496:
401:, the canines erupt after the incisors. The crowns of the incisors are also angled in the direction of the forward tilt, and the crowns of both the incisors and canines are elongated and compressed side-to-side. The apical ridge, following along the front edges of the toothcomb teeth, is V-shaped in most lemuriforms, tapering off from the midline. As a result of this dental reconfiguration, the upper and lower incisors do not contact one another, and often the upper incisors are reduced or lost completely.
276:
405:
99:
952:
bacterial growth and tooth decay if used for exudate feeding. Supporting this, reduced interdental spacing is found in exudate feeding lemuriforms. Furthermore, the canine included in the toothcomb provides additional interdental spacing for fur combing. Even the behavior of young lemuriforms suggests that grooming plays a more important role in the use of the toothcomb than food procurement.
450:(Indriidae), the toothcomb is less procumbent and consists of four teeth instead of six. The indriid toothcomb is more robust and wider, with shorter incisors, wider spaces between the teeth (interdental spaces), and a broader apical ridge. It is unclear whether this four-toothed toothcomb consists of two pairs of incisors or one pair of incisors and one pair of canines. In
526:" ("are real combs"). More than 100 years later, the grooming function was questioned since it was difficult to observe and the interdental spaces were thought to be too small for fur. Observations later showed the teeth were used for that purpose and that immediately after grooming, hair may be found trapped in the teeth, but is removed by the sublingua later.
31:
580:, which may account for the size reduction of the poorly studied upper incisors. The toothcomb may provide pressure to stimulate glandular secretions which are then spread through the fur. Furthermore, the size reduction of the upper incisors may create a gap between the teeth (interincisal diastema) that connects the
1021:
toothcomb, homologous with that of lemuriforms. However, studies of tarsier dentition showed that only some tarsier species exhibit the characteristic striations on their incisors, yet all the species examined were reported to use their front teeth when grooming, suggesting the presence or absence of
679:
Indriids such as the sifakas use their toothcombs to gouge bark or dead wood (bark-prising), which is done prior to scent-marking with the gland on their chest. The more robust structure of their toothcomb is thought to help it withstand the compressive forces experienced during regular bark-prising.
477:
The toothcomb of treeshrews is like the lemuriform toothcomb in that it uses interdental spaces to form the comb tines, but only two of its three pairs of lower incisors are included in the toothcomb and the canines are also excluded. The lateral two incisors in the toothcomb are generally larger. In
474:
serrated incisors are kept clean using the front of the tongue, which is serrated to match the serrations of the incisors. Similarly, the hyracoid toothcomb consists of incisors with multiple tines, called "pectinations". In contrast to the colugos, the size and shape of the tines are more uniform.
929:
lemurs (particularly fork-marked lemurs and the hairy-eared dwarf lemur) and galagos, which demonstrate tooth-scraping of plant exudates, as well as sifakas, which practice bark-prising. Each of these were considered "primitive" forms among the living strepsirrhines, suggesting the first lemuriforms
712:
The ancestral condition of the anterior dentition on the lower jaw, based on Eocene primate fossils, suggests that earliest primates had lacked a differentiated toothcomb. Most fossil strepsirrhines lacked the stereotypic lemuriform toothcomb. Collectively, early strepsirrhine primates are known as
473:
In colugos, the toothcomb has a completely different structure. Instead of individual incisors and canine teeth being finely spaced to act like the teeth of a comb, the biting edge of the four incisors have become serrated with as many as 15 tines each, while the canine acts more like a molar. These
908:
that shaped the original lemuriform toothcomb has been a topic of considerable debate since the 1970s. Evidence can be seen as supporting a grooming function, food procurement function, or both. In the early 1900s, there was less debate. Grooming was seen as the primary function since primates lack
431:
following the toothcomb are usually shaped like typical canine teeth (caniniform) and assume their function. These premolars are commonly confused with canines. Normally the true canines in the lower jaw sit in front of the upper canines, and in toothcombed primates, the caniniform premolars rest
486:
As a homologous structure in lemuriforms, the toothcomb serves variable biological roles, despite its superficially stereotypic shape and appearance. It is primarily used as a toiletry device or grooming comb. Additionally, some species use their toothcomb for food procurement or to gouge tree
951:
In contrast, the grooming hypothesis emphasized that all lemuriforms use their toothcombs for grooming, and long, thin teeth are poorly suited for the mechanical stress of gouging and exudate feeding. Also the interdental spaces seen in most lemuriforms favor fur combing and would also promote
721:
group (containing many but not all of the descendants of the last common ancestor of the group's members) because the lemuriforms are assumed to have evolved from one of several groups of adapiforms. In terms of ecology, the evolution of the toothcomb is assumed to have required a
917:
on each foot to compensate. Grooming—in the form of fur-combing—is generally considered the primary function and original role of the lemuriform toothcomb, and subsequent changes in morphology across multiple lineages have altered its function and obscured its original function.
938:). If feeding ecology could have such profound effects on the shape of the anterior dentition, then convergent evolution might explain the similarities seen between the compressed lower incisors of the lemuriform toothcomb and the exudate feeding adaptations in the genus
748:
has suggested this foreshadowed the development of the lemuriform toothcomb. However, no lemuriform toothcomb has been found in the fossil record of the Eocene, and the
European adapid lower jaws from that time did not resemble the derived state seen in lemuriforms.
466:(Palaeopropithecidae), the toothcomb was lost and the incisors and canines resumed a typical configuration in the front of the mouth. The aye-aye also lost its toothcomb, replacing it with continually growing (hypselodont) front teeth, similar to the incisors of
553:) does not. The toothcomb of the colugos is generally considered to function as a toothcomb, but due to the lack of striations on the teeth and no documented observations of toothcomb use during oral grooming, its use seems to be limited to food procurement.
