1127:
1154:
1098:
173:
1181:
1069:
952:
1044:
1818:
31:
407:
165:
859:
458:
2167:
854:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\ce {2 H3PO4}}&\longrightarrow {\ce {H4P2O7 + H2O}}\\{\ce {H4P2O7 + H3PO4}}&\longrightarrow {\ce {H5P3O10 + H2O}}\\{\ce {H5P3O10 + H3PO4}}&\longrightarrow {\ce {H6P4O13 + H2O}}\end{aligned}}}
2081:"Complete Field Guide to Asymmetric BINOL-Phosphate Derived Brønsted Acid and Metal Catalysis: History and Classification by Mode of Activation; Brønsted Acidity, Hydrogen Bonding, Ion Pairing, and Metal Phosphates"
463:
1702:
Conversely, polyphosphoric acids or polyphosphates are often formed by dehydrating a phosphoric acid solution; in other words, removing water from it often by heating and evaporating the water off.
1802:
ions to form anions, again depending on the pH in a solution. In the biochemistry of living organisms, there are many kinds of (mono)phosphate, diphosphate, and triphosphate compounds (essentially
1782:
groups, it can esterify with one, two, or three alcohol molecules to form a mono-, di-, or triester. See the general structure image of an ortho- (or mono-) phosphate
1695:
polyphosphates into smaller phosphates and finally into ortho-phosphate, given enough water. Higher temperature or acidic conditions can speed up the hydrolysis
2196:
2165:, Young, Donald C., "Production of ammonium phosphates and product thereof", published 1962-07-17, assigned to Collier Carbon & Chemical Co.
2156:
1508:, and so on. Note that each extra phosphoric unit adds one extra P atom, three extra O atoms, and either one extra hydrogen atom or an extra negative charge.
863:
The "backbone" of a polyphosphoric acid molecule is a chain of alternating P and O atoms. Each extra orthophosphoric unit that is condensed adds 1 extra H (
3803:
1206:
2124:
1971:
Eaton, P. E.; Carlson, G. R.; Lee, J. T. (1973). "Phosphorus pentoxide-methanesulfonic acid. Convenient alternative to polyphosphoric acid".
1126:
2791:
1755:
1097:
2189:
1153:
1180:
943:) is a colorless, vitreous, deliquescent solid, density 2.2 to 2.5 g/cc, which sublimes upon heating. It is soluble in ethanol.
1068:
2157:
Determination of
Polyphosphates Using Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductivity Detection, Application Note 71 by Dionex
2182:
1043:
3788:
1880:
1037:
in the molecule's structure; that is, the minimum number of bonds that would have to be broken to eliminate all cycles.
17:
3579:
2452:
2674:
2625:
3783:
3635:
3595:
3619:
3587:
3117:
2784:
2727:
2645:
2617:
2361:
1855:
1746:. As a corrosion inhibitor, polyphosphates work by forming a protective film on the interior surface of pipes.
1617:
1211:
The limiting case of internal condensation, where all oxygen atoms are shared and there are no hydrogen atoms (
3730:
3722:
3667:
3563:
3407:
3086:
3798:
3680:
3659:
3643:
3627:
3611:
3603:
3350:
3102:
3094:
3045:
2751:
2601:
2593:
2477:
2402:
2376:
2298:
1860:
1840:
1715:
1511:
Branched polyphosphoric acids give similarly branched polyphosphate anions. The simplest example of this is
3738:
3651:
3571:
3447:
3339:
1580:
Salts or esters of cyclic polyphosphoric acids are often called "metaphosphates". What are commonly called
1283:
turns a phosphoric acid into a phosphate anion. Partial removal yields various hydrogen phosphate anions.
3269:
3023:
2973:
2906:
2825:
2669:
2637:
2609:
2514:
2447:
2366:
1850:
1822:
1811:
1512:
1325:
451:
3251:
959:
Phosphoric acid units can be bonded together in rings (cyclic structures). The simplest such compound is
3239:
3075:
3034:
2585:
2564:
2426:
2226:
2028:
1845:
1807:
3688:
3376:
3323:
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2318:
3388:
2162:
3707:
3180:
3164:
3148:
3057:
2961:
2891:
2828:
2715:
2703:
2653:
2437:
2303:
2288:
2205:
2139:
1743:
1340:
1255:
1186:
982:. Its structure is shown in the illustration. Since the ends are condensed, its formula has one less
172:
3793:
3436:
3357:
3277:
3140:
2989:
2939:
2777:
2691:
2686:
2559:
2534:
2487:
2462:
2397:
2392:
2342:
2313:
1739:
1074:
439:
176:
3459:
3125:
2950:
2929:
2876:
2739:
2472:
2467:
2416:
2356:
2221:
1758:
General chemical structure of a monophosphate ester; here any R can be H or some organic radical.
