1012:
141:
1130:
865:. A specialist in the history of the Crimean Greeks, M. Arajioni notes: “The narrowing of the scope of the use of the Greek language in the southwestern Crimea and in the cities of Crimea led some of the Crimean “Romans” to the loss of their native language. Thus, Urums are Greeks who have undergone linguistic assimilation, and not "baptized Tatars". Some also speculate that the Urums from Crimea/Ukraine and Georgia have the same origins from
2921:
1919:
1391:
world languages, being estimated to be 43%. According to legend common among the Urums of
Georgia, long before they left Turkey, the Orthodox Greeks were forced to make a choice between their language and faith. Being devout Christians, they chose to keep their Orthodox faith and thus relinquished their language. However, most historians consider this to be a myth.
1282:
The dialect spoken by the Tsalka Urums is similar to that of the
Meskhetian-Ahiska Turks, an Eastern Anatolian dialect of Turkish, which hails from the regions of Kars, Ardahan, and Artvin. The Turkish Meskhetian-Ahiska dialect has also borrowed from other languages (including Azerbaijani, Georgian,
1390:
Orthodox churches. Despite there not being any liturgical practices in the Urum language, 60% (18/30 respondents) of native Urum speakers reported that they use Urum in praying. 23% of Urum vocabulary in the field of religion or belief are said to be loanwords - much less than the average across
1295:
than to the literary
Turkish, which leads them to believe that it is rather a dialect of Azeri. Late Soviet censuses also showed Azeri as the mother tongue of the Tsalka Urums, however this may have been done simply due to the Soviets' somewhat unfavourable attitude towards Turkish culture. No
1318:
A documentation project on the language of
Caucasus Urum people compiled a basic lexicon, a sample of translations for the study of grammar, and a text collection. The website of the project contains further information about the language and the language community.
1043:
who colonised Crimea. Both groups populated the region over the course of many centuries, and consist of both the descendants of the ancient (4th century BC – 4th century AD) Greek and
Byzantine Christian Greek colonizers of the northern shores of the
1106:. Throughout history, they represented an isolated cultural group and rarely settled in towns populated by the Romaioi, despite sharing Greek heritage with them. Unlike Greek, Urum has never been a language of secondary education in Ukraine.
1091:) henceforth. Some linguists believe that the dialect spoken by the North Azovian Urums differs from the common Crimean Tatar language on a more than just dialectical level and therefore constitutes a separate language unit within the
1644:
1232:
Many
Pontian Greeks spoke Turkish either as Greek-Turkish bilinguals, or as a mother tongue due to linguistic assimilation processes that isolated groups of the Anatolian Greeks were exposed to.
1326:, serious migration did take place, so Greeks are no longer the largest ethnic group in Tsalka. Between 1989 and 2002, their population declined from 35,000 to 3,000. Many emigrated to
2462:
1307:(turk. 'Muslims' language). Nowadays, the majority speaks Russian. Also starting from the 1960s, there has been a modest cultural revival among the Turcophone Greeks. Historian
1048:
and interior of southern Russia and
Ukraine, and also of Pontic Greeks who fled as refugees, or 'economic migrants,' from northeastern Anatolia between the fall of the
1011:
2312:
1110:
Nikolai
Baskakov estimated that by 1969, 60,000 people spoke Urum as a native language. According to the All-Ukrainian Population Census of 2001, only 112 of the
1283:
Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Russian, and Uzbek) which the
Meskhetian-Ahiska Turks have been in contact with during the Russian and Soviet rule. However some linguists, like
1947:
869:, with some even going as far to say that the two Urum groups speak the same language; however, the latter is not supported with the available linguistic data.
1979:
3390:
2455:
1793:
1229:
that had occupied the region and then, to escape likely
Turkish reprisals, followed it with their families when it withdrew back into Russian territory.
1064:
1201:. The largest and most recent waves came in the late 18th and especially the early 19th century, when the South Caucasus experienced mass migrations of
1907:
2296:
556:
1296:
secondary education in Urum Turkish has been available; its speakers attended schools where subjects were taught in Azeri and later in Russian.