182:. While licking the fur clean, the animal will run the toothcomb through the fur to comb it. Fine grooves or striations are usually cut into the teeth during grooming by the hair and may be seen on the sides of the teeth when viewed through a
396:
that are procumbent (tilt forward) in the front of the mouth. The procumbent lower canine teeth are the same shape as the incisors located between them, but they are more robust and curve upward and inward more-so than the incisors. In the
353:), have a similar structure sometimes referred to as the "lateral dental grooming apparatus". Living and extinct hyraxes (hyracoids) also exhibit a toothcomb, although the number of tines in the comb vary throughout the fossil record.
1005:
Based on dental microwear patterns that are characteristic of dental combing, as well as the similarities between a laterally flared anterior incisor and the appearance of the lateral canine tooth in the lemuriform toothcomb, American
158:
and vary both in dental composition and structure. In most mammals the comb is formed by a group of teeth with fine spaces between them. The toothcombs in most mammals include incisors only, while in lemuriform primates they include
822:
may have been contemporaneous with related toothcombed primates around 50 to 48 mya, the sparse
African fossil record suggests toothcomb differentiation occurred around 52 to 40 mya according to the French paleoanthropologist
533:
revealed fine groves or striations on the teeth in lemuriform toothcombs. These grooves were only found on the sides of the teeth on the concave surfaces between the sides, as well on the back ridge of the teeth. Between 10 and
1022:
striations can be affected by grooming frequency, fur thickness, or interdental spacing. Dental combing (as a function of the teeth with or without a toothcomb) has also been documented in early primates from the late Eocene.
478:
the extinct arctocyonids, all six lower incisors were part of the toothcomb. In
African antelopes, the toothcomb is strikingly similar to that of lemuriforms in that it consists of two pairs of incisors and a pair of canines.
2285:
Jaeger, J. J.; Beard, K. C.; Chaimanee, Y.; Salem, M.; Benammi, M.; Hlal, O.; Coster, P.; Bilal, A. A.; Duringer, P.; Schuster, M.; Valentin, X.; Marandat, B.; Marivaux, L.; Métais, E.; Hammuda, O.; Brunet, M. (2010).
930:
exhibited similar behaviors. Also, strong selective pressure from feeding ecology placed on the anterior dentition was emphasized, based on the specialized upper anterior dentition seen in the recently extinct
734:. However, the inclusion of the canines into the toothcomb must have required exceptional conditions, since large lemuriforms have secondarily modified caniniform premolars to substitute for the loss.
538:
wide, these grooves indicate that hair moved repeatedly across the teeth. Inside these grooves were even finer groves, less than 1 µm, created by abrasion with the cuticular layer of the hair.
776:, have been found in Africa and date from 50 to 48 mya and were very distinct from European adapiforms. However, they lack a toothcomb. These stem lemuriforms suggest an early common ancestry with
701:
proposed that the toothcomb found in treeshrews (which he believed were primates) was an early version of the dental structure found in lemuriforms. Because he viewed the fossil lorisoids from the
2287:
2214:
Cuozzo, F.P.; Yamashita, N. (2006). "Chapter 4: Impact of
Ecology on the Teeth of Extant Lemurs: A Review of Dental Adaptations, Function, and Life History". In Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L (eds.).
980:
primates, most of whom do not exhibit the characteristic toothcomb, and "lemuriform" has been problematic because of its historical membership of living and fossil primates, which included the
866:
The minimum paleontological estimate for the divergence of lemurs and lorisoids nearly doubled when additional discoveries were made in northern Egypt during the 2000s of a stem galagid (
458:) the toothcomb is more compressed, with significantly reduced interdental spaces. All six teeth are longer, straighter, and form a more continuous apical ridge. In the recently extinct
439:
or "under-tongue", a specialized muscular structure that acts like a toothbrush to remove hair and other debris. The sublingua can extend below the end of the tongue and is tipped with
705:
as not having fully developed the modern lemuriform toothcomb, he implied that lemurs and lorisoids had evolved the trait independently. This view was later overturned, and the
2601:
Rosenberger, A.L. (2010). "Chapter 14: Adaptive profile versus adaptive specialization: Fossils and gummivory in early primate evolution". In
Burrows, A.M.; Nash, L.T (eds.).
122:
structure found in some mammals, comprising a group of front teeth arranged in a manner that facilitates grooming, similar to a hair comb. The toothcomb occurs in lemuriform
2422:
337:
Toothcombs can also be found in colugos and treeshrews, both close relatives of primates; however, the structures are different and these are considered to examples of
427:
teeth of the lemuriform toothcomb as canines in 1840. Canine teeth are normally used to pierce or grasp objects. With modified lower canine teeth, the first lower
988:, but excluded the lorisoids. The term "lemuriforms" is used here because it derives from one popular taxonomy that clumps the toothcombed primates into one
694:
The origins of the lemuriform toothcomb and the clade it characterizes have been the center of considerable debate for more than a century. In 1920, British
2458:
255:
may have been their closest relatives. The lack of a distinct toothcomb in the fossil record prior to 40 mya has created a conflict with
2932:
2715:
2612:
2403:
2225:
2204:
2181:
2131:
1541:
1422:
1400:
1165:
666:. In fork-marked lemurs, the toothcomb is specially adapted to minimize food trapment since the interdental spaces are greatly reduced. The
2154:
190:, a specialized "under-tongue". The toothcomb can have other functions, such as food procurement and bark gouging. Within lemuriforms,
420:
76:
Finished writing a draft article? Are you ready to request review of it by an experienced editor for possible inclusion in
Knowledge?