1103:
445:
951:
925:
1683:
start becoming less soluble and phosphate salts of various other metals are even less soluble.
3475:
3212:
3003:
2529:
2524:
2499:
2387:
2347:
2332:
2327:
2267:
2255:
2241:
2236:
2102:
1696:
1665:
913:
347:
312:
1568:. Generally in an aqueous solution, the degree or percentage of dissociation depends on the
3311:
2921:
2865:
2539:
2504:
2337:
2293:
2279:
2092:
1981:
1951:
1918:
1467:
423:
323:
316:
1905:
Harwood, Laurence M.; Hodgkinson, Leslie C.; Sutherland, James K.; Towers, Patrick (1984).
3226:
2858:
2814:
2231:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1791:
1775:
1731:
1205:
1049:
375:
368:
86:
55:
47:
1907:"Synthesis of anthracyclinones. Part 1. Regioselective alkylation of 5-hydroxyquinizarin"
3196:
2547:
2308:
1885:
1817:
1767:
1677:
1529:
The general formula for such (non-cyclic) polyphosphate anions, linear or branched, is
343:
194:
30:
1691:
In aqueous solutions (solutions of water), water gradually (over the course of hours)
1584:
actually have a mixture of ring sizes. A general formula for such cyclic compounds is
3777:
3010:
2050:
1973:
1640:
1411:
1367:
319:
that result when one or more of the hydrogens are replaced by bonds to other groups.
59:
1735:
419:
406:
331:
164:
1718:. Sometimes pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate, tetrapolyphosphate, etc. are called
1956:
1939:
27:
Class of chemical species; phosphorus oxoacids and their deprotonated derivatives
1636:
1034:
917:
339:
330:, include some of the best-known compounds of phosphorus, of high importance in
139:
90:
71:
67:
81:
tetrahedra may be connected by shared single-bonded oxygens, forming linear or
1754:
1692:
868:
335:
82:
51:
1940:"Studies on the Application of Polyphosphoric Acid as a Condensing Agent. II"
2800:
2661:
2213:
1794:. Di- and tripoly- (or tri-) phosphate esters, etc. are also possible. Any
1711:
1309:
1292:
1235:
921:
351:
39:
2106:
1771:
1710:
Ortho-, pyro-, and tripolyphosphate compounds have been commonly used in
1669:
864:
415:
97:
1985:
434:. (However, the distinction between the two terms is not well defined.)
2174:
1661:
2097:
2080:
373:
The simplest and most commonly encountered of the phosphoric acids is
1673:
1277:
872:
394:
often means this compound specifically (and this is also the current
183:
63:
2079:
Parmar, Dixit; Sugiono, Erli; Raja, Sadiya; Rueping, Magnus (2014).
1923:
1906:
2017:. New York: The Interscience Encyclopedia, Inc. 1953. p. 421.
1826:
1816:
1803:
1783:
1753:
1680:
1657:
1609:
950:
395:
327:
198:
171:
163:
29:
94:
2773:
2178:
1806:), many of which play a significant role in metabolism such as
2769:
2058:
Government
Engineering:The Journal for Public Infrastructure
1616:
are formed. An example of a compound with such an anion is
1798:
groups on the phosphates in these ester molecules may lose
1569:
1938:
Nakazawa, Koichi; Matsuura, Shin; Kusuda, Kosuke (1954).
1496:
yields at least six anions, including tetrapolyphosphate
875:) atoms. The general formula of a polyphosphoric acid is
840:
824:
811:
798:
776:
763:
747:
734:
721:
699:
683:
670:
657:
635:
622:
606:
593:
580:
558:
542:
529:
516:
494:
481:
2002:(49 ed.). Chemical Rubber Co. 1968. p. B-226.
18:
User:H Padleckas/Temp (Phosphoric acids and
Phosphates)
1766:
groups in phosphoric acids can also condense with the
1714:(i. e. cleaners) formulations. For example, see
2123:
Schröder HC, Kurz L, Muller WE, Lorenz B (Mar 2000).
