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water can impact waterways in which people recreate or fish, causing the beaches or water-based activities to be closed. This is because the runoff has likely caused a spike in harmful bacterial growth or inorganic chemical pollution in the water. The contaminants that we often think of as the most damaging are gasoline and oil spillage, but we often overlook the impact that fertilizers and insecticides have. When plants are watered and fields irrigated, the chemicals that lawns and crops have been treated with can be washed into the water table. The new environments that these chemicals are introduced to suffer due to their presence as they kill native vegetation, invertebrates, and vertebrates.
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diffuse sources of pollution are not addressed... These include land-disturbing agricultural, silvicultural, urban, industrial, and construction activities from which hard-to-monitor pollutants emerge during wet-weather events. Pollution from these landscapes has been almost universally acknowledged as the most pressing challenge to the restoration of waterbodies and aquatic ecosystems nationwide."
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1371:: backup through sewer pipes, toilets and sinks into buildings; seepage through building walls and floors; the accumulation of water on the property and in public rights-of-way; and the overflow of water from water bodies such as rivers and lakes. Where properties are built with basements, urban flooding is the primary cause of basement flooding.
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Educational programs can also be an effective tool for managing urban runoff. Local businesses and individuals can have an integral role in reducing pollution in urban runoff simply through their practices, but often are unaware of regulations. Creating a productive discussion on urban runoff and the
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and similar control structures using concrete and masonry materials. Use of these hard materials destroys habitat for fish and other animals. Such a project may stabilize the immediate area where flood damage occurred, but often it simply shifts the problem to an upstream or downstream segment of the
1625:
Providing effective urban runoff solutions often requires proper city programs that take into account the needs and differences of the community. Factors such as a city's mean temperature, precipitation levels, geographical location, and airborne pollutant levels can all affect rates of pollution in
1403:
published a comprehensive report on the effects of urban stormwater and stated that it continues to be a major contamination source in many watersheds throughout the United States. The report explained that "...further declines in water quality remain likely if the land-use changes that typify more
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deals with the collection of runoff from creeks, gullies, ephemeral streams, and other ground conveyances. Stormwater harvesting projects often have multiple objectives, such as reducing contaminated runoff to sensitive waters, promoting groundwater recharge, and non-potable applications such as
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There are many different ways that polluted urban runoff could harm humans, such as by contaminating drinking water, disrupting food sources and even causing parts of beaches to be closed off due to a risk of illness. After heavy rainfall events that cause stormwater overflows, contaminated
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in runoff. Sedimentation often settles to the bottom of water bodies and can directly affect water quality. Excessive levels of sediment in water bodies can increase the risk of infection and disease through high levels of nutrients present in the soil. These high levels of nutrients can reduce
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Selbig, William R.; Loheide, Steven P.; Shuster, William; Scharenbroch, Bryant C.; Coville, Robert C.; Kruegler, James; Avery, William; Haefner, Ralph; Nowak, David (1 February 2022). "Quantifying the stormwater runoff volume reduction benefits of urban street tree canopy".
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Effective control of urban runoff involves reducing the velocity and flow of stormwater, as well as reducing pollutant discharges. Local governments use a variety of stormwater management techniques to reduce the effects of urban runoff. These techniques, called
1822:
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Tromp, Karin; Lima, Ana T.; Barendregt, Arjan; Verhoeven, Jos T. A. (15 February 2012). "Retention of heavy metals and poly-aromatic hydrocarbons from road water in a constructed wetland and the effect of de-icing".
1644:, such as bioretention systems and infiltration basins. Bioretention basins tend to be less effective at reducing temperature, as the water may be heated by the sun before being discharged to a receiving stream.
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Excessive stream bank erosion may cause flooding and property damage. For many years governments have often responded to urban stream erosion problems by modifying the streams through construction of hardened
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have the potential to damage existing infrastructure as well. Sedimentation can increase surface runoff by plugging underground injection systems. Increased sedimentation levels can also reduce storage behind
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1483:. Once the naturally occurring oxygen in the water is depleted, the algae blooms die, and their decomposition causes further eutrophication. These algae blooms mostly occur in areas with still water, such as
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load discharged to receiving waters decreases, but the water flow and velocity increases. In fact, the impervious cover in a typical city creates five times the runoff of a typical woodland of the same size.
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urban runoff and present unique challenges for management. Human factors such as urbanization rates, land use trends, and chosen building materials for impervious surfaces often exacerbate these issues.
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conditions. Runoff carries accumulated pollutants to streams with unusually low dilution ratios causing higher pollutant concentrations than would be found during regional precipitation events.
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2133:. Preliminary Data Summary of Urban Storm Water Best Management Practices (Report). Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). August 1999. EPA-821-R-99-012.
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Fletcher, T. D.; Andrieu, H.; Hamel, P. (1 January 2013). "Understanding, management and modelling of urban hydrology and its consequences for receiving waters: A state of the art".
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of the waterway. Containing little or no sediment relative to the historic ratio of sediment to water, urban runoff rushes down the stream channel, ruining natural features such as
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often occurs in waterways affected by this type of runoff. After heavy rains, organic matter in the waterway is relatively high compared with natural levels, spurring growth of
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Laws, Edward A.; Roth, Lauren (2004). "Impact of Stream
Hardening on Water Quality and Metabolic Characteristics of Waimanalo and Kane'ohe Streams, O'ahu, Hawaiian Islands".
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1714:
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The implementation of citywide maintenance strategies such as street sweeping programs can also be an effective method in improving the quality of urban runoff.
1258:. This reduction of reservoir capacities can lead to increased expenses for public land agencies while also impacting the quality of water recreational areas.
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importance of effective disposal of household items can help to encourage environmentally friendly practices at a reduced cost to the city and local economy.
1468:
beaches at the mouth of a waterway, urban runoff carries trash, pollutants, excessive silt, and other wastes, and can pose moderate to severe health hazards.
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One of the most pronounced effects of urban runoff is on watercourses that historically contained little or no water during dry weather periods (often called
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Berland, Adam; Shiflett, Sheri A.; Shuster, William D.; Garmestani, Ahjond S.; Goddard, Haynes C.; Herrmann, Dustin L.; Hopton, Matthew E. (1 June 2017).