730:(a trait with adaptive value for something other than what it was originally selected for), which could then be used for personal or
564:. Instead, it is used during grooming when the head sweeps upward in a distinctive motion. It is thought to comb the fur and remove
882:
is the oldest fossil primate to exhibit a distinct lemuriform toothcomb. This, as well as studies of other
African adapiforms like
726:(leaf-eating) diet among the ancestral adapiform population, since that would select for reduced incisors, which would serve as an
2506:
171:. The toothcombs of colugos and hyraxes take a different form with the individual incisors being serrated, providing multiple
2859:
860:
689:
206:
2141:
Asher, R. J. (1998). "Morphological diversity of anatomical strepsirrhinism and the evolution of the lemuriform toothcomb".
741:. In some adapids, the crests of the lower incisors and canines align to form functional cropping unit, and the American
530:
183:
972:
between lemurs and lorisoids is widely accepted, their clade name is not. The term "strepsirrhine" has been used as a
752:
Lemuriforms are currently thought to have evolved in Africa, and the earliest known prosimian primates from Africa are
503:
is a secondary tongue below the primary tongue and is used to remove hair and debris from the toothcomb of lemuriforms.
2948:
2390:
737:
A popular hypothesis about the origins of the lemuriform clade is that they evolved from
European adapiforms known as
2921:
Tattersall, I. (2006). "Chapter 1: Origin of the
Malagasy strepsirhine primates". In Gould, L.; Sauther, M.L (eds.).
2572:
Rose, K.D.; Walker, A.; Jacobs, L.L. (1981). "Function of the mandibular tooth comb in living and extinct mammals".
1045:
Cercamoniines were an early branch of strepsirrhine primates that occupied the northern hemisphere during the early
2485:
2395:
772:
245:
756:
from the early Eocene, which likely descended from a very early colonization of the Afro-Arabian land mass in the
2944:
832:
70:
2423:"Grooming in impala: Role of oral grooming in removal of ticks and effects of ticks in increasing grooming rate"
921:
The hypothesis that the toothcomb evolved for food procurement was based on observations of recent lemuriform
1007:
632:
654:
2726:
905:
698:
2644:
2385:
561:
338:
155:
49:
1029:
627:) use their toothcombs to scoop up fruit pulp. Other small lemuriforms, such as fork-marked lemurs (
2892:
2381:
2322:
1010:
745:
2622:
Rosenberger, A.L.; Strasser, E. (1985). "Toothcomb origins: Support for the grooming hypothesis".
868:
824:
368:
307:
260:
495:
888:
205:
In lemuriform primates, the toothcomb has been used by scientists in the interpretation of the
2928:
2909:
2846:
2796:
2746:
2711:
2688:
2608:
2589:
2560:
2525:
2493:
2473:
2445:
2409:
2399:
2348:
2310:
2273:
2221:
2200:
2177:
2158:
2127:
973:
695:
589:
556:
In
African antelopes, the lateral dental grooming apparatus does not appear to be used during
546:
515:
451:
424:
409:
319:
198:
have more robust toothcombs to support these secondary functions. In some lemurs, such as the
191:
179:
151:
2705:
2192:
2901:
2878:
2836:
2828:
2786:
2778:
2738:
2680:
2659:
2631:
2581:
2550:
2517:
2437:
2369:
2338:
2302:
2265:
2244:
2150:
331:
44:
17:
275:
2288:"Late middle Eocene epoch of Libya yields earliest known radiation of African anthropoids"
2235:
Eaglen, R.H. (1980). "Toothcomb homology and toothcomb function in extant strepsirhines".
828:
731:
648:
508:
398:
256:
202:, the toothcomb has been lost completely and replaced with another specialized dentition.
40:
838:
and others, which predict lemur–lorisoid divergence dating between 61 and 90.8 mya.
1036:), lacked a toothcomb but showed signs of dental microwear attributed to dental combing.
2791:
2555:
2538:
2373:
2343:
2326:
993:
989:
926:
856:
782:
511:
251:
186:. The toothcomb is kept clean by either the tongue or, in the case of lemuriforms, the
98:
2645:"New views on tree shrews: The role of Tupaiids in primate supraordinal relationships"
404:
2841:
2441:
1238:
1236:
1018:
914:
893:
777:
373:
295:
264:
234:
66:
2759:
225:
suggests that they evolved from an older lineage that migrated to Africa during the
2890:
Szalay, F.S.; Seligsohn, D. (1977). "Why did the strepsirhine tooth comb evolve?".
1050:
807:
787:
742:
672:
659:
565:
459:
393:
303:
292:
167:
that tilt forward at the front of the lower jaw, followed by a canine-shaped first
164:
131:
2809:
2922:
2602:
2215:
2173:
The Hunt for the Dawn Monkey: Unearthing the Origins of Monkeys, Apes, and Humans
2171:
863:; however, it was later shown to be a type of adapiform primate and not a lemur.
931:
714:
604:
463:
323:
210:
507:
The primary function of the toothcomb, grooming, was first noted by the French
1024:
981:
977:
940:
843:
835:
766:
761:
727:
535:
357:
239:
230:
2497:
2492:. Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3. Edinburgh University Press.
2477:
2413:
52:. It serves as a testing spot and page development space for the user and is
2832:
2782:
1046:
1033:
969:
910:
874:
852:
757:
753:
718:
706:
667:
663:
593:
585:
577:
500:
447:
436:
287:
The toothcomb, a special morphological arrangement of teeth in the anterior
226:
195:
187:
135:
119:
2800:
2750:
2564:
2463:, a pygmy species endemic to the montane mossy forests of central Sulawesi"
2352:
2314:
2277:
2256:
Godinot, M. (2006). "Lemuriform origins as viewed from the fossil record".
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
2858:
Stevens, N. J.; O'Connor, P. M.; Roberts, E. M.; Gottfried, M. D. (2009).
