637:
typical recreational dose, and the highest dose exceeded fifteen times the typical recreational dose. Because of limited documentation, it is difficult to ascertain which experiments occured at which installations, but available documentation describes several general types of experiments; which included presenting individuals with radar symbols for interpretation, having them track a simulated aircraft, having them read a map, having them interpret meteorological data, and having them attempt to defend an installation against a simulated hostile air craft attack with 40-mm antiaircraft automatic weapons. Results varied between experiments, but typically showed significant impairment at all doses, with impairment increasing as dose did.
753:, which oversees the IOM, sent a questionnaire to all of the former volunteers that could be located, approximately 60% of the total. The lack of a detailed record hampered the investigation. The study could not rule out long-term health effects related to exposure to the nerve agents. It concluded that "Whether the subjects at Edgewood incurred these changes and to what extent they might now show these effects are not known". With regard specifically to BZ and related compounds, the IOM study concluded that "available data suggest that long-term toxic effects and/or delayed sequellae are unlikely".
911:
and vacated trial. The court granted the plaintiffs partial summary judgment concerning the notice claim: summarily adjudicating in plaintiffs' favor, finding that "the Army has an ongoing duty to warn" and ordering "the Army, through the DVA or otherwise, to provide test subjects with newly acquired information that may affect their well-being that it has learned since its original notification, now and in the future as it becomes available". The court granted the defendants' motion for summary judgment with respect to the other claims.
829:
111:(DoD). Some of the volunteers exhibited symptoms at the time of exposure to these agents but long-term follow-up was not planned as part of the DoD studies. The experiments were abruptly terminated by the Army in late 1975 amidst an atmosphere of scandal and recrimination as lawmakers accused researchers of questionable ethics. Many official government reports and civilian lawsuits followed in the wake of the controversy.
4307:
641:
congenital heart disease in offspring of the experimental subjects, and neuropsychological abnormalities in 9% of the participants which could not be explained by etiological explanations other than LSD exposure, most of which were considered mild. It is reported that all testing of LSD at
Edgewood Arsenal and in general on behalf of the Army Chemical Corps was abandoned on or around April 1963.
41:
935:
773:
Arsenal, Maryland; Dugway
Proving Ground, Utah; and Forts Benning, Bragg, and McClellan. In total, Army documents identified 7,120 Army and Air Force personnel who participated in these tests. Further, GAO concluded that precise information on the scope and the magnitude of tests involving human subjects was not available, and the exact number of human subjects might never be known.
707:, was called before Congress and chastised by outraged lawmakers, who questioned the absence of follow-up care for the human volunteers. An Army investigation subsequently found no evidence of serious injuries or deaths associated with the MRVP, but deplored both the recruiting process and the informed consent approach, which they characterized as "suggest possible coercion".
584:. This action can be precipitated through a variety of mechanisms, including directly binding and deactivating the anticholinesterase itself, blocking the reaction between the anticholinesterase and the acetylcholinesterase, changing the release of acetylcholine, blocking acetylcholine's cholinolytic effect, or by increasing the excretion of the anticholinesterase.
922:(AR 70-25) created an independent duty to provide ongoing medical care to veterans who participated in U.S. chemical and biological testing programs. The prior finding held that the Army has an ongoing duty to seek out and provide "notice" to former test participants of any new information that could potentially affect their health.
910:
On July 24, 2013, United States
District Court Judge Claudia Wilken issued an order granting in part and denying in part plaintiffs' motion for summary judgment and granting in part and denying in part defendants' motion for summary judgment. The court resolved all of the remaining claims in the case
864:
In the Army's tests, as with those of the CIA, individual rights were ... subordinated to national security considerations; informed consent and follow-up examinations of subjects were neglected in efforts to maintain the secrecy of the tests. Finally, the command and control problems which were
303:
publicly asserted that many "forms of chemical and allied warfare as more 'humane' than existing weapons. For example, certain types of 'psychochemicals' would make it possible to paralyze temporarily entire population centers without damage to homes and other structures." Soviet advances in the same
814:
Unlike the CIA program, research subjects all signed informed consent forms, both a general one and another related to any experiment they were to participate in. Experiments were carried out with safety of subjects a principal focus. At
Edgewood, even at the highest doses it often took an hour or
337:
in 1962. Lieberman, while acknowledging that "most of the military data" on the research ongoing at the Army
Chemical Center was "secret and unpublished", asserted that "There are moral imponderables, such as whether insanity, temporary or permanent, is a more 'humane' military threat than the usual
258:
began conducting research using the aforementioned nerve gases. These studies included a classified human subjects component at least as early as 1948, when "psychological reactions" were documented in
Edgewood technicians. Initially, such studies focused solely on the lethality of the gases and its
1587:
article, dated July 23, 1975, by Bill
Richards ("6,940 Took Drugs") reported that a top civilian drug researcher for the Army said a total of 6,940 servicemen had been involved in Army chemical and drug experiments, and that, furthermore, the tests were proceeding at Edgewood Arsenal as of the date
888:
Case No. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. (N.D. Cal. 2009), the plaintiffs did not seek monetary damages. Instead, they sought only declaratory and injunctive relief and redress for what they claimed was several decades of neglect and the U.S. government's use of them as human guinea pigs in chemical and
805:
The committee's understanding is that additional, and potentially relevant, material on SHAD tests exists and remains classified. The IOM committee requested declassification of 21 additional elements from at least nine documents from DoD in August 2012. In
January 2014, an additional request was
679:
Available data describes a wide range of doses used in the experiments, from about 0.1mg/kg to 0.5mg/kg. A typical dose for recreational use is around 5 to 10mg, or about 0.05mg/kg to 0.1mg/kg for average adult male in the U.S., meaning the lowest dose used in experimentation exceeded the highest
560:
Available data from both experiment patients and pharmaceutical research indicates that short-term exposure to anticholinergic compounds, especially the extremely limited exposures described in the documentation is associated with no long-term effects. It is important to note however, that in the
467:
Much of the experimentation at
Edgewood Arsenal surrounded the modulation of Acetylcholine or Acetylcholinesterase, or the deactivation and reactivation of substances which did the same. These experiments represented a significant enough proportion of the total experimentation to earn a dedicated
278:
Throughout recorded history, wars have been characterized by death, human misery, and the destruction of property; each major conflict being more catastrophic than the one preceding it ... I am convinced that it is possible, by means of the techniques of psychochemical warfare, to conquer an
795:
Over a period of 20 years, more than 7,000 volunteers spent an estimated total of 14,000 months at
Edgewood Arsenal. To my knowledge, not one of them died or suffered a serious illness or permanent injury. That adds up to 1,167 man-years of survival. Statistically, at least one out of a thousand
640:
Available data from the experiments concluded that long term effects from LSD exposure in not only the Edgewood Arsenal Experiments, but in the other associated experiments conducted concurrently by the Army Chemical Corps as well were minimal, with the exception of a possible small increase in
587:
Available data from the experiments and from prescribing information from modern marketing of these substances concludes that little risk exists of long term effects from exposure. It is noted, however, in both the prescribing information for modern variants and in toxicological research on the
636:
Available data describes a wide range of doses used in the experiments, from approximately 2μg/kg to 16μg/kg A typical dose for recreational use is around 100μg, or about about 1.1μg/kg for the average adult male in the U.S., meaning the lowest dose used in experimentation was almost twice the
597:
Psychochemical Conference informed the Department of Defense that human trials were indicated. In 1957, the first report of such trials were received, detailing a four person experiment wherein they attempted to successfully decontaminate themselves of a mock agent while under the influence of
596:
The 1976 report on the matter identifies the sole objective of the psychochemical experiments as determining the impact on morale and efficacy such agents would have on military units. It appears that these experiments specifically were first called for in 1954 after the attendees of the First
772:
we reported that the Army Chemical Corps conducted a classified medical research program for developing incapacitating agents. This program involved testing nerve agents, nerve agent antidotes, psycho chemicals, and irritants. The chemicals were given to volunteer service members at Edgewood
44:
884:, and eight Edgewood veterans or their families against CIA, the U.S. Army, and other agencies. The complaint asked the court to determine that defendants' actions were illegal and that the defendants have a duty to notify all victims and to provide them with health care. In the suit,
48:
47:
43:
42:
49:
664:. Existing documentation admits only that the substance was tested at Edgewood Arsenal, and all other data, including the medical records from the subjects are completely missing. Because of the extremely limited data, speculation on possible side effects from exposure is impossible.
