325:
invoking Urkayītu are attested in Neo-Babylonian texts from Uruk, Ḫarru-ša-Urkayītu and Nāru-ša-Urkayītu, though they might refer to the same topographic feature. She is also attested in theophoric names from this city, such as Urkayītu-ṭābat ("Urkayītu is benevolent") and Ina-ṣilli-Urkayītu ("Under
116:
which were etymologically adjectives derived from the names of corresponding cities are common, and the earliest examples are known from the third millennium BCE. The earliest attested form of Urkayītu's name is Urkītum. According to
Manfred Krebernik, a late school text from
296:
and Uṣur-amāssu. She was particularly closely connected with the last of these deities. In sources from Neo-Babylonian Uruk, they are always paired with each other in offering lists. It also presumed Urkayītu was worshiped in the temple of Uṣur-amāssu. A
186:. It has been proposed that an earlier logographic theonym, AN.INANNA(-Unu), was read as Urkītum in Akkadian, though there is no agreement regarding this problem in scholarship and which deity or deities it refers to remains uncertain.
148:(UNUG, UNUG, TIR.AN.NA), and syllabic spellings are rare, the opposite is true for the theonym derived from it. Examples of partially logographic spellings are nonetheless known, for example UNUG
317:). According to offering lists, she received salt, dates, bread, grain, sesame oil and meat. Additionally, references to a tiara decorated with plant motifs, a diadem decorated with
349:
in the local pantheon of Uruk. However, more recently Julia Krul pointed out she is still listed attested in
Seleucid sources, and appears among the deities partaking in the
81:, but later she came to be viewed as a separate goddess. She was closely associated with Uṣur-amāssu, and like her belonged to the pentad of main goddesses of Uruk in the
218:, Urkayītu instead appears to function as her epithet. However, in sources from Uruk from the Neo-Babylonian period she functions as an independent goddess. A lament for
288:
Uruk. According to Paul-Alain
Beaulieu, she belonged to a group he refers to as the "companions of Ištar," a pentad of goddesses whose other four members were
210:'s association with the city of Uruk is well documented, and she appears as the goddess of this city in sources from between the fourth millennium BCE and the
309:) which belonged to both of them. The only surviving cultic calendar from Neo-Babylonian Uruk indicates that in the month Kislīmu, a festival referred to as
305:
garden) which was a part of the Eanna complex was described as their joint possession. They also appear together in text about the cleaning of a blanket (
238:
mentions a SANGA priest of Urkayītu whose presence in this city was most likely an effect of transfer of cults from Uruk to the north during the reign of
313:("brazier" or "fire ceremony") was held in honor of Urkayītu, Uṣur-amāssu and Ishtar. She was also celebrated during a ceremony involving a procession (
214:. The god list An = Anum explains Urkayītu as a name of Inanna of Uruk in line 117 on tablet IV: dInanna-Unu7ki = Aš-ka-i-tu. In a Neo-Assyrian hymn to
355:
festival of Ishtar in this period. However, despite still being actively worshiped, she no longer appears in theophoric names in the late texts.
144:
shows a degree of variety in known sources. While in texts from the first millennium BCE the name of the city of Uruk is typically written with
829:
782:
763:
902:
750:
921:
234:, though it is impossible to tell if it was already understood as the name of a distinct goddess at this time. A text from
198:
of Uruk, a divine representation of the city. It is presumed that originally the theonym Urkayītu functioned as an
752:
Goddesses in
Context: On Divine Powers, Roles, Relationships and Gender in Mesopotamian Textual and Visual Sources
246:
such as Urkītum-ummī ("Urkayītu is my mother") or Ṣillī-Urkītum ("Urkayītu is my protection") are also known.
130:
293:
346:
113:
285:
231:
169:
82:
802:"Uruk A. III. Philologisch. Im 1. Jahrtausend · Uruk A. III. Philological. In the 1st millennium B.C."
70:
250:
157:
278:
199:
109:
78:
898:
825:
788:
778:
759:
334:
106:
86:
890:
330:
202:, and only developed into a distinct goddess later on. An analogous process is attested for
126:
926:
338:
302:
243:
211:
90:
321:
beads, and various pieces of jewelry regarded as her possessions are known. Two names of
254:
931:
915:
222:
from the same period nonetheless still treats this theonym as an epithet of Inanna.
886:
The
Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk
322:
262:
235:
865:
846:
801:
819:
258:
239:
821:
Wisdom, Gods and
Literature: Studies in Assyriology in Honour of W. G. Lambert
342:
326:
the protection of Urkayītu"), and from outside it, for example Urkayītu-ēreš.