461:
93:
oxygen atoms that are not shared are completed with
2578:
2212:
100:atoms. The general formula of a phosphoric acid is
1604:When metaphosphoric acids lose their hydrogens as
853:
1676:phosphates are also quite soluble in water. The
2029:"Polyphosphates for scale and corrosion control"
1425:. The pyrophosphates are mostly water-soluble.
1601:= number of phosphoric units in the molecule.
2785:
2190:
8:
1656:These phosphoric acids series are generally
993:The general formula of a phosphoric acid is
142:in the molecule's structure, between 0 and
2792:
2778:
2770:
2197:
2183:
2175:
2051:"Ortho-Polyphosphate Corrosion Inhibitors"
2096:
1955:
1922:
1730:, etc., especially when they are part of
1362:Linear oligophosphates and polyphosphates
839:
834:
823:
818:
810:
805:
797:
792:
787:
775:
770:
762:
757:
746:
741:
733:
728:
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715:
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698:
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682:
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664:
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579:
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541:
536:
528:
523:
515:
510:
505:
493:
488:
480:
475:
470:
466:
462:
460:
426:. Condensation of a few units yields the
2567:
2517:
2507:
2480:
2455:
2440:
2429:
2419:
2409:
2405:
2379:
2369:
2248:
2244:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1591:
1587:
1548:
1542:
1532:
1526:and its partially dissociated versions.
1521:
1517:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1420:
1416:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1345:
1304:
1300:
1264:
1260:
1247:
1240:
1196:
1192:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1059:
1055:
1013:
1007:
996:
985:
978:
974:
970:
939:
902:
891:
885:
878:
422:into larger molecules by elimination of
405:
402:Oligophosphoric and polyphosphoric acids
386:
382:
298:
292:
262:
256:
242:
119:
113:
103:
77:
1897:
1778:. Since orthophosphoric acid has three
1039:
455:acids can be obtained by the reactions
2833:
1029:is the number of phosphorus atoms and
134:is the number of phosphorus atoms and
3552:
1312:(commonly called simply "phosphate")
990:(water) than tripolyphosphoric acid.
311:. The term phosphate is also used in
7:
2810:
2000:CRC Handbook of Chemstry and Physics
1786:below on the left, where any of the
1410:ranges from 1 to 4. The last one is
1372:Dissociation of pyrophosphoric acid
430:, while larger molecules are called
2015:Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
1738:. They are also used for scale and
1297:The anions of orthophosphoric acid
2013:"Phosphoric acid and phosphates".
89:, or more complex structures. The
25:
1428:Likewise, tripolyphosphoric acid
1276:Removal of the hydrogen atoms as
912:Polyphosphoric acids are used in
414:Two or more orthophosphoric acid
322:These acids, together with their
66:(O) atoms, one of them through a
2060:(September–October, 2006): 48–49
1204:
1179:
1152:
1125:
1096:
1067:
1042:
274:. The fully dissociated anion (
1790:groups can be a hydrogen or an
70:, arranged as the corners of a
3804:Reagents for organic chemistry
1466:ranges from 1 to 5, including
784:
643:
502:
46:, in the general sense, is a
1:
2031:. Tramfloc, INC. January 2009
1911:Canadian Journal of Chemistry
2138:(3): 296–303. Archived from
1957:10.1248/yakushi1947.74.5_495
1881:Ribonucleoside monophosphate
1443:yields at least five anions
1808:adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
1687:Hydrolysis and condensation
1481:. Tetrapolyphosphoric acid
3820:
3554:
1365:
1290:
366:
2835:
2807:
177:Trimethyl orthophosphate.
1856:Adenosine tetraphosphate
1618:sodium hexametaphosphate
1132:Tetrapolyphosphoric acid
965:cyclo-triphosphoric acid
239:), with general formula
2125:"Polyphosphate in bone"
1861:Nucleoside triphosphate
1841:Adenosine monophosphate
1744:potable water providers
1716:Sodium tripolyphosphate
1387:generates four anions,
947:Cyclic phosphoric acids
871:) atom, and 3 extra O (
74:. Two or more of these
1851:Adenosine triphosphate
1830:
1823:chiral phosphoric acid
1759:
1513:triphosphono phosphate
1326:monohydrogen phosphate
1159:Trimetaphosphoric acid
1104:Tripolyphosphoric acid
961:trimetaphosphoric acid
956:
955:Trimetaphosphoric acid
855:
411:
179:
169:
35:
2132:Biochemistry (Moscow)
1846:Adenosine diphosphate
1820:
1757:
1576:Cyclic polyphosphates
954:
936:Metaphosphoric acid (
856:
428:oligophosphoric acids
409:
175:
167:
33:
2206:Phosphorus compounds
1341:dihydrogen phosphate
1256:phosphorus pentoxide
1187:Phosphoric anhydride
1050:Orthophosphoric acid
924:; an alternative is
901:HO[−P(O)(OH)−O−]
459:
432:polyphosphoric acids
376:orthophosphoric acid
168:Pyrophosphate anion.
