User:Flinders Petrie/Tel Kabri

1032:(2005, 2009-2013) – In 2005, D-South was opened to investigate the southern portion of Area D which Kempinski and Niemeier hypothesised might be a religious area. Excavators found evidence of metal-working as well as what excavators referred to as a massive stone structure. When D-South was reopened in 2009, it was further subdivided into D-South 1 and 2 and remained as two areas in 2009 and 2011, and then just D-South 1 in the 2013 season. During the course of these excavations, a structure called the "Upper Terrace or Courtyard Building" or Building 3079 was exposed in both areas, which the excavators hypothesised might be part of an as of yet unexcavated monumental structure. 576:

additional 25 hectares (250,000 m) were enclosed within a large glacis, a type of earthwork fortification that was 50 metres (160 ft) wide with a stone core and that encircled the tel as it appears today. The glacis was topped by mudbrick and stone. There was an MB I palace and this was expanded into the MB II palaces. This restructuring programme resulted in some parts of the tel being flattened out and a large portion of the population having to find new homes in the city, as a result of part of the MB IIA palace—along with certain parts of the rampart—being built in an area previously occupied by private houses. Kabri's ancillary sites (such as

1455:). Area D was excavated each year by Kempinski's team. In 1987, the Kempinski expedition discovered the entranceway to what would be designated as Hall 611 in the palace, the ceremonial hall with the painted plaster floor. Area E was excavated every year except 1987, 1988, and 1991, and in the first year, 1986, yielded Iron Age Greek pottery. In 1987, new work was carried out in Prausnitz's Area B and continued each year through 1992. During the 1988 excavation, a large family tomb was discovered in Area C, and MB II bronze artefacts, such as a "duck-billed axe" from Area B (see picture to the right), were also recovered from tombs in both Areas B and C. 1585:

excavations were conducted: a summer large-scale excavation, and a winter minor excavation. During the summer season of 2009, additional Aegean style frescoes were found at the site. In Area D-West, the northern bounds of the palace were successfully determined, and a corridor was discovered that held restorable pottery. During the winter season, the corridor in D-West was revisited, so that its use could be determined. As a result of these excavations, the date for the construction of the earliest palace was revised and estimated to be in the MB I period in the 1800s BC, making the palace at Kabri one of the oldest palaces in Canaan.

1435:, until Kempinski died in July 1994, and the expedition was discontinued. Between 1986 and 1988, the first remains of the MB palaces were discovered near the spring of Ein Shefa, along with a contemporaneous residential area. The portion of the palace initially excavated included a 10 by 10 metres (33 by 33 ft) hall, with a Minoan-style decorated plaster floor. The style of the floor is closest to what is referred to as the 'Cretan-Theran Late Minoan IA' tradition of wall painting. They also found more than 2,000 Aegean-style painted plaster fragments. It was during the course of Kempinski's excavations that an Iron Age 801:. Most of the tel was also covered over with a metre of sterile top-soil (containing no archaeological remains) laid down for the purpose of farming by the kibbutz between Kempinski's excavations ending in 1993 and the beginning of the ongoing expedition in 2005. According to Tel Kabri Archaeological Project co-Director Assaf Yasur-Landau: "The city's preservation enables us to get a complete picture of political and social life in the Canaanite period. We can reveal whether or not it had a central government, whether taxes were levied, what sort of agriculture there was and how politics were conducted at the time." 572:

However, the palace found by Kempinski has been dated to the MB IIB (1700–1550 BC), and in 2010, a second, earlier, palace—an MB IIA palace—was identified beneath the MB IIB palace. The remains of the earlier MB IIA palace appear to show that it was expanded to create the later MB IIB palace. The discovery of the earlier palace pushes the dates for palatial occupation of the site to the MB IIA, 150 years earlier than originally believed. The earlier MB IIA palace may have been "the most impressive structure in the Upper Galilee" at the time, and was possibly the oldest palace in Canaan.

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tel. Her team worked in Area D and came across EB architecture, as well as some Chalcolithic sherds and a possible surface from that period. In 2004, the Israeli telecommunications company, Cellcom, was laying down new telephone cable near Area E, and Smithline was asked to conduct a salvage excavation before the work started. He used this as an opportunity to investigate further the Iron Age aspects of the site. His team did not make any new discoveries, but did add to the collection of Iron Age I (1,200–1,000 BC) and Iron Age II (1,000–586 BC) pottery from the site.

1349: 72: 1603: 79: 1044:(2009 and 2011) – D-South 2 was opened in 2009 so as to link areas excavated in 2005 in D-South with Area F as well as to investigate, further towards the west, the massive stone structure found in 2005 (later Building 3079). By 2011, the large structure had been identified, including a so-called "zig-zag wall" (based on its shape), and the excavators hypothesised that there might be a lower courtyard, as well as a thus far unexcavated monumental structure. 1531:

site.During the course of the season, additional palatial architecture was uncovered, and the palace was found to be twice as large as previously thought by Kempinski, thus confirming the results of the 2003 soundings by Yasur-Landau and Makovsky. Along with this, another structure – possibly communal or another palace – was discovered below the MB II palace. It was during the 2005 season that the first find of a gold artefact at Kabri was made.

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plaster. In Area D-West-East, the area of D-North was linked up with the areas excavated by Kempinski, thus unifying the whole area from D-North to D-West, exposing further architecture, and bringing the estimate of the size of the palace to approximately 6000m. As a result of the discovery of two doorways in D-West at the end of the 2013 season, part of the 2015 season will be devoted to exploring where—and to what—these doorways lead.

1052:(2005, 2013 as part of Area D-West East) – Opened in 2005 to locate a possible northern wall of the final palace which had been located by geophysical surveys. The results of the 2005 season in D-North supported an earlier hypothesis by Kempinski and Niemeier that there had been a large structure on the site of the later palace preceding its construction. In 2013, D-North was linked via D-West East to Kempinski's old Area D excavations. 56: 1556:—was restricted for the duration of the war. In that time period, the IAA did allow the team to remove the relevant pottery from Beit HaEmek to Tel Aviv for study, where the pottery could also be kept safe. The team had to wait until mid-September to achieve its goals fully. As a result of the dangers posed by the rockets from the north, some members of the team had to return to their home countries, without completing their work. 1038:(2009-2013) – D-South 1 was opened in 2009 to investigate the massive stone structure found in 2005, which was found to be a wall corner and was further exposed towards the east in later seasons as building 3079. In 2013, the excavators looked for further structures as well as the possible early stages of the city rampart. They found a wall which they believe may be part of the retaining wall for another building. 1443: 1822: 1076:– Area F was a portion of Area D created in 1990 as a result of Area D being physically cut in two by the Mandate period road. In both Kempinski's preliminary reports and on-site, Area F was treated as separate from Area D. However, both Kempinski's final report (2002) treated Area F as part of Area D. In 2009, Area F was reopened and excavated by the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project. 1070:– Area E was excavated in 1986 via a trench in the southwest of the tel after a survey found traces of Iron Age settlement. It was reopened from 1989 to 1990 and from 1992 to 1993. This area was investigated once more by Smithline in 2004 when he recovered significant amounts of Iron Age pottery, which add to the body of knowledge for the site's post-palatial ceramics. 1026:(2005, 2008–present) – First opened in 2005 to investigate a possible throne room for the final palace, D-West has been open every year during the portion of the expedition devoted to excavation, which started in 2008, for the purpose of further uncovering palatial structures. In 2013, a storage room was found in D-West which was later identified as a wine cellar. 1459:

Area T, which was excavated in 1990. Area T was an area at the northern part of the tel opened to explore what looked like a surviving tower but the exploration of which resulted in finding well-preserved fortifications. In 1990, finds included a Phoenician seal impression which had both the name of the official who owned it and the year according to the

324: 618: 1005:– Like Areas A and B, Area C was named during Kempinski and Prausnitz's 1975–1976 excavations. Area C was a 40-metre-long trench cut into the rampart on the northern end of the tel in the first year of their expedition. During Kempinski's 1986–1993 excavations, the trench was expanded south so as to study the fortifications inside the city itself. 1380:

company revealed Bronze Age architectural remains in the form of a palace floor. In 1969, another rescue excavation was launched to investigate MB IIA tombs revealed as a result of agricultural activity by the kibbutz. From 1975 to 1976, a salvage excavation was conducted to examine areas exposed in 1957, 1958, 1961, and 1969

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palatial area up to the 1600s BC destruction, and recovered further wall plaster fragments. The structure underneath the MB II palace was determined most likely to be a palace itself, and further fragments of Aegean wall frescos and imported pottery were found, allowing the excavators to push back the time for contact with the

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Between the major excavations by Kempinski and the ongoing Tel Kabri Archaeological Project, two separate minor excavations were conducted by Dina Shalem and Howard Smithline. In 1999, Shalem headed up a salvage excavation ahead of a construction project on the Mandate period road running through the

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calendar. Also in 1990, the western portion of Hall 611 was completely revealed in Area D, and preliminary preservation efforts were completed on the hall's painted plaster floor. Work by the Kempinski expedition continued up though 1993. In Area E, work was done to investigate occupation of the site

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At the start of the 1989 season, German Archaeologist, Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier, joined Kempinski's Tel Kabri Expedition as his co-director. Along with the excavations in Areas B, C, D, and E, additional work was carried out in the new Area F, which continued each year excluding the 1991 season, and in

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conducted a survey in the area where the Neolithic artefacts had first been found earlier in the same year. They came across fortifications from the MB, and this survey led to salvage excavations in the following two years of what would later become Area A. In 1961, public works by the national water

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Note that all preliminary reports by Kempinski's expedition are in English and Hebrew with the Hebrew sections summarised in the English section. Please note that the English sections use a different page numbering system where the pages are starred. this is to eliminate confusion from having a page

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The 2008 season saw a return to excavation at the site, with a focus on the palace in Area D that had been discovered by Kempinski. The team wanted to go deeper and explore the possibility of there being a palace beneath the one Kempinski found. They managed to get a clearer picture of the entire MB

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stratigraphy from the Mekorot trench was photographed and revealed the existence of the Bronze Age settlements. It also revealed the plaster floors – the first evidence of what would later be identified as the MB II palaces. The trench also cut into—and revealed the existence of—the MB II rampart.