122:
792:
318:
203:
141:
894:
145:
230:
The oldest attestations of the theonym Urkayītu (Urkītum) come from the
121:
still lists this version of the name as one of the two "Daughters of E-
118:
102:
17:
372:
370:
368:
289:
274:
219:
215:
207:
133:
the second theonym in this passage should be restored as Larsam-iti,
884:
351:
266:
73:
who likely functioned as the divine representation of the city of
270:
74:
40:
818:
George, Andrew R. (2000). "Four Temple
Rituals from Babylon".
337:
rule. Joan
Goodnick Westenholz assumed that in the subsequent
265:
in one of his inscriptions states that he brought her back to
521:
519:
517:
515:
644:
642:
393:
391:
389:
387:
385:
194:
It has been proposed that Urkayītu can be understood as a
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
479:
477:
475:
473:
471:
469:
408:
406:
85:. She also continued to be worshiped in this city under
775:
The pantheon of Uruk during the neo-Babylonian period
708:
633:
597:
549:
537:
460:
424:
376:
749:Asher-Greve, Julia M.; Westenholz, Joan G. (2013).
52:
32:
112:and can be translated as "the Urukean." Names of
301:("house of pressing," likely a pharmacy with a
333:indicates Urkayītu was still worshiped under
160:sources, the attested syllabic spellings are
8:
341:period she and Uṣur-amāssu were replaced by
249:References to Urkayītu occur in a number of
125:" alongside Mannu-šāninšu, but according to
284:Urkayītu is well represented in texts from
525:
436:
397:
696:
684:
672:
648:
621:
609:
585:
561:
506:
483:
412:
364:
448:
29:
7:
732:
720:
660:
573:
253:texts. She is listed among deities
140:The spelling of Urkayītu's name in
25:
709:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
634:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
598:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
550:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
538:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
461:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
425:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
377:Asher-Greve & Westenholz 2013
172:variants include, among others,
1:
800:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2014),
777:. Leiden Boston: Brill STYX.
773:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2003).
329:A document from the reign of
870:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
851:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
806:Reallexikon der Assyriologie
77:. Her name was initially an
48:Member of the pentad of Uruk
864:Krebernik, Manfred (2016),
845:Krebernik, Manfred (2014),
758:. Academic Press Fribourg.
948:
292:/Inanna herself, Nanaya,
47:
37:
131:Joan Goodnick Westenholz
922:Mesopotamian goddesses
135:Larsam(UD.UNU.KI)-i-ti
114:Mesopotamian goddesses
895:10.1163/9789004364943
866:"Zwillingsgottheiten"
232:Old Babylonian period
83:Neo-Babylonian period
883:Krul, Julia (2018).
71:Mesopotamian goddess
27:Mesopotamian goddess
699:, pp. 257–258.
687:, pp. 259–261.
831:978-1-57506-004-0
784:978-90-04-13024-1
765:978-3-7278-1738-0
723:, pp. 68–69.
200:epithet of Inanna
79:epithet of Inanna
60:
59:
53:Major cult center
16:(Redirected from
939:
908:
879:
878:
877:
860:
859:
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841:
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813:
812:
796:
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730:
724:
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631:
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458:
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244:Theophoric names
127:Andrew R. George
65:, also known as
30:
21:
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937:
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912:
911:
905:
882:
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854:
844:
836:
834:
832:
824:. Eisenbrauns.
817:
810:
808:
799:
785:
772:
766:
755:
748:
745:
740:
739:
731:
727:
719:
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707:
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695:
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683:
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632:
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584:
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572:
568:
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548:
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482:
467:
459:
455:
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435:
431:
423:
419:
411:
404:
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383:
375:
366:
361:
303:medicinal plant
257:took away from
228:
212:Parthian period
192:
184:
177:
105:Urkayītu is an
99:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
945:
943:
935:
934:
929:
924:
914:
913:
910:
909:
903:
880:
861:
842:
830:
815:
797:
783:
770:
764:
744:
741:
738:
737:
725:
713:
711:, p. 132.
701:
689:
677:
675:, p. 263.
665:
663:, p. 198.
653:
651:, p. 230.
638:
636:, p. 120.
626:
624:, p. 229.
614:
612:, p. 261.
602:
600:, p. 103.
590:
588:, p. 179.
578:
566:
564:, p. 103.
554:
542:
530:
528:, p. 419.
526:Krebernik 2014
511:
509:, p. 255.
488:
486:, p. 256.
465:
463:, p. 113.
453:
451:, p. 295.