34:Pyrophosphoric acid.
3789:Inorganic compounds
1986:10.1021/jo00987a028
1668:of the molecules.
1647:Chemical properties
1561:may vary from 1 to
1557:, where the charge
1406:, where the charge
1075:Pyrophosphoric acid
967:having the formula
932:Metaphosphoric acid
867:) atom, 1 extra P (
842:
826:
813:
800:
778:
765:
749:
736:
723:
701:
685:
672:
659:
637:
624:
608:
595:
582:
560:
544:
531:
518:
496:
483:
410:Polyphosphoric acid
390:. Indeed, the term
222:hydrogen phosphates
201:generically called
54:(P) atom is in the
1831:
1812:triphosphate (ATP)
1760:
1035:fundamental cycles
957:
851:
849:
830:
814:
801:
788:
766:
753:
737:
724:
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596:
583:
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548:
532:
519:
506:
484:
471:
412:
180:
170:
140:fundamental cycles
48:phosphorus oxoacid
36:
3771:
3770:
3765:
3764:
2767:
2766:
2098:10.1021/cr5001496
2091:(18): 9047–9153.
1917:(10): 1922–1925.
1740:corrosion control
1582:trimetaphosphates
1572:of the solution.
1033:is the number of
914:organic synthesis
845:
833:
817:
804:
791:
769:
756:
740:
727:
714:
704:
692:
676:
663:
650:
628:
615:
599:
586:
573:
563:
551:
535:
522:
509:
487:
474:
418:can be joined by
352:chemical research
348:chemical industry
317:functional groups
313:organic chemistry
228:is between 1 and
138:is the number of
16:(Redirected from
3811:
3784:Dietary minerals
2811:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2570:
2520:
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2100:
2085:Chemical Reviews
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1989:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1902:
1801:
1797:
1781:
1776:phosphate esters
1765:
1750:Phosphate esters
1732:phosphate esters
1664:considering the
1634:
1607:
1596:
1567:
1556:
1525:
1507:
1495:
1480:
1468:tripolyphosphate
1461:
1442:
1424:
1405:
1386:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
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1307:
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1199:
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989:
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389:
310:
288:
273:
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151:
129:
80:
21:
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3814:
3813:
3812:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3715:
3711:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3684:
3671:
3663:
3655:
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3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3583:
3575:
3567:
3479:
3471:
3467:
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3315:
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3259:
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3200:
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3152:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3098:
3090:
3079:
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3065:
3061:
3053:
3049:
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3027:
3009:
3007:
2993:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2969:
2965:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2949:
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2914:
2910:
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2884:
2880:
2869:
2864:
2862:
2851:
2847:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2803:
2798:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2747:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2711:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2682:
2678:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2629:
2621:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2589:
2579:Other compounds
2574:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2478:
2457:
2453:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2367:
2351:
2322:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2208:
2203:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2142:
2127:
2122:
2119:
2117:Further reading
2114:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1944:Yakugaku Zasshi
1937:
1936:
1932:
1924:10.1139/v84-329
1904:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1876:Phosphoramidate
1871:Phosphonic acid
1866:Organophosphate
1836:
1821:Structure of a
1799:
1795:
1792:organic radical
1779:
1768:hydroxyl groups
1763:
1752:
1708:
1689:
1654:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1605:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1540:
1530:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1364:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1280:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1023:
1011:
1005:
994:
987:
983:
980:
976:
972:
968:
949:
941:
937:
934:
926:Eaton's reagent
906:
900:
897:
889:
883:
876:
848:
847:
780:
707:
706:
639:
566:
565:
498:
457:
456:
452:tetraphosphoric
404:
398:nomenclature).
