56:
47:
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113:—began expanding Parkinson's description, adding bradykinesia as one of the four cardinal symptoms. In 1877, Charcot renamed the disease after Parkinson, as not all patients displaying the tremor suggested by "shaking palsy". Subsequent neurologists who made early advances to the understanding of Parkinson's include
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Although
Parkinson is typically credited with the first detailed description of PD, many previous texts references some of the disease's clinical signs. In his essay, Parkinson himself acknowledged partial descriptions by
98:. Parkinson described three cardinal symptoms: tremor, postural instability and "paralysis" (undistinguished from rigidity or bradykinesia), and speculated that the disease was caused by trauma to the
202:
written by Ferenc Pápai Páriz in 1690, some 120 years before
Parkinson. Although he correctly described all four cardinal signs, it was only published in Hungarian and was not widely distributed.
726:
Schulz-Schaeffer WJ (2010). "The synaptic pathology of alpha-synuclein aggregation in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and
Parkinson's disease dementia".
198:) of a disease displaying symptoms of tremor, stiffness, staring, and stooped posture. In 2009, a systematic description of PD was found in the Hungarian medical text
399:
621:
Bereczki D (2010). "The description of all four cardinal signs of
Parkinson's disease in a Hungarian medical text published in 1690".
237:, and others. Anticholinergics and surgery were the only treatments until the use of levodopa, which, although first synthesized by
36:
122:
684:
Sousa-Santos PE, Pozzobon PM, Teixeira IL (2024). "Frederic Lewy: how the two World Wars changed his life, work, and name".
558:
Lees AJ (2007). "Unresolved issues relating to the shaking palsy on the celebration of James
Parkinson's 250th birthday".
184:
118:
73:
158:
600:
Lewis PA, Plun-Favreau H, Rowley M, Spillane J (2020). "Pierre D. and the first photographs of
Parkinson's disease".
55:
86:
published the first comprehensive medical description of the disease as a neurological syndrome in his monograph
537:
Goetz CG (2011). "The history of
Parkinson's disease: early clinical descriptions and neurological therapies".
226:
579:
Louis ED (1997). "The shaking palsy, the first forty-five years: a journey through the
British literature".
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in 1911, did not enter clinical practice until 1967. By the late 1980s deep brain stimulation introduced by
72:, credited as the first to comprehensively describe it. Patient Pierre D. (right) served as the model for
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There was little discussion or investigation into the "shaking palsy" until 1861, when
Frenchman
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Fahn S (2008). "The history of dopamine and levodopa in the treatment of
Parkinson's disease".
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in 1938. The underlying changes in dopamine signaling were identified in the 1950s, largely by
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Coffey RJ (2009). "Deep brain stimulation devices: a brief technical history and review".
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reported that the substantia nigra was the main brain structure affected, corroborated by
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Blonder LX (2018). "Historical and cross-cultural perspectives on Parkinson's disease".
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described microscopic particles in affected brains, later named Lewy bodies. In 1919,
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225:. In 1997, alpha-synuclein was found to be the main component of Lewy bodies by
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90:. He presented six clinical cases, inlcuding three he had observed afar near
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157:, and others. Possible earlier but incomplete descriptions include a
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140:(pictured), details a disease with strikingly parkinsonian symptoms.
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Lanska DJ (2010). "Chapter 33: The history of movement disorders".
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texts may include references to PD, including a discussion in the
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131:
265:
747:
Guridi J, Lozano AM (1997). "A brief history of pallidotomy".
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772:. 3. Vol. 95. History of Neurology. pp. 501–546.
76:' widely distributed illustration of Parkinson's disease.
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The Internal Classic, a Chinese text written by the
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88:An Essay on the Shaking Palsy
68:(left) named the disease for
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185:traditional Chinese medicine
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485:Guridi & Lozano 1997
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461:Schulz-Schaeffer 2010
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219:Arvid Carlsson
189:Yellow Emperor
155:Johann Juncker
151:William Cullen
138:Yellow Emperor
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183:. Multiple
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278:Goetz 2011
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