3415:
3359:
2448:
1885:
2120:
1998:
1494:
2404:
1728:
1291:
due to differences in phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. Present-day Urum Turkish is also thought by some to be phonetically closer to
841:, with other indigenous groups that had long inhabited the region, resulting in a gradual transformation of their collective identity.
411:
3385:
3319:
1957:
1489:
849:
There are two main theories covering how the Urums may have originated. One hypothesis is that the Urums arose as a result of some
3420:
2003:
726:
140:
1218:
1053:
3354:
3309:
1323:
536:
501:
3314:
1421:
in 1940, the Urum language was to only be written in Cyrillic. Urum is considered by some to be a dialect of Crimean Tatar.
1056:. However, the Greek settlers of the Crimea region underwent social and cultural processes, which led to them adopting the
2827:
2581:
2482:
2471:
1991:
1182:
546:
1514:
1451:
for ‘hell’ (compare Turkish allah, cehennem). However, Russian loanwords are restricted to narrow Christian terms, e.g.,
3349:
2211:
2156:
2047:
1900:
248:
200:
833:. The emergence and development of the Urum identity took place from 13th to the 17th centuries. Bringing together the
2008:
1716:
1550:
1284:
531:
3425:
1572:
3410:
2186:
2115:
1379:
672:
667:
2592:
1768:
1645:
The All-Ukrainian Population Census of 2001: The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue
3400:
1383:
921:
541:
2929:
1893:
1484:
1387:
1103:
933:
914:
1236:
3405:
3364:
3010:
2322:
1057:
854:
806:
620:
3084:
2332:
1226:
826:
525:
124:
971:
The term is used by the following sub-ethnic groups of Greeks as a way of ethnic self-identification:
3297:
3292:
3019:
2495:
2399:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2234:
1292:
719:
506:
396:
275:
3150:
3121:
2383:
1178:
1072:
1049:
461:
224:
150:
1308:
1129:
1039:, and the Turkic-speaking Urums (also called Graeco-Tatars). These Byzantine Greeks of Crimea are
3395:
3072:
2980:
2428:
2423:
2337:
2317:
2085:
1693:
1119:
652:
630:
610:
491:
486:
303:
1962:
1244:
3128:
3042:
2940:
2286:
2239:
2229:
2196:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2146:
2130:
2080:
2062:
2042:
1967:
1937:
1787:
1479:
1406:
1092:
995:
688:
662:
605:
585:
429:
406:
243:
236:
219:
190:
79:
51:
1255:, in present-day Georgia. During the Soviet era they populated over 20 villages in Georgia's
3267:
3166:
3116:
3103:
2753:
2693:
2650:
2610:
2378:
2363:
2353:
2281:
2201:
2191:
2166:
2125:
2100:
1986:
1632:
1433:
1429:
1217:
in northeastern Anatolia. This wave of Pontic emigrants is particularly associated with the
1123:
965:
953:
937:
834:
822:
817:
802:
766:
746:
697:
635:
476:
441:
355:
308:
205:
108:
100:
92:
1439:
Much of Urum's religious vocabulary is descended from words of Turkic origin, for example,
3287:
3032:
2988:
2813:
2808:
2777:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2368:
2358:
2327:
2291:
2221:
2110:
2105:
2090:
2057:
2026:
1952:
1425:
1418:
1351:
1339:
1335:
1206:
1151:
999:
882:
712:
580:
551:
496:
481:
360:
350:
328:
253:
231:
195:
3262:
1755:
Ethnolinguistic Situation and Ethnic Self-Identification Features of the Georgian Greeks
1239:, throughout the 19th century hundreds of Turkish-speaking Greek Orthodox families from
3180:
2698:
2620:
2605:
2528:
2373:
2206:
2095:
1942:
1923:
1410:
1347:
1343:
1312:
1288:
1252:
1202:
1198:
1115:
1111:
1068:
1036:
1024:
1016:
984:
925:
862:
850:
790:
701:
693:
615:
595:
573:
471:
466:
373:
342:
333:
212:
104:
3379:
3329:
3324:
3252:
3111:
3079:
3000:
2864:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2743:
2668:
2635:
2418:
1400:
1222:
1186:
1147:
1096:
1040:
838:
677:
600:
446:
323:
96:
67:
1315:
their mother tongue despite not speaking it; 96% expressed a desire to learn Greek.