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Following the War, the tel was incorporated into the grounds of Kibbutz Kabri and was made into agricultural land. Soon after, the ancient remains of the site were rediscovered and on-and-off archaeological work began which continues to the present day alongside the agricultural work of the kibbutz.

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in the Ancient Near East, with 40 large ceramic jars, totalling 2,000 litres in capacity, containing traces of wine dating to 1700 BC. During the latter half of the season, the dig shifted its focus to Area D-West, where the wine cellar was located. To speed up the process of uncovering the vessels

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The 2007 season was partly devoted to finishing the work that had to be halted in the 2006 season, as well as preparing the site for excavation the following season. Through comparative studies of pottery, the team was able to map out Kabri's rise to regional power in the MB II. The architecture of

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Earlier still, at the transition between the MB I and MB II, a large-scale restructuring programme was undertaken in a possible effort to transform Kabri into an idealised Syrian-style city—a powerful city-state centred around a magnificent and well-fortified palace. The area was fortified, and an

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floors. Area D is where the excavation on the MB palaces has taken place. Kempinski focused most of his efforts on Area D, and excavations during the ongoing Tel Kabri Archaeological Project have been confined to Area D. During the course of the ongoing Tel Kabri Archaeological Project, Area D has

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Prior to the ongoing excavations at Kabri that began in 2005, archaeologists thought that there was only one palace at the site, and that it was built in the period between the late MB I (2200–1950 BC) and MB IIA (1950–1700 BC). It was also thought that the MB I period had been a transition phase.

527:(PN). Kabri was at the height of its power in the MB, when the polity there controlled a significant portion of the Upper Galilee. After the MB, Tel Kabri was occupied by later peoples—though on a much reduced scale—up to the founding of the State of Israel, when the kibbutz of Kabri was created. 403:

Since 1957, Tel Kabri has been excavated by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA), formerly the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (IDAM), as well as Israeli and American universities. Among the discoveries at the site by the two full-scale archaeological expeditions two have attracted

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2009 was the first year of large-scale excavation by the expedition, and the first year that the system of semi-annual excavation—with the off-years devoted to data-processing—was implemented and was in use as of the 2013 season. The 2009 season was also the only year that two separate seasons of

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The tel is located on the grounds of the kibbutz, and contains the remains of the Canaanite city from the MB period and the partially excavated later Iron Age citadel. Tel Kabri is the only Canaanite city that can be excavated in its entirety because no other city with monumental architecture was

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in his travelogue of the area, published that same year, which described all three vilages. Karmon hypothesised that the new village of et-Tell might have been founded by villagers from el-Qahweh as a home for mill workers. The three villages existed up to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War when they were

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The tel is also close to many natural resources—such as trees on the hills to the east and quarriable stone near the coast—that kept the various groups that lived there well-supplied. As with all tels, Kabri's height is partly a result of human activity, which over the centuries has deposited the

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that had been placed by Kempinski to cover the painted plaster floor in the palace hall. Since 1993, the geotextile had bonded to the plaster, and this made it impossible to remove the geotextile without destroying the floor. As a result of this, much of the work done in the 2005 season was also

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and surveys. As of 2015, Tel Kabri is being excavated by an international consortium, the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project. Among the finds that have been discovered at Tel Kabri, are Minoan-style wall frescoes—of which there are four known at Kabri—and the oldest and largest known palatial wine

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of pottery—can, in turn, be used to date the layer of soil and its contents to a specific date range. The 1986-1993 Tel Kabri Expedition did not find a continuous stratigraphic sequence in any one excavation trench, and so Kempinski based the identification of the layers at Tel Kabri on finds in

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The first four seasons at Tel Kabri were dedicated to investigating the site's potential for future large-scale excavation. As a result, the 2005 season was exploratory in nature, featuring assessment of the site and minor excavations to determine the viability of conducting future work at the

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In the first year of excavation by the Kempinski expedition, work was carried out in Area C, and continued each year through the 1991 season. In 1986, Areas D and E were opened, and excavated, for the first time. Area D was, and is, home to the MB palace, which became the focus of Kempinski's

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work was done on the site, for the first time, in this area. Near the end of the season, red plaster fragments were discovered while the area was being cleaned. However, the finds were not restricted to Area D-West. In Area D-South, a deposit was discovered that held additional pieces of wall

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In 1961, after Prausnitz's excavation, a large trench was cut into the tel by the national water company, Mekorot, so as to incorporate the local springs into the national water system. This inadvertently led to the start of exploration into the EB and MB archaeological remains at Kabri. The

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Kempinski identified twelve stratigraphic layers at Tel Kabri. Stratigraphy is the layering of soil with the more recent soil layers higher up and the older soil layers further down. Archaeologists and geologists use stratigraphy to date artefacts found in the soil relative to each other. The

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The reports for the 1957–1958, 1975–1976, 1999, and 2004 excavations were all published in journals, some in English and some in Hebrew. It was not until the Tel Kabri Expedition of Tel Aviv University under Kempinski that stand-alone excavation reports for Tel Kabri were published, and then

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In the years before the first large-scale excavations by Aharon Kempinski (1986-1993), surveys and smaller excavations were conducted to rescue artefacts and get an idea of the nature of Tel Kabri. This began when the archaeological remains of the tel were first discovered in the 1950s after

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By 1500 BC, the site was abandoned for reasons unknown as of the 2015. Some time after the abandonment, during the Late Bronze (LB) Age (1550–1200 BC), a small village occupied the tel. In the Iron Age, the site was reoccupied by Greek mercenaries under hire from the Phoenician city-state of

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Tel Kabri is divided up into areas (some of which are shown in the table above) for practical purposes of organisation. The first areas—A, B, and C—were designated during the 1975–1976 excavations by Kempinski and Prausnitz. Later Areas D, E, F, and T were opened by the 1986–1993 Tel Kabri

1391:. Prausnitz focused on Area A of the site where the surveyors, Alon and Rosoliyo, had first investigated the Neolithic implements found by the kibbutzniks in 1956. His expedition found Neolithic 'cist' tombs as well as round and rectangular dwellings from the lower part of the city. 999:– First excavated by Ben-Yosef in 1969, the area was later excavated by Kempinski and Prausnitz in 1975 and 1976 who gave it the name, Area B. Kempinski's 1986-1993 expedition found some pottery from the MB II, but modern human activity had destroyed the layers of previous habitation. 764:

Tel Kabri is a multi-period site, meaning that it has layers, or "strata", of occupation dating from different time periods. The tel itself operates as an agricultural area of Kibbutz Kabri, and certain layers have been subject to damage as a result of agriculture activity.

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and houses. Exploration in Area A has focused on the Neolithic and Chalcolithic aspects of the site. This area was not excavated during Kempinski's 1986–1993 Tel Kabri Expedition, and has not been excavated by the current Tel Kabri Archaeological Project, as of the 2013

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In 2003, former Tel Kabri Expedition excavator, Assaf Yasur-Landau, and geophysicist, Yitzhach Makovsky, both then of Tel Aviv University, conducted an investigation to see if Kempinski and Niemeier had underestimated the size of the palace at Tel Kabri. They conducted

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Kempinski made sure to publish a report for each year—a practice that has continued with the ongoing excavations by the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project of The George Washington University and the University of Haifa. Reports for the 1969 survey could not be located.

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The Early Bronze Age collapse is the event that is traditionally used to mark the end of the EB and the beginning of MB. The "collapse" was an abrupt end to the material culture—such as pottery and architecture—that is identified with the EB civilisations of the

984:– This area was designated Area A by Kempinski and Prausnitz during their 1975–1976 excavations. The area that would come to be called Area A was the first area of archaeological fieldwork at Tel Kabri. This was the survey of Area A in 1957 after Neolithic 1616:

in the wine cellar, for part of the time, the team adopted the atypical practice of working in morning and afternoon shifts of 05:00 to 12:00 and 13:00 to 19:00, respectively, almost exclusively in Area D-West. Prior to the actual removal of the vessels,

1548:. The team was able to survey MB II sites in the area around the site and see how they would have interacted with Kabri in that time period. However, as a result of the war, they had to postpone any aerial photography of the tel – by order of the 1510:, the following year and asked whether he would like to co-direct new excavations at Tel Kabri. After devoting a year to getting the necessary funding and permits for excavation, the two were able to begin work on the site in the summer of 2005. 1497:

soundings in an attempt to map out the architectural features under the soil without having to dig trenches. Their findings showed that the palace was indeed larger than previously thought. With these results, Yasur-Landau approached his former

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Tel Kabri has been a subject of archaeological study since 1957, following the discovery of Late Neolithic vessels at the site in 1956 by members of the kibbutz. After 1961, most of the focus on the site shifted to Bronze Age material remains.

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Strata (sing. stratum) are layers of stratigraphy. Typically strata arranged in descending order, so Stratum 1 is physically on top of Stratum 2, which is in turn over Stratum 3, and so on. See the following section for a brief explanation of

584:) were also built up, and migration from the hinterland to Kabri—and its secondary sites—increased dramatically as a result of these projects. Kabri became the capital of a major polity, with the newly expanded MB II palace at its centre. 1058:(2013) – D-West East was opened in 2013 in an attempt to link up D-North with the portions of Area D excavated by Kempinski, as well as explore further rooms surrounding one of the final palace's courtyards, as well as to find a complete 396:, the site was at the height of its power in the MB, controlling much of the surrounding region. Kabri declined as a local power at the end of the MB, but the site continued to be occupied at times, on a much reduced level, up until the 515:

material remains of several occupations in layers to create the tel. During Kempinski's excavations, it was found that the original surface in the Neolithic would have been up to 5.5 metres (18 ft) lower than the present surface.

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Area D-West is where the wine cellar was found. Andrew Koh, and students from Brandeis University, were responsible for doing the residue analysis on the wine jars in the storage room, which led to the room's identification as a wine

1471:, as the team expected to return the following summer in 1994. However, Kempinski's excavations never resumed past 1993, as Kempinski died in June the following year. In accordance with his wishes, Kempinski was buried at Tel Kabri. 1418:

that had a polished face, but no inscription. Following this excavation, Kempinski, focused his work on Tel Kabri and applied for permits from the IDAM and permission from Kibbutz Kabri to conduct large-scale excavation of the site.