815:
more for incapacitating effects to show, and the end-effects usually did not include full incapacitation, let alone unconsciousness. After all, the Edgewood experimenters were focused on disabling soldiers in combat, where there would be tactical value simply in disabling the enemy.
46:
2847:
Urban, Jonathan D.; Clarke, William P.; von Zastrow, Mark; Nichols, David E.; Kobilka, Brian; Weinstein, Harel; Javitch, Jonathan A.; Roth, Bryan L.; Christopoulos, Arthur; Sexton, Patrick M.; Miller, Keith J.; Spedding, Michael; Mailman, Richard B. (January 2007).
250:
as so called "toxicological warfare agents". He went on to suggest that with intensive research, substances that depleted certain necessary nutrients could be found, which would, when administered on the battlefield, incapacitate enemy combatants.
786:
mentioned above, is that they "did not detect any significant long-term health effects on the Edgewood Arsenal volunteers". The safety record of the Edgewood Arsenal experiments was also defended in the memoirs of psychiatrist and retired colonel
3057:
Large, Charles H.; Bison, Silvia; Sartori, Ilaria; Read, Kevin D.; Gozzi, Alessandro; Quarta, Davide; Antolini, Marinella; Hollands, Emma; Gill, Catherine H.; Gunthorpe, Martin J.; Idris, Nagi; Neill, Jo C.; Alvaro, Giuseppe S. (July 2011).
859:
The U.S. Army believed that legal liability could be avoided by concealing the experiments. However once the experiments were uncovered, the US Senate also concluded questionable legality of the experiments and strongly condemned
315:
appointed a so-called Ad Hoc Study Group on Psychochemical Agents, which seems to have acted as a central authority on the research of psychochemical at Edgewood Arsenal and other installations where such experimentation occured.
468:
volume in the main experimental documentation. Much of the follow up data on the acetylcholine related experiments are lacking or entirely missing, due to a combination of remaining classification and failures on the part of the
800:
As late as 2014, information was incomplete; IOM could not conduct adequate medical studies related to similar former US biowarfare programs, because relevant classified documents had not been declassified and released.
899:
A failure to secure informed consent and other widespread failures to follow the precepts of U.S. and international law regarding the use of human subjects, including the 1953 Wilson Directive and the Nuremberg
2042:
3747:
3736:
351:
1890:
4143:
299:), including human subject experiments and the debriefing of former Nazi physicians and scientists who had worked along similar lines before the end of the war. In the 1950s, some officials in the
2990:
Holze, Friederike; Vizeli, Patrick; Ley, Laura; Müller, Felix; Dolder, Patrick; Stocker, Melanie; Duthaler, Urs; Varghese, Nimmy; Eckert, Anne; Borgwardt, Stefan; Liechti, Matthias E. (Feb 2021).
4352:
45:
703:
In September 1975, the Medical Research Volunteer Program was discontinued and all resident volunteers were removed from the Edgewood installation. The founder and director of the program,
1232:
2760:
378:. Around 7,000 US military personnel and 1,000 civilians were test subjects over almost three decades. A result of these experiments was that BZ was weaponized, although never deployed.
906:
A deliberate destruction of evidence and files documenting their illegal actions, actions which were punctuated by fraud, deception, and a callous disregard for the value of human life.
796:
young soldiers chosen at random might be expected to expire during any one-year period. By this logic, Edgewood was possibly the safest military place in the world to spend two months.
4342:
561:
decades since their introduction to medical use, research has begun to suggest a causal relationship between long term anticholinergic drug use and later development or worsening of
2383:
Dmochowski, Roger R.; Thai, Sydney; Iglay, Kristy; Enemchukwu, Ekene; Tee, Silvia; Varano, Susann; Girman, Cynthia; Radican, Larry; Mudd, Paul N.; Poole, Charles (January 2021).
104:; grouped under the title "Medical Research Volunteer Program" (1956–1975), driven by intelligence requirements and the need for new and more effective interrogation techniques.
4347:
4169:
3659:
4207:
873:
agreed to take on a class-action lawsuit against the government related to the Edgewood volunteers. The plaintiffs collectively referred to themselves as the "Test Vets".
4377:
3178:
Chemical Warfare: Secrets Almost Forgotten, A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the Cold War (1955–1975)
1518:
Chemical Warfare Secrets Almost Forgotten, A Personal Story of Medical Testing of Army Volunteers with Incapacitating Chemical Agents During the Cold War (1955–1975)
4332:
3696:
2039:
3742:
327:
in 1959 that "provided sufficient emphasis is put behind it, I think the future lies in the psychochemicals." This was alarming enough to a Harvard psychiatrist,
1926:
3798:
2685:
3060:"The Efficacy of Sodium Channel Blockers to Prevent Phencyclidine-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction in the Rat: Potential for Novel Treatments for Schizophrenia"
1887:
1704:
1569:
469:
381:
According to a DOD FAQ, the Edgewood Arsenal experiments involved the following "rough breakout of volunteer hours against various experimental categories":
3315:"Assessment of Potential Long Term Health Effects on Army Human Test Subjects of Relevant Biological and Chemical Agents, Drugs, Medications and Substances"
588:
subject that it has been the subject of insufficient research to conclude this beyond a reasonable doubt. In total, 219 subjects were tested with 4 agents.
609:
The LSD experiments are perhaps the best documented of the psychochemical experiments of the time, garnering at least two significant independent reports.
806:
made for release of multiple films made of Project SHAD tests. None of the requested materials were cleared for public release as of this writing (2016).
1475:
3213:
1563:, from Edgewood Arsenal, who explained how the experiments there were about searching for humane weapons, adding that the use of LSD was unacceptable.
530:, genetic mutation and cancer. In total, 1,406 subjects were tested with 16 agents, some of which included reactivating agents and protective agents.
80:, and continued until the public became aware of the experiments, resulting in significant outcry. The purpose was to evaluate the impact of low-dose
4228:
4200:
3818:
2810:"Distinct temporal phases in the behavioral pharmacology of LSD: dopamine D2 receptor-mediated effects in the rat and implications for psychosis"
680:
typical recreational use (as the average weight was lower at the time), and the highest dose exceeded five times the normal recreational dose.