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Peer, Wendy Ann; Baxter, Ivan R.; Richards, Elizabeth L.; Freeman, John L.; Murphy, Angus S. (2005). "Phytoremediation and hyperaccumulator plants".
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of toxins in ocean life. Small amounts of heavy metals are carried by runoff into the oceans, which can accumulate within aquatic animals to cause
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1579:(BMPs) in some countries, may focus on water quantity control, while others focus on improving water quality, and some perform both functions.
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An oil-grit separator is designed to capture settleable solids, oil and grease, debris and floatables in runoff from roads and parking lots
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1135:. This excess water can also make its way into people's properties through basement backups and seepage through building wall and floors.
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since the amount of water that remains on the surface is greater. Most municipal storm sewer systems discharge untreated stormwater to
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1273:. This heavy metal poisoning can also affect humans, since ingesting a poisoned animal increases the risk of heavy metal poisoning.
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2116:. National Management Measures to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution from Hydromodification (Report). EPA. 2007. EPA 841-B-07-002.
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Burton, G. Allen Jr.; Pitt, Robert (2001). "Ch. 2: Receiving Water Uses, Impairments, and
Sources of Stormwater Pollutants".
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Thermal pollution from runoff can be controlled by stormwater management facilities that absorb the runoff or direct it into
1914:
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collect particles of dust and suspended solids often found in public parking lots and roads that often end up in runoff.
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1360:, urban flooding is characterized by its repetitive, costly, and systemic impacts on communities, even when not within
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and other organisms. (A sudden burst of runoff from a rainstorm can cause a fish-killing shock of hot water.) Also,
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1340:, the inundation of land or property in a built-up environment caused by rainfall overwhelming the capacity of
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2223:"Pollutants in stormwater runoff in Shanghai (China): Implications for management of urban runoff pollution"
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and improved chemical handling (e.g. management of motor fuels & oil, fertilizers, pesticides and
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2260:(Report). City of Pacific Grove, CA. April 2014. Final Environmental Impact Report. Archived from
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gutters). Fertilizer use on residential lawns, parks and golf courses is a measurable source of
1535:
1460:, and creates severe erosion—increasing sediment loads at the mouth while severely carving the
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1499:. Eutrophication usually comes with deadly consequences for fish and other aquatic organisms.
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2018:
1770:
WEF Manual of
Practice No. 23; ASCE Manual and Report on Engineering Practice No. 87. 1998.
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oxygen and boost algae growth while limiting native vegetation growth, which can disrupt
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1824:
Stormwater
Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers
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in urban runoff when fertilizer is improperly applied or when turf is over-fertilized.
1139:
1048:
1005:
809:
709:
664:
657:
652:
409:
104:
2398:" Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, U.S. National Ocean Service, 9 December 2019
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1929:
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1368:
1226:
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62:
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used to melt snow on sidewalks and roadways can contaminate streams and groundwater
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4888:
4787:
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3183:
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2934:
2884:
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1979:
1796:. Ellicott City, MD: Center for Watershed Protection. pp. 1–12. Archived from
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1611:
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1100:
1052:
857:
804:
635:
600:
545:
264:
124:
2379:
1510:
1240:
Eroding soils or poorly maintained construction sites can often lead to increased
2518:
2336:"Acute cerebrovascular effects in juvenile coho salmon exposed to roadway runoff"
1767:
5726:
5650:
5354:
5317:
5264:
4988:
4973:
4948:
4822:
4425:
4086:
4081:
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3035:
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2914:
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1673:
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1361:
1315:
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779:
477:
457:
94:
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3005:
2869:
2569:
2179:
1656:
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1449:
1441:
1255:
1234:
1187:
1179:
1096:
829:
585:
89:
2334:
Blair, Stephanie I.; Barlow, Clyde H.; McIntyre, Jenifer K. (February 2021).
2131:"Ch. 5: Description and Performance of Storm Water Best Management Practices"
2091:
1930:"Using Smart Controllers to Reduce Urban Runoff in the City of Newport Beach"
1276:
As stormwater is channeled into storm drains and surface waters, the natural
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5751:
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897:
852:
814:
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605:
69:
49:
39:
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4925:
3837:
3781:
3442:
3291:
3259:
2766:
2658:
2593:
1739:
1603:
1471:
Because of fertilizer and organic waste that urban runoff often carries,
1445:
1341:
1299:
1277:
1230:
1159:
1088:
1068:
269:
1682:, a research project conducted by the US Environmental Protection Agency
19:
5782:
5731:
5259:
5254:
5236:
5216:
5121:
5058:
4993:
4930:
3798:
3301:
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3161:
2693:
1526:
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1453:
1424:
1207:
2082:
5577:
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4182:
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3244:
2708:
2698:
2411:
1480:
1199:
1195:
1124:
907:
887:
794:
784:
492:
1866:(Report). Portland, OR: Oregon Environmental Council. December 2007.
4383:
2022:
5675:
5660:
5615:
5359:
5332:
5279:
5146:
5141:
5111:
5096:
4905:
4675:
4659:
4212:
4154:
3495:
3427:
3325:
3217:
2613:
1545:
1534:
1509:
1501:
1476:
1406:
1373:
1320:
1309:
1174:, and other pollutants from roadways and parking lots, as well as
1171:
1128:
1120:
917:
862:
254:
2166:
5705:
5670:
5226:
5186:
5151:
4187:
3308:
3296:
3212:
2178:
New Jersey
Department of Environmental Protection. Trenton, NJ.
2047:"Urban Stream Contamination Increasing Rapidly Due to Road Salt"
1861:
Stormwater
Solutions: Turning Oregon's Rain Back into a Resource
1492:
1416:
1222:
1211:
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1076:
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892:
139:
134:
99:
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in
Australia and the Middle East - such as the installation of
1051:
of rainwater, landscape irrigation, and car washing created by
5625:
5066:
2517:
Harry C. Torno; Jiri
Marsalek; Michel Desbordes, eds. (1986).
2406:. Topics in Current Genetics. Vol. 14. pp. 299–340.