3230:
3055:
2963:
2904:
2713:
2688:
2678:
2663:
2658:
2640:
2523:
1331:
858:
625:
590:
451:
378:
318:
2920:
3257:
3222:
3060:
2958:
2953:
2854:
2782:
2731:
2721:
2600:
2564:
2543:
2440:
1272:
1264:
1194:
1107:
456:
280:
3240:
3138:
3027:
2970:
2889:
2879:
2842:
2703:
2673:
2559:
2538:
2533:
1974:
1809:
Turkic-Speaking Orthodox Greeks: The Conflict of Faith, Mentality and Language
1687:
1524:
1519:
1414:
1367:
1076:
657:
313:
290:
155:
3245:
3202:
3050:
2948:
2894:
2550:
2508:
2503:
1741:
1661:
1355:
1190:
1045:
1023:
The Greeks of Crimea (and later of the adjacent Azovian region; present-day
903:
640:
436:
416:
401:
112:
1558:
1405:
The language of the North Azov Urums is a Turkic language belonging to the
3189:
3143:
3133:
2899:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2726:
2474:
1864:
1268:
1143:
1080:
976:
866:
1840:
1417:, and it was taught in some schools. After Yañalif's replacement by the
857:. Another theory is that the Urums arose as a result of the adoption of
3336:
3197:
3089:
2859:
2837:
2802:
2798:
2683:
1260:
1240:
1214:
1197:, and then settled as refugees or economic migrants in Georgia and the
1028:
980:
285:
55:
1428:
of the Turkic language and displays substantial similarities with the
3235:
3212:
3207:
1918:
1772:
1359:
1327:
1276:
1256:
1248:
1171:
991:
945:
908:
830:
182:
175:
132:
47:
43:
893:
749:
3065:
2736:
2571:
2518:
2513:
1677:. Krasnodar: Studia Pontocaucasica, 1997. Retrieved 2 October 2005
1363:
1210:
1128:
1010:
948:
living in Turkey and Cyprus. The word "Urum" involves a prothetic
1712:
1027:, Ukraine) were represented by two groups: the Hellenic-speaking
3304:
2847:
2554:
1609:
1279:
and the neighbouring area with 20,000 of them being Turcophone.
2444:
1889:
1635:
by Elena Perekhvalskaya (in Russian). Retrieved 2 October 2006
778:
752:
769:
1174:, where Urums once made up the largest ethnic community.
1757:. Soviet Ethnography, #5, 1988. Retrieved 2 October 2006
1573:"Greek Tatars. Urums, who are they? Moor did his job..."
1083:, and they have been known as the North Azovian Greeks (
1075:
ordered all Greeks from the peninsula to settle in the
1664:: Studia Pontocaucasica, 1997. Retrieved 17 July 2005
1275:
regions. In 1926, there were 24,000 Greeks living in
1826:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
775:
3280:
3221:
3188:
3179:
3159:
3102:
3041:
3018:
3009:
2979:
2939:
2928:
2826:
2791:
2752:
2712:
2649:
2591:
2580:
2494:
2481:
2392:
2346:
2305:
2274:
2248:
2220:
2139:
2073:
2019:
1930:
1164:
781:
772:
755:
85:
73:
61:
37:
27:
1382:. Urums tend to practice their religion in Greek,
1865:"THE LATIN ALPHABET – THE ALPHABET OF REVOLUTION"
1413:, and between 1927 and 1937 it was written with
1299:The Tsalka Urums themselves call their language
1146:Greeks or the Transcaucasian Turcophone Greeks,
1133:A group of Urums from Crimea waving Greek flags.
1311:'s research showed that 36% of them considered
964:appears to have led to some confusion, as most
1689:Sürgünün 75. Yılında Ahıska Türkleri Belgeseli
1170:), a name that refers to the Georgian town of
1142:Tsalka Urums are sometimes referred to as the
2456:
1901:
1114:'s 77,516 Greeks listed languages other than
720:
8:
1251:moved to Southern Russia and settled on the
886:
22:
1841:"Urum language, alphabet and pronunciation"
1436:(e.g. in the use of subordinate clauses).