3721:
3705:
1465:
3185:
3167:
3108:
2323:
2281:
2142:
1980:
1952:
1525:
903:
A refusal to satisfy their legal and moral obligations to locate the victims of experiments or to provide health care or compensation to them
333:
1999:
274:
that would create the same debilitating mental side effects as those produced by nerve gases, but without their lethal effect. In his words,
107:
Overall, about 6,720 soldiers took part in these experiments that involved exposures to more than 250 different chemicals, according to the
3518:
1780:
2606:"Spezifische Antidot-Behandlung bei protrahierter Vergiftung mit Alkylphosphaten (Paraoxon, Parathion, DFP) und Eserin an Meerschweinchen"
3731:
3689:
2442:"Current understanding of the application of pyridinium oximes as cholinesterase reactivators in treatment of organophosphate poisoning"
1470:
1227:
List of notable CS (Chemical Structure) and CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) numbered chemicals used in the Edgewood Arsenal Experiments
865:
apparent in the CIA's programs are paralleled by a lack of clear authorization and supervision in the Army's programs.(S. Rep., at 411.)
473:
312:
255:
108:
1852:
Greene, L. Wilson, "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War", U. S. Army Chemical Center, Edgewood Arsenal, Maryland; August 1949.
4367:
4310:
4254:
4233:
4193:
3848:
3656:
915:
4238:
4123:
766:
Chemical and Biological Defense: DOD Needs to Continue to Collect and Provide Information on Tests and Potentially Exposed Personnel
3466:
2520:"Protection of Human Red Cell Cholinesterase Against Inhibition by Tabun and O,O-Diethyl-S-2-Diethylaminoethyl Phosphorothiolate"
1291:
3905:
2385:"Increased risk of incident dementia following use of anticholinergic agents: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis"
2002:. United States Department of Defense, Force Health Protection & Readiness, Medical Countermeasures website. Archived from
1576:. Hunt used this finding to assert that in this collaboration, US and former Nazi scientists "used Nazi science as a basis for
53:'Effects of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) on Troops Marching' - 16mm film produced by the United States military circa 1958.
3682:
1812:
1326:
1310:
1279:
304:
field were cited as a special incentive giving impetus to research efforts in this area, according to testimony by Maj. Gen.
2076:
Colovic, Mirjana B.; Krstic, Danijela Z.; Lazarevic-Pasti, Tamara D.; Bondzic, Aleksandra M.; Vasic, Vesna M. (2013-04-01).
1769:
942:
267:
2992:"Acute dose-dependent effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in a double-blind placebo-controlled study in healthy subjects"
3570:
1524:, ChemBook, Inc., 360 pp, was written by Ketchum who was a key player after 1960 and went on to become a professor at the
324:
2262:"Organization and Electrophysiology of Interstitial Cells of Cajal and Smooth Muscle Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tract"
4357:
3808:
2888:
1865:
761:
750:
565:. In total, 1,752 subjects were tested with 21 agents, some of whom received exposure to more than one chemical agent.
2927:
4289:
3953:
2686:"TNAA ATROPINE AND PRALIDOXIME CHLORIDE AUTO-INJECTOR- atropine and pralidoxime chloride FULL PRESCRIBING INFORMATION"
2481:"Formation of potent inhibitors of AChE by reaction of pyridinaldoximes with isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (GB)"
1346:
1216:
967:
877:
896:
The use of troops to test nerve gas, psychochemicals, and thousands of other toxic chemical or biological substances.
3544:
4372:
3788:
3773:
2023:
1826:
1514:, who went on to become a prof of psychiatry at Yale. Bowers' book is a "fictionalized" account with names changed.
1128:- A "V-series" nerve agent, Cyclopentyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate ("Substance 100A" to Soviets)
300:
3630:
1943:
Malcolm Dando; Martin Furmanski (2006). "Midspectrum Incapacitant Programs". In Mark Wheelis; Lajos Rózsa (eds.).
4337:
3942:
3752:
1696:
1577:
1504:
Two autobiographical books from psychiatrists conducting human experiments at Edgewood have been self-published:
1418:
1397:
1114:
1015:
657:
649:
546:
492:
375:
180:
3160:
Breeding Bio Insecurity: How U.S. Biodefense Is Exporting Fear, Globalizing Risk, and Making Us All Less Secure
3125:
1973:
Breeding Bio Insecurity: How U.S. Biodefense Is Exporting Fear, Globalizing Risk, and Making Us All Less Secure
1831:
1663:
1486:
1267:
1235:
as having been used in the Edgewood Arsenal Experiments, though they did not receive an EA number designation.
1007:
673:
554:
239:
58:
3492:
3200:
1511:
4092:
3823:
359:
355:
919:
4133:
4087:
4057:
4017:
4012:
4007:
3803:
3783:
1303:
1204:
870:
810:
Even a book critical of the program, written by Lynn C. Klotz and Edward J. Sylvester, acknowledges that:
653:
542:
488:
350:
took place from approximately 1948 to 1975 at the Medical Research Laboratories—which is now known as the
263:
101:
65:
62:
4362:
4264:
4164:
4082:
4072:
3813:
3778:
1899:
1552:, then-acting Secretary of Army, ordered a probe of Army use of LSD in soldier and civilian experiments.
1534:
1425:
1284:
783:
725:
523:
328:
271:
156:
3642:
1727:
320:
2040:
Edgewood Arsenal Chemical Agent Exposure Studies FAQs. What types of tests were conducted at Edgewood?
3997:
3884:
3793:
2218:
1480:
1393:
1376:
881:
577:
496:
395:
305:
1916:
before the Committee on Science and Astronautics, U.S. House of Representatives, June 1959 (No. 22).
782:
The official position of the Department of Defense, based on the three-volume set of studies by the
704:
262:
A classified report entitled "Psychochemical Warfare: A New Concept of War" was produced in 1949 by
4259:
4067:
3915:
3768:
3341:
3059:
2849:
2783:
2704:
1607:
1560:
1358:
1260:
1247:
1103:
975:
522:, including at levels below the threshold for profound illness and death can include paralysis and
224:
89:
2003:
1874:
238:
In 1947, the first steps of planning began when Dr. Alsoph H. Corwin, a professor of chemistry at
4159:
3934:
3910:
2441:
1460:
581:
519:
512:
484:
85:
2952:
3649:
3493:"Operation Delirium: Decades after a risky Cold War experiment, a scientist lives with secrets"
4062:
4047:
3920:
3853:
3668:
3181:
3163:
3137:
3079:
3011:
2972:
2908:
2869:
2829:
2732:
2724:
2664:
2625:
2586:
2578:
2539:
2500:
2461:
2422:
2404:
2365:
2319:
2277:
2242:
2234:
2187:
2179:
2138:
2115:
2097:
1976:
1948:
1792:
1675:
1573:
1521:
1314:
1208:
557:
to the extreme. This can result in anticholinergic syndrome, and possibly death if untreated.
527:
3387:
358:, Maryland. The experiments involved at least 254 chemical substances, but focused mainly on
4281:
4052:
4002:
3981:
3143:
3097:
3071:
3003:
2964:
2900:
2861:
2821:
2716:
2656:
2617:
2570:
2531:
2492:
2453:
2412:
2396:
2357:
2311:
2269:
2226:
2207:"EEG, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND NEUROLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN HUMANS WITH ORGANOPHOSPHORUS EXPOSURE*"
2171:
2105:
2089:
1681:
1591:
Two TV documentaries, with different content but confusingly similar titles were broadcast:
1549:
1190:
1059:
1035:
1027:
788:
614:
508:
284:
131:
123:
81:
69:
3131:
1770:"Research Report Concerning the Use of Volunteers in Chemical Agent Research DAIG-IN 21-75"
1669:
3900:
3663:
3626:
Hunt, Secret Agenda: The U.S. Government, Nazi Scientists and Project Paperclip 1945-1991.