2221:
Ballo, Siaka; Liu, Min; Hou, Lijun; Chang, Jing (2009-07-10).
1488:
1132:
2538:
3080:
2761:
2286:. Farmington Hills, MI: Glennhaven Press. pp. 144–157.
2165:
California
Stormwater Quality Association. Menlo Park, CA.
1415:
The runoff also increases temperatures in streams, harming
2145:"Low Impact Development and Other Green Design Strategies"
2404:
Molecular
Biology of Metal Homeostasis and Detoxification
2255:
Monterey-Pacific Grove ASBS Stormwater Management Project
2180:"New Jersey Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual."
1900:. Farmington Hills, MI: Glenhaven Press. pp. 39–45.
1746:. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2018-06-06.
1182:
from lawns. Roads and parking lots are major sources of
1763:
1440:, the resultant runoff creates an unnatural year-round
2167:"Stormwater Best Management Practice (BMP) Handbooks."
2017:(Report). Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press.
2197:
National Menu of Stormwater Best Management Practices
1083:
events, these surfaces (built from materials such as
1298:
may produce runoff reaching receiving waters during
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5714:
5596:
5458:
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5331:
5303:
5235:
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3334:
3127:
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2800:
2722:
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1669:
Agricultural wastewater treatment - Nutrient runoff
1186:(PAHs), which are created as the byproducts of the
2340:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
2293:"The role of trees in urban stormwater management"
2013:National Research Council (United States) (2009).
1759:
1386:with concrete walls to control localized flooding.
1367:There are several ways in which stormwater enters
1955:"Over-Irrigation Can Cause Storm Water Pollution"
2396:What You Can Do To Reduce Urban Runoff Pollution
2284:Human Activities That Threaten the Worlds Oceans
2114:"Ch. 3. Channelization and Channel Modification"
2015:Urban Stormwater Management in the United States
2149:National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
1996:Center for Neighborhood Technology, Chicago IL
1917:(Report). EPA. February 2003. EPA 841-F-03-003.
1715:"Impact of Water Runoff from Streets and Yards"
1522:of stormwater through permeable soils into the
16:Surface runoff of water caused by urbanization
4644:
4399:
3096:
2554:
1859:"Ch. 1. Impacts of Urban Stormwater Runoff".
1577:best management practices for water pollution
1025:
8:
1998:"The Prevalence and Cost of Urban Flooding."
2068:(2). University of Hawai'i Press: 261–280.
2008:
2006:
1877:Bortman, Marci (2011). "Marine Pollution".
1792:. In Schueler; Holland, Heather K. (eds.).
4651:
4637:
4629:
4406:
4392:
4384:
3103:
3089:
3081:
2561:
2547:
2539:
2125:
2123:
1915:Protecting Water Quality from Urban Runoff
1032:
1018:
922:
48:
26:
2351:
2316:
2238:
2081:
1214:. Roof runoff contributes high levels of
1570:Surface runoff: Mitigation and treatment
1436:). When an area around such a stream is
18:
5250:International scale of river difficulty
4244:Pollutant release and transfer register
1755:
1753:
1706:
1582:Pollution prevention practices include
961:
925:
38:
23:Urban runoff flowing into a storm drain
1909:
1907:
1138:Urban runoff can be a major source of
1606:). Runoff mitigation systems include
1479:blooms that soon consume most of the
7:
4588:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
4334:
3575:Electromagnetic radiation and health
2199:. EPA. 6 August 2014. Archived from
1794:The Practice of Watershed Protection
1696:Surface runoff - Agricultural issues
4350:
4342:
3433:Radium and radon in the environment
1764:American Society of Civil Engineers
1596:Water-Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD)
1592:Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS)
1103:, instead of allowing the water to
260:Radium and radon in the environment
2950:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
1980:"Surface Runoff - The Water Cycle"
1827:. New York: CRC/Lewis Publishers.
1790:"The Importance of Imperviousness"
1768:"Urban Runoff Quality Management."
14:
2820:Agricultural wastewater treatment
2309:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.02.017
2193:"Parking Lot and Street Cleaning"
1464:upstream. As an example, on many
1336:Urban runoff is a major cause of
1249:Excessive levels of sediment and
1194:, as well as of the heavy metals
4461:Environmental impact of shipping
4368:
4358:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4321:
4320:
3064:
3063:
2474:Science of the Total Environment
1184:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
1158:in urban areas tends to pick up
1146:in urban communities worldwide.
999:
987:
5897:Environmental issues with water
5407:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3147:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
2880:Industrial wastewater treatment
2850:Decentralized wastewater system
2494:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151296
2464:10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.09.001
1740:"Runoff (surface water runoff)"
1680:Nationwide Urban Runoff Program
1676:(initial runoff of a rainstorm)
1411:An open runoff system in Africa
80:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
2431:"Road Runoff a No-No for Coho"
2372:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1719:Highlands Ranch Metro District
1348:. Triggered by events such as
1111:. This causes lowering of the
949:Least polluted cities by PM2.5
1:
3635:Electrical resistance heating
2900:Rotating biological contactor
2380:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.024
1788:Schueler, Thomas R. (2000) .
420:Electrical resistance heating
5902:Hydrology and urban planning
5573:Universal Soil Loss Equation
5523:Hydrological transport model
5417:Storm Water Management Model
3287:Persistent organic pollutant
2297:Landscape and Urban Planning
1760:Water Environment Federation
1584:low impact development (LID)
1395:Urban runoff contributes to
130:Persistent organic pollutant
54:Air pollution from a factory
4471:Fish diseases and parasites
4297:Least polluted cities by PM
2523:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
2444:Advances in Water Resources
2429:Rosen, Julia (2015-10-26).
2282:McGinn, Anne Platt (2004).
2227:Progress in Natural Science
2151:. EPA. 2014. Archived from
1506:Oil slick created by runoff
1444:that hurts the vegetation,
1364:or near any body of water.
5933:
5077:Antecedent drainage stream
4239:Pollution haven hypothesis
4162:Brain health and pollution
3400:Ecological light pollution
3230:Internal combustion engine
2965:Wastewater treatment plant
2732:Adsorbable organic halides
2240:10.1016/j.pnsc.2008.07.021
1896:Weiss, Kenneth R. (2009).