2850:
2700:
Schwartz, J.H. (2003). "Chapter 3: How close are the similarities between
2692:
2593:
2529:
2449:
2162:
2155:
10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(199803)105:3<355::AID-AJPA5>3.0.CO;2-Q
992:
and the extinct, non-toothcombed adapiforms into another, both within the
2913:
2882:
985:
945:
848:
738:
723:
581:
428:
388:
The toothcomb of most lemuriforms includes six finely spaced teeth, four
377:
362:
342:
288:
218:
168:
147:
92:
2742:
2306:
576:
In lemuriform primates, the toothcomb may also play a secondary role in
2704:
and other primates?". In Wright, P.C.; Simons, E.L.; Gursky, S (eds.).
2663:
2635:
2248:
1014:
702:
557:
440:
417:
389:
315:
199:
160:
123:
2905:
2684:
2521:
2269:
217:
or earlier. One popular hypothesis is that they evolved from European
2860:"A hyracoid from the Late Oligocene Red Sandstone Group of Tanzania,
2671:
Schmid, P. (1983). "Front Dentition of the Omomyiformes (Primates)".
2585:
1223:
1221:
640:
612:
467:
346:
280:
222:
214:
139:
2065:
2063:
172:
102:
The lemuriform toothcomb, viewed from the underside of the lower jaw
91:
This page is about the dental structure. For the colloquialism, see
1740:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1671:
1669:
1242:
2727:"Fossil evidence for an ancient divergence of lorises and galagos"
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
922:
794:, is thought to be most closely related to lemuriforms. Together,
791:
644:
620:
494:
403:
311:
299:
274:
143:
127:
97:
2360:
McKenzie, A.A. (1990). "The ruminant dental grooming apparatus".
1049:. They originated in Asia and are considered a subfamily of the
1342:
1340:
1338:
780:
from outside of Europe. Based on large, procumbent lower teeth,
283:
differs significantly in shape from that of lemuriform primates.
1131:
1129:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1095:
1093:
1053:, extinct North American primates that resembled modern lemurs.
658:) use their toothcombs to tooth-scrape plant exudates, such as
1565:
1563:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
25:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
2758:
Seiffert, E.R.; Simons, E.L.; Ryan, T.M.; Attia, Y. (2005).
913:
primates (strepsirrhines and tarsiers) possess at least one
446:
Among lemurs, the toothcomb is variable in structure. Among
1179:
1177:
1175:
209:
and their kin. They are thought to have evolved from early
1208:
1206:
1204:
2764:, a primitive stem galagid from the late Eocene of Egypt"
1994:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
2490:
Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini
1253:
1251:
786:, a fossil primate found in late Eocene deposits at the
596:
to be more easily transferred to the vomeronasal organ.
2006:
1874:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1412:
1410:
79:
59:
909:
the claws needed to adequately comb the fur, although
545:
exhibits microscopic groves on its toothcomb, but the
2388:; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; et al. (2010).
443:, serrated points that rake between the front teeth.
380:)—also possessed an independently evolved toothcomb.
263:
between lemurs and lorisoids, and the existence of a
2652:
Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews
2069:
2030:
1752:
1687:
1227:
1195:
676:may also use their toothcomb for food procurement.
306:primates (collectively known as lemuriforms). This
2193:"Chapter 2: Primate Classification and Diversity"
310:is a diagnostic character that helps define this
2725:Seiffert, E.R.; Simons, E.L.; Attia, Y. (2003).
2421:Mooring, M.; McKenzie, A.A.; Hart, B.L. (1996).
1946:
1843:
1518:
1282:
1072:
810:(the closest relatives) of lemuriform primates.
2821:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2771:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2093:
2081:
2054:
2042:
1934:
1807:
1728:
1716:
1675:
1660:
1483:
1346:
1135:
1120:
1099:
2814:(Primates, Prosimii) from the Eocene of Egypt"
709:between lemurs and lorisoids is now accepted.
435:The lemuriform toothcomb is kept clean by the
2507:"Evolutionary history of lorisiform primates"
1636:
900:Original function of the lemuriform toothcomb
878:) dating to 37 and 40 mya respectively.
8:
2710:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 50–96.
2505:Rasmussen, D. T.; Nekaris, K. A. I. (1998).
1569:
1495:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1370:
1305:
341:. Likewise, small- or medium-sized African
48:. A user sandbox is a subpage of the user's
2394:. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.).
2199:. Oxford University Press. pp. 10–30.
1588:
592:in the roof of the mouth. This would allow
584:(a cleft in the middle of the wet nose, or
2018:
1970:
1819:
1435:
1382:
1329:
2840:
2790:
2554:
2362:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2342:
2143:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
2604:The Evolution of Exudativory in Primates
1624:
1540:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1918 (
1421:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1918 (
1399:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1918 (
1212:
1164:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJones1918 (
1084:
2327:"The sublingua and the plica fimbriata"
1982:
1958:
1922:
1886:
1855:
1831:
1795:
1783:
1764:
1612:
1600:
1065:
961:
2808:Simons, E.L.; Rasmussen, D.T. (1994).
2105:
1648:
1554:
1358:
1317:
1257:
1183:
1147:
412:, with canine-like premolars behind it
154:in different types of mammals through
2195:. In Platt, M.; Ghazanfar, A (eds.).
1910:
1898:
1699:
1535:
1416:
1394:
1159:
7:
2943:
2237:International Journal of Primatology
717:. Adapiforms are considered to be a
233:) and might have evolved from early
2707:Tarsiers: Past, Present, and Future
356:Dating to the Eocene epoch over 50
271:Homologous and analogous structures
237:from Asia. Fossil primates such as
2871:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2457:Musser, G.G.; Dagosto, M. (1987).
2374:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1990.tb00564.x
2176:. University of California Press.