3260:
3098:"Phencyclidine (Street Names: PCP, Angel Dust, Supergrass, Boat, Tic Tac, Zoom, Shermans)"
2557:
Sánchez-Pastor, Enrique; Trujillo, Xóchitl; Huerta, Miguel; Andrade, Felipa (2007-01-31).
2159:
2046:
1894:
1869:
1827:"Alsoph H. Corwin Chair in Chemistry - Named Deanships, Directorships, and Professorships"
1805:
1545:
1330:
1212:
538:
371:
279:
enemy without the wholesale killing of his people or the mass destruction of his property.
115:
93:
30:
17:
3674:
3032:
2904:
2175:
742:
Vol. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants" (1984)
2303:
2261:
2222:
2206:
4138:
3726:
3635:
3033:"Measured average height, weight, and waist circumference for adults ages 20 and older"
2928:"A woman took 550 times the usual dose of LSD, with surprisingly positive consequences"
2417:
2384:
2315:
2273:
2230:
2110:
1508:
Men and Poisons: The Edgewood Volunteers and the Army Chemical Warfare Research Program
1434:
504:
243:
195:
162:
828:
4326:
3964:
3868:
3403:
3377:, Operation Paperclip, 1991, and hearings before the House Judiciary Committee, 1991.
2991:
2968:
2809:
2660:
2559:"Effects of Cannabinoids on Synaptic Transmission in the Frog Neuromuscular Junction"
2496:
1598:
1455:
1343:
1253:
1091:
661:
626:
550:
500:
283:
In the late 1940s and early '50s, the U.S. Army worked with Harvard anesthesiologist
172:
3451:
3358:
3201:
Health Outcomes Among Veterans of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense) (2016)
1537:
Television News Archive has two videos about the experiments, both from a July 1975
676:
which causes anesthesia and analgesia without causing cardiorespiratory depression.
4077:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
3863:
1336:
622:
216:
189:
176:
77:
3371:
Secret Agenda: the United States Government, Nazi Scientists and Project Paperclip
2644:
2480:
3138:
Vol. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants
2720:
2457:
1676:
Vol. 2, "Cholinesterase Reactivators, Psychochemicals and Irritants and Vesicants
4107:
3975:
3858:
3422:
2093:
1428:
1402:
1369:
1351:
1272:
1182:
1083:
573:
141:
118:
tested on volunteers included chemical warfare agents and other related agents:
34:
3314:
3287:
3007:
2790:. U.S. Army Medical Department, U.S. Army Health Services Command. October 1980
3230:
2825:
1556:
1441:
1409:
1294:
1175:
999:
185:
3083:
3015:
2976:
2912:
2873:
2833:
2728:
2668:
2629:
2582:
2558:
2543:
2504:
2408:
2369:
2345:
2238:
2183:
2101:
2077:
1862:
728:(IOM) published a three-volume report on the Edgewood research in 1982–1985,
4185:
4128:
4097:
4042:
3075:
2865:
2850:"Functional Selectivity and Classical Concepts of Quantitative Pharmacology"
2574:
2361:
1863:"Altered States: LSD and the Anesthesia Laboratory of Henry Knowles Beecher"
1697:"War Related Illness and Injury Study Center: Edgewood-Aberdeen Experiments"
1364:
1319:
292:
288:
220:
135:
3286:
CHEMICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT LABS EDGEWOOD ARSENAL MD (July 1, 1964).
3122:
Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents
2808:
Marona-Lewicka, Danuta; Thisted, Ronald A.; Nichols, David E. (July 2005).
2736:
2610:
Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Archiv for Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie
2590:
2465:
2426:
2119:
1660:
Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents
730:
Possible Long-Term Health Effects of Short-Term Exposure to Chemical Agents
437:
Effects of drugs and environmental stress on human physiological mechanisms
3618:
Vietnam Veterans of America, et al. v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al.
3594:"Secret Army volunteer's widow blames VA for spouse's death" (CNN; 3/3/12)
3233:
Vietnam Veterans of America, et al. v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al.
2703:
Voicu, Victor; Rădulescu, Flavian Ştefan; Medvedovici, Andrei (Jan 2013).
2246:
2061:
886:
Vietnam Veterans of America, et al. v. Central Intelligence Agency, et al.
4102:
3959:
3948:
2191:
1263:
630:
562:
199:
152:
148:
73:
3436:
2645:"The fate of Tabun in atropine and atropine-oxime treated rats and mice"
2605:
2346:"Belladonna alkaloids and synthetic anticholinergics. Uses and toxicity"
331:, that he published an article entitled "Psychochemicals as Weapons" in
4174:
3404:"King's Collections : Archive Catalogues : Military Archives"
2621:
1618:
In 2012, the Edgewood/Aberdeen experiments were featured on CNN and in
1361:
1240:
1164:
1156:
1140:
1132:
1124:
618:
97:
3657:
Former sergeant seeks compensation for LSD testing at Edgewood Arsenal
2400:
3288:"THE HUMAN ASSESSMENT OF EA 1729 AND EA 3528 BY THE INHALATION ROUTE"
2519:
1412:
1386:
1298:
1076:
745:
Vol. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects" (1985)
247:
2535:
1246:
an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and indirect cholinergic agonist (
246:
Technical Command positing the potential for the use of specialized
3615:
2705:"Toxicological considerations of acetylcholinesterase reactivators"
3969:
1572:, revealed that eight German scientists worked at Edgewood, under
1197:
1051:
991:
983:
232:
228:
127:
39:
3748:
Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives
3603:"Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments" (CNN; 3/1/12)
1022:
4189:
3678:
3144:
Vol. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects"
2078:"Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology"
1682:
Vol. 3, "Final Report: Current Health Status of Test Subjects"
1380:
1147:
1067:
1043:
929:
823:
610:
598:
367:
363:
296:
168:
2643:
Heilbronn, E.; Appelgren, I.-E.; Sundwall, A. (August 1964).
1734:. United States Department of Veterans Affairs. April 1, 2013
1109:
Eight individual isomers numbered EA-2233-1 through EA-2233-8
876:
In 2009 a lawsuit was filed by veterans rights organizations
553:, resulting in what is essentially the opposite effect of an
323:, former chief chemical officer, U.S. Army, testified to the
3261:"Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency"
2951:
Materson, Barry J.; Barrett-Connor, Elizabeth (1967-06-19).
2302:
Marx, John A.; Hockberger, Robert S.; Walls, Ron M. (2010),
2000:"Edgewood Arsenal Chemical Agent Exposure Studies 1955–1975"
219:, U.S. military researchers obtained formulas for the three
3214:"United States v. Stanley, 483 US 669 - Supreme Court 1987"
2479:
Hackley, B.E.; Steinberg, G.M.; Lamb, J.C. (January 1959).
2308:
Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice
3625:
2604:
Bethe, K.; Erdmann, W.D.; Lendle, L.; Schmidt, G. (1957).
2440:
Jokanović, Milan; Stojiljković, Miloš P. (December 2006).
916:
Vietnam Veterans of America v. Central Intelligence Agency
739:
Vol. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics" (1982).
2260:
Sanders, Kenton M.; Koh, Sang Don; Ward, Sean M. (2012),
1912:"Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Warfare Agents",
1233:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
37:(a similar military program) undertaken at the same time.
3737:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
926:
List of notable EA (Edgewood Arsenal) numbered chemicals
352:
U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense
1787:– via [[United States Government Printing Office.