1879:Environmental Encyclopedia
1567:
5841:
5813:River valley civilization
5696:Riparian-zone restoration
4543:Nonpoint source pollution
4421:
4318:
4042:Nonpoint source pollution
3962:War and environmental law
3321:Volatile organic compound
3118:
3059:
2737:Biochemical oxygen demand
1984:USGS Water Science School
1934:Newport Beach, California
1928:Stein, Robert; Ash, Tom.
1744:USGS Water Science School
1686:Nonpoint source pollution
1564:Prevention and mitigation
1401:National Research Council
1399:problems. In 2009 the US
1071:) are constructed during
675:War and environmental law
295:Health effects from noise
145:Volatile organic compound
5876:Countries without rivers
5851:Rivers by discharge rate
5563:Runoff model (reservoir)
5528:Infiltration (hydrology)
4578:Plastic pellet pollution
3501:Marine mammals and sonar
3412:Radio spectrum pollution
1356:, overbank flooding, or
300:Marine mammals and sonar
5548:River Continuum Concept
5313:Agricultural wastewater
4446:Cultural eutrophication
4347:WikiProject Environment
4305:Most polluted countries
4249:Polluter pays principle
3980:Agricultural wastewater
2925:Sewage sludge treatment
2865:Fecal sludge management
2825:API oil–water separator
2792:Wastewater surveillance
2353:10.1139/cjfas-2020-0240
1717:. Highlands Ranch, CO:
1631:Street sweeping vacuums
1622:, and similar devices.
1296:irrigation by sprinkler
1261:Runoff can also induce
775:Freshwater salinization
695:Agricultural wastewater
5871:River name etymologies
5798:Hydraulic civilization
5656:Floodplain restoration
5432:Point source pollution
5207:Sedimentary structures
4583:Point source pollution
4365:Environment portal
3598:Agricultural pollution
2782:Total suspended solids
2777:Total dissolved solids
2742:Chemical oxygen demand
2520:Urban Runoff Pollution
1762:, Alexandria, VA; and
1590:techniques - known as
1540:
1530:
1507:
1412:
1387:
1333:
1318:
1290:Dry weather discharges
1190:of gasoline and other
994:Environment portal
24:
5912:Stormwater management
5483:Discharge (hydrology)
5445:Industrial wastewater
4926:Sedimentary processes
4020:Industrial wastewater
3886:Clutter (advertising)
3794:Municipal solid waste
3640:Soil guideline values
3484:Sustainable transport
3377:Information pollution
3177:Open burning of waste
2649:Industrial wastewater
2074:10.1353/psc.2004.0019
1648:Stormwater harvesting
1538:
1513:
1505:
1487:and the pools behind
1410:
1377:
1325:Relationship between
1324:
1313:
1294:Overwatering through
735:Industrial wastewater
503:Municipal solid waste
425:Soil guideline values
22:
5588:Volumetric flow rate
5172:Riffle-pool sequence
4593:Silver nanoparticles
4292:Most polluted cities
3985:Biological pollution
3896:Overhead power lines
2991:Groundwater recharge
2374:. 203–204: 290–298.
1959:El Cajon, California
1691:Rainwater harvesting
1616:constructed wetlands
1588:green infrastructure
1117:groundwater recharge
1079:, storms, and other
944:Most polluted cities
596:Overhead power lines
5762:Whitewater kayaking
5757:Whitewater canoeing
5558:Runoff curve number
5402:Flood pulse concept
4558:Ocean deoxygenation
4553:Ocean acidification
4355:WikiProject Ecology
4052:Ocean acidification
3957:Unexploded ordnance
3828:Post-consumer waste
3688:Foam food container
3666:Biodegradable waste
3240:Global distillation
2905:Secondary treatment
2890:Membrane bioreactor
2845:Constructed wetland
2644:Infiltration/Inflow
2486:2022ScTEn.806o1296S
2456:2013AdWR...51..261F
2435:Scientific American
2049:. USGS. 2014-12-15.
1986:. USGS. 2019-06-08.
1608:infiltration basins
1466:Southern California
1380:Passaic, New Jersey
1327:impervious surfaces
1314:Flooded streets in
1156:impervious surfaces
1057:Impervious surfaces
760:Ocean acidification
670:Unexploded ordnance
591:Advertising clutter
523:Post-consumer waste
468:Foam food container
453:Biodegradable waste
110:Global distillation
5788:Aquatic toxicology
5701:Stream restoration
5666:Infiltration basin
5518:Hydrological model
5034:Sediment transport
4857:Estavelle/Inversac
4735:Subterranean river
4548:Nutrient pollution
4441:Aquatic toxicology
4375:Ecology portal
4259:Waste minimisation
4234:Industrial ecology
4229:Cleaner production
4047:Nutrient pollution
3924:Herbicidal warfare
3718:Construction waste
3354:Introduced species
3225:Indoor air quality
3152:Chlorofluorocarbon
3070:Category: Sewerage
3031:Septic drain field
2996:Infiltration basin
2940:Stabilization pond
2860:Facultative lagoon
2724:Quality indicators
2604:Blackwater (waste)
2584:Acid mine drainage
1541:
1531:
1516:percolation trench
1508:
1413:
1388:
1334:
1319:
1154:Water running off
1006:Ecology portal
631:Herbicidal warfare
175:Introduced species
115:Indoor air quality
85:Chlorofluorocarbon
25:
5884:
5883:
5861:Whitewater rivers
5767:Whitewater slalom
5598:River engineering
5498:Groundwater model
5459:River measurement
5387:Flood forecasting
5202:Sedimentary basin
5059:Fluvial landforms
4964:Bed material load
4740:River bifurcation
4626:
4625:
4481:Friendly Floatees
4381:
4380:
4254:Pollution control
3934:Nuclear holocaust
3843:Thermal treatment
3811:Plastic pollution
3728:Mercury poisoning
3681:Battery recycling
3580:Radioactive waste
3349:Genetic pollution
3344:Biological hazard
3142:Air quality index
3078:
3077:
2855:Extended aeration
2802:Treatment options
2752:Oxygen saturation
2599:Blackwater (coal)
2577:Sources and types
2421:978-3-540-22175-3
2032:978-0-309-12539-0
1898:Endangered Oceans
1553:River engineering
1433:ephemeral streams
1247:aquatic ecosystem
1219:organic compounds
1119:is lessened) and
1095:, carry polluted
1042:
1041:
977:
976:
643:Nuclear holocaust
566:Urban heat island
380:Radioactive waste
165:Biological hazard
75:Air quality index
5924:
5846:Rivers by length
5681:River morphology
5583:Wetted perimeter
5488:Drainage density
4999:Headward erosion
4828:Perennial stream
4700:Blackwater river
4653:
4646:
4639:
4630:
4523:Invasive species
4415:Marine pollution
4408:
4401:
4394:
4385:
4373:
4372:
4371:
4363:
4362:
4353:
4352:
4345:
4344:
4337:
4336:
4324:
4323:
4198:Legacy pollution
4057:Oil exploitation
3919:Chemical warfare
3833:Waste management
3740:Industrial waste
3708:Biomedical waste
3676:Electronic waste
3661:Advertising mail
3645:Phytoremediation
3620:Land degradation
3405:Overillumination
3359:Invasive species
3105:
3098:
3091:
3082:
3067:
3066:
2986:Evaporation pond
2974:Disposal options
2945:Trickling filter
2930:Sewage treatment
2830:Carbon filtering
2810:Activated sludge
2563:
2556:
2549:
2540:
2534:
2513:
2480:(Pt 3): 151296.