514:in 1829, who pointed out that the
421:Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville
267:of lemuriform primates in Africa.
178:The toothcomb is usually used for
24:
2031:Seiffert, Simons & Attia 2003
1228:Mooring, McKenzie & Hart 1996
1196:Mooring, McKenzie & Hart 1996
1032:(close relatives of tarsier-like
2126:(3rd ed.). Academic Press.
872:) and a stem or crown lorisoid (
541:Among non-primates, the extinct
58:Create or edit your own sandbox
29:
2070:Rosenberger & Strasser 1985
1753:Rosenberger & Strasser 1985
1688:Rosenberger & Strasser 1985
827:. This would conflict with the
818:Although stem lemuriforms like
600:Food procurement and other uses
2924:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation
2607:. Springer. pp. 273–295.
2217:Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation
1519:Rose, Walker & Jacobs 1981
1283:Rose, Walker & Jacobs 1981
859:lemur, further challenged the
855:and initially thought to be a
690:Evolutionary history of lemurs
259:studies that suggest an older
1:
81:Submit your draft for review!
2442:10.1016/0031-9384(95)02186-8
2220:. Springer. pp. 67–96.
1947:Rasmussen & Nekaris 1998
1844:Rasmussen & Nekaris 1998
1073:Rasmussen & Nekaris 1998
531:scanning electron microscopy
184:scanning electron microscope
2949:Knowledge:Featured articles
2927:. Springer. pp. 3–20.
2539:"The dental comb of lemurs"
2094:Cuozzo & Yamashita 2006
2082:Szalay & Seligsohn 1977
2055:Szalay & Seligsohn 1977
2043:Cuozzo & Yamashita 2006
1935:Simons & Rasmussen 1994
1808:Szalay & Seligsohn 1977
1729:Szalay & Seligsohn 1977
1717:Szalay & Seligsohn 1977
1676:Cuozzo & Yamashita 2006
1661:Cuozzo & Yamashita 2006
1484:Szalay & Seligsohn 1977
1347:Szalay & Seligsohn 1977
1136:Szalay & Seligsohn 1977
1121:Cuozzo & Yamashita 2006
1100:Cuozzo & Yamashita 2006
896:for lemuriforms in Africa.
833:evolutionary anthropologist
522:) had lower incisors that "
54:not an encyclopedia article
2966:
2396:Conservation International
892:, suggests a more ancient
841:In 2001, the discovery of
687:
524:sont de véritables peignes
90:
2945:Template:Featured article
2810:"A remarkable cranium of
2516:. 69 (suppl 1): 250–285.
2470:American Museum Novitates
2430:Physiology & Behavior
2122:Ankel-Simons, F. (2007).
1637:Musser & Dagosto 1987
1150:, pp. 278 & 280.
970:monophyletic relationship
707:monophyletic relationship
423:first identified the two
847:, a fossil primate from
684:Evolution in lemuriforms
572:Olfaction in lemuriforms
2833:10.1073/pnas.91.21.9946
2783:10.1073/pnas.0505310102
2760:"Additional remains of
1741:Mittermeier et al. 2010
1008:physical anthropologist
861:theory of lemur origins
764:lemuriforms, including
633:hairy-eared dwarf lemur
462:(Archaeolemuridae) and
814:Dating inconsistencies
504:
413:
296:strepsirrhine primates
284:
103:
2862:Rukwalorax jinokitana
2643:Sargis, E.J. (2004).
2197:Primate Neuroethology
2191:Cartmill, M. (2010).
1028:, a type of European
806:are considered to be
760:(65 to 55 mya).
699:Wilfrid Le Gros Clark
670:colugos in the genus
498:
407:
278:
152:evolved independently
101:
2883:10.1671/039.029.0302
2864:(gen. and sp. nov.)"
2812:Plesiopithecus teras
2537:Roberts, D. (1941).
2391:Lemurs of Madagascar
2007:Seiffert et al. 2005
1875:Seiffert et al. 2005
984:lemurs and European
884:‘Anchomomys’ milleri
800:‘Anchomomys’ milleri
773:'Anchomomys' milleri
696:palaeoanthropologist
384:Anatomical structure
339:convergent evolution
308:homologous structure
246:'Anchomomys' milleri
213:primates around the
156:convergent evolution
2893:Folia Primatologica
2777:(32): 11396–11401.
2743:10.1038/nature01489
2673:Folia Primatologica
2514:Folia Primatologica
2307:10.1038/nature09425
2301:(7319): 1095–1098.
2258:Folia Primatologica
2033:, pp. 423–424.
1985:, pp. 447–449.
1925:, pp. 453–455.
1858:, pp. 455–456.
1846:, pp. 256–258.
1798:, pp. 446–447.
1615:, pp. 236–237.
1450:, pp. 421–423.
1243:Stevens et al. 2009
1186:, pp. 279–280.
1162:, pp. 345–346.
1011:Jeffrey H. Schwartz
746:Philip D. Gingerich
551:Cynocephalus volans
399:permanent dentition
314:(related group) of
291:, is best known in
279:The toothcomb of a
207:evolution of lemurs
2952:
2664:10.1002/evan.10131
2636:10.1007/BF02389048
2543:Journal of Anatomy
2331:Journal of Anatomy
2249:10.1007/BF02692275
2170:Beard, C. (2004).
1995:Jaeger et al. 2010
906:selective pressure
643:(particularly the
505:
452:fork-marked lemurs
414:
351:Aepyceros melampus
285:
192:fork-marked lemurs
150:. The structures
104:
2934:978-0-387-34585-7
2906:10.1159/000155778
2827:(21): 9946–9950.
2762:Wadilemur elegans
2737:(6930): 421–424.