723:. The springs of Kabri have fed Akko for centuries, and aqueducts have been built from Kabri to Akko by local rulers. In the Hellenistic period, an aqueduct was constructed at Kabri, and another was built during the governorship of 774:

built on the site after the MB city. In 2013, it was estimated that the palace would have occupied 6,100 m (1.5 acres), and in 2006, it was estimated that the ancient city as a whole would have occupied 4 ha (10 acres).

668:, a Jewish settlement is mentioned, named Kabrita, located east of the tel in the area that was occupied by the later Arab village, eventually named al-Kabri. Kabri, appearing under the name of al-Kabrah, is mentioned in the last 1610:

During the 2013 season, the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project discovered the first known complete MB storage room in Canaan. On 22 November 2013, the team announced that this storage room had been found to be the oldest palatial

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The team also found that in the time between the end of Kempinski's excavations and the start of the new expedition, there had been significant damage done to the site by the elements. The most apparent example of this was the

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In 1969, as a result of the kibbutz removing an orchard from the tel, MB II tombs containing grave goods were found in what had been the lower city. Their findspot was excavated by Y. Ben-Yosef for the IDAM that same year.

691:—in the southern and western portions of the tel, respectively. All three villages were close to the major springs, but during most of their existence, they were sparsely populated—in the low hundreds. Al-Kabri appears as 467:(64 BC–500s AD), the town of Kabrita had been established to the east of the tel. Kabrita became the Arab village of el-Kabira, which by the late 1200s AD was called al-Kabrah by the Arabs and Le Quiebre by the 1513:

Since 2005, the renewed excavations have been conducted by the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project, an international team co-directed by Yasur-Landau, now of the Leon Recanati Institute for Maritime Studies at the

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Archaeological work has taken place at Tel Kabri since 1956. The work at Tel Kabri has consisted of a survey, five minor excavations, and two major excavations, although prior to 1986, much of the activity was

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The following 2006 season was a series of surveys of the region around Kabri. The goals of this season were only partially fulfilled during the original timeframe though, as the 2006 season coincided with the

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Yasur-Landau, A.; Cline, E.H.; Samet, I. (2011). "Our Cups Overfloweth: 'Kabri Goblets' and Canaanite Feasts in the Middle Bronze Age Levant". In Gauss, W.; Lindbolm, M.; Smith, R.A.K.; Wright, J.C. (eds.).

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in the north, with as many as 31 vassal sites and 30,000 subjects. Kempinski hypothesised that Kabri might be the Bronze Age settlement of Rehov, a polity mentioned in the Execration Texts and the biblical

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in the palace at Kabri. As of 2015, these are the only Minoan-style frescoes ever discovered in Israel. Second, in 2013, the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project uncovered the oldest and largest known palatial

633:. The mercenaries were based in a citadel there. Close to the citadel, in the Iron Age and Phoenician periods, the later Phoenician city of Rehov was sited at Kabri. The Phoenician town was fortified by a 2153:

Near Eastern summer archaeological digs typically dig in the morning only so as to avoid the afternoon heat. Exceptions are made when time is a constraint or the collecting of artefacts is urgent.

4689: 1414:, to explore the area where the MB II tombs had been found, the lower city, the earthen rampart, and the Neolithic layers of the site. Among their finds was a 2.10 metres (6.9 ft) tall 1082:– Located in the northeast of the tel, this area was excavated in 1990 to investigate what Kempinski's team thought might be a tower. They found a section of well-preserved city wall instead. 1522:, which officially joined the consortium in 2013. The majority of these excavation seasons have taken place at the MB palaces in Area D of the tel, and, since 2009, have been semi-annual. 1375:

kibbutzniks started coming across Neolithic artefacts near the local spring of Ein Giah. In 1956, on behalf of IDAM, the forerunner of today's Israel Antiquities Authority, David Alon and

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Below are the site reports that could be located for the archaeological work at Tel Kabri. They have been arranged chronologically, with internet links where available, for reference.

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Negbi, M.; Negbi, O. (2002). "The Painted Plaster Floor of the Tel Kabri Palace: Reflections on Saffron Domestication in the Aegean Bronze Age". In Ahituv, S.; Oren, E.D. (eds.).

483:, on whose grounds the archaeological site is located, and the tel itself, are named for al-Kabri. The name of Kabrita, and the later names, were derived from the triconsonantal 5108: 1802: 2555: 2239: 563:—was one of the earliest cities in the Levant to rebuild its fortifications following the EB collapse. The new city was confined to the northern part of the earlier EB tel. 1606:

Nurith Goshen, area supervisor of Area D-West, and Andrew Koh, associate director of the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project, articulating a vessel in the Tel Kabri wine cellar.

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Expedition, and Area D was subdivided by the ongoing Tel Kabri Archaeological Project starting in 2005.The following areas have been investigated as of the 2013 season.

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excavations for the duration of his expedition, which was the first to excavate the palace intentionally (after the accidental excavation by the Mekorot water company

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who controlled the area at the time. By 1880, both the village and the ruins on the tel had come to be associated and bear the same names. Al-Kabrah eventually became

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As of 2015, the original Canaanite name of Tel Kabri is unknown. Aharon Kempinski hypothesised that Kabri might have been the same city as Rehov, referred to in the

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Tel Kabri is at the eastern end of the Western Galilee coastal plain, located on the grounds of Kibbutz Kabri. It is less than 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the

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Counting the MB I, MB IIA, and MB IIB stages, the palace was continuously occupied for three centuries. This is longer than any other palace in ancient Israel.

5070: 1792: 5157:. Beer-Sheva - Studies by the Department of Bible and Ancient Near East. Vol. XV. Beer-Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press. pp. 325–340. 4743:. Beer-Sheva - Studies by the Department of Bible and Ancient Near East. Vol. XV. Beer-Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press. pp. xi–xv. 4938: 1768:

The Tel Kabri Archaeological Project has published preliminary reports for each season of excavation online. As of 2015, there is no collected site report.

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Kempinski, A. (2002b). "Chapter 17: Conclusion: The History of the Site and the Region; I: The Late Neolithic to Persian Period". In A, Kempinski (ed.).

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and the beginning of a period marked by the prevalence of so-called palatial society. As of 2015 there is no accepted explanation for this sudden change.

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is home to four springs, Ein Shefa, Ein Giah, Ein Tzuf, and Ein ha-Shayara. It is these springs that have brought people to Kabri since the Neolithic.

4991: 1772: 653:(538–332 BC). Remains from this time have been found near the tel's spring of Ein Shefa. Habitation at the tel itself ends at this point. Early in the 128: 4309: 1439:

citadel was also discovered. The site's excavators believed this fortification was occupied by Greek mercenaries, based on the pottery found there.

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In 1986, large-scale excavations began at Tel Kabri, initially under the direction of Kempinski for TAU, and then, from 1989 onwards, Kempinski and

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In addition to al-Kabri which is located east of the site, during the Ottoman Period, two additional Arab villages were founded on the actual site—

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Kempinski, A.; Niemeier, W.D. (1994). Excavations at Kabri, 7–8: Preliminary Report of the 1992–1993 Seasons. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.

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Kempinski's 1986–1993 excavations, under the Tel Kabri Expedition, and the excavations by the Tel Kabri Archaeological Project ongoing since 2005

777:

As a result of farming and erosion, Stratum 1 of the tel, the uppermost layer, has been heavily damaged. Prior to agricultural activities by the

719:

Much of Kabri's recorded history also deals with its springs and, starting in the Hellenistic period, the springs' relationship to the city of

5317: 5270: 4980: 4651: 4270: 4178: 3950: 3939: 2292: 1777: 547:

culture. In the Early Bronze (EB) Age (3500-2100 BC), there was a town on the side of the tel that was destroyed as part of the region-wide

5344: 5259:

Our Cups are Full. Pottery and Society in the Aegean Bronze Age: Papers Presented to Jeremy B. Rutter on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday

1732:

Kempinski, A.; Niemeier, W.D. (1992). Excavations at Kabri, 6: Preliminary Report of the 1991 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.

1729:

Kempinski, A.; Niemeier, W.D. (1991). Excavations at Kabri, 5: Preliminary Report of the 1990 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.

1726:

Kempinski, A.; Niemeier, W.D. (1990). Excavations at Kabri, 4: Preliminary Report of the 1989 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.

2007:

was an Ottoman administrative division corresponding to a province. Most of the Galilee, including Kabri, fell under the Eyalet of Sidon.

5329: 5320: 739:

in the Ottoman Period, and this aqueduct functioned up until the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Portions of the structure still stand today.

5338: 5179: 4914: 4895: 4852: 4729: 4678: 4540: 4504: 4440: 4383: 4364: 4345: 4326: 4289: 4146: 4089: 1490: 4515: 600:. During this period, Kabri maintained significant contacts with neighbouring regions in the form of trade and exchange of ideas. 60:

Aerial photo of the palace at Tel Kabri. The 2013 excavation team is lying on top of the painted plaster floor, spelling out Kabri.

404:

particular attention from the archaeological community. The first finding to come to international attention was the discovery of

1507: 654: 380:

palaces in ancient Israel, and the largest such palace excavated as of 2014. Kabri is named for the abundance of its perennial

4432: 988:

vessels had been found in 1956. This area was first excavated by Prausnitz from 1957 to 1958, when he found early Chalcolithic

646: 274:, Assaf Yasur-Landau, Andrew Koh, Nurith Goshen, Inbal Samet, Alexandra Ratzlaff, Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier, Aharon Kempinski, 1703:. Edited by N. Scheftelowitz and R. Oren. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University. 1723:

Kempinski, A. (1989). Excavations at Kabri, 3: Preliminary Report of the 1988 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.

1720:

Kempinski, A. (1988). Excavations at Kabri, 2: Preliminary Report of the 1987 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.

1717:

Kempinski, A. (1987). Excavations at Kabri, 1: Preliminary Report of the 1986 Season. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.

