505:S2CID
1459:JSTOR
1001:Level
895:镇总体规划
767:自然资源局
757:自然资源部
586:土地管理法
575:城乡规划法
539:Level
308:Xi'an
304:Banpo
276:Banpo
76:Xi'an
2417:(US)
2024:(UK)
1961:(US)
1889:City
1761:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1659:ISBN
1631:ISBN
1577:ISBN
1545:help
1497:ISSN
1449:ISBN
1397:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1097:一书三证
948:村庄规划
867:法定圖則
859:法定图则
563:Laws
495:The
461:The
257:and
64:The
1489:doi
1441:doi
1051:UGB
982:" (
939:乡规划
731:建设部
202:),
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133:哈尔滨
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253:,
222:).
219:深圳
209:广州
199:香港
192:,
188:,
174:).
171:天津
161:沈阳
151:上海
123:单位
114:).
111:洛阳
101:南京
91:北京
81:西安
56:,
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