946:
840:
161:
Nerve agent reactivators, e.g. the common OP antidote
3064:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2854:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
2563:
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
1966:
1964:
4170:
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
2135:
Current therapy of trauma and surgical critical care
672:
Phencyclidine, called in the experiments SNA, is an
445:
Human factors tests (ability to follow instructions)
100:. A small portion of these studies were directed at
4273:
4247:
4221:
4152:
4116:
3990:
3933:
3893:
3877:
3841:
3832:
3761:
3712:
1783:
Office of the Inspector General and Auditor General
1510:(2005), Xlibris Corporation, 140pp, was written by
4353:20th-century military history of the United States
3235:Case No. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. (N.D. Cal. 2009)"
3132:Vol. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics"
2709:Expert Opinion on Drug Metabolism & Toxicology
2205:Metcalf, David R.; Holmes, Joseph H. (June 1969).
2133:Asenio, Juan A.; Trunkey, Donald D., eds. (2016).
1670:Vol. 1, "Anticholinesterases and Anticholinergics"
270:at Edgewood. Greene called for a search for novel
76:. These experiments began after the conclusion of
3650:Vets feel abandoned after secret drug experiments
3620:Case No. CV-09-0037-CW, U.S.D.C. (N.D. Cal. 2009)
633:, and a wide variety of physiological symptoms.
291:in Germany on the use of psychoactive compounds (
2066:, Government Accounting Office, May 2004, p. 24.
652:, or BZ is a substance that interferes with the
3225:
3223:
2524:Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology
1580:-like experiments on over 7,000 U.S. soldiers".
1568:Journalist Linda Hunt, citing records from the
1396:mixture, related to the chemical warfare agent
1231:The following chemicals were identified by the
862:
803:
793:
476:to follow the subjects of the experimentation.
453:Other (visual studies, sleep deprivation, etc.)
4343:History of the government of the United States
3180:. Santa Rosa, CA: ChemBooks Inc. p. 128.
2024:Researchers tested pot, LSD on Army volunteers
1947:. Harvard University Press. pp. 245–246.
1945:Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons since 1945
4201:
3799:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System
3732:U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
3690:
3622:, Morrison & Foerster LLP, August 7, 2013
8:
3439:. 2 September 1994 – via www.imdb.com.
1705:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
470:United States Department of Veterans Affairs
4348:Human subject research in the United States
3569:Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 11, 2012).
3543:Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 12, 2012).
3517:Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 16, 2012).
3491:Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 17, 2012).
3465:Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 26, 2012).
3450:Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives.
3162:. University of Chicago Press. p. 33.
3158:Lynn C. Klotz; Edward J. Sylvester (2009).
1975:. University of Chicago Press. p. 33.
1971:Lynn C. Klotz; Edward J. Sylvester (2009).
1342:, a synthetic choline ester that acts as a
839: with: older lawsuits. You can help by
4208:
4194:
4186:
3838:
3697:
3683:
3675:
3340:Khatchadourian, Raffi (10 December 2012).
2953:"LSD "Mainlining": A New Hazard to Health"
2211:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1476:Human experimentation in the United States
918:, a panel majority held in July 2015 that
429:Development evaluation and test procedures
383:
3241:. Morrison & Foerster. August 7, 2013
2416:
2109:
3359:"July 17, 1975 NBC Evening News segment"
2889:"Long Lasting Effects of LSD on Normals"
2266:Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract
2137:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
4378:Cannabis and the United States military
3819:Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility
3361:, Vanderbilt University, July 17, 1975.
2485:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
1631:
1021:, an analogue and active metabolite of
541:are substances that interfere with the
499:and therefore sustaining the effect of
487:are substances that interfere with the
4333:Central Intelligence Agency operations
3706:United States chemical weapons program
3321:. Defense Technical Information Center
3294:. Defense Technical Information Center
1994:
1992:
1801:
1790:
1520:(2006, 2nd edition 2007), foreword by
1466:United States chemical weapons program
889:biological agent testing experiments.
617:that acts as a dopamine and serotonin
569:Cholinesterase Reactivator Experiments
518:Long term side effects of exposure to
268:Chemical and Radiological Laboratories
3743:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity
3645:, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
3467:"Primary Sources: Operation Delirium"
3109:United States Drug Enforcement Agency
3027:
3025:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2746:
2692:. Meridian Medical Technologies, LLC.
2680:
2678:
2057:
2055:
1655:
1526:University of California, Los Angeles
334:The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
308:, the Army's chief chemical officer.
26:US military chemical warfare research
7:
3313:Johnson, Kelli (February 29, 2016).
2905:10.1001/archpsyc.1967.01730290009002
2765:Defense Technical Information Center
2176:10.1001/archneur.1978.00500320050011
1781:United States Department of the Army
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1722:
1720:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
3519:"High Anxiety: LSD in the Cold War"
3124:, Commission on Life Sciences. The
2761:"Clinical Investigation of EA 1729"
1732:VA Public Health Military Exposures
1662:, Commission on Life Sciences. The
1471:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
971:- Diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP)
515:, and possibly death if untreated.
474:United States Department of Defense
313:United States Department of Defense
256:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
4255:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments
3849:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments
2887:McGlothlin, William (1967-11-01).
2316:10.1016/b978-0-323-05472-0.00205-x
2274:10.1016/b978-0-12-382026-6.00018-x
2231:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1969.tb15857.x
592:Psychochemical Related Experiments
348:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments
24:
3389:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1931:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
1728:"Edgewood / Aberdeen Experiments"
1019:- Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA)
1011:- Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)
580:which has been inactivated by an
463:Acetylcholine Related Experiments
421:Protective equipment and clothing
354:(USAMRICD)—at the Edgewood Area,
122:Anticholinesterase nerve agents (
4306:
4305:
2969:10.1001/jama.1967.03120250160025
2446:European Journal of Pharmacology
2344:Wilson, T. R. (September 1973).
1768:Taylor, JR; Johnson, WN (1976).
1292:nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
933:
827:
576:are substances which reactivate
2063:Chemical and Biological Defense
1888:"US Plans Study of Gas Warfare"
1186:- Etonitazene in free base form
287:at its interrogation center at
3348:– via www.newyorker.com.
2893:Archives of General Psychiatry
2268:, Elsevier, pp. 511–556,
2158:Morgan, John P. (1978-08-01).
1327:acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
1311:acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
1280:acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
480:Anticholinesterase Experiments
390:Percentage of volunteer hours
167:Psychoactive agents including
1:
3643:Edgewood/Aberdeen Experiments
3454:– via Internet Archive.
3452:"Bad Trip To Edgewood (1993)"
3425:– via Internet Archive.
3392:. September 1992. p. 43.
2350:British Journal of Psychiatry
1266:, specifically, a reversible
325:U.S. House of Representatives
3906:Operation Davy Jones' Locker
3809:Pine Bluff Chemical Activity
2784:"LSD follow-up study report"
2721:10.1517/17425255.2013.736489
2661:10.1016/0006-2952(64)90120-0
2518:Scaife, J. F. (1960-03-01).
2497:10.1016/0003-9861(59)90359-5
2458:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.09.054
2389:Neurourology and Urodynamics
1927:"Psychochemicals as Weapons"
1925:Lieberman, E. James (1962),
1701:www.warrelatedillness.va.gov
1174:- An enantiomer of the drug
762:Government Accounting Office
751:National Academy of Sciences
266:, Technical Director of the
4290:Marijuana Smoking in Panama
3954:Methylphosphonyl difluoride
3423:"A Bad Trip to Edgewood #1"
2094:10.2174/1570159x11311030006
1422:- Methylscopolamine bromide
1347:muscarinic receptor agonist
1178:, also known as benzetimide
1120:("Substance 78" to Soviets)
878:Vietnam Veterans of America
869:In the 1990s, the law firm
574:Cholinesterase Reactivators
534:Anticholinergic Experiments
259:treatment and prevention.