1494: 5257: 3969: 445:—might be the Rehov from the Execration Texts, or Tel Kabri might be a different Rehov mentioned in topographic lists by 3819:

Anon (Autumn 1988). "Appendix D: Maps: Arab Villages Emptied and Jewish Settlements Established in Palestine, 1948–49".

2554:

The named reference "FOOTNOTEYasur-LandauEbelingMazow201170" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

784: 293: 4669:

Niemeier, B.; Niemeier, W.D. (2002). "Chapter 6: The Frescoes in the Middle Bronze Age Palace". In A, Kempinski (ed.).

5341: 1670:

Prausnitz, M.W., 1959, "Kabri". Israel Exploration Journal 9: 268–269. (English summary of the 1957–1958 excavations.)

1348: 5296: 783:

in 1976, there still existed large towers on the tel, which may have been gates. The entire site is cut across by a

5335: 5308: 4552:"Shepherd Kings? A Zooarchaeological Investigation of Elite Precincts in Middle Bronze Age Tel Hazor and Tel Kabri" 3997: 2040: 1899:

that is created as a result of the destruction of mudbrick from repeated different periods of occupation of a site.

1596: 810: 708: 665: 464: 4080:

Frankel, R. (2002). "The Hellenistic Aqueduct of Akko-Ptolemais". In Amit, D.; Patrich, J.; Hirshfeld, Y. (eds.).

1602: 5326: 5032: 1782: 1591:

File:Tell Kabri (4).JPG|thumb|2011 excavations in Area D South-1]] The main finds of the 2011 season included an

4233: 707:. This same map does not show Et-Tell, and only shows a mill in that location. Et-Tell does appear in the later 5347: 4660:

Naveh, Y.; Kempinski, A. (1991). "Chapter 6: A Phoenician Seal Impression from Area E". In A, Kempinski (ed.).

1059: 657:(332–64 BC), the ruins of the Iron Age citadel were used for burials, but the tel was not resettled until the 341: 5172:

Archaeology of the Land of the Bible Volume II: The Assyrian, Babylonian, and Persian Periods (732-332 B.C.E.)

1576:

to the MB I period. At the close of the dig season, the site was covered up to preserve it in the off-season.

4863: 1757: 1564:, and a digital topographic map was made of the tel using aerial photography and measurements on the ground. 5314: 2054: 1428: 624:

French survey map from 1799 showing the Upper Galilee. Kabri's springs are shown as being exploited by Akko.

4531:

Marder, O.; al. (2002). "Chapter 7: Kabri 1975: The Flint Assemblage from Area A". In A, Kempinski (ed.).

736: 35: 1402:

From 1975 to 1976, salvage excavations were carried out by Prausnitz representing the IDAM, Kempinski of

5230: 5010: 4591: 3861: 1961:

MB I and MB IIA are interchangeable terms. This palace is hereinafter referred to as the earlier palace.

1432: 753: 476: 397: 388:

section below—the presence of which has led to the site's occupation and use as a water source from the

4189: 4053: 4355:

Kempinski, A. (2002c). "Chapter 4: Stratigraphy and Architecture; II: Area C". In A, Kempinski (ed.).

2238:

The named reference "FOOTNOTEAviram199723" was defined multiple times with different content (see the

680:. In the treaty, the village and its surrounding fields, are shown as belonging to the ruler of Akko. 1569: 673: 650: 468: 17: 5090:"Preliminary Report on the Results of the December 2009/January 2010 Excavation Season at Tel Kabri" 4641: 4025: 4495:

Lehmann, G. (2002). "Chapter 4: Stratigraphy and Architecture; IV: Area E". In A, Kempinski (ed.).

1923: 1919: 1519: 1515: 1403: 1388: 611:

Further information on the modern history of the village of al-Kabri and the kibbutz of Kabri:

405: 4720:

Oren, R. (2002a). "Chapter 4: Stratigraphy and Architecture; III: Area D". In A, Kempinski (ed.).

3848:

Aviram, M. (1997). "Appendix: The Significance of the Coin of Agrippa II from Cave 3 near Kabri".

5218: 5214: 5210: 4806: 4778: 4625: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4299: 4220: 3898: 3836: 2017: 1362: 592: 381: 5302:

Travelogue of one of the 2013 season excavators, Marielle Velander, dealing with life on the dig

5190: 4551: 5291: 1442: 487:, כבר, meaning 'great or powerful', in reference to the plentiful water from Kabri's springs. 460:

period—a period of Phoenician dominance over the area, which was concurrent with the Iron Age.

5266: 5175: 5158: 4976: 4910: 4891: 4871: 4848: 4744: 4725: 4674: 4647: 4536: 4500: 4483: 4436: 4379: 4360: 4341: 4322: 4285: 4266: 4212: 4174: 4142: 4117: 4095: 4085: 4084:. Supplementary Series. Vol. 46. Portsmouth, Rhode Island: Journal of Roman Archaeology. 3935: 1927: 1549: 642: 548: 496: 418: 2043:

for further information on how the relationships between archaeological finds are determined.

5202: 4701: 4563: 4473: 4463: 4204: 4116:(in French). Vol. 3 ptie. t. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. pp. 31–33, 46, 50. 4107: 3828: 2141: 1844: 1545: 712: 500: 456:, 1200-500BC (IA), the site is known to have been called Rehov, and this continued into the 430: 196: 3911: 2058:

for an explanation on how archaeologists can use pottery to create a timeline for the past.

1552:—and access to the pottery from previous excavations—held in the IAA storerooms at Kibbutz 1467:

At the end of the 1993 season, the painted plaster floor in Hall 611 was covered over with

5323: 5247: 5023: 4608: 4428: 4125: 3877: 1384: 732: 453: 361: 353: 331: 275: 55: 26:

This page is about the archaeological site of Tel Kabri. For the associated kibbutz, see

1356:

in the D-West wine cellar in 2013. The expedition has numbered the vessels in the photo.

4992:"First announcement concerning the results of the 2005 exploratory season at Tel Kabri" 4478: 4451: 1376: 704: 658: 638: 597: 551:

that characterised the EB collapse. In the early and middle MB I, Tel Kabri—along with

369: 5206: 4567: 4284:(in English and Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. 4111: 5222: 4883: 4583: 4425:

All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948

4420: 4224: 1896: 1827: 1595:

building close to the palace, further pieces of painted plaster, and a scarab of the

1561: 1503: 1460: 1411: 688: 630: 612: 480: 434: 393: 271: 116: 106: 27: 5265:. BAR International Series. Vol. 2227. Oxford: Archaeopress. pp. 382–392. 4807:"Remains Of Minoan-Style Painting Discovered During Excavations Of Canaanite Palace" 452:. No definitive evidence has been found to support any of these hypotheses. By the 4637: 1016: 728: 724: 621: 588: 560: 540: 484: 449: 438: 192: 1979:

Which by that point had been reduced to a remnant based out of Akko (called Acre).

1464:

after the Iron Age—prior focus having been on the Bronze Age aspects of the site.

4468: 4137:

Horowitz, A (2002). "Chapter 2: The Natural Environment". In A, Kempinski (ed.).

649:. After this destruction, the town was rebuilt and this new town grew during the 587:

At the peak of its power, Kabri may have controlled a domain that stretched from

5155:

Aharon Kempinski Memorial Volume: Studies in Archaeology and Related Disciplines

4741:

Aharon Kempinski Memorial Volume: Studies in Archaeology and Related Disciplines

4616:

Mazar, A. (1999). "The 1997–1998 Excavations at Tel Reḥov: Preliminary Report".

3887:"A New Source Concerning the Ultimate Borders of the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem" 1612: 1553: 1499: 1407: 552: 414: 337: 218: 4819: 4705: 4263:

The Architecture of Ancient Israel: From the Prehistoric to the Persian Periods

3970:"Your Career is in Ruins: How to Start an Excavation in Five Not-So-Easy Steps" 1745: 1518:, Cline on behalf of The George Washington University, and Prof. Andrew Koh of 5128:"Preliminary Report on the Results of the 2013 Excavation Season at Tel Kabri" 5109:"Preliminary Report on the Results of the 2011 Excavation Season at Tel Kabri" 5071:"Preliminary Report on the Results of the 2009 Excavation Season at Tel Kabri" 5052:"Preliminary report on the Results of the 2008 Excavation Season at Tel Kabri" 4208: 1817: 1536: 1468: 985: 536: 373: 214: 5162: 4875: 4748: 4216: 4099: 1062:

free of possible contamination from other periods or locations in the palace.

143: 130: 4452:"Characterizing a Middle Bronze Palatial Wine Cellar from Tel Kabri, Israel" 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2414: 1592: 1436: 788: 544: 524: 504: 457: 389: 188: 4905:

Tsuk, T. (2002). "Chapter 3: The Springs of Kabri". In A, Kempinski (ed.).

4487: 4129: 798: 5301: 4739:

Oren, E.D. (2002b). "Aharon Kempinski". In Ahituv, S.; Oren, E.D. (eds.).

4374:

Kempinski, A. (2002d). "List of Excavation Staff". In A, Kempinski (ed.).

4890:. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society & Carta, Simon and Schuster. 4662:

Tel Kabri: Excavations at Kabri, 5: Preliminary Report of the 1990 Season

4317:

Kempinski, A. (2002a). "Chapter 1: Introduction". In A, Kempinski (ed.).

3951:"Results of the 2006 Season Kabri Regional Archaeological Survey Project" 2542: 2540: 1573: 700: 634: 556: 472: 184: 31: 4843:

Shalev, G. (2002). "Chapter 8: Metal Artefacts". In A, Kempinski (ed.).