2467:
2438:
2425:
2412:10.1007/4735_100
2391:
2365:
2355:
2330:
2320:
2287:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2259:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2189:
2183:
2176:
2170:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2103:
2085:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2010:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1886:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1837:. Archived from
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1802:
1785:
1779:
1757:
1748:
1747:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1711:
1620:retention basins
1378:Weasel Brook in
1342:drainage systems
1267:biomagnification
1251:suspended solids
1073:land development
1034:
1027:
1020:
1004:
1003:
1002:
992:
991:
923:
626:Chemical warfare
528:Waste management
488:Industrial waste
463:Electronic waste
448:Advertising mail
430:Phytoremediation
405:Land degradation
345:Depleted uranium
230:Overillumination
180:Invasive species
52:
42:
27:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5925:
5923:
5922:
5921:
5917:Water pollution
5887:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5856:Drainage basins
5837:
5771:
5710:
5686:Retention basin
5646:Erosion control
5641:Detention basin
5592:
5508:Hjulström curve
5460:
5454:
5426:
5370:Non-water flood
5327:
5299:
5245:Helicoidal flow
5231:
5132:Fluvial terrace
5127:Floating island
5053:
4928:
4920:
4911:Rhythmic spring
4845:
4837:
4818:Stream gradient
4759:
4745:River ecosystem
4710:Channel pattern
4678:
4670:
4657:
4627:
4622:
4618:Water pollution
4533:Mercury in fish
4417:
4412:
4382:
4377:
4369:
4367:
4357:
4314:
4300:
4268:
4217:
4166:
4133:
4072:Pharmaceuticals
4062:Oil exploration
3966:
3938:Nuclear fallout
3905:
3867:
3849:
3823:Packaging waste
3777:Deep sea mining
3703:Hazardous waste
3649:
3630:Open defecation
3584:
3550:Nuclear fallout
3545:Nuclear fission
3521:
3447:
3416:
3387:Electromagnetic
3381:
3365:
3330:
3250:Ozone depletion
3123:
3114:
3109:
3079:
3074:
3055:
3021:Reclaimed water
2969:
2895:Reverse osmosis
2796:
2718:
2684:Reverse osmosis
2609:Boiler blowdown
2572:
2567:
2537:
2531:
2516:
2470:
2441:
2428:
2422:
2401:
2368:
2333:
2290:
2281:
2277:
2275:Further reading
2272:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2177:
2173:
2164:
2160:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2062:Pacific Science
2059:
2058:
2054:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2033:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1844:
1842:
1835:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1758:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1665:
1653:toilet flushing
1604:roadway deicers
1594:in the UK, and
1572:
1566:
1497:drop structures
1393:
1391:Water pollution
1308:
1292:
1287:
1271:metal poisoning
1263:bioaccumulation
1152:
1144:water pollution
1038:
1000:
998:
986:
979:
978:
878:
870:
869:
843:
835:
834:
770:Pharmaceuticals
750:Nonpoint source
690:
680:
679:
648:Nuclear fallout
621:
611:
610:
581:
571:
570:
561:
551:
550:
541:
533:
532:
518:Packaging waste
483:Hazardous waste
443:
435:
434:
395:
385:
384:
355:Nuclear fallout
350:Nuclear fission
330:
320:
319:
285:
275:
274:
250:
242:
241:
215:
213:Electromagnetic
205:
204:
195:
187:
186:
160:
150:
149:
120:Ozone depletion
65:
55:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5930:
5928:
5920:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5889:
5888:
5882:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5747:Stone skipping
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5631:Drop structure
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5611:Balancing lake
5608:
5602:
5600:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5538:Playfair's law
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5493:Exner equation
5490:
5485:
5480:
5478:Bradshaw model
5475:
5470:
5464:
5462:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5436:
5434:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5365:Urban flooding
5357:
5352:
5350:Crevasse splay
5347:
5345:100-year flood
5341:
5339:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5307:
5305:Surface runoff
5301:
5300:
5298:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5285:Stream capture
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5241:
5239:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5197:Rock-cut basin
5194:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5063:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5039:Suspended load
5036:
5031:
5029:Secondary flow
5026:
5021:
5019:Retrogradation
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4984:Dissolved load
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4935:
4933:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4918:
4916:Spring horizon
4913:
4908:
4903:
4901:Mineral spring
4898:
4897:
4896:
4886:
4885:
4884:
4882:list in the US
4879:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4808:Stream channel
4805:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4730:Drainage basin
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4690:Alluvial river
4686:
4684:
4672:
4671:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4633:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4603:Surface runoff
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4501:North Atlantic
4498:
4493:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4466:Eutrophication
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4403:
4396:
4388:
4379:
4378:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4289:
4287:Law by country
4284:
4278:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4141:
4139:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4109:Surface runoff
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4090:
4089:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3995:Eutrophication
3992:
3987:
3982:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3952:Scorched earth
3949:
3946:nuclear winter
3942:nuclear famine
3931:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3787:Uranium mining
3784:
3779:
3774:
3772:Surface mining
3769:
3764:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3723:Lead poisoning
3720:
3715:
3713:Chemical waste
3710:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3625:Bioremediation
3622:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3540:Bioremediation
3537:
3531:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3493:
3488:
3487:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:Transportation
3457:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3235:Global dimming
3232:
3227:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3206:Diesel exhaust
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3133:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3046:Surface runoff
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3026:Sanitary sewer
3023:
3018:
3016:Marine outfall
3013:
3011:Marine dumping
3008:
3003:
3001:Injection well
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2981:Combined sewer
2977:
2975:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:Settling basin
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2815:Aerated lagoon
2812:
2806:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2747:Coliform index
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2689:Sanitary sewer
2686:
2681:
2676:
2674:Produced water
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:Combined sewer
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2514:
2468:
2439:
2426:
2420:
2399:
2392:
2366:
2346:(2): 103–109.