441:
439:, p. 353.
437:Krebernik 2016
429:
427:, p. 133.
417:
415:, p. 452.
402:
400:, p. 418.
398:Krebernik 2014
381:
379:, p. 104.
363:
362:
360:
357:
286:Neo-Babylonian
255:Shamshi-Adad V
227:
224:
196:theos eponymos
191:
188:
182:
181:Áš-ka-a-a-i-tu
175:
174:Uš-ka-a-a-i-tu
170:Neo-Babylonian
98:
95:
58:
57:
54:
50:
49:
45:
44:
38:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
944:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
919:
917:
906:
904:9789004364936
900:
896:
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827:
823:
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798:
794:
790:
786:
780:
776:
771:
767:
761:
754:
753:
747:
746:
742:
735:, p. 73.
734:
729:
726:
722:
717:
714:
710:
705:
702:
698:
697:Beaulieu 2003
693:
690:
686:
685:Beaulieu 2003
681:
678:
674:
673:Beaulieu 2003
669:
666:
662:
657:
654:
650:
649:Beaulieu 2003
645:
643:
639:
635:
630:
627:
623:
622:Beaulieu 2003
618:
615:
611:
610:Beaulieu 2003
606:
603:
599:
594:
591:
587:
586:Beaulieu 2003
582:
579:
576:, p. 98.
575:
570:
567:
563:
562:Beaulieu 2003
558:
555:
552:, p. 71.
551:
546:
543:
540:, p. 91.
539:
534:
531:
527:
522:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
507:Beaulieu 2003
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
489:
485:
484:Beaulieu 2003
480:
478:
476:
474:
472:
470:
466:
462:
457:
454:
450:
445:
442:
438:
433:
430:
426:
421:
418:
414:
413:Beaulieu 2014
409:
407:
403:
399:
394:
392:
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388:
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378:
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371:
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365:
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354:
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348:
344:
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332:
327:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
272:
269:in Uruk from
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
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189:
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167:
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136:
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128:
124:
120:
115:
111:
108:
104:
96:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
55:
51:
46:
42:
36:
31:
19:
885:
874:, retrieved
869:
855:, retrieved
850:
835:. Retrieved
820:
809:, retrieved
805:
774:
751:
743:Bibliography
728:
716:
704:
692:
680:
668:
656:
629:
617:
605:
593:
581:
569:
557:
545:
533:
456:
444:
432:
420:
350:
328:
323:watercourses
314:
310:
306:
298:
294:Bēltu-ša-Rēš
283:
263:Ashurbanipal
251:Neo-Assyrian
248:
229:
195:
193:
180:
173:
165:
161:
158:Neo-Assyrian
153:
149:
139:
134:
100:
66:
62:
61:
872:(in German)
853:(in German)
449:George 2000
279:Uṣur-amāssu
240:Samsu-iluna
39:Goddess of
916:Categories
876:2022-10-16
857:2022-10-14
837:2022-10-16
811:2022-10-14
359:References
343:Belet-Seri
335:Achaemenid
273:alongside
123:Ningublaga
87:Achaemenid
889:. Brill.
847:"Urkītum"
733:Krul 2018
721:Krul 2018
661:Krul 2018
574:Krul 2018
347:Šarrāḫītu
319:carnelian
299:bīt ḫilṣi
204:Annunitum
190:Character
166:Ur-kit-tú
146:logograms
142:cuneiform
793:51944564
339:Seleucid
331:Darius I
107:Akkadian
91:Seleucid
69:, was a
63:Urkayītu
33:Urkayītu
307:taḫapšu
226:Worship
152:or UNUG
119:Babylon
103:theonym
67:Urkītum
18:Urkitum
927:Inanna
901:
828:
791:
781:
762:
311:kinūnu
290:Ishtar
275:Nanaya
220:Dumuzi
216:Nanaya
208:Inanna
162:Ur-kit
93:rule.
756:(PDF)
352:Akitu
267:Eanna
156:. In
154:-a-ti
150:-i-tú
110:nisba
932:Uruk
899:ISBN
826:ISBN
789:OCLC
779:ISBN
760:ISBN
345:and
315:tebû
277:and
271:Elam
236:Kish
179:and
164:and
129:and
101:The
97:Name
89:and
75:Uruk
56:Uruk
41:Uruk
891:doi
259:Der
918::
897:.
868:,
849:,
804:,
787:.
641:^
514:^
491:^
468:^
405:^
384:^
367:^
281:.
261:.
242:.
206:.
168:.
137:.
907:.
893::
840:.
795:.
768:.
183:4
176:4
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.