4694:

Tel Aviv: Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University

4629: 3902: 2943: 2941: 2939: 787:

period (1920–1948 AD) road that originally led from the coastal city of

392:(PN) period (6,400–4,500 BC) to the present day. Located in the Western 4847:. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. pp. 307–318. 4673:. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. pp. 254–285. 4535:. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. pp. 299–306. 4340:. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. pp. 449–452. 4157: 3886: 3840: 1892: 1873: 1838: 1012: 779: 684: 677: 617: 446: 261: 5286: 4413:

Excavations at Kabri, 7–8: Preliminary Report of the 1992–1993 Seasons

4378:. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. pp. xv–xvi. 4054:"New Fragments of Aegean-Style Painted Plaster from Tel Kabri, Israel" 4026:"Middle Bronze Age Settlement Patterns in the Western Galilee, Israel" 4909:. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. pp. 15–18. 4724:. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. pp. 55–72. 4499:. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. pp. 73–90. 4359:. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. pp. 35–54. 4171:

Climate Change : environment and civilization in the Middle East

4113:

Description géographique, historique et archéologique de la Palestine

3998:"Poetry in Motion: Canaanite Rulership and Aegean Narrative at Kabri" 2003: 1989: 1383:

From 1957 to 1958, The first rescue excavations were carried out by

809:

Further information on stratigraphy and its uses in archaeology:

793: 577: 409: 377: 323: 222: 4141:. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. pp. 7–14. 3832: 3038: 3036: 3034: 3032: 2112:

This was a result of Beit HaEmek being under continuous bombardment.

735:(1775-1804). Later, a new aqueduct was built by Jezzar's successor, 535:

The area of Kabri was first settled during the PN by members of the

312: 5189:

Yasur-Landau, A.; Cline, E.H.; Marom, N.; Samet, I. (August 2012).

4888:

The New Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavations in the Holy Land

4321:. Emery and Claire Yass Publications in Archaeology. pp. 1–6. 3565: 3563: 3561: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3080: 3078: 1992:

sultanate based in Egypt which ruled most of the Levant at the time

3512: 3510: 3497: 3495: 2282: 2280: 1850: 1617: 1601: 1441: 1415: 1347: 817: 756:

and excavations have taken place at the site to explore its past.

669: 616: 581: 442: 3065: 3063: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2121:

Six rockets struck the tel and one rocket hit the kibbutz itself.

4121: 4005:

EPOS: Reconsidering Greek Epic and Aegean Bronze Age Archaeology

3750: 3748: 3746: 2852: 2850: 2848: 1887: 1127: 989: 720: 508: 5033:"Results of the 2007 Season Kabri Archaeological Project (KAP)" 2807: 2805: 2016:

Jezzar's aqueduct had been destroyed by the military forces of

1446:

An MB II duck-billed axe recovered during the 1988 excavations.

523:

The tel and its surrounding area have been inhabited since the

4690:"Greek Mercenaries at Tel Kabri and Other Sites in the Levant" 4404:

Excavations at Kabri, 5: Preliminary Report of the 1990 Season

4395:

Excavations at Kabri, 4: Preliminary Report of the 1989 Season

4254:

Excavations at Kabri, 3: Preliminary Report of the 1988 Season

3912:"Archaeologists discover largest, oldest palatial wine cellar" 4190:"Graffiti of Ships in the Bahá'í Mansion at Mazra'ih, Israel" 1352:

A view to the southeast of the 40 or so wine storage vessels

479:

when the village was depopulated. Both the post-war kibbutz,

4011:. Austin: university of Liege, University of Texas at Austin 3143: 3141: 2389: 2387: 2347: 2345: 2343: 1948:

A palace that had been found by Aharon Kempinski during the

1387:

working with the IDAM, who was joined by Robert Stigler of

3286: 3284: 2995: 2993: 2879: 2877: 2094:

which had been designated during the 1975–1976 excavations.

699:

in the first topographic map of the region made in 1799 by

4868:

Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel

3996:

Cline, E.H.; Yasur-Landau, A. (2007). Morris, S.P. (ed.).

2984: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2519: 2426: 2322: 2211: 2209: 2176: 2103:

An extension of Area D, again for the sake of organisation

503:

is nearby to the south, with the closest major city being

4280:

Kempinski, A. (2002). Scheftelowitz, N., Oren, R. (ed.).

1876:(2005–ongoing) are discussed in-detail later in the text. 3968:

Cline, E.H.; Yasur-Landau, A. (January–February 2006b).

3486: 3158: 3156: 2696: 2694: 2613: 2601: 2546: 2291:

sfnp error: no target: CITEREFKohYasur-LandauCline2014 (

2085:

Later designated as Area B in the 1975–1976 excavations.

1949: 1869: 249: 4247:(3–4). Israel Exploration Society: 155–173 and 244-253. 2649: 2449: 2447: 2334: 1684:. Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 27, p. 165–166. 543:

period (4500–3500 BC), Kabri was a major centre of the

4643:

The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited

2362: 2360: 2226: 2224: 1332:"—" denotes expeditions where area was not excavated. 5195:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

4971:

Yasur-Landau, A.; Ebeling, J.R.; Mazow, L.B. (2011).

4792:

Prausnitz, M.W.; Kempinski, A. (1977). "Kabri 1976".

4556:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

2464: 2462: 2267: 2265: 2263: 1834:

Other Near Eastern sites with Minoan-style frescoes:

1145: 217:, Wadi Raba, proto-Canaanite, Canaanite, Phoenician, 4516:"Oldest Wine Cellar Found in Ancient Site in Israel" 4024:

Cline, E.H.; Yasur-Landau, A.; Pierce, G.A. (2008).

2306: 2304: 2302: 2286: 821:

different areas. He arranged the layers as follows:

1653:

Eretz Israel 5: 85* (English summary of the above.)