392:phosphoric acid
388:
384:
380:
371:
369:Phosphoric acid
365:
363:Phosphoric acid
360:
308:
296:
290:
275:
271:
260:
254:
240:
229:
206:
195:hydroxyl groups
187:
155:
152:
146:
145:
143:
128:
117:
111:
101:
83:branched chains
79:
75:
56:oxidation state
44:phosphoric acid
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3817:
3815:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3799:Pyrophosphates
3796:
3791:
3786:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3422:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3236:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3224:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2952:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2562:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2512:
2502:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2450:
2445:
2435:
2424:
2414:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2374:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2159:
2152:
2151:External links
2149:
2148:
2147:
2145:on 2011-08-25.
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2071:
2042:
2020:
2005:
1991:
1963:
1950:(5): 495–497.
1930:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1886:Superphosphate
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1751:
1748:
1728:tetraphosphate
1707:
1704:
1699:considerably.
1688:
1685:
1678:alkaline earth
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1614:metaphosphates
1577:
1574:
1366:Main article:
1363:
1360:
1310:orthophosphate
1291:Main article:
1288:
1287:Orthophosphate
1285:
1273:
1270:
1202:
1201:
1185:
1178:
1176:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1131:
1124:
1122:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1073:
1066:
1064:
1048:
1041:
948:
945:
933:
930:
837:
829:
821:
808:
795:
786:
783:
781:
773:
760:
752:
744:
731:
718:
709:
708:
696:
688:
680:
667:
654:
645:
642:
640:
632:
619:
611:
603:
590:
577:
568:
567:
555:
547:
539:
526:
513:
504:
501:
499:
491:
478:
469:
465:
464:
440:pyrophosphoric
403:
400:
367:Main article:
364:
361:
359:
356:
289:) has formula
50:in which each
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3816:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3760:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3687:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3626:
3624:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3458:
3456:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3387:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3322:
3320:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3276:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3250:
3248:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3195:
3193:
3179:
3177:
3163:
3161:
3147:
3145:
3138:
3124:
3122:
3115:
3101:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3056:
3054:
3043:
3032:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2972:
2970:
2959:
2948:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2904:
2889:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2760:
2750:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2726:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2592:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2544:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2513:
2511:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2436:
2434:
2425:
2423:
2415:
2413:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2278:
2276:
2266:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2150:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2075:
2072:
2059:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1974:J. Org. Chem.
1967:
1964:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1825:derived from
1824:
1819:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1641:food additive
1638:
1635:), used as a
1619:
1615:
1611:
1602:
1600:
1594:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1552:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1527:
1514:
1509:
1469:
1465:
1450:
1426:
1413:
1412:pyrophosphate
1409:
1394:
1369:
1368:Polyphosphate
1361:
1359:
1342:
1327:
1311:
1294:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1269:
1257:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1188:
1182:
1177:
1155:
1150:
1128:
1123:
1105:
1099:
1094:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1051:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1003:
999:
991:
966:
962:
953:
946:
944:
931:
929:
927:
923:
919:
915:
910:
905:
895:
888:
881:
874:
870:
866:
861:
835:
827:
819:
806:
793:
782:
771:
758:
750:
742:
729:
716:
694:
686:
678:
665:
652:
641:
630:
617:
609:
601:
588:
575:
553:
545:
537:
524:
511:
500:
489:
476:
467:
454:
453:
448:
447:
446:triphosphoric
442:
441:
437:For example,
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
408:
401:
399:
397:
393:
378:
377:
370:
362:
357:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
306:
302:
295:
286:
282:
278:
270:
266:
259:
253:
249:
245:
236:
232:
227:
223:
217:
213:
209:
204:
200:
196:
193:
185:
178:
174:
166:
162:
149:
141:
137:
133:
127:
123:
116:
110:
106:
99:
96:
92:
91:single-bonded
88:
84:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
2140:the original
2135:
2131:
2088:
2084:
2074:
2064:December 23,
2062:. Retrieved
2057:
2045:
2035:December 23,
2033:. Retrieved
2023:
2014:
2008:
1999:
1994:
1980:(23): 4071.