33:(a similar CIA program) or
4394:
3789:Edgewood Chemical Activity
3774:Anniston Chemical Activity
3373:St. Martin's Press, 1991;
3008:10.1038/s41386-020-00883-6
2926:Hunt, Katie (2020-02-27).
2160:"Jamaica Ginger Paralysis"
1861:George A. Mashour (2009),
1559:reported on Major General
768:(pp. 1, 24), stated:
301:U.S. Department of Defense
28:
4368:Psychedelic drug research
4300:
4216:Cannabis and the military
3943:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
3753:Chemical mortar battalion
3176:James S. Ketchum (2006).
2826:10.1007/s00213-005-2183-9
2759:Sim, Van M. (June 1961).
2082:Current Neuropharmacology
1897:, Sunday, 9 August 1959,
1878:, Winter issue, pp 68-74.
1398:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
658:Peripheral nervous system
650:3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate
547:Peripheral nervous system
493:Peripheral nervous system
360:midspectrum incapacitants
3727:U.S. Army Chemical Corps
3203:National Academies Press
3126:National Academies Press
2649:Biochemical Pharmacology
2310:, Elsevier, pp. v,
1832:Johns Hopkins University
1664:National Academies Press
1487:United States v. Stanley
1307:- Pyridostigmine bromide
1268:cholinesterase inhibitor
735:The three volumes were:
684:Dibenzopyran Experiments
674:NMDA receptor antagonist
555:cholinesterase inhibitor
396:Incapacitating compounds
240:Johns Hopkins University
215:After the conclusion of
211:Background and rationale
59:U.S. Army Chemical Corps
29:Not to be confused with
4093:XM736 8-inch projectile
3824:Umatilla Chemical Depot
3571:"Manufacturing Madness"
3076:10.1124/jpet.110.178475
2996:Neuropsychopharmacology
2866:10.1124/jpet.106.104463
2575:10.1124/jpet.106.116319
2362:10.1192/bjp.123.3.366-a
1811:CS1 maint: url-status (
1785:. Retrieved Sep 17 2024
1512:Malcolm Baker Bowers Jr
1288:- Hexafluronium bromide
1071:- LSD in free base form
871:Morrison & Foerster
699:Scandal and termination
356:Aberdeen Proving Ground
223:developed by the Nazis—
57:From 1948 to 1975, the
4088:M687 155 mm projectile
4058:M360 105 mm projectile
4018:M121 155 mm projectile
4013:M110 155 mm projectile
4008:M104 155 mm projectile
3804:Newport Chemical Depot
3784:Deseret Chemical Depot
3722:2nd Chemical Battalion
3715:centers and institutes
3437:"Bad Trip to Edgewood"
1800:Check date values in:
1570:U.S. National Archives
1047:- LSD in tartrate form
892:The plaintiffs cited:
867:
817:
808:
798:
775:
654:Central nervous system
543:Central nervous system
489:Central nervous system
413:Riot control compounds
281:
272:psychoactive compounds
102:psychochemical warfare
66:human subject research
54:
4265:Operation Green Sweep
4165:Dugway sheep incident
4083:M60 105 mm projectile
4073:M44 generator cluster
3814:Pueblo Chemical Depot
3779:Blue Grass Army Depot
3762:Industrial facilities
2164:Archives of Neurology
1900:The Milwaukee Journal
1611:Investigative Reports
1535:Vanderbilt University
1426:muscarinic antagonist
1151:- LSD in maleate form
1095:- Phencyclidine (PCP)
920:Army Regulation 70-25
812:
784:Institute of Medicine
770:
726:Institute of Medicine
524:peripheral neuropathy
387:Experimental category
338:afflictions of war."
311:In June of 1955, the
276:
254:In 1948, the US Army
109:Department of Defense
52:
4117:Protective equipment
3998:BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb
3885:Operation Ranch Hand
3794:Hawthorne Army Depot
3652:, CNN, March 1, 2012
3616:Edgewood Test Vets:
3421:Yorkshire, I. T. V.
3342:"Operation Delirium"
3128:. In three volumes:
2690:FDALabel Version 2.9
1666:. In three volumes:
1604:Bad Trip to Edgewood
1595:Bad Trip to Edgewood
1481:Swords to Plowshares
1394:anticholinergic drug
1377:anticholinergic drug
947:adding missing items
882:Swords to Plowshares
764:report of May 2004,
694:Vesicant Experiments
689:Irritant Experiments
578:acetylcholinesterase
497:acetylcholinesterase
264:Luther Wilson Greene
4358:Military psychiatry
4260:Night Train Seizure
4068:M43 BZ cluster bomb
3916:Operation Steel Box
3769:Anniston Army Depot
3639:, December 26, 2012
3631:Secrets of Edgewood
2223:1969NYASA.160..357M
1777:GovernmentAttic.org
1585:The Washington Post
1359:parasympathomimetic
1261:parasympathomimetic
1248:parasympathomimetic
1104:dimethylheptylpyran
791:, a key scientist:
625:effect, leading to
520:Anticholinesterases
485:Anticholinesterases
90:protective clothing
4160:CB military symbol
3911:Operation Geranium
3713:Units, formations,
3662:2015-04-06 at the
3375:ABC PrimeTime Live
3239:Edgewood Test Vets
2814:Psychopharmacology
2622:10.1007/bf00246123
2049:September 08, 2008
2045:2015-06-21 at the
1893:2020-01-26 at the
1868:2015-03-19 at the
1802:|access-date=
1461:CB military symbol
945:; you can help by
721:1982-85 IOM report
716:Government reports
582:anticholinesterase
513:cholinergic crisis
329:E. James Lieberman
86:military personnel
55:
4373:Cannabis research
4320:
4319:
4183:
4182:
4063:M426 8-inch shell
4048:M23 chemical mine
3929:
3928:
3921:Operation Red Hat
3854:Operation Top Hat
3669:The Baltimore Sun
3666:, July 11, 1991,
3648:David S. Martin,
3545:"War of the Mind"
3187:978-1-4243-0080-8
3169:978-0-226-44407-9
2963:(12): 1126–1127.
2401:10.1002/nau.24536
2325:978-0-323-05472-0
2283:978-0-12-382026-6
2144:978-0-323-07980-8
2026:Richard Willing,
1982:978-0-226-44407-9
1954:978-0-674-04513-2
1574:Project Paperclip
1522:Alexander Shulgin
1315:Gulf War syndrome
1209:isopropyl alcohol
1207:from mixing OPA (
1003:- Cyclosarin (GF)
963:
962:
857:
856:
528:sleep disturbance
511:, resulting in a
509:chemical synapses
460:
459:
321:William M. Creasy
50:
4385:
4338:Chemical warfare
4309:
4308:
4282:Hemp for Victory
4210:
4203:
4196:
4187:
4053:M34 cluster bomb
4003:M1 chemical mine
3839:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3676:
3604:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3566:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3529:
3514:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3384:
3378:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3337:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3299:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3173:
3155:
3149:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3102:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3029:
3020:
3019:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2780:
2769:
2768:
2756:
2741:
2740:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2655:(8): 1189–1195.
2640:
2634:
2633:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2356:(574): 366–367.
2341:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2113:
2073:
2067:
2059:
2050:
2037:
2031:
2021:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1968:
1959:
1958:
1940:
1934:
1933:(January issue).