1156:
3185:
3015:
2936:
2588:
2491:
2463:
2449:
2441:
1908:
1894:
1886:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1440:
727:
713:
119:
21:
1596:The Caucasian Urums and the Urum Language
1424:The Tsalka Urum language belongs to the
1185:in 1801 there had been several waves of
1506:
1467:meaning ‘bishop’, derived from Russian
1432:(e.g. in vocal harmony), but also with
1378:By religion, the majority of Urums are
131:
1792:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1785:
1342:, and also to the relatively near the
2074:Traditional areas of Greek settlement
1835:
1833:
1495:Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union
1457:meaning ‘hymn’, derived from Russian
816:
7:
956:loanwords initially starting with a
38:Regions with significant populations
16:Turkic speaking Greek Orthodox group
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1545:
1543:
1193:coastline and the highlands of the
968:-speaking Greeks were called Urum.
887:
3391:Ethnic groups in Georgia (country)
1610:"Кафедра общего языкознания СПбГУ"
1225:collaborated with or welcomed the
14:
1490:Demographics of Georgia (country)
975:Crimean-Tatar speaking Greeks of
2919:
1917:
1719:. 1969. Retrieved 2 October 2006
1181:to the Ottomans in 1461 and the
1052:to the Ottomans in 1461 and the
765:
745:
139:
3355:Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan
1696:from the original on 2021-12-19
1409:. It has been written with the
1324:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1766:Urum documentation project at
1203:Greeks from the Ottoman Empire
1:
3416:Indigenous peoples of Ukraine
1209:, as well as the vilayets of
1183:Russian annexation of Georgia
1104:Eastern Orthodox Christianity
920:in some Turkic languages. In
297:Constantinople and Asia Minor
3360:Ethnic minorities in Georgia
3350:Ethnic minorities in Armenia
1463:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1430:Turkish dialects of Anatolia
1354:(particularly the cities of
1287:, classify it as a separate
1205:, mainly from the region of
1031:, whose dialect is known as
3365:Ethnic minorities in Russia
1594:Skopeteas, Stavros (2013).
1165:
990:Turkish speaking Greeks of
960:The common use of the term
537:Greek Byzantine Catholicism
3442:
1731:. Retrieved 2 October 2006
1675:The Greeks of the Caucasus
1647:. Retrieved 2 October 2006
1555:Great Russian Encyclopedia
1398:
1303:(turk. 'our language') or
1093:Kypchak language sub-group
952:that generally appears in
837:along with Greek-speaking
3345:
2917:
2413:
1924:Greek diaspora (Omogenia)
1633:Ethnolinguistic Situation
1380:Greek Orthodox Christians
1219:1828-29 Russo-Turkish War
1157:
1054:1828-29 Russo-Turkish War
936:living in the Empire; in
794:
309:Constantinopolitan Greeks
90:
78:
66:
42:
32:
3386:Ethnic groups in Ukraine
1177:Between the fall of the
1126:as their mother tongue.
853:converting to using the
821:) are several groups of
3421:Peoples of the Caucasus
1822:Johanson, Lars (2021).
1729:Azerbaijanis in Georgia
1598:. Bielefeld University.
1485:Demographics of Ukraine
1015:A group of Urums from
532:Greek Roman Catholicism
1134:
1058:Crimean Tatar language
1020:
855:Crimean Tatar language
569:Languages and dialects
1189:who left the eastern
1132:
1014:
526:Greek Orthodox Church
86:Related ethnic groups
2472:Ethnic groups in the
2297:United Arab Emirates
1715:. Classification by
1692:, 10 December 2019,
1065:annexation of Crimea
1060:as a mother tongue.
881:is derived from the
542:Greek Evangelicalism
1948:population exchange
1407:West Kipchak branch
1350:and other parts of
1334:and other parts of
1179:Empire of Trebizond
1073:Catherine the Great
1063:In 1777, after the
1050:Empire of Trebizond
1007:North Azovian Urums
934:Orthodox Christians
24:
3073:Trialeti Ossetians
2424:Greek colonization
2020:New Greek Diaspora
1931:Old Greek Diaspora
1807:Eloeva, Fatima A.