2331:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2267:on 2020-11-13.
2246:
2233:(7): 873–880.
2213:
2184:
2171:
2158:
2155:on 2015-02-19.
2136:
2119:
2105:
2052:
2038:
2031:
2023:10.17226/12465
2002:
1989:
1971:
1946:
1920:
1903:
1888:
1869:
1851:
1833:
1813:
1780:
1766:, Reston, VA.
1749:
1731:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1661:
1568:Main article:
1565:
1562:
1473:eutrophication
1392:
1389:
1350:flash flooding
1338:urban flooding
1331:surface runoff
1307:
1306:Urban flooding
1304:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1151:
1148:
1140:urban flooding
1091:), along with
1049:surface runoff
1040:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1022:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
996:
981:
980:
975:
974:
973:
972:
964:
963:
959:
958:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
939:Law by country
936:
928:
927:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
866:
865:
860:
850:
844:
841:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
810:Surface runoff
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
710:Eutrophication
707:
702:
697:
691:
686:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
672:
667:
665:Scorched earth
662:
661:
660:
658:Nuclear winter
655:
653:Nuclear famine
650:
640:
639:
638:
628:
622:
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
582:
577:
576:
573:
572:
569:
568:
562:
557:
556:
553:
552:
549:
548:
542:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
410:Bioremediation
407:
402:
396:
391:
390:
387:
386:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
340:Bioremediation
337:
331:
326:
325:
322:
321:
318:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
290:Transportation
286:
281:
280:
277:
276:
273:
272:
267:
262:
257:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
237:Radio spectrum
234:
233:
232:
227:
216:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
196:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
183:
182:
172:
167:
161:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
105:Global dimming
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
61:
60:
57:
56:
53:
45:
44:
36:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5929:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5892:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5828:Surface water
5826:
5824:
5823:Sacred waters
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5808:Riparian zone
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5793:Body of water
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5742:Riverboarding
5740:
5738:
5737:River surfing
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5603:
5601:
5599:
5595:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5461:and modelling
5457:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5423:
5422:Return period
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5382:Flood control
5380:
5378:
5377:Flood barrier
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5064:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Palaeochannel
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4969:Granular flow
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4932:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4887:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4844:
4840:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:Channel types
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4695:Braided river
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Marine debris
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4507:
4506:South Pacific
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4491:Great Pacific
4489:
4488:
4487:
4486:Garbage patch
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4436:Anoxic waters
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4386:
4376:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4348:
4340:
4331:
4327:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4163:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4129:Water quality
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3891:Traffic signs
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3852:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3816:Microplastics
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:Nanomaterials
3804:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3745:Lead smelting
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
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3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3565:Radioactivity
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3518:
3517:Noise control
3515:
3512:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
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3307:
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3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3265:Metal working
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
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3034:
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3027:
3024:
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3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
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2979:
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2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2910:Sedimentation
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
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2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
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2838:
2836:
2833:
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2828:
2826:
2823:
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2818:
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2813:
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2808:
2807:
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2799:
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2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Sewage sludge
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
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2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2629:Cooling water
2627:
2625:
2624:Cooling tower
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Ballast water
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2541:
2532:
2530:3-540-16090-6
2526:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
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2487:
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2274:
2263:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2203:on 2015-08-28
2202:
2198:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2181:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2140:
2137:
2132:
2126:
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2120:
2115:
2109:
2106:
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2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1892:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1841:on 2009-05-19
1840:
1836:
1834:0-87371-924-7
1830:
1826:
1825:
1817:
1814:
1803:on 2014-03-27
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1776:1-57278-039-8
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
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1443:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:water quality
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
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1323:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1242:sedimentation
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1081:precipitation
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
997:
995:
990:
985:
984:
983:
982:
971:
968:
967:
966:
965:
960:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
931:
930:
929:
924:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
874:
873:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
839:
838:
831:
828:
826:
825:Water quality
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
689:
684:
683:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
644:
641:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
620:
615:
614:
607:
604:
602:
601:Traffic signs
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
580:
575:
574:
567:
564:
563:
560:
555:
554:
547:
544:
543:
537:
536:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
508:Nanomaterials
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
439:
438:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
394:
389:
388:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
370:Radioactivity
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
329:
324:
323:
316:
315:Soundproofing
313:
311:
310:Noise control
308:
306:
305:Noise barrier
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
284:
279:
278:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
252:
246:
245:
238:
235:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
209:
208:
201:
198:
197:
191:
190:
181:
178:
177:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
162:
159:
154:
153:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
64:
59:
58:
51:
47:
46:
43:
37:
33:
29:
28:
21:
5907:Urbanization
5866:Flash floods
5818:River cruise
5715:River sports
5568:Stream gauge
5553:Rouse number
5543:Relief ratio
5392:Flood-meadow
5323:Urban runoff
5322:
5237:Fluvial flow
5222:River valley
5192:River island
5157:Meander scar
5072:Alluvial fan
5014:Progradation
4889:Karst spring
4833:Winterbourne
4788:Chalk stream
4750:River source
4725:Distributary
4613:Urban runoff
4612:
4573:Plastic bags
4496:Indian Ocean
4431:Anoxic event
4208:Point source
4150:Heavy metals
4124:Urban runoff
4123:
4104:Sulfur water
4082:Septic tanks
3928:Agent Orange
3782:Mining waste
3608:Manure waste
3438:Volcanic ash
3314:Black carbon
3270:Oil refining
3255:Particulates
3184:Construction
3051:Vacuum sewer
2935:Sewer mining
2885:Ion exchange
2835:Chlorination
2757:Heavy metals
2714:Urban runoff
2713:
2654:Ion exchange
2634:Fecal sludge
2519:
2477:
2473:
2447:
2443:
2434:
2403:
2371:
2343:
2339:
2300:
2296:
2283:
2262:the original
2249:
2230:
2226:
2216:
2205:. Retrieved
2201:the original
2196:
2187:
2174:
2161:
2153:the original
2148:
2139:
2108:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2041:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1962:. Retrieved
1949:
1937:. Retrieved
1923:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1854:
1843:. Retrieved
1839:the original
1823:
1816:
1805:. Retrieved
1798:the original
1793:
1783:
1778:. Chapter 1.