1139: 1133: 637:wall. This town was destroyed by the armies of the 308: 300: 289: 281: 267: 257: 253: 233: 228: 210: 202: 180: 175: 167: 159: 122: 112: 102: 94: 5330:Category:Former populated places in Southwest Asia 5191:"An MB II Orthostat Building at Tel Kabri, Israel" 4973:Household Archaeology in Ancient Israel and Beyond 4052:Cline, E.H.; Yasur-Landau, A.; Goshen, N. (2011). 3581: 3569: 3462: 3239: 3042: 2947: 2868: 1764:The Tel Kabri Archaeological Project: 2005–ongoing 1484:The Tel Kabri Archaeological Project: 2005–ongoing 1103: 30:. For the former near-by Palestinian village, see 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3593: 3552: 3540: 3516: 3501: 3414: 3390: 3342: 3120: 3108: 3084: 3069: 3054: 2673: 2661: 2637: 2577: 78: 5333:Category:Geography of Northern District (Israel) 4646:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 253–254, 4164:. Winter 2015. The George Washington University. 3330: 5297:Tel Kabri page on National Geographic Education 4952:"Wine Cellar, Well Aged, Is Revealed in Israel" 4197:International Journal of Historical Archaeology 3932:Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction 3790: 3778: 3754: 3474: 3132: 3096: 2856: 368:, Tell al-Qahweh, "the mound of coffee") is an 5292:Biblical Archaeology Society page on Tel Kabri 4820:"Results of a Salvage Excavation at Tel Kabri" 4450:Koh, A.; Yassur-Landau, A.; Cline, E. (2014). 3402: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2956: 645:around 585 BC, and his rule was extended over 2351: 8: 4907:Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons 4845:Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons 4722:Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons 4671:Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons 4533:Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons 4497:Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons 4376:Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons 4357:Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons 4338:Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons 4319:Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons 4304:: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list ( 4282:Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons 4139:Tel Kabri: The 1986–1993 Excavations Seasons 3897:(3–4). Israel Exploration Society: 197–217. 1970:Hereinafter referred to as the later palace. 1746:Results of a Salvage Excavation at Tel Kabri 441:once believed that Tel Kabri—or the site of 41: 4234:"An analysis of Jacotin's map of Palestine" 3827:(1, Special Issue: Palestine 1948): 38–50. 4886:; Lewinson-Gilboa, A.; Aviram, J. (1993). 4783:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4664:. Tel Aviv University Press. pp. 10*. 3290: 3222: 3198: 3174: 3147: 2930: 2918: 2895: 2883: 2839: 2835: 2823: 2589: 2520:Stern, Lewinson-Gilboa & Aviram (1993) 2427:Stern, Lewinson-Gilboa & Aviram (1993) 2393: 2323:Stern, Lewinson-Gilboa & Aviram (1993) 2177:Stern, Lewinson-Gilboa & Aviram (1993) 1086: 823: 54: 40: 4477: 4467: 4265:. Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society. 3366: 3354: 3251: 3186: 3162: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2811: 2531: 2215: 2200: 1331: 4950:Wilford, John Noble (22 November 2013). 3487:Yasur-Landau, Ebeling & Mazow (2011) 3275: 2625: 2614:Yasur-Landau, Ebeling & Mazow (2011) 2602:Yasur-Landau, Ebeling & Mazow (2011) 2547:Yasur-Landau, Ebeling & Mazow (2011) 2492: 2188: 1651:An obsidian core found at Kibbutz Kabri. 1097: 5312:Category:Archaeological sites in Israel 5174:. New York: Doubleday. pp. 62–63. 4514:Lopatto, Elizabeth (22 November 2013). 3949:Cline, E.H.; Yasur-Landau, A. (2006a). 3802: 3725: 3306: 3263: 2796: 2772: 2685: 2650:Cline, Yasur-Landau & Pierce (2008) 2366: 2335:Cline, Yasur-Landau & Goshen (2011) 2271: 2254: 2169: 2067:As defined in Kempinski (2002a); p. 4-5 1862: 1089: 342:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 5243: 5239: 5228: 5107:Yasur-Landau, A.; Cline, E.H. (2011). 5088:Yasur-Landau, A.; Cline, E.H. (2010). 5069:Yasur-Landau, A.; Cline, E.H. (2009). 5050:Yasur-Landau, A.; Cline, E.H. (2008). 5031:Yasur-Landau, A.; Cline, E.H. (2007). 5019: 5008: 4990:Yasur-Landau, A.; Cline, E.H. (2005). 4776: 4604: 4600: 4589: 4415:. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press. 4411:Kempinski, A.; Niemeier, W.D. (1994). 4406:. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press. 4402:Kempinski, A.; Niemeier, W.D. (1991). 4397:. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press. 4393:Kempinski, A.; Niemeier, W.D. (1990). 4297: 4256:. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press. 3873: 3869: 3859: 3766: 3737: 3438: 3378: 2736: 2724: 2712: 2700: 2438: 2230: 1798:2009 winter session preliminary report 1680:Prausnitz, M.W., Kempinski, A., 1977, 5318:Category:Bronze Age palaces in Israel 5170:Stern, E. (2001). "The Phoenicians". 3934:. New York: Oxford University Press. 3528: 3450: 3426: 3318: 3302: 3210: 2972:See Tel Kabri Archaeological Project 2480: 2453: 2405: 2378: 1885:Tel Kabri, as the name suggests is a 1644:.על גרעין האובידיאן שנמצא בקיבוץ כברי 1015:'s 1961 trench, which exposed the MB 7: 5345:Category:Prehistoric sites in Israel 4308:) CS1 maint: unrecognized language ( 2784: 2760: 2748: 2468: 2310: 2287:Koh, Yasur-Landau & Cline (2014) 1939:As of 2015, excavations are ongoing. 1874:The Tel Kabri Archaeological Project 1701:Tel Kabri. The 1986–1993 Excavations 1146:The Tel Kabri Archaeological Project 711:map of 1880, and is talked about by 5321:Category:Bronze Age sites in Israel 4771:From Hunters to Farmers and Traders 2550: 2234: 1689:The Tel Kabri Expedition: 1986–1993 1423:The Tel Kabri Expedition: 1986–1993 613:Kabri, Israel § Modern history 365: 357: 3910:Burrows, Leah (22 November 2013). 1667:. Eretz Israel 9: 122–129 (Hebrew) 1560:the palace was mapped out using a 24: 5339:Category:Iron Age sites in Israel 5215:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.367.0001 5207:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.367.0001 4939:"Tel Kabri: The 2013 Excavations" 4937:Wiener, N. (12 September 2013b). 4805:Science Daily (7 December 2009). 4756:Prausnitz, M.W. (1959). "Kabri". 4688:Niemeier, W.D. (September 2002). 4576:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.371.0059 4568:10.5615/bullamerschoorie.371.0059 2973: 1950:Tel Kabri Expedition of 1986–1993 1891:, a type of mound found from the 1366:cellar in the Ancient Near East. 1011:– First uncovered as a result of 372:site, home to one of the largest 313:http://digkabri2015.wordpress.com 3582:Cline & Yasur-Landau (2006a) 3570:Cline & Yasur-Landau (2006a) 3463:Cline & Yasur-Landau (2006b) 3240:Cline & Yasur-Landau (2006b) 3043:Prausnitz & Kempinski (1977) 2948:Prausnitz & Kempinski (1977) 2869:Cline & Yasur-Landau (2006b) 1820: 1508:The George Washington University 475:,and this name lasted until the 322: 77: 70: 4945:. Biblical Archaeology Society. 4932:. Biblical Archaeology Society. 4433:Institute for Palestine Studies 4169:Issar, A.S.; Zohar, M. (2004). 4061:American Journal of Archaeology 3714:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2011) 3702:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2011) 3690:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2010) 3678:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2009) 3666:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2009) 3654:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2008) 3642:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2008) 3630:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2008) 3618:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2007) 3606:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2007) 3594:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2007) 3553:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2005) 3541:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2005) 3517:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2005) 3502:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2009) 3415:Kempinski & Niemeier (1991) 3391:Kempinski & Niemeier (1990) 3343:Kempinski & Niemeier (1991) 3121:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2005) 3109:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2009) 3085:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2011) 3070:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2005) 3055:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2005) 2674:Kempinski & Niemeier (1994) 2662:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2005) 2638:Cline & Yasur-Landau (2007) 2578:Yasur-Landau & Cline (2010) 1452: 1121: 1115: 1109: 672:, or peace treaty, between the 344: instead of Hebrew letters. 245: 241: 237: 5126:Yasur-Landau, A.; al. (2013). 4926:"Minoan Frescoes at Tel Kabri" 4158:"Minoan Frescoes at Tel Kabri" 3331:Niemeier & Niemeier (2002) 2140:The equivalent of 3,000 750ml 1713:1 at the start of each cover. 1646:Eretz Israel 5: 35-37 (Hebrew) 1475:1999 and 2004 salvage projects 385: 1: 4156:Ingeno, L. (8 January 2015). 3791:Yasur-Landau & al. (2013) 3779:Yasur-Landau & al. (2013) 3755:Yasur-Landau & al. (2013) 3475:Yasur-Landau & al. (2013) 3133:Yasur-Landau & al. (2013) 3097:Yasur-Landau & al. (2013) 2857:Yasur-Landau & al. (2013) 1020:been sub-divided as follows: 206:Pottery Neolithic – Byzantine 4924:Wiener, N. (21 June 2013a). 4818:Shalem, D. (December 2009). 4469:10.1371/journal.pone.0106406 4033:Journal of Field Archaeology 3821:Journal of Palestine Studies 3403:Naveh & Kempinski (1991) 1675:1975–1976 salvage excavation 1658:1957–1958 salvage excavation 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1282: 1274: 1271: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1222: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1204: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1122:1975–1976 salvage excavation 1110:1957–1958 salvage excavation 294:Israel Antiquities Authority 5342:Category:Minoan archaeology 4550:Marom, N.; al. (May 2014). 3977:Biblical Archaeology Review 1266:1986, 1989-1990, 1992-1993 962:Late Neolithic/Chalcolithic 5363: 5336:Category:History of Israel 5309:Category:Ancient Near East 4794:Israel Exploration Journal 4758:Israel Exploration Journal 4706:10.1179/033443502788052844 4618:Israel Exploration Journal 4241:Israel Exploration Journal 4203:(1). Springer US: 102–15. 4188:Kahanov, Y. (March 2011). 3891:Israel Exploration Journal 2041:Relationship (archaeology) 1597:Second Intermediate Period 811:Stratigraphy (archaeology) 808: 709:Palestine Exploration Fund 610: 376:(MB) Age (2,100–1,550 BC) 25: 5327:Category:Canaanite cities 4209:10.1007/s10761-010-0129-3 2715:, pp. 31–33, 46, 50. 1144: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1120: 1114: 1108: 1100: 816:artefacts—in particular, 437:list of enemy polities. 65: 53: 46: 5348:Category:Southern Levant 4864:"Tel Kabri Final Report" 4769:Prausnitz, M.W. (1970). 2974:preliminary site reports 2590:Issar & Zohar (2004) 1870:The Tel Kabri Expedition 1665:The excavations at Kabri 1580:Excavation: 2009–ongoing 1128:The Tel Kabri Expedition 1091:Area excavations by year 899:Sherds found in rampart 144:33.0083750°N 35.139083°E 5315:Category:Bronze Age art 4082:The Aqueducts of Israel 3357:, p. Introduction. 3024:Marder & al. (2002) 3012:Marder & al. (2002) 2216:Marder & al. (2002) 2055:Seriation (archaeology) 1808:2013 preliminary report 1803:2011 preliminary report 1793:2009 preliminary report 1788:2008 preliminary report 1783:2007 preliminary report 1778:2006 preliminary report 1773:2005 preliminary report 1752:2004 salvage excavation 1740:1999 salvage excavation 1663:Prausnitz, M.W., 1969, 1140:2004 salvage excavation 1134:1999 salvage excavation 1116:1969 salvage excavation 727:, the Ottoman ruler of 695:and En-Nahr appears as 661:period (1517-1917 AD). 539:culture. In the early 5018:Cite journal requires 4862:Smithline, H. (2007). 4261:Kempinski, A. (1992). 4252:Kempinski, A. (1989). 