1977:
1972:
1966:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1787:
1761:
1736:biochemistry
1727:
1724:triphosphate
1723:
1719:
1709:
1701:
1690:
1655:
1613:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1581:
1579:
1563:
1558:
1550:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1510:
1463:
1448:
1427:
1407:
1392:
1371:
1296:
1275:
1249:
1242:
1220:
1212:
1210:
1203:
1030:
1026:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1001:
997:
992:
964:
960:
958:
935:
918:cyclizations
911:
903:
893:
886:
879:
862:
450:
444:
438:
436:
431:
427:
420:condensation
413:
391:
374:
372:
332:biochemistry
321:
304:
300:
293:
284:
280:
276:
268:
264:
257:
251:
247:
243:
234:
230:
225:
221:
215:
211:
207:
202:
191:
181:
147:
135:
131:
125:
121:
114:
108:
104:
43:
37:
1720:diphosphate
1637:sequestrant
1516:[OP(OPO
340:agriculture
197:–OH leaves
182:Removal of
72:tetrahedron
68:double bond
58:+5, and is
3794:Phosphates
3778:Categories
2801:Phosphates
2214:Phosphides
2163:US 3044851
1893:References
1712:detergents
1693:hydrolyzes
1652:Solubility
1272:Phosphates
922:acylations
869:phosphorus
336:mineralogy
203:phosphates
52:phosphorus
1697:reactions
1608:, cyclic
1293:Phosphate
1236:anhydride
785:⟶
644:⟶
503:⟶
416:molecules
40:chemistry
2107:25203602
1834:See also
1774:to form
1772:alcohols
1670:Ammonium
1666:polarity
1586:[HPO
1462:, where
1234:) is an
1025:, where
865:hydrogen
344:pharmacy
315:for the
130:, where
98:hydrogen
62:to four
3555:
1662:soluble
1612:called
1278:protons
1232:
1217:
190:) from
184:protons
159:
144:
2169:
2105:
1804:esters
1674:alkali
1639:and a
1610:anions
1597:where
1531:[H
1498:[P
1471:[P
1445:[H
1415:[P
1389:[H
1339:, and
873:oxygen
350:, and
328:esters
291:[P
241:[H
199:anions
95:acidic
87:cycles
64:oxygen
60:bonded
2143:(PDF)
2128:(PDF)
2054:(PDF)
1827:BINOL
1784:ester
1681:salts
1658:water
424:water
396:IUPAC
358:Acids
324:salts
220:) or
3739:CmPO
3731:AmPO
3723:PuPO
3708:U(PO
3681:AcPO
3668:YbPO
3660:TmPO
3652:ErPO
3644:HoPO
3636:DyPO
3628:TbPO
3620:GdPO
3612:EuPO
3604:SmPO
3596:PmPO
3588:NdPO
3580:PrPO
3572:CePO
3564:LaPO
3476:BiPO
3437:AuPO
3408:LuPO
3358:-SbO
3351:SbPO
3340:InPO
3213:GaPO
3141:FePO
3118:MnPO
3095:CrPO
3076:ScPO
2990:AlPO
2103:PMID
2066:2010
2037:2010
1810:and
1762:The
1706:Uses
1672:and
1308:are
920:and
916:for
449:and
326:and
224:(if
205:(if