1673:Volkova, Natalya.
1469:episkop (Епископ).
1135:
1021:
621:Constantinopolitan
201:Russia and Ukraine
170:Native communities
3426:Turkic Christians
3373:
3372:
3276:
3275:
3175:
3174:
3098:
3097:
2915:
2914:
2822:
2821:
2438:
2437:
2429:Hellenistic world
2043:Greek Australians
1938:Asia Minor Greeks
1740:Наталья Волкова.
1551:"Mariupol Greeks"
1527:on 12 April 2019.
1480:Greeks in Georgia
1089:priazovskie greki
1085:приазовские греки
901:and subsequently
829:people native to
737:
736:
689:History of Greece
663:Karamanli Turkish
407:Megleno-Romanians
118:
117:
80:Eastern Orthodoxy
3433:
3411:Greek minorities
3320:Azerbaijani Jews
3268:Meskhetian Turks
3186:
3016:
2937:
2923:
2589:
2492:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2442:
2009:prison shootings
1987:Ukrainian Greeks
1922:
1921:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1887:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1876:
1871:. 18 August 2018
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1851:
1837:
1828:
1827:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1771:. Archived from
1764:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1717:Nikolai Baskakov
1713:Turkic Languages
1710:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1684:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1591:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1557:. Archived from
1547:
1538:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1523:. Archived from
1511:
1466:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1285:Nikolai Baskakov
1168:
1160:
1159:
890:
889:
820:
815:
796:
788:
787:
784:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
762:
761:
758:
757:
754:
751:
729:
722:
715:
668:Megleno-Romanian
356:Ethiopian Greeks
266:Groups by region
143:
120:
109:Crimean Karaites
101:Caucasian Greeks
93:Ukrainian Greeks
28:Total population
25:
3441:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3430:
3401:Pontus (region)
3376:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3341:
3272:
3217:
3171:
3155:
3094:
3037:
3005:
2989:Caucasus Greeks
2975:
2931:
2924:
2911:
2830:
2818:
2787:
2748:
2708:
2645:
2584:
2576:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2409:
2388:
2342:
2301:
2270:
2244:
2216:
2135:
2116:North Macedonia
2069:
2058:Greek Canadians
2027:Greek Americans
2015:
1975:Egyptian Greeks
1926:
1916:
1914:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1872:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1849:
1847:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1784:
1778:
1776:
1769:"Archived copy"
1767:
1765:
1761:
1753:Aklaev, Airat.
1752:
1748:
1742:"Греки Кавказа"
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1697:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1672:
1668:
1656:Popov, Andrei.
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1627:
1618:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1592:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1561:on 27 May 2021.
1549:
1548:
1541:
1537:Stearns 1971:7.
1536:
1532:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1476:
1419:Cyrillic script
1403:
1397:
1376:
1352:Southern Russia
1340:Northern Greece
1336:Greek Macedonia
1330:, particularly
1152:Caucasus Greeks
1140:
1102:Urums practice
1009:
1000:Caucasus Greeks
954:Turkic language
922:Ottoman Turkish
875:
847:
818:[uˈɾum]
813:
768:
764:
748:
744:
733:
691:
683:
682:
647:Other languages
570:
562:
561:
520:
512:
511:
432:
422:
421:
361:Sudanese Greeks
267:
259:
258:
167:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3439:
3437:
3429:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3227:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3192:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3108:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2985:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2926:
2925:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2840:
2834:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2597:
2595:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2548:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2500:
2498:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2470:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2212:United Kingdom
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1856:
1829:
1814:
1811:. p. 407.