2717:978-0-8135-3236-3
2685:10.1159/000156088
2614:978-1-4419-6660-5
2580:(5798): 583–585.
2549:(Pt 2): 236–238.
2522:10.1159/000052716
2459:"The identity of
2405:978-1-934151-23-5
2382:Mittermeier, R.A.
2337:(Pt 4): 345–353.
2270:10.1159/000095391
2227:978-0-387-34585-7
2206:978-0-19-532659-8
2183:978-0-520-23369-0
2133:978-0-12-372576-9
2084:, pp. 80–81.
2045:, pp. 73–74.
1913:, pp. 51–52.
1901:, pp. 55–56.
1719:, pp. 76–77.
1678:, pp. 74–76.
1639:, pp. 33–34.
1627:, pp. 66–67.
1570:Ankel-Simons 2007
1496:Ankel-Simons 2007
1486:, pp. 78–79.
1472:Ankel-Simons 2007
1460:Ankel-Simons 2007
1448:Ankel-Simons 2007
1371:Ankel-Simons 2007
1332:, pp. 52–53.
1306:Ankel-Simons 2007
974:wastebasket taxon
590:vomeronasal organ
547:Philippine colugo
516:ring-tailed lemur
410:ring-tailed lemur
378:placental mammals
146:and some African
89:
88:
65:Other sandboxes:
63:
2957:
2938:
2917:
2886:
2868:
2854:
2844:
2818:
2804:
2794:
2768:
2754:
2721:
2696:
2667:
2649:
2639:
2618:
2597:
2586:10.1038/289583a0
2568:
2558:
2533:
2511:
2501:
2486:Osman Hill, W.C.
2481:
2467:
2453:
2436:(4–5): 965–971.
2427:
2417:
2377:
2356:
2346:
2318:
2292:
2281:
2252:
2231:
2210:
2187:
2166:
2137:
2115:Literature cited
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2009:, p. 11396.
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1878:
1877:, p. 11400.
1872:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1589:Rosenberger 2010
1586:
1573:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1533:
1522:
1516:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1414:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1286:
1280:
1261:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1170:
1169:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1124:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1054:
1043:
1037:
1003:
997:
966:
788:Fayum Depression
332:New World monkey
322:is found in the
298:, which include
126:(which includes
85:
84:
82:
71:Template sandbox
57:
33:
32:
26:
18:User:EngetsuGray
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2941:
2935:
2920:
2889:
2866:
2857:
2816:
2807:
2766:
2757:
2724:
2718:
2699:
2670:
2647:
2642:
2621:
2615:
2600:
2571:
2536:
2509:
2504:
2484:
2465:
2461:Tarsius pumilus
2456:
2425:
2420:
2406:
2380:
2359:
2321:
2290:
2284:
2255:
2234:
2228:
2213:
2207:
2190:
2184:
2169:
2140:
2134:
2124:Primate Anatomy
2121:
2117:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2029:
2025:
2019:Tattersall 2006
2017:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1997:, p. 1095.
1993:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1973:, pp. 8–9.
1971:Tattersall 2006
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1937:, p. 9946.
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1881:
1873:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1820:Tattersall 2006
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1667:
1659:
1655:
1651:, pp. 6–8.
1647:
1643:
1635:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1576:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1534:
1525:
1517:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1446:
1442:
1436:Osman Hill 1953
1434:
1430:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1383:Osman Hill 1953
1381:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1336:
1330:Osman Hill 1953
1328:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1289:
1281:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1173:
1163:
1158:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1127:
1119:
1106:
1098:
1091:
1083:
1079:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1057:
1044:
1040:
1013:suggested that
1004:
1000:
967:
963:
958:
902:
829:molecular clock
816:
732:social grooming
692:
686:
602:
574:
493:
484:
408:Toothcomb of a
386:
320:analogous trait
273:
257:molecular clock
229:(65 to 55
96:
80:
78:
77:
75:
74:
30:
22:
21:
20:
12:
11:
5:
2963:
2961:
2940:
2939:
2933:
2918:
2887:
2855:
2805:
2755:
2722:
2716:
2697:
2668:
2640:
2619:
2613:
2598:
2569:
2534:
2502:
2482:
2472:(2867): 1–53.
2454:
2418:
2404:
2378:
2368:(2): 117–128.
2357:
2323:Wood Jones, F.
2319:
2282:
2264:(6): 446–464.
2253:
2243:(3): 275–286.
2232:
2226:
2211:
2205:
2188:
2182:
2167:
2149:(3): 355–367.
2138:
2132:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2108:, p. 276.
2098:
2086:
2074:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:
1963:
1961:, p. 458.
1951:
1949:, p. 261.
1939:
1927:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1889:, p. 452.
1879:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1834:, p. 447.
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1786:, p. 446.
1769:
1767:, p. 455.
1757:
1745:
1743:, p. 572.
1733:
1721:
1704:
1702:, p. 355.
1692:
1680:
1665:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1603:, p. 236.
1593:
1591:, p. 291.
1574:
1572:, p. 238.
1559:
1547:
1538:, p. 346.
1523:
1521:, p. 585.
1500:
1498:, p. 257.
1488:
1476:
1474:, p. 233.
1464:
1462:, p. 254.
1452:
1440:
1428:
1419:, p. 347.
1406:
1397:, p. 345.
1387:
1375:
1373:, p. 234.
1363:
1361:, p. 279.
1351:
1334:
1322:
1320:, p. 281.
1310:
1308:, p. 235.
1287:
1285:, p. 583.
1262:
1260:, p. 277.
1247:
1245:, p. 974.
1232:
1230:, p. 966.
1217:
1215:, p. 117.
1200:
1198:, p. 970.
1188:
1171:
1152:
1140:
1125:
1104:
1089:
1077:
1075:, p. 252.