107:+2−2
42:, a
3761:No
3758:Md
3755:Fm
3752:Es
3749:Cf
3746:Bk
3719:Np
3704:Pa
3693:(PO
3677:**
3548:Og
3545:Ts
3542:Lv
3539:Mc
3536:Fl
3533:Nh
3530:Cn
3527:Rg
3524:Ds
3521:Mt
3518:Hs
3515:Bh
3512:Sg
3509:Db
3506:Rf
3503:Lr
3500:**
3497:Ra
3494:Fr
3489:Rn
3486:At
3483:Po
3464:(PO
3444:Hg
3433:Pt
3430:Ir
3427:Os
3424:Re
3418:Ta
3415:Hf
3393:(PO
3371:Xe
3365:Te
3347:Sn
3328:(PO
3308:Pd
3305:Rh
3302:Ru
3299:Tc
3296:Mo
3293:Nb
3282:(PO
3270:YPO
3256:(PO
3234:Kr
3231:Br
3227:-Se
3223:As
3220:Ge
3201:(PO
3185:(PO
3169:(PO
3153:(PO
3130:(PO
3107:(PO
3087:VPO
3083:Ti
3062:(PO
3039:HPO
3018:Ar
3015:Cl
3004:+SO
2997:Si
2978:(PO
2962:NaH
2955:HPO
2934:Ne
2900:HPO
2892:(NH
2877:(NH
2866:+BO
2859:BPO
2855:Be
2838:He
2618:PCl
2610:PCl
2602:PBr
2594:PBr
2586:PBr
2566:ZrP
2560:ZrP
2540:ZnP
2535:YbP
2525:TmP
2516:ThP
2506:SnP
2500:TbP
2479:SmP
2473:SmP
2468:ScP
2463:PuP
2454:PrP
2448:PrP
2439:PtP
2418:OsP
2398:NpP
2393:NdP
2388:NbP
2368:MoP
2362:MoP
2357:LuP
2343:LaP
2338:InP
2333:HoP
2328:HfP
2314:FeP
2309:AuP
2304:GdP
2299:EuP
2294:ErP
2289:DyP
2237:BiP
2227:AsP
2222:AlP
2093:doi
2089:114
1982:doi
1952:doi
1919:doi
1796:−OH
1780:−OH
1770:of
1764:−OH
1742:by
1734:in
1566:+ 2
1536:+2−
1329:HPO
963:or
938:HPO
899:or
287:+ 2
283:− 2
267:+1−
250:+2−
237:+ 1
233:− 2
218:+ 2
214:− 2
150:+ 2
124:+1−
38:In
3780::
3689:Th
3560:*
3460:Pb
3452:PO
3448:Tl
3421:W
3404:*
3389:Ba
3381:PO
3377:Cs
3368:I
3324:Cd
3316:PO
3312:Ag
3278:Zr
3252:Sr
3244:PO
3240:Rb
3197:Zn
3181:Cu
3165:Ni
3149:Co
3126:Fe
3103:Mn
3058:Ca
3050:PO
3046:KH
3028:PO
3011:-S
3000:P
2974:Mg
2966:PO
2951:Na
2944:PO
2940:Na
2930:+F
2926:O
2922:-N
2915:PO
2907:NH
2885:PO
2873:C
2848:PO
2844:Li
2819:PO
2758:10
2687:PO
2670:PN
2662:PH
2654:PI
2646:PF
2638:PF
2630:Cl
2548:Zn
2530:YP
2488:Sr
2428:Ru
2404:Np
2378:Mo
2348:Li
2319:Fe
2280:Cu
2268:Cd
2256:Ca
2243:Cs
2232:BP
2136:65
2134:.
2130:.
2101:.
2087:.
2083:.
2056:.
1978:38
1948:74
1946:.
1942:.
1915:62
1913:.
1909:.
1814:.
1726:,
1722:,
1643:.
1632:18
1622:Na
1570:pH
1553:+1
1504:13
1493:13
1477:10
1458:10
1447:5−
1440:10
1391:4−
1358:.
1348:PO
1332:2−
1324:,
1317:3−
1314:PO
1303:PO
1268:.
1265:10
1254:,
1223:+2
1215:=
1197:10
1145:13
1118:10
1058:PO
1022:+1
1004:+2
1000:−2
928:.
909:.
896:+1
882:+2
820:13
768:PO
743:10
679:10
627:PO
486:PO
443:,
385:PO
379:,
354:.
346:,
342:,
338:,
334:,
307:+1
279:=
246:−2
210:=
161:.