1799:
1759:
1746:
1733:
1721:
1705:
1679:
1666:
1658:Pontian Greeks
1649:
1637:
1625:
1601:
1577:
1564:
1539:
1530:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1411:Greek alphabet
1399:Main article:
1396:
1393:
1375:
1372:
1348:Krasnodar Krai
1344:North Caucasus
1289:Oghuz language
1253:Tsalka Plateau
1199:South Caucasus
1139:
1136:
1112:Donetsk Oblast
1079:region around
1069:Russian Empire
1037:Mariupol Greek
1025:Donetsk Oblast
1017:Donetsk Oblast
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
988:
985:Crimean Greeks
938:modern Turkish
926:Ottoman Empire
874:
871:
863:Crimean Tatars
861:by a group of
851:Crimean Greeks
846:
843:
835:Crimean Greeks
827:Greek Orthodox
735:
734:
732:
731:
724:
717:
709:
706:
705:
685:
684:
681:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
571:
568:
567:
564:
563:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
521:
518:
517:
514:
513:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
433:
428:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
387:
386:
381:
376:
364:
363:
358:
353:
339:
338:
337:
336:
331:
321:
316:
311:
306:
294:
293:
288:
283:
278:
268:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
251:
249:United Kingdom
246:
241:
240:
239:
229:
228:
227:
213:Greek diaspora
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
187:
186:
179:
168:
165:
164:
161:
160:
159:
158:
153:
145:
144:
136:
135:
129:
128:
116:
115:
105:Crimean Tatars
88:
87:
83:
82:
76:
75:
71:
70:
64:
63:
59:
58:
40:
39:
35:
34:
30:
29:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3438:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:Pontic Greeks
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3338:
3335:
3331:
3330:Mountain Jews
3328:
3326:
3325:Georgian Jews
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3315:Armenian Jews
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:in Azerbaijan
3120:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
3001:Pontic Greeks
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2927:
2922:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2800:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2549:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Hellenization
2417:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:Latin America
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2044:
2041:
2037:New York City
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1999:Soviet Greeks
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1939:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1911:
1906:
1904:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1857:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1815:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1775:on 2012-04-26
1774:
1770:
1763:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1706:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1638:
1634:
1629:
1626:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1500:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1445:for ‘God’ or
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1401:Urum language
1394:
1392:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1305:moussourmanja
1302:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1235:According to
1233:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1223:Pontic Greeks
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Pontic Greeks
1184:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1153:
1149:
1148:Pontic Greeks
1145:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1097:Urum language
1094:
1090:
1087: /
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1041:Pontic Greeks
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1013:
1006:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
986:
982:
978:
974:
973:
972:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
916:
912:
911:
906:
905:
900:
896:
895:
884:
880:
872:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
844:
842:
840:
839:Crimean Goths
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
812:
808:
807:Crimean Tatar
804:
800:
792:
786:
760:
742:
730:
725:
723:
718:
716:
711:
710:
708:
707:
703:
699:
695:
690:
687:
686:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
650:
649:
648:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
576:
575:
566:
565:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
527:
523:
522:
516:
515:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
431:
430:Greek culture
426:
425:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
394:
393:
391:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
368:
367:Other regions
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
348:
347:
345:
344:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
301:
300:
298:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
273:
271:
270:Modern Greece
263:
262:
255:
254:United States
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
217:
216:
215:
214:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
180:
178:
177:
173:
172:
171:
163:
162:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
126:
122:
121:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
89:
84:
81:
77:
72:
69:
65:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
31:
26:
3231:Azerbaijanis
3011:Indo-Iranian
2993:
2524:Imerkhevians
2486:
2393:Asia-Pacific
2323:South Africa
2249:Central Asia
1873:. Retrieved
1869:e-history.kz
1868:
1859:
1848:. Retrieved
1845:omniglot.com
1844:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1802:
1777:. Retrieved
1773:the original
1762:
1754:
1749:
1736:
1724:
1708:
1698:, retrieved
1688:
1682:
1674:
1669:
1657:
1652:
1640:
1628:
1617:. Retrieved
1614:genlingnw.ru
1613:
1604:
1595:
1567:
1559:the original
1554:
1533:
1525:the original
1518:
1509:
1468:
1458:
1438:
1426:Oghuz branch
1423:
1404:
1377:
1332:Thessaloniki
1321:
1317:
1309:Airat Aklaev
1304:
1300:
1298:
1281:
1237:Andrei Popov
1234:
1231:
1227:Russian army
1221:, when many
1176:
1163:
1155:
1141:
1138:Tsalka Urums
1101:
1088:
1084:
1062:
1032:
1022:
970:
961:
957:
949:
941:
929:
917:
909:
902:
898:
892:
878:
876:
859:Christianity
848:
810:
798:
740:
738:
646:
645:
572:
524:
390:Other groups
389:
388:
383:
366:
365:
341:
340:
319:Karamanlides
304:Cappadocians
296:
295:
269:
211:
210:
181:
174:
169:
19:Ethnic group
3310:Abkhaz Jews
3258:Karapapakhs
3223:Oghuz Turks
2959:Cherkesogai
2954:Armeno-Tats
2855:Circassians
2565:Mingrelians
2544:Meskhetians
2405:Philippines
2400:New Zealand
2333:South Sudan
2275:Middle East
2187:Netherlands
2004:deportation
1459:gimn (Гимн)
1301:bizim dilja
1273:Akhaltsikhe
1265:Tetritsqaro
1195:Pontic Alps
1166:Tsalkalides
1158:Τσαλκαλίδες
1108:Turkologist
897:), meaning
586:Cappadocian
412:Slavophones
281:Sarakatsani
276:Macedonians
156:Greek names
33:>192,700
3380:Categories
3298:in Georgia
3293:in Armenia
3241:Karadaghis
3151:Ukrainians
3139:Doukhobors
3117:in Armenia
3020:Indo-Aryan
2890:Kabardians
2880:Chemirgoys
2843:Abkhazians
2694:Tabasarans
2593:Avar–Andic
2539:Kakhetians
2534:Javakhians
2496:Kartvelian
2313:D.R. Congo
2266:Uzbekistan
2261:Kyrgyzstan
2256:Kazakhstan
2235:Azerbaijan
1992:evacuation
1875:2022-10-08
1850:2022-10-08
1779:2012-01-04
1700:2021-03-28
1619:2022-05-11
1520:Ethnologue
1501:References
1368:Gelendzhik
1346:region of
1322:After the
1077:North Azov
1071:, Empress
977:North Azov
924:under the
825:-speaking
658:Arvanitika
502:Television
477:Literature
397:Aromanians
314:Phanariots
291:Tsakonians
166:By country
3396:Black Sea
3288:Assyrians
3263:Küresünni
3246:Shahsevan
3203:Karachays
3051:Ossetians
2949:Armenians
2895:Natukhajs
2870:Besleneys
2828:Northwest
2809:Khinalugs
2778:Khwarshis
2631:Godoberis
2626:Chamalals
2616:Bagvalals
2585:(Caspian)
2582:Northeast
2551:Colchians
2509:Adjarians
2504:Georgians
2483:Caucasian
2384:Venezuela
2354:Argentina
2048:Melbourne
1980:expulsion
1958:expulsion
1662:Krasnodar
1356:Krasnodar
1245:Gümüşhane
1191:Black Sea
1120:Ukrainian
1046:Black Sea
1035:, a.k.a.