1064:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1038:
1017:have a highly
998:
996:Strepsirrhini.
960:
959:
957:
954:
901:
898:
851:dating to the
815:
812:
804:Plesiopithecus
783:Plesiopithecus
743:paleontologist
685:
682:
601:
598:
573:
570:
512:Georges Cuvier
492:
489:
483:
480:
385:
382:
372:—two types of
345:, such as the
328:Cacajao calvus
272:
269:
252:Plesiopithecus
87:
86:
55:
36:
34:
23:
15:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2962:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2865:
2863:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:(1–2): 1–10.
2678:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2185:
2179:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2096:, p. 74.
2095:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2075:
2072:, p. 75.
2071:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2057:, p. 75.
2056:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1810:, p. 77.
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1755:, p. 74.
1754:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1731:, p. 80.
1730:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1690:, p. 73.
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1663:, p. 72.
1662:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1625:Schwartz 2003
1621:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1557:, p. 58.
1556:
1551:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1441:
1438:, p. 73.
1437:
1432:
1429:
1424:
1418:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1385:, p. 53.
1384:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1349:, p. 78.
1348:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1213:McKenzie 1990
1209:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:, p. 76.
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:, p. 73.
1122:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:, p. 68.
1101:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1087:, p. 15.
1086:
1085:Cartmill 2010
1081:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
968:Although the
965:
962:
955:
953:
949:
947:
943:
942:
937:
933:
928:
924:
919:
916:
915:grooming claw
912:
907:
899:
897:
895:
894:ghost lineage
891:
890:
885:
881:
877:
876:
871:
870:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
845:
839:
837:
834:
831:estimates by
830:
826:
821:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:
779:
778:cercamoniines
775:
774:
769:
768:
763:
759:
755:
750:
747:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
720:
716:
710:
708:
704:
700:
697:
691:
683:
681:
677:
675:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:
651:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
599:
597:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
571:
569:
567:
566:ectoparasites
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
539:
537:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
510:
502:
497:
490:
488:
481:
479:
475:
471:
469:
465:
461:
460:monkey lemurs
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
433:
430:
426:
422:
419:
411:
406:
402:
400:
395:
391:
383:
381:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
364:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
335:
333:
330:), a type of
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
294:
290:
282:
277:
270:
268:
266:
265:ghost lineage
262:
258:
254:
253:
248:
247:
242:
241:
236:
235:cercamoniines
232:
228:
224:
223:fossil record
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
100:
94:
83:
73:
72:
68:
61:
53:
51:
47:
46:
42:
35:
28:
27:
19:
2947:is only for
2942:
2923:
2900:(1): 75–82.
2897:
2891:
2874:
2870:
2861:
2824:
2820:
2811:
2774:
2770:
2761:
2734:
2730:
2706:
2701:
2676:
2672:
2658:(2): 56–66.
2655:
2651:
2627:
2623:
2603:
2577:
2573:
2546:
2542:
2513:
2489:
2469:
2460:
2433:
2429:
2389:
2365:
2361:
2334:
2330:
2298:
2294:
2261:
2257:
2240:
2236:
2216:
2196:
2172:
2146:
2142:
2123:
2101:
2089:
2077:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2021:, p. 7.
2014:
2002:
1990:
1983:Godinot 2006
1978:
1966:
1959:Godinot 2006
1954:
1942:
1930:
1923:Godinot 2006
1918:
1906:
1894:
1887:Godinot 2006
1882:
1856:Godinot 2006
1851:
1839:
1832:Godinot 2006
1827:
1822:, p. 9.
1815:
1803:
1796:Godinot 2006
1791:
1784:Godinot 2006
1765:Godinot 2006
1760:
1748:
1736:
1724:
1695:
1683:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1613:Roberts 1941
1608:
1601:Roberts 1941
1596:
1550:
1491:
1479:
1467:
1455:
1443:
1431:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1325:
1313:
1191:
1155:
1143:
1080:
1068:
1041:
1030:microchoerid
1023:
1001:
964:
950:
939:
935:
932:koala lemurs
927:cheirogaleid
920:
903:
887:
883:
879:
873:
869:Saharagalago
867:
865:
857:cheirogaleid
842:
840:
825:Marc Godinot
819:
817:
803:
799:
795:
781:
771:
765:
751:
736:
719:paraphyletic
711:
693:
678:
673:Cynocephalus
671:
653:
647:
636:
628:
624:
616:
608:
605:Mouse lemurs
603:
575:
555:
550:
542:
540:
528:
523:
519:
506:
485:
476:
472:
464:sloth lemurs
455:
445:
434:
415:
394:canine teeth
387:
374:arctocyonids
369:Thryptacodon
367:
361:
355:
350:
336:
327:
286:
250:
244:
238:
204:
177:
175:per tooth.
165:canine teeth
115:
111:
107:
105:
67:Main sandbox
64:
38:
2386:Louis, E.E.
2106:Eaglen 1980
1649:Schmid 1983
1555:Sargis 2004
1359:Eaglen 1980
1318:Eaglen 1980
1258:Eaglen 1980
1184:Eaglen 1980
1148:Eaglen 1980
1051:notharctids
944:(a type of
936:Megaladapis
808:sister taxa
668:herbivorous
619:), and the
617:Propithecus
520:Lemur catta
441:keratinized
432:behind it.
416:The French
376:(primitive
324:bald uakari
116:dental comb
45:EngetsuGray
2877:(3): 972.
1911:Beard 2004
1899:Beard 2004
1700:Asher 1998
1536:Jones 1918
1417:Jones 1918
1395:Jones 1918
1160:Jones 1918
1061:References
1025:Necrolemur
990:infraorder
978:haplorhine
941:Callithrix
925:, such as
844:Bugtilemur
836:Anne Yoder
820:Djebelemur
796:Djebelemur
767:Djebelemur
728:exaptation
724:folivorous
715:adapiforms
688:See also:
609:Microcebus
594:pheromones
509:naturalist
261:divergence
240:Djebelemur
221:, but the
136:treeshrews
112:tooth comb
2630:: 73–84.