85:,
76:PO
3741:4
3733:4
3725:4
3714:2
3712:)
3710:4
3699:4
3697:)
3695:4
3691:3
3683:4
3670:4
3662:4
3654:4
3646:4
3638:4
3630:4
3622:4
3614:4
3606:4
3598:4
3590:4
3582:4
3574:4
3566:4
3478:4
3470:2
3468:)
3466:4
3462:3
3454:4
3450:3
3439:4
3410:4
3399:2
3397:)
3395:4
3391:3
3383:4
3379:3
3360:4
3353:4
3342:4
3334:2
3332:)
3330:4
3326:3
3318:4
3314:3
3288:4
3286:)
3284:4
3280:3
3272:4
3262:2
3260:)
3258:4
3254:3
3246:4
3242:3
3215:4
3207:2
3205:)
3203:4
3199:3
3191:2
3189:)
3187:4
3183:3
3175:2
3173:)
3171:4
3167:3
3159:2
3157:)
3155:4
3151:3
3143:4
3136:2
3134:)
3132:4
3128:3
3120:4
3113:2
3111:)
3109:4
3105:3
3097:4
3089:4
3078:4
3068:2
3066:)
3064:4
3060:3
3052:4
3048:2
3041:4
3037:2
3035:K
3030:4
3026:3
3024:K
3006:4
2992:4
2984:2
2982:)
2980:4
2976:3
2968:4
2964:2
2957:4
2953:2
2946:4
2942:3
2917:4
2913:2
2911:H
2909:4
2902:4
2898:2
2896:)
2894:4
2887:4
2883:3
2881:)
2879:4
2868:3
2861:4
2850:4
2846:3
2821:4
2817:3
2815:H
2793:e
2786:t
2779:v
2756:S
2754:4
2752:P
2746:x
2744:S
2742:4
2740:P
2734:3
2732:S
2730:4
2728:P
2722:5
2720:O
2718:2
2716:P
2710:4
2708:O
2706:2
2704:P
2698:3
2696:O
2694:2
2692:P
2681:5
2679:N
2677:3
2675:P
2664:3
2656:3
2648:5
2640:3
2632:4
2628:2
2626:P
2620:5
2612:3
2604:7
2596:5
2588:3
2568:2
2554:2
2552:P
2550:3
2542:2
2518:7
2508:3
2494:2
2492:P
2490:3
2481:5
2456:5
2441:2
2432:P
2430:2
2420:2
2410:4
2408:P
2406:3
2382:P
2380:3
2370:2
2352:P
2350:3
2323:P
2321:3
2284:P
2282:3
2274:2
2272:P
2270:3
2262:2
2260:P
2258:3
2249:5
2247:P
2245:2
2198:e
2191:t
2184:v
2109:.
2095::
2068:.
2039:.
1988:.
1984::
1960:.
1954::
1927:.
1921::
1829:.
1800:H
1788:R
1660:-
1630:O
1628:6
1626:P
1624:6
1620:(
1606:H
1599:x
1593:x
1590:]
1588:3
1564:n
1559:k
1555:]
1551:n
1549:3
1547:O
1544:n
1541:P
1538:k
1534:n
1524:]
1522:3
1520:)
1518:3
1506:]
1502:O
1500:4
1491:O
1489:4
1487:P
1485:6
1483:H
1479:]
1475:O
1473:3
1464:k
1460:]
1456:O
1454:3
1452:P
1449:k
1438:O
1436:3
1434:P
1432:5
1430:H
1423:]
1421:7
1419:O
1417:2
1408:k
1404:]
1402:7
1400:O
1398:2
1396:P
1393:k
1384:7
1382:O
1380:2
1378:P
1376:4
1374:H
1354:4
1351:−
1346:2
1344:H
1335:4
1320:4
1305:4
1301:3
1299:H
1281:H
1263:O
1261:4
1259:P
1250:n
1248:5
1246:O
1243:n
1241:2
1239:P
1229:2
1226:/
1221:n
1213:x
1195:O
1193:4
1191:P
1172:9
1170:O
1168:3
1166:P
1164:3
1162:H
1143:O
1141:4
1139:P
1137:6
1135:H
1116:O
1114:3
1112:P
1110:5
1108:H
1089:7
1087:O
1085:2
1083:P
1081:4
1079:H
1060:4
1056:3
1054:H
1031:x
1027:n
1020:x
1018:−
1016:n
1014:3
1012:O
1009:n
1006:P
1002:x
998:n
995:H
988:O
986:2
984:H
979:9
977:O
975:3
973:P
971:3
969:H
940:3
907:H
904:n
894:n
892:3
890:O
887:n
884:P
880:n
877:H
844:O
836:2
832:H
828:+
816:O
807:4
803:P
794:6
790:H
772:4
759:3
755:H
751:+
739:O
730:3
726:P
717:5
713:H
703:O
695:2
691:H
687:+
675:O
666:3
662:P
653:5
649:H
631:4
618:3
614:H
610:+
602:7
598:O
589:2
585:P
576:4
572:H
562:O
554:2
550:H
546:+
538:7
534:O
525:2
521:P
512:4
508:H
490:4
477:3
473:H
468:2
387:4
383:3
381:H
309:]
305:x
303:−
301:n
299:3
297:O
294:n
285:x
281:n
277:k
272:]
269:x
265:n
263:3
261:O
258:n
255:P
252:k
248:x
244:n
235:x
231:n
226:k
216:x
212:n
208:k
192:k
188:H
186:(
156:2
153:/
148:n
136:x
132:n
126:x
122:n
120:3
118:O
115:n
112:P
109:x
105:n
102:H
78:4
20:)
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