1743:
1734:
1722:. Retrieved
1709:
1646:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1624:
1612:bioretention
1581:
1573:
1558:
1550:
1542:
1532:
1520:infiltration
1485:stream pools
1470:
1431:
1429:
1414:
1394:
1366:
1354:storm surges
1346:storm sewers
1335:
1293:
1275:
1260:
1239:
1192:fossil fuels
1168:heavy metals
1153:
1137:
1101:storm drains
1065:parking lots
1053:urbanization
1045:Urban runoff
1044:
1043:
913:Point source
858:Heavy metals
820:Urban runoff
819:
805:Sulfur water
780:Septic tanks
636:Agent Orange
546:Space debris
400:Agricultural
265:Volcanic ash
125:Particulates
5727:Fly fishing
5651:Fish ladder
5636:Daylighting
5355:Flash flood
5318:First flush
5265:Plunge pool
4989:Downcutting
4974:Debris flow
4949:Aggradation
4823:Stream pool
4426:Algal bloom
4178:Area source
4087:Pit latrine
4010:Groundwater
3767:Gold mining
3762:Coal mining
3733:Toxic waste
3698:Green waste
3671:Brown waste
3654:Solid waste
3201:Exhaust gas
3041:Storm drain
3036:Sewage farm
2960:Vermifilter
2915:Septic tank
2875:Imhoff tank
2772:Temperature
2679:Return flow
2669:Papermaking
2450:: 261–279.
2303:: 167–177.
2182:April 2004.
1674:First flush
1642:groundwater
1600:green roofs
1546:embankments
1524:groundwater
1495:, and some
1384:channelized
1362:floodplains
1316:New Orleans
1176:fertilizers
1113:water table
883:Area source
725:Groundwater
478:Green waste
458:Brown waste
442:Solid waste
200:Information
95:Exhaust gas
5891:Categories
5833:Wild river
5513:Hydrograph
5503:Hack's law
5468:Baer's law
5412:Inundation
5397:Floodplain
5337:stormwater
5295:Whitewater
5167:Oxbow lake
5004:Knickpoint
4979:Deposition
4872:Hot spring
4813:Streamflow
4803:Stream bed
4720:Confluence
4598:Stormwater
4451:Cyanotoxin
4330:by country
4326:Categories
4264:Zero waste
4145:Pollutants
4099:Stagnation
4037:Monitoring
4005:Freshwater
3881:Air travel
3693:Food waste
3613:Pesticides
3603:Herbicides
3507:Industrial
3336:Biological
3196:Demolition
3189:Renovation
3172:Joss paper
3157:Combustion
3006:Irrigation
2870:Filtration
2570:Wastewater
2207:2014-12-24
2083:10125/2725
1845:2009-01-16
1807:2014-12-24
1702:References
1657:irrigation
1462:stream bed
1450:stream bed
1442:streamflow
1369:properties
1358:snow melts
1344:, such as
1235:phosphorus
1227:galvanized
1188:combustion
1180:pesticides
1150:Pollutants
1097:stormwater
970:By country
962:Categories
853:Pollutants
830:Wastewater
800:Stagnation
745:Monitoring
720:Freshwater
586:Air travel
473:Food waste
415:Defecation
225:Ecological
158:Biological
90:Combustion
30:Part of a
5803:Limnology
5752:Triathlon
5722:Canyoning
5691:Revetment
5621:Check dam
5533:Main stem
5290:Waterfall
5177:Point bar
5162:Mouth bar
5102:Billabong
5049:Water gap
5044:Wash load
5024:Saltation
4944:Anabranch
4867:Holy well
4755:Tributary
4608:Upwelling
4563:Oil spill
4538:Microbead
4476:Fish kill
4456:Dead zone
4222:Responses
4193:Garbology
4119:Turbidity
4067:Oil spill
4000:Firewater
3901:Vandalism
3863:Satellite
3560:Poisoning
3555:Plutonium
3535:Actinides
3527:Radiation
3275:Wood dust
3137:Acid rain
3112:Pollution
2840:Clarifier
2787:Turbidity
2639:Greywater
2510:240180212
2362:230581357
2092:0030-8870
1964:30 August
1939:30 August
1724:30 August
1614:systems,
1438:urbanized
1421:road salt
1382:has been
1256:reservoir
1216:synthetic
1164:motor oil
1115:(because
1105:percolate
1075:. During
1069:sidewalks
898:Garbology
815:Turbidity
765:Oil spill
715:Firewater
700:Biosolids
606:Vandalism
365:Poisoning
360:Plutonium
335:Actinides
328:Radiation
70:Acid rain
41:Pollution
5606:Aqueduct
5473:Baseflow
5440:Effluent
5117:Cut bank
5082:Avulsion
4959:Bed load
4939:Abrasion
4568:Particle
4310:Treaties
4282:Diseases
4094:Shipping
3990:Diseases
3838:Landfill
3513:Abstract
3510:Military
3443:Wildfire
3292:Smelting
3260:Asbestos
2767:Salinity
2659:Leachate
2594:Bathroom
2502:34736755
2388:22226719
2327:30220756
2100:19417682
2000:May 2013
1885:: 21–34.