2626:Marom & al. (2014) 1758:Tel Kabri Final Report 1607: 1526:Exploration: 2005–2008 1447: 1429:Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier 1357: 760:Archaeological context 625: 171:80 ha (200 acres) 34:. For other uses, see 2142:standard wine bottles 1699:Kempinski, A., 2002, 1605: 1445: 1433:Heidelberg University 1351: 841:Hellenistic – Ottoman 769:Condition of the site 664:Some time during the 620: 477:1948 Arab-Israeli War 398:1948 Arab-Israeli War 384:—as described in the 234:Excavation dates 149:33.0083750; 35.139083 95:Alternative name 4173:. Berlin: Springer. 3930:Cline, E.H. (2009). 2352:Science Daily (2009) 1649:Stekelis, M., 1958, 1642:Stekelis, M., 1958, 1540:conservation work. 1491:electric resistivity 674:Kingdom of Jerusalem 591:in the south to the 18:User:Flinders Petrie 5240:|subscription= 4943:Bible History Daily 4930:Bible History Daily 4601:|subscription= 4232:Karmon, Y. (1960). 3381:, pp. 310–311. 3278:, pp. 328–331. 3254:, pp. 112–113. 3026:, pp. 299–305. 2950:, pp. 165–166. 2814:, pp. 268–269. 2739:, pp. 253–254. 2325:, pp. 839–841. 1708:Preliminary reports 1520:Brandeis University 1516:University of Haifa 1404:Tel Aviv University 1389:Brandeis University 1363:salvage excavations 1344:Archaeological work 1249:2005, 2009-ongoing 731:who also ruled the 421:in Kabri's palace. 330:This page contains 140: / 86:Shown within Israel 43: 5238:Unknown parameter 4956:The New York Times 4599:Unknown parameter 3885:Barag, D. (1979). 3852:. English Series. 3201:, p. 449,451. 2203:, p. 449-461. 2018:Napoleon Bonaparte 1608: 1500:Megiddo Expedition 1448: 1358: 1060:pottery assemblage 666:Early Roman period 655:Hellenistic period 626: 301:Public access 5287:Tel Kabri website 5272:978-1-4073-0785-5 5244:|url-access= 4982:978-900-420-625-0 4975:. Leiden: Bliss. 4653:978-0-521-00967-6 4605:|url-access= 4272:978-965-221-013-5 4180:978-354-021-086-3 3941:978-0-19-534263-5 3489:, pp. 70–75. 3465:, pp. 34–36. 3453:, pp. 67–68. 3441:, pp. 19–39. 3291:Kempinski (2002d) 3223:Kempinski (2002a) 3199:Kempinski (2002b) 3175:Kempinski (2002a) 3148:Kempinski (2002d) 2931:Kempinski (2002a) 2919:Kempinski (2002a) 2896:Kempinski (2002a) 2884:Kempinski (2002c) 2824:Kempinski (2002a) 2775:, pp. 82–87. 2751:, pp. 15–17. 2616:, pp. 72–73. 2483:, pp. 21–22. 2394:Kempinski (2002b) 1550:Israeli Air Force 1502:colleague, Prof. 1340: 1339: 1336: 1335: 969: 968: 703:'s cartographer, 643:Nebuchadnezzar II 525:Pottery Neolithic 507:to the west. The 419:Ancient Near East 390:Pottery Neolithic 338:rendering support 318: 317: 5354: 5276: 5264: 5251: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5226: 5185: 5166: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5132: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5113: 5103: 5101: 5099: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5037: 5027: 5021: 5016: 5014: 5006: 5004: 5002: 4996: 4986: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4946: 4933: 4920: 4901: 4879: 4858: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4814: 4801: 4788: 4782: 4774: 4765: 4752: 4735: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4684: 4665: 4656: 4633: 4612: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4595: 4587: 4546: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4510: 4491: 4481: 4471: 4446: 4416: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4370: 4351: 4332: 4313: 4303: 4295: 4276: 4257: 4248: 4238: 4228: 4194: 4184: 4165: 4152: 4133: 4103: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4058: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4030: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4002: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3974: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3955: 3945: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3906: 3881: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3865: 3857: 3844: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3556: 3550: 3544: 3538: 3532: 3526: 3520: 3514: 3505: 3499: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3367:Kempinski (1989) 3364: 3358: 3355:Kempinski (1989) 3352: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3279: 3273: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3252:Kempinski (1992) 3249: 3243: 3237: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3187:Prausnitz (1959) 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3163:Smithline (2007) 3160: 3151: 3145: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3094: 3088: 3082: 3073: 3067: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 3000:Prausnitz (1970) 2997: 2988: 2985:Prausnitz (1959) 2982: 2976: 2970: 2951: 2945: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2843: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2812:Prausnitz (1959) 2809: 2800: 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2562: 2561: 2560: 2559: 2544: 2535: 2532:Kempinski (1992) 2529: 2523: 2517: 2496: 2490: 2484: 2478: 2472: 2466: 2457: 2451: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2355: 2349: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2297: 2296: 2284: 2275: 2269: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2228: 2219: 2213: 2204: 2201:Kempinski (2002) 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2154: 2151: 2145: 2138: 2132: 2128: 2122: 2119: 2113: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2050: 2044: 2037: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2014: 2008: 1999: 1993: 1986: 1980: 1977: 1971: 1968: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1915: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1883: 1877: 1872:(1986–1993) and 1867: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1823: 1546:2006 Lebanon War 1098: 1087: 1056:Area D-West East 852:LB – Iron Age II 824: 549:systems collapse 435:Ancient Egyptian 431:Execration Texts 367: 359: 326: 155: 154: 152: 151: 150: 145: 141: 138: 137: 136: 133: 81: 80: 74: 58: 44: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5324:Category:Canaan 5307: 5283: 5273: 5262: 5254: 5237: 5227: 5188: 5182: 5169: 5152: 5149: 5147:Further reading 5144: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5125: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5106: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5068: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5049: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5030: 5017: 5007: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4983: 4970: 4961: 4959: 4949: 4936: 4923: 4917: 4904: 4898: 4882: 4861: 4855: 4842: 4833: 4831: 4817: 4804: 4791: 4775: 4768: 4755: 4738: 4732: 4719: 4710: 4708: 4687: 4681: 4668: 4659: 4654: 4636: 4615: 4598: 4588: 4549: 4543: 4530: 4521: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4494: 4449: 4443: 4429:Washington D.C. 4419: 4410: 4401: 4392: 4386: 4373: 4367: 4354: 4348: 4335: 4329: 4316: 4296: 4292: 4279: 4273: 4260: 4251: 4236: 4231: 4192: 4187: 4181: 4168: 4155: 4149: 4136: 4106: 4092: 4079: 4070: 4068: 4056: 4051: 4042: 4040: 4028: 4023: 4014: 4012: 4000: 3995: 3986: 3984: 3972: 3967: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3948: 3942: 3929: 3920: 3918: 3909: 3884: 3868: 3858: 3847: 3833:10.2307/2537593 3818: 3814: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3793:, p. 7,10. 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3692:, pp. 1–2. 3688: 3684: 3680:, pp. 4–5. 3676: 3672: 3664: 3660: 3652: 3648: 3640: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3616: 3612: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3568: 3559: 3555:, pp. 5–6. 3551: 3547: 3539: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3515: 3508: 3500: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3389: 3385: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3361: 3353: 3349: 3341: 3337: 3329: 3325: 3317: 3313: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3282: 3276:Niemeier (2002) 3274: 3270: 3262: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3154: 3146: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3123:, pp. 3–4. 3119: 3115: 3107: 3103: 3099:, pp. 6–7. 3095: 3091: 3087:, pp. 4–6. 3083: 3076: 3068: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2954: 2946: 2937: 2933:, pp. 4–5. 2929: 2925: 2917: 2902: 2894: 2890: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2846: 2840:Kempinski 2002c 2836:Kempinski 2002a 2834: 2830: 2826:, pp. 2–3. 2822: 2818: 2810: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2660: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2576: 2565: 2553: 2551: 2549:, pp. 70. 2545: 2538: 2530: 2526: 2518: 2499: 2493:Horowitz (2002) 2491: 2487: 2479: 2475: 2467: 2460: 2452: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2385: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2358: 2350: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2300: 2290: 2285: 2278: 2270: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2237: 2235: 2229: 2222: 2214: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2189:Horowitz (2002) 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2157: 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4802: 4789: 4766: 4753: 4736: 4730: 4717: 4700:(2): 328–331. 4685: 4679: 4666: 4657: 4652: 4634: 4613: 4547: 4541: 4528: 4511: 4505: 4492: 4462:(8): e106406. 4447: 4441: 4421:Khalidi, Walid 4417: 4408: 4399: 4390: 4384: 4371: 4365: 4352: 4346: 4333: 4327: 4314: 4290: 4277: 4271: 4258: 4249: 4229: 4185: 4179: 4166: 4153: 4147: 4134: 4104: 4090: 4077: 4049: 4021: 3993: 3983:(1): 34–37, 71 3965: 3946: 3940: 3927: 3907: 3882: 3845: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3807: 3803:Lopatto (2013) 3795: 3783: 3781:, p. 2,6. 3771: 3759: 3742: 3730: 3726:Wilford (2013) 3718: 3706: 3694: 3682: 3670: 3658: 3646: 3634: 3622: 3610: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3521: 3506: 3491: 3479: 3467: 3455: 3443: 3431: 3419: 3407: 3405:, p. 10*. 3395: 3383: 3371: 3359: 3347: 3345:, p. 31*. 3335: 3333:, p. 254. 3323: 3311: 3305:, p. 55; 3295: 3280: 3268: 3264:Wiener (2013a) 3256: 3244: 3227: 3215: 3213:, p. xii. 3203: 3191: 3189:, p. 268. 3179: 3167: 3152: 3150:, p. xvi. 3137: 3125: 3113: 3101: 3089: 3074: 3059: 3047: 3045:, p. 166. 3028: 3016: 3014:, p. 299. 3004: 3002:, p. 160. 2989: 2977: 2952: 2935: 2923: 2900: 2888: 2873: 2861: 2844: 2828: 2816: 2801: 2799:, p. 104. 2797:Kahanov (2011) 2789: 2777: 2773:Frankel (2002) 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2727:, p. 246. 2717: 2705: 2703:, p. 160. 2690: 2686:Lehmann (2002) 2678: 2676:, p. 35*. 2666: 2654: 2642: 2640:, p. 162. 2630: 2618: 2606: 2594: 2592:, p. 147. 2582: 2563: 2536: 2534:, p. 127. 2524: 2522:, p. 839. 2497: 2485: 2473: 2458: 2456:, p. 203. 2443: 2431: 2429:, p. 841. 2410: 2398: 2396:, p. 452. 2383: 2371: 2367:Burrows (2013) 2356: 2339: 2337:, p. 245. 2327: 2315: 2298: 2276: 2272:Wiener (2013b) 2259: 2255:Khalidi (1992) 2247: 2233:, p. 23. 2220: 2218:, p. 305. 2205: 2193: 2181: 2179:, p. 840. 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2146: 2133: 2123: 2114: 2105: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2045: 2032: 2022: 2009: 1994: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1954: 1941: 1932: 1910: 1908:6,400–4,500 BC 1901: 1878: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1854: 1848: 1845:el-Dab’a, Tell 1842: 1832: 1831: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1761: 1760: 1749: 1748: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1718: 1705: 1704: 1686: 1685: 1672: 1671: 1668: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1626: 1623: 1581: 1578: 1527: 1524: 1485: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1424: 1421: 1377:Daniel Rosolio 1371: 1368: 1345: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1199: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1137: 1131: 1125: 1119: 1113: 1106: 1105: 1102: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1077: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1063: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1039: 1027: 1006: 1000: 994: 973: 970: 967: 966: 963: 960: 956: 955: 952: 949: 945: 944: 941: 938: 934: 933: 930: 927: 923: 922: 919: 916: 912: 911: 908: 905: 901: 900: 897: 894: 890: 889: 886: 883: 879: 878: 875: 872: 868: 867: 864: 861: 857: 856: 853: 850: 846: 845: 842: 839: 835: 834: 833:Areas studied 831: 828: 806: 803: 770: 767: 761: 758: 748: 745: 737:Sulaymán Páshá 705:Pierre Jacotin 651:Persian period 639:Neo-Babylonian 622:Ottoman period 608: 605: 598:Book of Joshua 568: 565: 532: 529: 520: 517: 492: 489: 426: 423: 370:archaeological 366:تَلْ ألْقَهوَة 340:, you may see 328: 321: 320: 319: 316: 315: 310: 306: 305: 302: 298: 297: 291: 287: 286: 283: 279: 278: 269: 268:Archaeologists 265: 264: 235: 231: 230: 226: 225: 212: 208: 207: 204: 200: 199: 182: 178: 177: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 124: 120: 119: 114: 110: 109: 104: 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 85: 76: 75: 69: 68: 67: 66: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 47: 23: 15: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5359: 5350: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5261: 5260: 5253: 5249: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5201:(367): 1–29. 