1923:
1917:
1910:
1904:
1885:
1879:
1859:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1798:
1796:
1788:
1786:
1774:
1765:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1724:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1711:
1693:
1687:
1657:
1550:Norman Augustine
1548:reported on how
1539:NBC Evening News
1438:- Methylatropine
1383:as a truth serum
958:
955:
937:
936:
930:
852:
849:
831:
824:
621:precipitating a
615:Psychedelic drug
539:Anticholinergics
405:Lethal compounds
384:
285:Henry K. Beecher
132:organophosphorus
82:chemical warfare
70:Edgewood Arsenal
51:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4296:
4269:
4243:
4217:
4214:
4184:
4179:
4148:
4112:
3986:
3925:
3901:Operation CHASE
3889:
3873:
3834:
3828:
3757:
3714:
3708:
3703:
3664:Wayback Machine
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3267:. June 30, 2015
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2018:
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1903:, Part I, pg 2.
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1695:
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1658:
1633:
1629:
1588:of the article.
1546:John Chancellor
1501:
1499:General sources
1496:
1452:
1447:
1379:studied by the
1331:organophosphate
1259:a highly toxic
1229:
1224:
1222:
1213:isopropyl amine
959:
953:
950:
934:
928:
853:
847:
844:
837:needs expansion
822:
780:
759:
757:2004 GAO report
723:
718:
713:
701:
696:
691:
686:
670:
668:PCP Experiments
647:
607:
605:LSD Experiments
594:
571:
536:
482:
465:
372:benzodiazepines
344:
342:The experiments
306:Marshall Stubbs
213:
208:
116:chemical agents
94:pharmaceuticals
40:
38:
31:Project MKUltra
27:
22:
21:
20:
18:User:Foxtrot620
12:
11:
5:
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4153:Related topics
4150:
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4139:People sniffer
4136:
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3704:
3702:
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3679:
3673:
3672:
3653:
3646:
3640:
3636:The New Yorker
3628:
3623:
3611:
3610:External links
3608:
3606:
3605:
3596:
3587:
3575:The New Yorker
3561:
3549:The New Yorker
3535:
3523:The New Yorker
3509:
3497:The New Yorker
3483:
3471:The New Yorker
3457:
3442:
3428:
3413:
3395:
3379:
3363:
3351:
3346:The New Yorker
3332:
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3219:
3205:
3193:
3186:
3168:
3150:
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3147:
3141:
3135:
3114:
3089:
3070:(1): 100–113.
3049:
3021:
3002:(3): 537–544.
2982:
2943:
2918:
2879:
2839:
2820:(3): 427–435.
2800:
2770:
2742:
2695:
2674:
2635:
2596:
2569:(2): 439–445.
2549:
2530:(3): 301–303.
2510:
2491:(1): 211–214.
2471:
2452:(1–3): 10–17.
2432:
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2217:(1): 357–365.
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2150:
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2016:
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1620:The New Yorker
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1555:Correspondent
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1446:
1445:
1436:CAS 31610-87-4
1432:
1416:
1400:
1384:
1367:
1349:
1340:- Methacholine
1334:
1317:
1313:implicated in
1301:
1282:
1270:
1251:
1237:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1169:
1168:- A BZ variant
1161:
1160:- A BZ variant
1153:
1145:
1144:- A BZ variant
1137:
1136:- A BZ variant
1129:
1121:
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705:Van Murray Sim
700:
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660:by inhibiting
646:
645:BZ Experiments
643:
627:hallucinations
623:hallucinogenic
606:
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567:
549:by inhibiting
535:
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505:butyrylcholine
495:by inhibiting
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3408:www.kcl.ac.uk
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3111:. April 2023.
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2017:
2006:on 2013-07-24
2005:
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1599:ITV Yorkshire
1596:
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1561:Lloyd Fellenz
1558:
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1482:
1479:
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1459:
1457:
1456:THC-O-acetate
1454:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1406:- Hyoscyamine
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1388:CAS 8015–54–1
1385:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1373:- Scopolamine
1372:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1355:- Bethanechol
1354:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1344:non-selective
1341:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1276:- Neostigmine
1275:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1226:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1196:
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1188:
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1173:
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1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
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1154:
1152:
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1146:
1143:
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1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1087:- Benactyzine
1086:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1018:
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1012:
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1006:
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998:
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994:
990:
988:
986:
982:
980:
978:
974:
972:
970:
966:
965:
957:
954:February 2015
948:
944:
941:This list is
939:
932:
931:
925:
923:
921:
917:
914:On appeal in
912:
905:
902:
898:
895:
894:
893:
890:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
866:
861:
851:
842:
838:
835:This section
833:
830:
826:
825:
819:
816:
811:
807:
802:
797:
792:
790:
789:James Ketchum
785:
777:
774:
769:
767:
763:
758:
754:
752:
744:
741:
738:
737:
736:
733:
731:
727:
722:
715:
710:
708:
706:
698:
693:
688:
683:
681:
677:
675:
667:
665:
663:
662:acetylcholine
659:
655:
651:
644:
642:
638:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
604:
602:
600:
591:
589:
585:
583:
579:
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568:
566:
564:
558:
556:
552:
551:acetylcholine
548:
544:
540:
533:
531:
529:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:acetylcholine
498:
494:
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486:
479:
477:
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471:
462:
455:
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389:
386:
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382:
379:
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373:
370:derivatives,
369:
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130:) and common
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105:
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95:
91:
87:
83:
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71:
67:
64:
60:
36:
32:
19:
4363:Mind control
4304:
4288:
4280:
4038:M139 bomblet
4033:M138 bomblet
4028:M134 bomblet
4023:M125 bomblet
3864:Project SHAD
3835:and projects
3667:
3655:Tom Bowman,
3634:
3617:
3599:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3574:
3564:
3552:. Retrieved
3548:
3538:
3526:. Retrieved
3522:
3512:
3500:. Retrieved
3496:
3486:
3474:. Retrieved
3470:
3460:
3445:
3431:
3416:
3407:
3398:
3388:
3382:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3354:
3345:
3335:
3325:December 19,
3323:. Retrieved
3318:
3308:
3298:December 19,
3296:. Retrieved
3291:
3281:
3269:. Retrieved
3264:
3255:
3243:. Retrieved
3238:
3232:
3208:
3196:
3177:
3159:
3153:
3121:
3117:
3104:
3092:
3067:
3063:
3052:
3041:. Retrieved
3039:. 2023-10-01
3036:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2960:
2956:
2946:
2935:. Retrieved
2931:
2921:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2857:
2853:
2842:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2792:. Retrieved
2787:
2764:
2715:(1): 31–50.
2712:
2708:
2698:
2689:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2566:
2562:
2552:
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2523:
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2484:
2474:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2395:(1): 28–37.