915:prothetic
913:, with a
904:Byzantine
877:The term
873:Etymology
698:Byzantine
653:Aromanian
641:Greeklish
631:Tsakonian
606:Himariote
581:Calabrian
557:Hellenism
462:Education
417:Souliotes
402:Arvanites
351:Egyptiots
225:Melbourne
220:Australia
151:Etymology
113:Krymchaks
62:Languages
3190:Kipchaks
3144:Molokans
3134:Cossacks
3129:Russians
2981:Hellenic
2941:Armenian
2932:European
2900:Shapsugs
2885:Cherkess
2875:Bzhedugs
2865:Adygeans
2831:(Pontic)
2756:(Didoic)
2727:Chechens
2699:Tsakhurs
2621:Botlikhs
2606:Akhvakhs
2529:Ingiloys
2475:Caucasus
2338:Zimbabwe
2318:Ethiopia
2222:Caucasus
2091:Caucasus
2086:Bulgaria
1963:massacre
1943:genocide
1788:cite web
1694:archived
1474:See also
1395:Language
1384:Georgian
1374:Religion
1269:Marneuli
1144:Trialeti
1081:Mariupol
944:denotes
932:denoted
867:Anatolia
616:Mariupol
519:Religion
492:Religion
487:Politics
472:Language
374:Cypriots
329:Caucasus
125:a series
123:Part of
74:Religion
3337:Kalmyks
3198:Balkars
3167:Germans
3090:Yazidis
3043:Iranian
2860:Abzakhs
2838:Abazins
2803:Kaitags
2799:Dargins
2773:Hunzibs
2768:Hinukhs
2763:Bezhtas
2684:Lezgins
2669:Budukhs
2636:Karatas
2519:Gurians
2487:(areal)
2379:Uruguay
2359:Bahamas
2287:Lebanon
2240:Georgia
2230:Armenia
2197:Romania
2182:Moldova
2177:Hungary
2172:Germany
2162:Denmark
2157:Czechia
2152:Belgium
2147:Austria
2131:Ukraine
2081:Albania
2063:Toronto
2034:Chicago
1968:burning
1464:episkop
1434:Russian
1415:Yañalif
1388:Russian
1261:Dmanisi
1241:Erzurum
1215:Erzurum
1124:Russian
1067:by the
1033:Rumeíka
1029:Romaioi
998:) (see
996:Georgia
981:Ukraine
966:Turkish
845:History
803:Turkish
702:Ottoman
694:Ancient
636:Yevanic
601:Cypriot
547:Judaism
507:Theatre
447:Cuisine
286:Maniots
244:Germany
237:Toronto
191:Albania
97:Pontics
56:Ukraine
52:Georgia
3281:Others
3253:Bayats
3236:Ayrums
3213:Nogais
3208:Kumyks
3181:Turkic
3160:Others
3104:Slavic
3080:Talysh
3056:Digors
2905:Ubykhs
2792:Others
2754:Tsezic
2744:Ingush
2689:Rutuls
2664:Archin
2651:Lezgic
2641:Tindis
2374:Mexico
2364:Brazil
2306:Africa
2282:Israel
2207:Sweden
2202:Serbia
2192:Poland
2167:France
2140:Europe
2126:Turkey
2121:Russia
2101:France
2096:Cyprus
2052:Sydney
2031:Boston
1953:pogrom
1824:Turkic
1515:"Urum"
1366:, and
1360:Abinsk
1328:Greece
1277:Tiflis
1271:, and
1257:Tsalka
1249:Artvin
1207:Pontus
1172:Tsalka
992:Tsalka
946:Greeks
883:Arabic
831:Crimea
823:Turkic
795:Ουρούμ
673:Slavic
626:Pontic
611:Maniot
591:Cretan
442:Cinema
343:Africa
334:Crimea
324:Pontic
232:Canada
206:Turkey
183:Cyprus
176:Greece
133:Greeks
91:Other
48:Russia
44:Greece
3112:Poles
3066:Kudar
3061:Irons
2994:Urums
2930:Indo-
2737:Aukhs
2732:Kists
2679:Kryts
2659:Aguls
2611:Avars
2601:Andis
2572:Svans
2514:Dvals
2369:Chile
2328:Sudan
2292:Syria
2111:Malta
2106:Italy
1448:cänäm
1442:Allah
1364:Sochi
1313:Greek
1293:Azeri
1211:Sivas
1154:, or
1116:Greek
1095:(see
910:Greek
899:Roman
885:word
811:Urum,
791:Greek
741:Urums
596:Griko
574:Greek
552:Islam
497:Sport
482:Music
457:Dress
452:Dance
384:Urums
379:Griko
196:Italy
23:Urums
3305:Jews
3085:Tats
3033:Roma
3028:Loms
2964:Zoks
2848:Sadz
2814:Laks
2783:Tsez
2722:Bats
2714:Nakh
2704:Udis
2674:Jeks
2560:Lazs
2555:Zans
1794:link
1461:and
1454:gimn
1247:and
1213:and
1150:and
1122:and
962:Urum
907:and
879:Urum
814:IPA:
805:and
799:Urúm
750:ʊəˈr
739:The
678:Urum
467:Flag
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