5200: 5196: 5192: 5187: 5183: 5181:0-385-42450-7 5177: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5129: 5124: 5110: 5105: 5091: 5086: 5072: 5067: 5053: 5048: 5034: 5029: 5025: 5012: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4969: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4944: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4916:965-266-015-9 4912: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4897:0-13-276312-5 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4854:965-266-015-9 4850: 4846: 4841: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4816: 4812: 4811:Science Daily 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4772: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4731:965-266-015-9 4727: 4723: 4718: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4686: 4682: 4680:965-266-015-9 4676: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4638:Morris, Benny 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4614: 4610: 4593: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4544: 4542:965-266-015-9 4538: 4534: 4529: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4506:965-266-015-9 4502: 4498: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4442:0-88728-224-5 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4391: 4387: 4385:965-266-015-9 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4366:965-266-015-9 4362: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4347:965-266-015-9 4343: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4328:965-266-015-9 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4293: 4291:965-266-015-9 4287: 4283: 4278: 4274: 4268: 4264: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4148:965-266-015-9 4144: 4140: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4091:1-887829-46-6 4087: 4083: 4078: 4066: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4022: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3994: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3966: 3952: 3947: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3928: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3870:|format= 3863: 3855: 3851: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3784: 3780: 3775: 3772: 3768: 3767:Ingeno (2015) 3763: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3743: 3740:, p. 51. 3739: 3738:Ingeno (2015) 3734: 3731: 3727: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3534: 3531:, p. 68. 3530: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3468: 3464: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3439:Shalem (2009) 3435: 3432: 3429:, p. xv. 3428: 3423: 3420: 3417:, p. 1*. 3416: 3411: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3396: 3393:, p. 1*. 3392: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3379:Shalev (2002) 3375: 3372: 3369:, p. vi. 3368: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3348: 3344: 3339: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3321:, p. 55. 3320: 3315: 3312: 3309:, p. 73. 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3293:, p. xv. 3292: 3287: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3245: 3242:, p. 34. 3241: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3122: 3117: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2994: 2990: 2987:, pp. 268–269 2986: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2892: 2889: 2886:, p. 35. 2885: 2880: 2878: 2874: 2871:, p. 37. 2870: 2865: 2862: 2859:, p. 10. 2858: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2842:, p. 35. 2841: 2838:, p. 4; 2837: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2787:, p. 18. 2786: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2763:, p. 17. 2762: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2737:Morris (2004) 2733: 2730: 2726: 2725:Karmon (1960) 2721: 2718: 2714: 2713:Guérin (1880) 2709: 2706: 2702: 2701:Karmon (1960) 2697: 2695: 2691: 2688:, p. 87. 2687: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2655: 2652:, p. 62. 2651: 2646: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2631: 2628:, p. 63. 2627: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2607: 2604:, p. 72. 2603: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2586: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2548: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2525: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2474: 2471:, p. 49. 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2441:, p. 32. 2440: 2439:Guérin (1880) 2435: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2316: 2313:, p. 15. 2312: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2288: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2257:, p. 28. 2256: 2251: 2248: 2241: 2232: 2231:Aviram (1997) 2227: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2191:, p. 11. 2190: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2159: 2150: 2147: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2115: 2109: 2106: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2049: 2046: 2042: 2036: 2033: 2030:stratigraphy. 2026: 2023: 2019: 2013: 2010: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1982: 1976: 1973: 1967: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1936: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1914: 1911: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889: 1882: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1857: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1828:Israel portal 1818: 1813: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1769: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1753: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1659: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1622: 1619: 1614: 1604: 1600: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1563: 1562:total station 1557: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1541: 1538: 1532: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1509: 1505: 1504:Eric H. Cline 1501: 1496: 1495:magnetometric 1492: 1483: 1481: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1454: 1444: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1412:Israel Museum 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1378: 1369: 1367: 1364: 1355: 1350: 1343: 1330: 1305: 1304: 1279: 1278: 1253: 1252: 1227: 1226: 1201: 1200: 1175: 1174: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1117: 1111: 1107: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 991: 987: 983: 980: 979: 978: 971: 964: 961: 958: 957: 953: 950: 947: 946: 942: 939: 936: 935: 931: 928: 925: 924: 920: 917: 914: 913: 909: 906: 903: 902: 898: 895: 892: 891: 887: 884: 881: 880: 876: 873: 870: 869: 865: 862: 859: 858: 854: 851: 848: 847: 843: 840: 837: 836: 832: 829: 826: 825: 822: 819: 812: 804: 802: 800: 796: 795: 790: 786: 782: 781: 775: 768: 766: 759: 757: 755: 746: 744: 740: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 716:depopulated. 714: 713:Victor Guérin 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 662: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 623: 619: 614: 607:Post-Palatial 606: 604: 601: 599: 594: 590: 585: 583: 579: 573: 566: 564: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 530: 528: 526: 518: 516: 512: 510: 506: 502: 501:Ga'aton River 498: 490: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 463:Early in the 461: 459: 455: 451: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 424: 422: 420: 416: 411: 407: 401: 399: 395: 394:Upper Galilee 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 374:Middle Bronze 371: 363: 355: 351: 343: 339: 335: 333: 325: 314: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 292: 288: 284: 280: 277: 273: 272:Eric H. Cline 270: 266: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 236: 232: 227: 224: 220: 216: 213: 209: 205: 201: 198: 194: 190: 186: 183: 179: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 153: 125: 121: 118: 117:Upper Galilee 115: 111: 108: 107:Kibbutz Kabri 105: 101: 97: 93: 73: 64: 57: 52: 45: 37: 33: 29: 28:Kabri, Israel 19: 5306: 5258: 5246:suggested) ( 5231:cite journal 5198: 5194: 5171: 5154: 5134:. Retrieved 5115:. Retrieved 5096:. Retrieved 5077:. Retrieved 5058:. Retrieved 5039:. Retrieved 5011:cite journal 4999:. Retrieved 4972: 4960:. Retrieved 4958:. p. A6 4955: 4942: 4929: 4906: 4887: 4867: 4844: 4832:. Retrieved 4827: 4823: 4810: 4797: 4793: 4773:. Jerusalem. 4770: 4761: 4757: 4740: 4721: 4709:. Retrieved 4697: 4693: 4670: 4661: 4642: 4621: 4617: 4607:suggested) ( 4592:cite journal 4559: 4555: 4532: 4520:. Retrieved 4496: 4459: 4455: 4424: 4412: 4403: 4394: 4375: 4356: 4337: 4318: 4281: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4240: 4200: 4196: 4170: 4161: 4138: 4112: 4081: 4069:. Retrieved 4064: 4060: 4041:. Retrieved 4036: 4032: 4013:. Retrieved 4008: 4004: 3985:. Retrieved 3980: 3976: 3957:. Retrieved 3931: 3919:. Retrieved 3915: 3894: 3890: 3862:cite journal 3853: 3849: 3824: 3820: 3798: 3786: 3774: 3762: 3757:, p. 6. 3733: 3721: 3716:, p. 4. 3709: 3704:, p. 1. 3697: 3685: 3673: 3668:, p. 2. 3661: 3656:, p. 9. 3649: 3644:, p. 8. 3637: 3632:, p. 2. 3625: 3620:, p. 5. 3613: 3608:, p. 3. 3601: 3596:, p. 1. 3589: 3584:, p. 4. 3577: 3572:, p. 1. 3548: 3543:, p. 5. 3536: 3529:Cline (2009) 3524: 3519:, p. 1. 3504:, p. 1. 3482: 3477:, p. 1. 3470: 3458: 3451:Cline (2009) 3446: 3434: 3427:Oren (2002b) 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3374: 3362: 3350: 3338: 3326: 3319:Oren (2002a) 3314: 3307:Lehmann 2002 3298: 3271: 3259: 3247: 3225:, p. 3. 3218: 3211:Oren (2002b) 3206: 3194: 3182: 3177:, p. 2. 3170: 3135:, p. 7. 3128: 3116: 3111:, p. 5. 3104: 3092: 3072:, p. 3. 3057:, p. 4. 3050: 3019: 3007: 2980: 2926: 2921:, p. 4. 2898:, p. 1. 2891: 2864: 2831: 2819: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2681: 2669: 2664:, p. 2. 2657: 2645: 2633: 2621: 2609: 2597: 2585: 2580:, p. 8. 2552:Cite error: 2527: 2495:, p. 8. 2488: 2481:Cline (2009) 2476: 2454:Barag (1979) 2434: 2408:, p. 4. 2406:Mazar (1999) 2401: 2379:Cline (2009) 2374: 2330: 2318: 2250: 2236:Cite error: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2160:Bibliography 2149: 2136: 2126: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2053: 2048: 2035: 2025: 2012: 2002: 1997: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1957: 1944: 1935: 1913: 1904: 1886: 1881: 1865: 1833: 1767: 1763: 1762: 1751: 1750: 1739: 1738: 1711: 1707: 1706: 1700: 1694:Final Report 1693: 1692: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1674: 1673: 1664: 1657: 1656: 1650: 1643: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1625:Site reports 1609: 1590: 1587: 1583: 1566: 1558: 1542: 1533: 1529: 1512: 1487: 1478: 1466: 1457: 1449: 1426: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1382: 1373: 1359: 1353: 1104:Expeditions 1079: 1073: 1067: 1055: 1050:Area D-North 1049: 1041: 1035: 1030:Area D-South 1029: 1023: 1008: 1002: 996: 981: 975: 814: 805:Stratigraphy 792: 778: 776: 772: 763: 750: 741: 725:Jezzar Pasha 718: 696: 692: 682: 663: 627: 602: 589:Mount Carmel 586: 574: 570: 541:Chalcolithic 534: 531:Pre-Palatial 522: 513: 494: 485:Semitic root 465:Roman Period 462: 450:Thutmose III 439:Amihai Mazar 428: 402: 358:תֵלְ כַבְרִי 349: 348: 329: 262:2005–ongoing 132:33°0′30.15″N 5001:30 November 4962:23 November 4518:. Bloomberg 4162:GW Magazine 4007:. 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