1663:See also
1549:stream.
1458:sandbars
1454:meanders
1446:wildlife
1425:aquifers
1300:low flow
1278:sediment
1231:nitrates
1160:gasoline
1121:flooding
1107:through
1093:rooftops
1089:concrete
954:Treaties
934:Diseases
790:Shipping
755:Nutrient
705:Diseases
270:Wildfire
5783:Aquifer
5776:Related
5732:Rafting
5260:Meander
5255:Log jam
5217:Thalweg
5122:Estuary
4994:Erosion
4931:erosion
4843:Springs
4798:Current
4765:Streams
4705:Channel
4668:springs
4664:streams
4518:Hypoxia
4339:Commons
4114:Thermal
4015:Hypoxia
3799:Garbage
3570:Uranium
3421:Natural
3370:Digital
3302:Aerosol
3280:Welding
3167:Biomass
3162:Biofuel
3121:History
2694:Septage
2482:Bibcode
2452:Bibcode
2318:6134866
1527:aquifer
1518:allows
1285:Effects
1208:cadmium
1125:streams
1085:asphalt
848:History
730:Hypoxia
559:Thermal
513:Plastic
375:Uranium
249:Natural
194:Digital
170:Genetic
5578:WAFLEX
5450:Sewage
5333:Floods
5275:Riffle
5270:Rapids
5212:Strath
5182:Ravine
5107:Canyon
4862:Geyser
4793:Coulee
4778:Bourne
4773:Arroyo
4676:Rivers
4660:Rivers
4203:Midden
4183:Debris
4138:Topics
4077:Sewage
4030:debris
4025:Marine
3873:Visual
3757:Mining
3752:Litter
3245:Mining
3068:
2709:Toilet
2699:Sewage
2664:Manure
2527:
2508:
2500:
2418:
2386:
2360:
2325:
2315:
2098:
2090:
2029:
1831:
1774:
1481:oxygen
1225:(from
1210:, and
1200:copper
1196:nickel
1131:, and
1129:rivers
908:Midden
903:Legacy
888:Debris
842:Topics
795:Sludge
785:Sewage
740:Marine
579:Visual
498:Mining
493:Litter
32:series
5676:Levee
5661:Flume
5616:Canal
5360:Flood
5280:Shoal
5147:Gully
5142:Gulch
5112:Chine
5097:Bayou
4954:Armor
4906:Ponor
4681:lists
4274:Lists
4213:Waste
4155:Paint
3972:Water
3855:Space
3496:Sonar
3491:Urban
3469:Water
3453:Noise
3428:Ozone
3395:Light
3326:Waste
3218:Smoke
2614:Brine
2506:S2CID
2358:S2CID
2265:(PDF)
2258:(PDF)
2169:2003.
2096:S2CID
1864:(PDF)
1801:(pdf)
1493:weirs
1477:algae
1172:trash
1061:roads
926:Lists
918:Waste
863:Paint
688:Water
540:Space
283:Noise
255:Ozone
220:Light
5706:Weir
5671:Leat
5335:and
5227:Wadi
5187:Rill
5152:Glen
5137:Gill
5087:Bank
4929:and
4894:list
4877:list
4848:list
4783:Burn
4666:and
4513:GASB
4188:Dust
4171:Misc
3590:Soil
3479:Rail
3465:Land
3309:Soot
3297:Smog
3213:Haze
2955:UASB
2525:ISBN
2498:PMID
2416:ISBN
2384:PMID
2323:PMID
2088:ISSN
2027:ISBN
1966:2021
1941:2021
1829:ISBN
1772:ISBN
1726:2021
1655:and
1551:See
1489:dams
1456:and
1448:and
1417:fish
1329:and
1265:and
1233:and
1223:zinc
1221:and
1212:lead
1204:zinc
1178:and
1142:and
1133:bays
1109:soil
1087:and
1077:rain
1067:and
893:Dust
877:Misc
393:Soil
140:Soot
135:Smog
100:Haze
5626:Dam
5092:Bar
5067:Ait
4299:2.5
3911:War
3474:Air
3129:Air
2490:doi
2478:806
2460:doi
2408:doi
2376:doi
2348:doi
2313:PMC
2305:doi
2301:162
2235:doi
2078:hdl
2070:doi
2019:doi
1586:or
1099:to
1047:is
619:War
63:Air
5893::
4662:,
4332:)
3944:-
3940:-
2762:pH
2504:.
2496:.
2488:.
2476:.
2458:.
2448:51
2446:.
2433:.
2414:.
2382:.
2356:.
2344:78
2342:.
2338:.
2321:.
2311:.
2299:.
2295:.
2231:19
2229:.
2225:.
2195:.
2147:.
2122:^
2094:.
2086:.
2076:.
2066:58
2064:.
2025:.
2005:^
1982:.
1957:.
1932:.
1906:^
1881:.
1752:^
1742:.
1659:.
1618:,
1610:,
1556:.
1514:A
1491:,
1427:.
1352:,
1206:,
1202:,
1198:,
1170:,
1166:,
1162:,
1127:,
1063:,
1055:.
34:on
4850:)
4846:(
4683:)
4679:(
4652:e
4645:t
4638:v
4407:e
4400:t
4393:v
4328:(
3948:)
3936:(
3930:)
3926:(
3104:e
3097:t
3090:v
2562:e
2555:t
2548:v
2533:.
2512:.
2492::
2484::
2466:.
2462::
2454::
2437:.
2424:.
2410::
2394:"
2390:.
2378::
2364:.
2350::
2329:.
2307::
2243:.
2237::
2210:.
2102:.
2080::
2072::
2035:.
2021::
1968:.
1943:.
1883:3
1848:.
1810:.
1728:.
1529:.
1059:(
1033:e
1026:t
1019:v
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