2392:
2388:
2378:
2353:
2349:
2339:
2329:, retrieved
2307:
2304:"Dedication"
2297:
2287:, retrieved
2265:
2255:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2134:
2128:
2085:
2081:
2071:
2062:
2035:
2027:
2019:
2008:. Retrieved
2004:the original
1972:
1944:
1938:
1930:
1921:
1913:
1908:
1898:
1883:
1875:CSA Bulletin
1873:
1857:
1848:
1837:. Retrieved
1835:. 2016-07-11
1830:
1821:
1776:
1736:. Retrieved
1731:
1708:. Retrieved
1700:
1691:
1659:
1619:
1610:
1603:
1594:
1584:
1544:NBC newsman
1538:
1517:
1507:
1485:
1435:
1420:CAS 155–41–9
1419:
1404:CAS 101-31-5
1403:
1387:
1370:
1353:CAS 674-38-4
1352:
1337:
1321:CAS 121–75–5
1320:
1305:CAS 155–97–5
1304:
1286:CAS 317–52–2
1285:
1273:
1254:
1241:
1230:
1221:
1205:binary agent
1201:- Sarin (GB)
1198:
1189:
1181:
1171:
1163:
1155:
1148:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1115:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1055:- Edemo (VM)
1052:
1044:
1036:
1028:
1016:
1008:
1000:
995:- Soman (GD)
992:
987:- Sarin (GB)
984:
979:- Tabun (GA)
976:
968:
951:
913:
909:
891:
885:
875:
868:
863:
858:
848:October 2013
845:
841:adding to it
836:
813:
809:
804:
799:
794:
781:
771:
765:
756:
755:
748:
734:
729:
720:
719:
702:
678:
671:
648:
639:
635:
608:
595:
586:
572:
559:
537:
517:
483:
466:
380:
347:
345:
332:
318:
310:
282:
277:
261:
253:
237:
217:World War II
214:
190:riot control
177:cannabinoids
147:Nerve agent
113:
106:
88:and to test
78:World War II
72:facility in
56:
4144:M1135 NBCRV
4108:Weteye bomb
3976:Mustard gas
3878:Operational
3859:Project 112
3265:findlaw.com
3037:www.cdc.gov
2860:(1): 1–13.
2030:, 4/6/2007
1444:derivative
1429:scopolamine
1415:of atropine
1371:CAS 51–34–3
1338:CAS 62–51–1
1323:- Malathion
1297:related to
1274:CAS 59-99-4
507:within the
221:nerve gases
157:scopolamine
35:Project 112
4327:Categories
4222:By country
4078:M55 rocket
3833:Operations
3739:(USAMRICD)
3580:October 1,
3554:October 1,
3528:October 1,
3502:October 1,
3476:October 1,
3245:October 1,
3043:2024-09-18
2937:2024-09-18
2899:(5): 521.
2794:2024-09-18
2788:HathiTrust
2331:2024-09-15
2289:2024-09-15
2010:2013-06-19
1839:2024-09-17
1738:October 1,
1710:2024-09-15
1606:(1994) on
1597:(1993) on
1557:Tom Pettit
1494:References
1442:belladonna
1431:derivative
1410:levorotary
1295:antagonist
1176:Dexetimide
943:incomplete
362:, such as
242:wrote the
151:including
138:pesticides
84:agents on
63:classified
61:conducted
4098:MC-1 bomb
4043:M2 mortar
3991:Munitions
3084:0022-3565
3016:1740-634X
2977:0098-7484
2913:0003-990X
2874:0022-3565
2834:0033-3158
2729:1742-5255
2669:0006-2952
2630:0028-1298
2583:0022-3565
2544:0576-5544
2505:0003-9861
2409:0733-2467
2370:0007-1250
2239:0077-8923
2184:0003-9942
2102:1570-159X
2028:USA Today
1627:Citations
1622:magazine.
1541:segment.
1365:carbamate
1333:pesticide
1257:- Eserine
1244:- Tacrine
1093:EA 2148-A
711:Aftermath
293:mescaline
289:Camp King
186:Irritants
149:antidotes
136:carbamate
134:(OP) and
4311:Category
4103:M47 bomb
3960:Phosgene
3949:Chlorine
3894:Disposal
3842:Research
3660:Archived
3319:dtic.mil
3292:dtic.mil
2737:23176543
2591:17267583
2466:17109842
2427:33098213
2120:24179466
2043:Archived
1914:Hearings
1891:Archived
1866:Archived
1793:cite web
1450:See also
1390:- Ditran
1264:alkaloid
1255:CS 58525
1242:CS 12602
1106:variant
1080:- CS gas
820:Lawsuits
656:and the
631:euphoria
563:dementia
545:and the
491:and the
319:General
200:caffeine
153:atropine
98:vaccines
74:Maryland
4175:MKULTRA
4129:M93 Fox
3271:May 20,
3174:citing
3134:(1982).
3105:DEA.gov
2418:7821204
2247:5257403
2219:Bibcode
2111:3648782
1672:(1982).
1608:A&E
1362:choline
1199:EA 5823
1191:EA 5365
1183:EA 4942
1172:EA-4929
1165:EA 3834
1157:EA 3580
1149:EA 3528
1141:EA 3443
1133:EA 3167
1125:EA 3148
1116:EA 2277
1100:EA 2233
1085:EA 2092
1077:EA 1779
1069:EA 1729
1061:EA 1701
1053:EA 1664
1045:EA 1653
1037:EA 1517
1029:EA 1508
1017:EA 1298
1009:EA 1285
1001:EA 1212
993:EA 1210
985:EA 1208
977:EA 1205
969:EA 1152
619:agonist
248:enzymes
206:History
196:Alcohol
142:Mustard
68:at the
4293:(1933)
4285:(1942)
4248:Events
4239:Israel
4234:Canada
3935:Agents
3184:
3166:
3146:(1985)
3140:(1984)
3082:
3014:
2975:
2911:
2872:
2832:
2735:
2727:
2667:
2628:
2589:
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2245:
2237:
2192:666613
2190:
2182:
2141:
2118:
2108:
2100:
1979:
1951:
1684:(1985)
1678:(1984)
1578:Dachau
1413:isomer
1299:Curare
880:, and
432:12.5%
424:13.2%
416:14.2%
408:14.5%
400:29.9%
374:, and
231:, and
192:agents
179:, and
144:agents
96:, and
4274:Media
3970:Sarin
3101:(PDF)
2616:(1).
1773:(PDF)
1203:as a
900:Code.
860:them.
613:is a
456:7.2%
448:2.1%
440:6.4%
233:sarin
229:soman
225:tabun
128:sarin
16:<
4134:MOPP
4124:CAIS
3978:(HD)
3972:(GB)
3956:(DF)
3945:(BZ)
3582:2013
3556:2013
3530:2013
3504:2013
3478:2013
3327:2017
3300:2017
3273:2016
3247:2013
3182:ISBN
3164:ISBN
3080:ISSN
3012:ISSN
2973:ISSN
2957:JAMA
2909:ISSN
2870:ISSN
2830:ISSN
2733:PMID
2725:ISSN
2665:ISSN
2626:ISSN
2587:PMID
2579:ISSN
2540:ISSN
2501:ISSN
2462:PMID
2423:PMID
2405:ISSN
2366:ISSN
2320:ISBN
2278:ISBN
2243:PMID
2235:ISSN
2188:PMID
2180:ISSN
2139:ISBN
2116:PMID
2098:ISSN
1977:ISBN
1949:ISBN
1813:link
1806:help
1740:2013
1533:The
1375:an
1357:, a
1329:and
1215:) +
1194:- GV
1118:- BZ
1102:- A
1063:- VX
1039:- VE
1031:- VG
1023:MDMA
749:The
724:The
472:and
346:The
198:and
188:and
155:and
114:The
3072:doi
3068:338
3004:doi
2965:doi
2961:200
2932:CNN
2901:doi
2862:doi
2858:320
2822:doi
2818:180
2717:doi
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2450:553
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2354:123
2312:doi
2270:doi
2227:doi
2215:160
2172:doi
2106:PMC
2090:doi
1929:;
1392:an
1381:CIA
1325:an
1309:an
1278:an
949:.
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611:LSD
599:LSD
503:or
368:THC
364:LSD
297:LSD
173:PCP
169:LSD
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3965:QL
3633:,
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