2498:500576914
2478:0003-0082
2414:670545286
1047:Paleogene
911:prosimian
889:Wadilemur
880:Karanisia
875:Karanisia
853:Oligocene
758:Paleocene
637:Allocebus
588:) to the
586:rhinarium
578:olfaction
529:In 1981,
501:sublingua
482:Functions
437:sublingua
429:premolars
418:anatomist
343:antelopes
289:lower jaw
227:Paleocene
211:adapiform
188:sublingua
148:antelopes
132:lorisoids
108:toothcomb
50:user page
39:the user
2801:16087891
2751:12660781
2624:Primates
2565:17104854
2488:(1953).
2353:17103846
2325:(1918).
2315:20981098
2278:17053330
1034:omomyids
1015:tarsiers
994:suborder
982:Malagasy
976:for non-
946:marmoset
849:Pakistan
754:azibiids
655:Euoticus
582:philtrum
562:browsing
543:Chriacus
534:20
491:Grooming
448:indriids
392:and two
390:incisors
363:Chriacus
316:primates
304:lorisoid
196:indriids
180:grooming
169:premolar
161:incisors
124:primates
93:Nit comb
37:This is
2851:7937923
2792:1183603
2702:Tarsius
2693:6407925
2594:7007889
2556:1252661
2530:9595692
2450:8778894
2344:1262842
2163:9545077
1019:derived
986:adapids
739:adapids
703:Miocene
641:galagos
639:), and
631:), the
613:sifakas
558:grazing
468:rodents
425:lateral
219:adapids
200:aye-aye
144:hyraxes
140:colugos
118:) is a
69:|
41:sandbox
2931:
2914:401757
2912:
2849:
2839:
2799:
2789:
2749:
2731:Nature
2714:
2691:
2611:
2592:
2574:Nature
2563:
2553:
2528:
2496:
2476:
2448:
2412:
2402:
2351:
2341:
2313:
2295:Nature
2276:
2224:
2203:
2180:
2161:
2130:
802:, and
649:Galago
645:genera
629:Phaner
487:bark.
456:Phaner
347:impala
300:lemurs
293:extant
281:colugo
249:, and
215:Eocene
128:lemurs
120:dental
110:(also
2867:(PDF)
2842:44934
2817:(PDF)
2767:(PDF)
2648:(PDF)
2510:(PDF)
2466:(PDF)
2426:(PDF)
2291:(PDF)
956:Notes
792:Egypt
625:Indri
621:indri
318:. An
312:clade
173:tines
16:<
2929:ISBN
2910:PMID
2847:PMID
2797:PMID
2747:PMID
2712:ISBN
2689:PMID
2609:ISBN
2590:PMID
2561:PMID
2526:PMID
2494:OCLC
2474:ISSN
2446:PMID
2410:OCLC
2400:ISBN
2349:PMID
2311:PMID
2274:PMID
2222:ISBN
2201:ISBN
2178:ISBN
2159:PMID
2128:ISBN
1542:help
1423:help
1401:help
1166:help
923:taxa
904:The
886:and
770:and
762:Stem
662:and
652:and
499:The
366:and
302:and
194:and
163:and
130:and
60:here
2902:doi
2879:doi
2837:PMC
2829:doi
2787:PMC
2779:doi
2775:102
2739:doi
2735:422
2681:doi
2660:doi
2632:doi
2582:doi
2578:289
2551:PMC
2518:doi
2438:doi
2370:doi
2339:PMC
2303:doi
2299:467
2266:doi
2245:doi
2151:doi
2147:105
948:).
790:in
664:sap
660:gum
611:),
560:or
358:mya
231:mya
134:),
114:or
43:of
2908:.
2898:27
2896:.
2875:29
2873:.
2869:.
2845:.
2835:.
2825:91
2823:.
2819:.
2795:.
2785:.
2773:.
2769:.
2745:.
2733:.
2729:.
2687:.
2677:40
2675:.
2656:13
2654:.
2650:.
2628:26
2626:.
2588:.
2576:.
2559:.
2547:75
2545:.
2541:.
2524:.
2512:.
2468:.
2444:.
2434:59
2432:.
2428:.
2408:.
2398:.
2384:;
2366:99
2364:.
2347:.
2335:52
2333:.
2329:.
2309:.
2297:.
2293:.
2272:.
2262:77
2260:.
2239:.
2157:.
2145:.
2062:^
1863:^
1772:^
1707:^
1668:^
1577:^
1562:^
1526:^
1503:^
1409:^
1337:^
1290:^
1265:^
1250:^
1235:^
1220:^
1203:^
1174:^
1128:^
1107:^
1092:^
798:,
568:.
536:µm
470:.
360:,
334:.
243:,
142:,
138:,
106:A
56:.
2951:.
2937:.
2916:.
2904::
2885:.
2881::
2853:.
2831::
2803:.
2781::
2753:.
2741::
2720:.
2695:.
2683::
2666:.
2662::
2638:.
2634::
2617:.
2596:.
2584::
2567:.
2532:.
2520::
2500:.
2480:.
2452:.
2440::
2416:.
2376:.
2372::
2355:.
2317:.
2305::
2280:.
2268::
2251:.
2247::
2241:1
2230:.
2209:.
2186:.
2165:.
2153::
2136:.
1544:)
1425:)
1403:)
1168:)
934:(
635:(
623:(
615:(
607:(
549:(
518:(
454:(
349:(
326:(
95:.
62:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
